# file

File manipulation command.

This command is dedicated to file and path manipulation requiring access to the filesystem.

For other path manipulation, handling only syntactic aspects, have a look at `cmake_path()` command.

Note

The sub-commands RELATIVE_PATH, TO_CMAKE_PATH and TO_NATIVE_PATH has been superseded, respectively, by sub-commands RELATIVE_PATH, CONVERT ... TO_CMAKE_PATH_LIST and CONVERT ... TO_NATIVE_PATH_LIST of `cmake_path()` command.

## Synopsis

    Reading
      file(READ <filename> <out-var> [...])
      file(STRINGS <filename> <out-var> [...])
      file(<HASH> <filename> <out-var>)
      file(TIMESTAMP <filename> <out-var> [...])

    Writing
      file({WRITE | APPEND} <filename> <content>...)
      file({TOUCH | TOUCH_NOCREATE} <file>...)
      file(GENERATE OUTPUT <output-file> [...])
      file(CONFIGURE OUTPUT <output-file> CONTENT <content> [...])

    Filesystem
      file({GLOB | GLOB_RECURSE} <out-var> [...] <globbing-expr>...)
      file(MAKE_DIRECTORY <directories>...)
      file({REMOVE | REMOVE_RECURSE } <files>...)
      file(RENAME <oldname> <newname> [...])
      file(COPY_FILE <oldname> <newname> [...])
      file({COPY | INSTALL} <file>... DESTINATION <dir> [...])
      file(SIZE <filename> <out-var>)
      file(READ_SYMLINK <linkname> <out-var>)
      file(CREATE_LINK <original> <linkname> [...])
      file(CHMOD <files>... <directories>... PERMISSIONS <permissions>... [...])
      file(CHMOD_RECURSE <files>... <directories>... PERMISSIONS <permissions>... [...])

    Path Conversion
      file(REAL_PATH <path> <out-var> [BASE_DIRECTORY <dir>] [EXPAND_TILDE])
      file(RELATIVE_PATH <out-var> <directory> <file>)
      file({TO_CMAKE_PATH | TO_NATIVE_PATH} <path> <out-var>)

    Transfer
      file(DOWNLOAD <url> [<file>] [...])
      file(UPLOAD <file> <url> [...])

    Locking
      file(LOCK <path> [...])

    Archiving
      file(ARCHIVE_CREATE OUTPUT <archive> PATHS <paths>... [...])
      file(ARCHIVE_EXTRACT INPUT <archive> [...])

    Handling Runtime Binaries
      file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES [...])

## Reading

file(READ <filename> <variable> [OFFSET <offset>] [LIMIT <max-in>] [HEX])

  Read content from a file called `<filename>` and store it in a `<variable>`. Optionally start from the given `<offset>` and read at most `<max-in>` bytes. The `HEX` option causes data to be converted to a hexadecimal representation (useful for binary data). If the `HEX` option is specified, letters in the output (`a` through `f`) are in lowercase.

file(STRINGS <filename> <variable> <options>...)

  Parse a list of ASCII strings from `<filename>` and store it in `<variable>`. Binary data in the file are ignored. Carriage return (`\r`, CR) characters are ignored. The options are:

  > `LENGTH_MAXIMUM <max-len>`

  >   Consider only strings of at most a given length.

  > `LENGTH_MINIMUM <min-len>`

  >   Consider only strings of at least a given length.

  > `LIMIT_COUNT <max-num>`

  >   Limit the number of distinct strings to be extracted.

  > `LIMIT_INPUT <max-in>`

  >   Limit the number of input bytes to read from the file.

  > `LIMIT_OUTPUT <max-out>`

  >   Limit the number of total bytes to store in the `<variable>`.

  > `NEWLINE_CONSUME`

  >   Treat newline characters (`\n`, LF) as part of string content instead of terminating at them.

  > `NO_HEX_CONVERSION`

  >   Intel Hex and Motorola S-record files are automatically converted to binary while reading unless this option is given.

  > `REGEX <regex>`

  >   Consider only strings that match the given regular expression, as described under string(REGEX).

  >   Changed in version 3.29: Capture groups from the last match in the file are stored in `CMAKE_MATCH_<n>`, similar to `string(REGEX MATCHALL)`. See policy `CMP0159`.

  > `ENCODING <encoding-type>`

  >   Added in version 3.1.

  >   Consider strings of a given encoding. Currently supported encodings are: `UTF-8`, `UTF-16LE`, `UTF-16BE`, `UTF-32LE`, `UTF-32BE`. If the `ENCODING` option is not provided and the file has a Byte Order Mark, the `ENCODING` option will be defaulted to respect the Byte Order Mark.

  Added in version 3.2: Added the `UTF-16LE`, `UTF-16BE`, `UTF-32LE`, `UTF-32BE` encodings.

  For example, the code

      file(STRINGS myfile.txt myfile)

  stores a list in the variable `myfile` in which each item is a line from the input file.

file(<HASH> <filename> <variable>)

  Compute a cryptographic hash of the content of `<filename>` and store it in a `<variable>`. The supported `<HASH>` algorithm names are those listed by the `string(<HASH>)` command.

file(TIMESTAMP <filename> <variable> [<format>] [UTC])

  Compute a string representation of the modification time of `<filename>` and store it in `<variable>`. Should the command be unable to obtain a timestamp variable will be set to the empty string ("").

  See the `string(TIMESTAMP)` command for documentation of the `<format>` and `UTC` options.

## Writing

file(WRITE <filename> <content>...)
file(APPEND <filename> <content>...)

  Write `<content>` into a file called `<filename>`. If the file does not exist, it will be created. If the file already exists, `WRITE` mode will overwrite it and `APPEND` mode will append to the end. Any directories in the path specified by `<filename>` that do not exist will be created.

  If the file is a build input, use the `configure_file()` command to update the file only when its content changes.

file(TOUCH <files>...)
file(TOUCH_NOCREATE <files>...)

  Added in version 3.12.

  Create a file with no content if it does not yet exist. If the file already exists, its access and/or modification will be updated to the time when the function call is executed.

  Use `TOUCH_NOCREATE` to touch a file if it exists but not create it. If a file does not exist it will be silently ignored.

  With `TOUCH` and `TOUCH_NOCREATE`, the contents of an existing file will not be modified.

  Changed in version 3.30: `<files>` can be an empty list. CMake 3.29 and earlier required at least one file to be given.

file(GENERATE [...])

  Generate an output file for each build configuration supported by the current `CMake Generator`. Evaluate `generator expressions` from the input content to produce the output content.

      file(GENERATE OUTPUT <output-file>
           <INPUT <input-file>|CONTENT <content>>
           [CONDITION <expression>] [TARGET <target>]
           [NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS | USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS |
            FILE_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...]
           [NEWLINE_STYLE [UNIX|DOS|WIN32|LF|CRLF] ])

  The options are:

  > `CONDITION <condition>`

  >   Generate the output file for a particular configuration only if the condition is true. The condition must be either `0` or `1` after evaluating generator expressions.

  > `CONTENT <content>`

  >   Use the content given explicitly as input.

  > `INPUT <input-file>`

  >   Use the content from a given file as input.

  >   Changed in version 3.10: A relative path is treated with respect to the value of `CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR`. See policy `CMP0070`.

  > `OUTPUT <output-file>`

  >   Specify the output file name to generate. Use generator expressions such as `$<CONFIG>` to specify a configuration-specific output file name. Multiple configurations may generate the same output file only if the generated content is identical. Otherwise, the `<output-file>` must evaluate to an unique name for each configuration.

  >   Changed in version 3.10: A relative path (after evaluating generator expressions) is treated with respect to the value of `CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR`. See policy `CMP0070`.

  > `TARGET <target>`

  >   Added in version 3.19.

  >   Specify which target to use when evaluating generator expressions that require a target for evaluation (e.g. `$<COMPILE_FEATURES:...>`, `$<TARGET_PROPERTY:prop>`).

  > `NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS`

  >   Added in version 3.20.

  >   The generated file permissions default to the standard 644 value (-rw-r--r--).

  > `USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS`

  >   Added in version 3.20.

  >   Transfer the file permissions of the `INPUT` file to the generated file. This is already the default behavior if none of the three permissions-related keywords are given (`NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS`, `USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS` or `FILE_PERMISSIONS`). The `USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS` keyword mostly serves as a way of making the intended behavior clearer at the call site. It is an error to specify this option without `INPUT`.

  > `FILE_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...`

  >   Added in version 3.20.

  >   Use the specified permissions for the generated file.

  > `NEWLINE_STYLE <style>`

  >   Added in version 3.20.

  >   Specify the newline style for the generated file. Specify `UNIX` or `LF` for `\n` newlines, or specify `DOS`, `WIN32`, or `CRLF` for `\r\n` newlines.

  Exactly one `CONTENT` or `INPUT` option must be given. A specific `OUTPUT` file may be named by at most one invocation of `file(GENERATE)`. Generated files are modified and their timestamp updated on subsequent cmake runs only if their content is changed.

  Note also that `file(GENERATE)` does not create the output file until the generation phase. The output file will not yet have been written when the `file(GENERATE)` command returns, it is written only after processing all of a project's `CMakeLists.txt` files.

file(CONFIGURE OUTPUT <output-file> CONTENT <content> [ESCAPE_QUOTES] [@ONLY] [NEWLINE_STYLE [UNIX|DOS|WIN32|LF|CRLF] ])

  Added in version 3.18.

  Generate an output file using the input given by `CONTENT` and substitute variable values referenced as `@VAR@` or `${VAR}` contained therein. The substitution rules behave the same as the `configure_file()` command. In order to match `configure_file()`'s behavior, generator expressions are not supported for both `OUTPUT` and `CONTENT`, and the output file is only modified and its timestamp updated if the content is changed or the file previously didn't exist.

  The arguments are:

  > `OUTPUT <output-file>`

  >   Specify the output file name to generate. A relative path is treated with respect to the value of `CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR`. `<output-file>` does not support generator expressions.

  > `CONTENT <content>`

  >   Use the content given explicitly as input. `<content>` does not support generator expressions.

  > `ESCAPE_QUOTES`

  >   Escape any substituted quotes with backslashes (C-style).

  > `@ONLY`

  >   Restrict variable replacement to references of the form `@VAR@`. This is useful for configuring scripts that use `${VAR}` syntax.

  > `NEWLINE_STYLE <style>`

  >   Specify the newline style for the output file. Specify `UNIX` or `LF` for `\n` newlines, or specify `DOS`, `WIN32`, or `CRLF` for `\r\n` newlines.

## Filesystem

file(GLOB <variable> [LIST_DIRECTORIES true|false] [RELATIVE <path>] [CONFIGURE_DEPENDS] <globbing-expressions>...)
file(GLOB_RECURSE <variable> [FOLLOW_SYMLINKS] [LIST_DIRECTORIES true|false] [RELATIVE <path>] [CONFIGURE_DEPENDS] <globbing-expressions>...)

  Generate a list of files that match the `<globbing-expressions>` and store it into the `<variable>`. Globbing expressions are similar to regular expressions, but much simpler. If `RELATIVE` flag is specified, the results will be returned as relative paths to the given path.

  Changed in version 3.6: The results will be ordered lexicographically.

  On Windows and macOS, globbing is case-insensitive even if the underlying filesystem is case-sensitive (both filenames and globbing expressions are converted to lowercase before matching). On other platforms, globbing is case-sensitive.

  Added in version 3.3: By default `GLOB` lists directories. Directories are omitted in the result if `LIST_DIRECTORIES` is set to false.

  Added in version 3.12: If the `CONFIGURE_DEPENDS` flag is specified, CMake will add logic to the main build system check target to rerun the flagged `GLOB` commands at build time. If any of the outputs change, CMake will regenerate the build system.

  Note

  We do not recommend using GLOB to collect a list of source files from your source tree. If no CMakeLists.txt file changes when a source is added or removed then the generated build system cannot know when to ask CMake to regenerate. The `CONFIGURE_DEPENDS` flag may not work reliably on all generators, or if a new generator is added in the future that cannot support it, projects using it will be stuck. Even if `CONFIGURE_DEPENDS` works reliably, there is still a cost to perform the check on every rebuild.

  Examples of globbing expressions include:

  `*.cxx` | match all files with extension `cxx`
  `*.vt?` | match all files with extension `vta`, ..., `vtz`
  `f[3-5].txt` | match files `f3.txt`, `f4.txt`, `f5.txt`

  The `GLOB_RECURSE` mode will traverse all the subdirectories of the matched directory and match the files. Subdirectories that are symlinks are only traversed if `FOLLOW_SYMLINKS` is given or policy `CMP0009` is not set to `NEW`.

  Added in version 3.3: By default `GLOB_RECURSE` omits directories from result list. Setting `LIST_DIRECTORIES` to true adds directories to result list. If `FOLLOW_SYMLINKS` is given or policy `CMP0009` is not set to `NEW` then `LIST_DIRECTORIES` treats symlinks as directories.

  Examples of recursive globbing include:

  `/dir/*.py` | match all python files in `/dir` and subdirectories

file(MAKE_DIRECTORY <directories>... [RESULT <result>])

  Create the given directories and their parents as needed.

  The options are:

  > `RESULT <result>`

  >   Added in version 3.31.

  >   Set `<result>` variable to `0` on success or an error message otherwise. If `RESULT` is not specified and the operation fails, an error is emitted.

  Changed in version 3.30: `<directories>` can be an empty list. CMake 3.29 and earlier required at least one directory to be given.

file(REMOVE <files>...)
file(REMOVE_RECURSE <files>...)

  Remove the given files. The `REMOVE_RECURSE` mode will remove the given files and directories, including non-empty directories. No error is emitted if a given file does not exist. Relative input paths are evaluated with respect to the current source directory.

  Changed in version 3.15: Empty input paths are ignored with a warning. Previous versions of CMake interpreted empty strings as a relative path with respect to the current directory and removed its contents.

file(RENAME <oldname> <newname> [RESULT <result>] [NO_REPLACE])

  Move a file or directory within a filesystem from `<oldname>` to `<newname>`, replacing the destination atomically.

  The options are:

  > `RESULT <result>`

  >   Added in version 3.21.

  >   Set `<result>` variable to `0` on success or an error message otherwise. If `RESULT` is not specified and the operation fails, an error is emitted.

  > `NO_REPLACE`

  >   Added in version 3.21.

  >   If the `<newname>` path already exists, do not replace it. If `RESULT <result>` is used, the result variable will be set to `NO_REPLACE`. Otherwise, an error is emitted.

file(COPY_FILE <oldname> <newname> [RESULT <result>] [ONLY_IF_DIFFERENT] [INPUT_MAY_BE_RECENT])

  Added in version 3.21.

  Copy a file from `<oldname>` to `<newname>`. Directories are not supported. Symlinks are ignored and `<oldfile>`'s content is read and written to `<newname>` as a new file.

  The options are:

  > `RESULT <result>`

  >   Set `<result>` variable to `0` on success or an error message otherwise. If `RESULT` is not specified and the operation fails, an error is emitted.

  > `ONLY_IF_DIFFERENT`

  >   If the `<newname>` path already exists, do not replace it if the file's contents are already the same as `<oldname>` (this avoids updating `<newname>`'s timestamp).

  > `INPUT_MAY_BE_RECENT`

  >   Added in version 3.26.

  >   Tell CMake that the input file may have been recently created. This is meaningful only on Windows, where files may be inaccessible for a short time after they are created. With this option, if permission is denied, CMake will retry reading the input a few times.

  This sub-command has some similarities to `configure_file()` with the `COPYONLY` option. An important difference is that `configure_file()` creates a dependency on the source file, so CMake will be re-run if it changes. The `file(COPY_FILE)` sub-command does not create such a dependency.

  See also the `file(COPY)` sub-command just below which provides further file-copying capabilities.

file(COPY [...])
file(INSTALL [...])

  The `COPY` signature copies files, directories, and symlinks to a destination folder. Relative input paths are evaluated with respect to the current source directory, and a relative destination is evaluated with respect to the current build directory. Copying preserves input file timestamps, and optimizes out a file if it exists at the destination with the same timestamp. Copying preserves input permissions unless explicit permissions or `NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS` are given (default is `USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS`).

      file(<COPY|INSTALL> <files>... DESTINATION <dir>
           [NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS | USE_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS]
           [FILE_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...]
           [DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...]
           [FOLLOW_SYMLINK_CHAIN]
           [FILES_MATCHING]
           [[PATTERN <pattern> | REGEX <regex>]
            [EXCLUDE] [PERMISSIONS <permissions>...]] [...])

  Note

  For a simple file copying operation, the `file(COPY_FILE)` sub-command just above may be easier to use.

  Added in version 3.15: If `FOLLOW_SYMLINK_CHAIN` is specified, `COPY` will recursively resolve the symlinks at the paths given until a real file is found, and install a corresponding symlink in the destination for each symlink encountered. For each symlink that is installed, the resolution is stripped of the directory, leaving only the filename, meaning that the new symlink points to a file in the same directory as the symlink. This feature is useful on some Unix systems, where libraries are installed as a chain of symlinks with version numbers, with less specific versions pointing to more specific versions. `FOLLOW_SYMLINK_CHAIN` will install all of these symlinks and the library itself into the destination directory. For example, if you have the following directory structure:

  > - `/opt/foo/lib/libfoo.so.1.2.3`

  > - `/opt/foo/lib/libfoo.so.1.2 -> libfoo.so.1.2.3`

  > - `/opt/foo/lib/libfoo.so.1 -> libfoo.so.1.2`

  > - `/opt/foo/lib/libfoo.so -> libfoo.so.1`

  and you do:

      file(COPY /opt/foo/lib/libfoo.so DESTINATION lib FOLLOW_SYMLINK_CHAIN)

  This will install all of the symlinks and `libfoo.so.1.2.3` itself into `lib`.

  See the `install(DIRECTORY)` command for documentation of permissions, `FILES_MATCHING`, `PATTERN`, `REGEX`, and `EXCLUDE` options. Copying directories preserves the structure of their content even if options are used to select a subset of files.

  The `INSTALL` signature differs slightly from `COPY`: it prints status messages, and `NO_SOURCE_PERMISSIONS` is default. Installation scripts generated by the `install()` command use this signature (with some undocumented options for internal use).

  Changed in version 3.22: The environment variable `CMAKE_INSTALL_MODE` can override the default copying behavior of `file(INSTALL)`.

file(SIZE <filename> <variable>)

  Added in version 3.14.

  Determine the file size of the `<filename>` and put the result in `<variable>` variable. Requires that `<filename>` is a valid path pointing to a file and is readable.

file(READ_SYMLINK <linkname> <variable>)

  Added in version 3.14.

  Query the symlink `<linkname>` and stores the path it points to in the result `<variable>`. If `<linkname>` does not exist or is not a symlink, CMake issues a fatal error.

  Note that this command returns the raw symlink path and does not resolve a relative path. The following is an example of how to ensure that an absolute path is obtained:

      set(linkname "/path/to/foo.sym")
      file(READ_SYMLINK "${linkname}" result)
      if(NOT IS_ABSOLUTE "${result}")
        get_filename_component(dir "${linkname}" DIRECTORY)
        set(result "${dir}/${result}")
      endif()

file(CREATE_LINK <original> <linkname> [RESULT <result>] [COPY_ON_ERROR] [SYMBOLIC])

  Added in version 3.14.

  Create a link `<linkname>` that points to `<original>`. It will be a hard link by default, but providing the `SYMBOLIC` option results in a symbolic link instead. Hard links require that `original` exists and is a file, not a directory. If `<linkname>` already exists, it will be overwritten.

  The `<result>` variable, if specified, receives the status of the operation. It is set to `0` upon success or an error message otherwise. If `RESULT` is not specified and the operation fails, a fatal error is emitted.

  Specifying `COPY_ON_ERROR` enables copying the file as a fallback if creating the link fails. It can be useful for handling situations such as `<original>` and `<linkname>` being on different drives or mount points, which would make them unable to support a hard link.

file(CHMOD <files>... <directories>... [PERMISSIONS <permissions>...] [FILE_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...] [DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...])

  Added in version 3.19.

  Set the permissions for the `<files>...` and `<directories>...` specified. Valid permissions are `OWNER_READ`, `OWNER_WRITE`, `OWNER_EXECUTE`, `GROUP_READ`, `GROUP_WRITE`, `GROUP_EXECUTE`, `WORLD_READ`, `WORLD_WRITE`, `WORLD_EXECUTE`, `SETUID`, `SETGID`.

  Valid combination of keywords are:

  > `PERMISSIONS`

  >   All items are changed.

  > `FILE_PERMISSIONS`

  >   Only files are changed.

  > `DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS`

  >   Only directories are changed.

  > `PERMISSIONS` and `FILE_PERMISSIONS`

  >   `FILE_PERMISSIONS` overrides `PERMISSIONS` for files.

  > `PERMISSIONS` and `DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS`

  >   `DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS` overrides `PERMISSIONS` for directories.

  > `FILE_PERMISSIONS` and `DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS`

  >   Use `FILE_PERMISSIONS` for files and `DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS` for directories.

file(CHMOD_RECURSE <files>... <directories>... [PERMISSIONS <permissions>...] [FILE_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...] [DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS <permissions>...])

  Added in version 3.19.

  Same as `CHMOD`, but change the permissions of files and directories present in the `<directories>...` recursively.

## Path Conversion

file(REAL_PATH <path> <out-var> [BASE_DIRECTORY <dir>] [EXPAND_TILDE])

  Added in version 3.19.

  Compute the absolute path to an existing file or directory with symlinks resolved. The options are:

  > `BASE_DIRECTORY <dir>`

  >   If the provided `<path>` is a relative path, it is evaluated relative to the given base directory `<dir>`. If no base directory is provided, the default base directory will be `CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR`.

  > `EXPAND_TILDE`

  >   Added in version 3.21.

  >   If the `<path>` is `~` or starts with `~/`, the `~` is replaced by the user's home directory. The path to the home directory is obtained from environment variables. On Windows, the `USERPROFILE` environment variable is used, falling back to the `HOME` environment variable if `USERPROFILE` is not defined. On all other platforms, only `HOME` is used.

  Changed in version 3.28: All symlinks are resolved before collapsing `../` components. See policy `CMP0152`.

file(RELATIVE_PATH <variable> <directory> <file>)

  Compute the relative path from a `<directory>` to a `<file>` and store it in the `<variable>`.

file(TO_CMAKE_PATH "<path>" <variable>)
file(TO_NATIVE_PATH "<path>" <variable>)

  The `TO_CMAKE_PATH` mode converts a native `<path>` into a cmake-style path with forward-slashes (`/`). The input can be a single path or a system search path like `$ENV{PATH}`. A search path will be converted to a cmake-style list separated by `;` characters.

  The `TO_NATIVE_PATH` mode converts a cmake-style `<path>` into a native path with platform-specific slashes (`\` on Windows hosts and `/` elsewhere).

  Always use double quotes around the `<path>` to be sure it is treated as a single argument to this command.

## Transfer

file(DOWNLOAD <url> [<file>] <options>...)
file(UPLOAD <file> <url> <options>...)

  The `DOWNLOAD` subcommand downloads the given `<url>` to a local `<file>`. The `UPLOAD` mode uploads a local `<file>` to a given `<url>`.

  Added in version 3.19: If `<file>` is not specified for `file(DOWNLOAD)`, the file is not saved. This can be useful if you want to know if a file can be downloaded (for example, to check that it exists) without actually saving it anywhere.

  Options to both `DOWNLOAD` and `UPLOAD` are:

  > `INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT <seconds>`

  >   Terminate the operation after a period of inactivity.

  > `LOG <variable>`

  >   Store a human-readable log of the operation in a variable.

  > `SHOW_PROGRESS`

  >   Print progress information as status messages until the operation is complete.

  > `STATUS <variable>`

  >   Store the resulting status of the operation in a variable. The status is a `;` separated list of length 2. The first element is the numeric return value for the operation, and the second element is a string value for the error. A `0` numeric error means no error in the operation.

  > `TIMEOUT <seconds>`

  >   Terminate the operation after a given total time has elapsed.

  > `USERPWD <username>:<password>`

  >   Added in version 3.7.

  >   Set username and password for operation.

  > `HTTPHEADER <HTTP-header>`

  >   Added in version 3.7.

  >   HTTP header for `DOWNLOAD` and `UPLOAD` operations. `HTTPHEADER` can be repeated for multiple options:

  >       file(DOWNLOAD <url>
  >            HTTPHEADER "Authorization: Bearer <auth-token>"
  >            HTTPHEADER "UserAgent: Mozilla/5.0")

  > `NETRC <level>`

  >   Added in version 3.11.

  >   Specify whether the .netrc file is to be used for operation. If this option is not specified, the value of the `CMAKE_NETRC` variable will be used instead.

  >   Valid levels are:

  >   > `IGNORED`

  >   >   The .netrc file is ignored. This is the default.

  >   > `OPTIONAL`

  >   >   The .netrc file is optional, and information in the URL is preferred. The file will be scanned to find which ever information is not specified in the URL.

  >   > `REQUIRED`

  >   >   The .netrc file is required, and information in the URL is ignored.

  > `NETRC_FILE <file>`

  >   Added in version 3.11.

  >   Specify an alternative .netrc file to the one in your home directory, if the `NETRC` level is `OPTIONAL` or `REQUIRED`. If this option is not specified, the value of the `CMAKE_NETRC_FILE` variable will be used instead.

  > `TLS_VERSION <min>`

  >   Added in version 3.30.

  >   Specify minimum TLS version for `https://` URLs. If this option is not specified, the value of the `CMAKE_TLS_VERSION` variable or `CMAKE_TLS_VERSION` environment variable will be used instead. See `CMAKE_TLS_VERSION` for allowed values.

  >   Changed in version 3.31: The default is TLS 1.2. Previously, no minimum version was enforced by default.

  > `TLS_VERIFY <ON|OFF>`

  >   Specify whether to verify the server certificate for `https://` URLs. If this option is not specified, the value of the `CMAKE_TLS_VERIFY` variable or `CMAKE_TLS_VERIFY` environment variable will be used instead. If neither is set, the default is on.

  >   Changed in version 3.31: The default is on. Previously, the default was off. Users may set the `CMAKE_TLS_VERIFY` environment variable to `0` to restore the old default.

  >   Added in version 3.18: Added support to `file(UPLOAD)`.

  > `TLS_CAINFO <file>`

  >   Specify a custom Certificate Authority file for `https://` URLs. If this option is not specified, the value of the `CMAKE_TLS_CAINFO` variable will be used instead.

  >   Added in version 3.18: Added support to `file(UPLOAD)`.

  For `https://` URLs CMake must be built with SSL/TLS support.

  Additional options to `DOWNLOAD` are:

  > `EXPECTED_HASH <algorithm>=<value>`

  >   Verify that the downloaded content hash matches the expected value, where `<algorithm>` is one of the algorithms supported by `<HASH>`. If the file already exists and matches the hash, the download is skipped. If the file already exists and does not match the hash, the file is downloaded again. If after download the file does not match the hash, the operation fails with an error. It is an error to specify this option if `DOWNLOAD` is not given a `<file>`.

  > `EXPECTED_MD5 <value>`

  >   Historical short-hand for `EXPECTED_HASH MD5=<value>`. It is an error to specify this if `DOWNLOAD` is not given a `<file>`.

  > `RANGE_START <value>`

  >   Added in version 3.24.

  >   Offset of the start of the range in file in bytes. Could be omitted to download up to the specified `RANGE_END`.

  > `RANGE_END <value>`

  >   Added in version 3.24.

  >   Offset of the end of the range in file in bytes. Could be omitted to download everything from the specified `RANGE_START` to the end of file.

## Locking

file(LOCK <path> [DIRECTORY] [RELEASE] [GUARD <FUNCTION|FILE|PROCESS>] [RESULT_VARIABLE <variable>] [TIMEOUT <seconds>])

  Added in version 3.2.

  Lock a file specified by `<path>` if no `DIRECTORY` option present and file `<path>/cmake.lock` otherwise. The file will be locked for the scope defined by the `GUARD` option (default value is `PROCESS`). The `RELEASE` option can be used to unlock the file explicitly. If the `TIMEOUT` option is not specified, CMake will wait until the lock succeeds or until a fatal error occurs. If `TIMEOUT` is set to `0`, locking will be tried once and the result will be reported immediately. If `TIMEOUT` is not `0`, CMake will try to lock the file for the period specified by the `TIMEOUT <seconds>` value. Any errors will be interpreted as fatal if there is no `RESULT_VARIABLE` option. Otherwise, the result will be stored in `<variable>` and will be `0` on success or an error message on failure.

  Note that lock is advisory; there is no guarantee that other processes will respect this lock, i.e. lock synchronize two or more CMake instances sharing some modifiable resources. Similar logic applies to the `DIRECTORY` option; locking a parent directory doesn't prevent other `LOCK` commands from locking any child directory or file.

  Trying to lock the same file twice is not allowed. Any intermediate directories and the file itself will be created if they not exist. The `GUARD` and `TIMEOUT` options are ignored on the `RELEASE` operation.

## Archiving

file(ARCHIVE_CREATE OUTPUT <archive> PATHS <paths>... [FORMAT <format>] [COMPRESSION <compression> [COMPRESSION_LEVEL <compression-level>]] [MTIME <mtime>] [WORKING_DIRECTORY <dir>] [VERBOSE])

  Added in version 3.18.

  Creates the specified `<archive>` file with the files and directories listed in `<paths>`. Note that `<paths>` must list actual files or directories; wildcards are not supported.

  The options are:

  `FORMAT <format>`

    Specify the archive format. Supported values for `<format>` are `7zip`, `gnutar`, `pax`, `paxr`, `raw` and `zip`. If `FORMAT` is not given, the default format is `paxr`.

  `COMPRESSION <compression>`

    Some archive formats allow the type of compression to be specified. The `7zip` and `zip` archive formats already imply a specific type of compression. The other formats use no compression by default, but can be directed to do so with the `COMPRESSION` option. Valid values for `<compression>` are `None`, `BZip2`, `GZip`, `XZ`, and `Zstd`.

    Note

    With `FORMAT` set to `raw`, only one file will be compressed with the compression type specified by `COMPRESSION`.

  `COMPRESSION_LEVEL <compression-level>`

    Added in version 3.19.

    The compression level can be specified with the `COMPRESSION_LEVEL` option. The `<compression-level>` should be between 0-9, with the default being 0. The `COMPRESSION` option must be present when `COMPRESSION_LEVEL` is given.

    Added in version 3.26: The `<compression-level>` of the `Zstd` algorithm can be set between 0-19.

  `MTIME <mtime>`

    Specify the modification time recorded in tarball entries.

  `WORKING_DIRECTORY <dir>`

    Added in version 3.31.

    Specify the directory in which the archive creation operation will be executed. Paths in the `<paths>` argument can be relative to this directory. If this option is not provided, the current working directory will be used by default.

  `VERBOSE`

    Enable verbose output from the archive operation.

file(ARCHIVE_EXTRACT INPUT <archive> [DESTINATION <dir>] [PATTERNS <pattern>...] [LIST_ONLY] [VERBOSE] [TOUCH])

  Added in version 3.18.

  Extracts or lists the content of the specified `<archive>`.

  The options are:

  `DESTINATION <dir>`

    Specify the directory under which the content of the archive will be extracted. If the directory does not exist, it will be created. If `DESTINATION` is not given, the current binary directory will be used.

  `PATTERNS <pattern>...`

    Extract/list only files and directories that match one of the given patterns. Wildcards are supported. If the `PATTERNS` option is not given, the entire archive will be listed or extracted.

  `LIST_ONLY`

    List the files in the archive rather than extract them.

  `TOUCH`

    Added in version 3.24.

    Give extracted files a current local timestamp instead of extracting file timestamps from the archive.

  `VERBOSE`

    Enable verbose output from the extraction operation.

  Note

  The working directory for this subcommand is the `DESTINATION` directory (provided or computed) except when `LIST_ONLY` is specified. Therefore, outside of script mode, it may be best to provide absolute paths to `INPUT` archives as they are unlikely to be extracted where a relative path works.

## Handling Runtime Binaries

file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES [...])

  Added in version 3.16.

  Recursively get the list of libraries depended on by the given files:

      file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES
        [RESOLVED_DEPENDENCIES_VAR <deps_var>]
        [UNRESOLVED_DEPENDENCIES_VAR <unresolved_deps_var>]
        [CONFLICTING_DEPENDENCIES_PREFIX <conflicting_deps_prefix>]
        [EXECUTABLES <executable_files>...]
        [LIBRARIES <library_files>...]
        [MODULES <module_files>...]
        [DIRECTORIES <directories>...]
        [BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE <bundle_executable_file>]
        [PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...]
        [PRE_EXCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...]
        [POST_INCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...]
        [POST_EXCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...]
        [POST_INCLUDE_FILES <files>...]
        [POST_EXCLUDE_FILES <files>...]
        )

  Please note that this sub-command is not intended to be used in project mode. It is intended for use at install time, either from code generated by the `install(RUNTIME_DEPENDENCY_SET)` command, or from code provided by the project via `install(CODE)` or `install(SCRIPT)`. For example:

      install(CODE [[
        file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES
          # ...
          )
        ]])

  The arguments are as follows:

  > `RESOLVED_DEPENDENCIES_VAR <deps_var>`

  >   Name of the variable in which to store the list of resolved dependencies.

  > `UNRESOLVED_DEPENDENCIES_VAR <unresolved_deps_var>`

  >   Name of the variable in which to store the list of unresolved dependencies. If this variable is not specified, and there are any unresolved dependencies, an error is issued.

  > `CONFLICTING_DEPENDENCIES_PREFIX <conflicting_deps_prefix>`

  >   Variable prefix in which to store conflicting dependency information. Dependencies are conflicting if two files with the same name are found in two different directories. The list of filenames that conflict are stored in `<conflicting_deps_prefix>_FILENAMES`. For each filename, the list of paths that were found for that filename are stored in `<conflicting_deps_prefix>_<filename>`.

  > `EXECUTABLES <executable_files>...`

  >   List of executable files to read for dependencies. These are executables that are typically created with `add_executable()`, but they do not have to be created by CMake. On Apple platforms, the paths to these files determine the value of `@executable_path` when recursively resolving the libraries. Specifying any kind of library (`STATIC`, `MODULE`, or `SHARED`) here will result in undefined behavior.

  > `LIBRARIES <library_files>...`

  >   List of library files to read for dependencies. These are libraries that are typically created with `add_library(SHARED)`, but they do not have to be created by CMake. Specifying `STATIC` libraries, `MODULE` libraries, or executables here will result in undefined behavior.

  > `MODULES <module_files>...`

  >   List of loadable module files to read for dependencies. These are modules that are typically created with `add_library(MODULE)`, but they do not have to be created by CMake. They are typically used by calling `dlopen()` at runtime rather than linked at link time with `ld -l`. Specifying `STATIC` libraries, `SHARED` libraries, or executables here will result in undefined behavior.

  > `DIRECTORIES <directories>...`

  >   List of additional directories to search for dependencies. On Linux platforms, these directories are searched if the dependency is not found in any of the other usual paths. If it is found in such a directory, a warning is issued, because it means that the file is incomplete (it does not list all of the directories that contain its dependencies). On Windows platforms, these directories are searched if the dependency is not found in any of the other search paths, but no warning is issued, because searching other paths is a normal part of Windows dependency resolution. On Apple platforms, this argument has no effect.

  > `BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE <bundle_executable_file>`

  >   Executable to treat as the "bundle executable" when resolving libraries. On Apple platforms, this argument determines the value of `@executable_path` when recursively resolving libraries for `LIBRARIES` and `MODULES` files. It has no effect on `EXECUTABLES` files. On other platforms, it has no effect. This is typically (but not always) one of the executables in the `EXECUTABLES` argument which designates the "main" executable of the package.

  The following arguments specify filters for including or excluding libraries to be resolved. See below for a full description of how they work.

  > `PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...`

  >   List of pre-include regexes through which to filter the names of not-yet-resolved dependencies.

  > `PRE_EXCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...`

  >   List of pre-exclude regexes through which to filter the names of not-yet-resolved dependencies.

  > `POST_INCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...`

  >   List of post-include regexes through which to filter the names of resolved dependencies.

  > `POST_EXCLUDE_REGEXES <regexes>...`

  >   List of post-exclude regexes through which to filter the names of resolved dependencies.

  > `POST_INCLUDE_FILES <files>...`

  >   Added in version 3.21.

  >   List of post-include filenames through which to filter the names of resolved dependencies. Symlinks are resolved when attempting to match these filenames.

  > `POST_EXCLUDE_FILES <files>...`

  >   Added in version 3.21.

  >   List of post-exclude filenames through which to filter the names of resolved dependencies. Symlinks are resolved when attempting to match these filenames.

  These arguments can be used to exclude unwanted system libraries when resolving the dependencies, or to include libraries from a specific directory. The filtering works as follows:

  1. If the not-yet-resolved dependency matches any of the `PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES`, steps 2 and 3 are skipped, and the dependency resolution proceeds to step 4.

  2. If the not-yet-resolved dependency matches any of the `PRE_EXCLUDE_REGEXES`, dependency resolution stops for that dependency.

  3. Otherwise, dependency resolution proceeds.

  4. `file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES)` searches for the dependency according to the linking rules of the platform (see below).

  5. If the dependency is found, and its full path matches one of the `POST_INCLUDE_REGEXES` or `POST_INCLUDE_FILES`, the full path is added to the resolved dependencies, and `file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES)` recursively resolves that library's own dependencies. Otherwise, resolution proceeds to step 6.

  6. If the dependency is found, but its full path matches one of the `POST_EXCLUDE_REGEXES` or `POST_EXCLUDE_FILES`, it is not added to the resolved dependencies, and dependency resolution stops for that dependency.

  7. If the dependency is found, and its full path does not match either `POST_INCLUDE_REGEXES`, `POST_INCLUDE_FILES`, `POST_EXCLUDE_REGEXES`, or `POST_EXCLUDE_FILES`, the full path is added to the resolved dependencies, and `file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES)` recursively resolves that library's own dependencies.

  Different platforms have different rules for how dependencies are resolved. These specifics are described here.

  On Linux platforms, library resolution works as follows:

  1. If the depending file does not have any `RUNPATH` entries, and the library exists in one of the depending file's `RPATH` entries, or its parents', in that order, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  2. Otherwise, if the depending file has any `RUNPATH` entries, and the library exists in one of those entries, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  3. Otherwise, if the library exists in one of the directories listed by `ldconfig`, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  4. Otherwise, if the library exists in one of the `DIRECTORIES` entries, the dependency is resolved to that file. In this case, a warning is issued, because finding a file in one of the `DIRECTORIES` means that the depending file is not complete (it does not list all the directories from which it pulls dependencies).

  5. Otherwise, the dependency is unresolved.

  Changed in version 3.31: Resolution of each encountered library file name occurs at most once while processing a given root ELF file (executable or shared object). If a library file name is encountered again in the dependency tree, the original resolution is assumed. This behavior more closely matches the dynamic loader's behavior on Linux.

  On Windows platforms, library resolution works as follows:

  1. DLL dependency names are converted to lowercase for matching filters. Windows DLL names are case-insensitive, and some linkers mangle the case of the DLL dependency names. However, this makes it more difficult for `PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES`, `PRE_EXCLUDE_REGEXES`, `POST_INCLUDE_REGEXES`, and `POST_EXCLUDE_REGEXES` to properly filter DLL names - every regex would have to check for both uppercase and lowercase letters. For example:

         file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES
           # ...
           PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES "^[Mm][Yy][Ll][Ii][Bb][Rr][Aa][Rr][Yy]\\.[Dd][Ll][Ll]$"
           )

     Converting the DLL name to lowercase allows the regexes to only match lowercase names, thus simplifying the regex. For example:

         file(GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES
           # ...
           PRE_INCLUDE_REGEXES "^mylibrary\\.dll$"
           )

     This regex will match `mylibrary.dll` regardless of how it is cased, either on disk or in the depending file. (For example, it will match `mylibrary.dll`, `MyLibrary.dll`, and `MYLIBRARY.DLL`.)

     Changed in version 3.27: The conversion to lowercase only applies while matching filters. Results reported after filtering case-preserve each DLL name as it is found on disk, if resolved, and otherwise as it is referenced by the dependent binary.

     Prior to CMake 3.27, the results were reported with lowercase DLL file names, but the directory portion retained its casing.

  2. (Not yet implemented) If the depending file is a Windows Store app, and the dependency is listed as a dependency in the application's package manifest, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  3. Otherwise, if the library exists in the same directory as the depending file, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  4. Otherwise, if the library exists in either the operating system's `system32` directory or the `Windows` directory, in that order, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  5. Otherwise, if the library exists in one of the directories specified by `DIRECTORIES`, in the order they are listed, the dependency is resolved to that file. In this case, a warning is not issued, because searching other directories is a normal part of Windows library resolution.

  6. Otherwise, the dependency is unresolved.

  On Apple platforms, library resolution works as follows:

  1. If the dependency starts with `@executable_path/`, and an `EXECUTABLES` argument is in the process of being resolved, and replacing `@executable_path/` with the directory of the executable yields an existing file, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  2. Otherwise, if the dependency starts with `@executable_path/`, and there is a `BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE` argument, and replacing `@executable_path/` with the directory of the bundle executable yields an existing file, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  3. Otherwise, if the dependency starts with `@loader_path/`, and replacing `@loader_path/` with the directory of the depending file yields an existing file, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  4. Otherwise, if the dependency starts with `@rpath/`, and replacing `@rpath/` with one of the `RPATH` entries of the depending file yields an existing file, the dependency is resolved to that file. Note that `RPATH` entries that start with `@executable_path/` or `@loader_path/` also have these items replaced with the appropriate path.

  5. Otherwise, if the dependency is an absolute file that exists, the dependency is resolved to that file.

  6. Otherwise, the dependency is unresolved.

  This function accepts several variables that determine which tool is used for dependency resolution:

  CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_PLATFORM

    Determines which operating system and executable format the files are built for. This could be one of several values:

    - `linux+elf`

    - `windows+pe`

    - `macos+macho`

    If this variable is not specified, it is determined automatically by system introspection.

  CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_TOOL

    Determines the tool to use for dependency resolution. It could be one of several values, depending on the value of `CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_PLATFORM`:

    `CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_PLATFORM` | `CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_TOOL`
    --- | ---
    `linux+elf` | `objdump`
    `windows+pe` | `objdump` or `dumpbin`
    `macos+macho` | `otool`

    If this variable is not specified, it is determined automatically by system introspection.

  CMAKE_GET_RUNTIME_DEPENDENCIES_COMMAND

    Determines the path to the tool to use for dependency resolution. This is the actual path to `objdump`, `dumpbin`, or `otool`.

    If this variable is not specified, it is determined by the value of `CMAKE_OBJDUMP` if set, else by system introspection.

    Added in version 3.18: Use `CMAKE_OBJDUMP` if set.