| OpenCV 5.0.0alpha Open Source Computer Vision

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High level stitching API (Stitcher class)

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Original author | Jiri Horner
Compatibility | OpenCV >= 3.2

# Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

- use the high-level stitching API for stitching provided by
  - cv::Stitcher
- learn how to use preconfigured Stitcher configurations to stitch images using different camera models.

# Code

C++

This tutorial's code is shown in the lines below. You can download it from here.

Note: The C++ version includes additional options such as image division (–d3) and more detailed error handling, which are not present in the Python example.

#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/stitching.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
bool divide_images = false;
Stitcher::Mode mode = Stitcher::PANORAMA;
vector<Mat> imgs;
string result_name = "result.jpg";
void printUsage(char** argv);
int parseCmdArgs(int argc, char** argv);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int retval = parseCmdArgs(argc, argv);
if (retval) return EXIT_FAILURE;
Mat pano;
Ptr<Stitcher> stitcher = Stitcher::create(mode);
Stitcher::Status status = stitcher->stitch(imgs, pano);
if (status != Stitcher::OK)
{
cout << "Can't stitch images, error code = " << int(status) << endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
imwrite(result_name, pano);
cout << "stitching completed successfully\n" << result_name << " saved!";
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
void printUsage(char** argv)
{
cout <<
"Images stitcher.\n\n" << "Usage :\n" << argv[0] <<" [Flags] img1 img2 [...imgN]\n\n"
"Flags:\n"
" --d3\n"
" internally creates three chunks of each image to increase stitching success\n"
" --mode (panorama|scans)\n"
" Determines configuration of stitcher. The default is 'panorama',\n"
" mode suitable for creating photo panoramas. Option 'scans' is suitable\n"
" for stitching materials under affine transformation, such as scans.\n"
" --output <result_img>\n"
" The default is 'result.jpg'.\n\n"
"Example usage :\n" << argv[0] << " --d3 --mode scans img1.jpg img2.jpg\n";
}
int parseCmdArgs(int argc, char** argv)
{
if (argc == 1)
{
printUsage(argv);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
{
if (string(argv[i]) == "--help" || string(argv[i]) == "/?")
{
printUsage(argv);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--d3")
{
divide_images = true;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--output")
{
result_name = argv[i + 1];
i++;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--mode")
{
if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "panorama")
mode = Stitcher::PANORAMA;
else if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "scans")
mode = Stitcher::SCANS;
else
{
cout << "Bad --mode flag value\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
i++;
}
else
{
Mat img = imread(samples::findFile(argv[i]));
if (img.empty())
{
cout << "Can't read image '" << argv[i] << "'\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (divide_images)
{
Rect rect(0, 0, img.cols / 2, img.rows);
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
rect.x = img.cols / 3;
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
rect.x = img.cols / 2;
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
}
else
imgs.push_back(img);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
cv::Mat
n-dimensional dense array class
Definition mat.hpp:951
cv::Mat::cols
int cols
Definition mat.hpp:2425
cv::Mat::empty
bool empty() const
Returns true if the array has no elements.
cv::Mat::rows
int rows
the number of rows and columns or (-1, -1) when the matrix has more than 2 dimensions
Definition mat.hpp:2425
cv::Rect_
Template class for 2D rectangles.
Definition types.hpp:447
cv::Stitcher::Mode
Mode
Definition stitching.hpp:161
cv::Stitcher::Status
Status
Definition stitching.hpp:153
cv::Ptr
std::shared_ptr< _Tp > Ptr
Definition cvstd_wrapper.hpp:23
cv::imread
CV_EXPORTS_W Mat imread(const String &filename, int flags=IMREAD_COLOR_BGR)
Loads an image from a file.
highgui.hpp
main
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
Definition highgui_qt.cpp:3
imgcodecs.hpp
cv
Definition core.hpp:107
std
STL namespace.
stitching.hpp
Python

This tutorial's code is shown in the lines below. You can download it from here.

Note: The C++ version includes additional options such as image division (–d3) and more detailed error handling, which are not present in the Python example.

#!/usr/bin/env python
'''
Stitching sample
================
Show how to use Stitcher API from python in a simple way to stitch panoramas
or scans.
'''
# Python 2/3 compatibility
from __future__ import print_function
import numpy as np
import cv2 as cv
import argparse
import sys
modes = (cv.Stitcher_PANORAMA, cv.Stitcher_SCANS)
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='stitching.py', description='Stitching sample.')
parser.add_argument('--mode',
type = int, choices = modes, default = cv.Stitcher_PANORAMA,
help = 'Determines configuration of stitcher. The default is `PANORAMA` (%d), '
'mode suitable for creating photo panoramas. Option `SCANS` (%d) is suitable '
'for stitching materials under affine transformation, such as scans.' % modes)
parser.add_argument('--output', default = 'result.jpg',
help = 'Resulting image. The default is `result.jpg`.')
parser.add_argument('img', nargs='+', help = 'input images')
__doc__ += '\n' + parser.format_help()
def main():
args = parser.parse_args()
# read input images
imgs = []
for img_name in args.img:
img = cv.imread(cv.samples.findFile(img_name))
if img is None:
print("can't read image " + img_name)
sys.exit(-1)
imgs.append(img)
#![stitching]
stitcher = cv.Stitcher.create(args.mode)
status, pano = stitcher.stitch(imgs)
if status != cv.Stitcher_OK:
print("Can't stitch images, error code = %d" % status)
sys.exit(-1)
#![stitching]
cv.imwrite(args.output, pano)
print("stitching completed successfully. %s saved!" % args.output)
print('Done')
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(__doc__)
main()
cv.destroyAllWindows()
cv::Stitcher::create
static Ptr< Stitcher > create(Mode mode=Stitcher::PANORAMA)
Creates a Stitcher configured in one of the stitching modes.
cv::samples::findFile
cv::String findFile(const cv::String &relative_path, bool required=true, bool silentMode=false)
Try to find requested data file.
cv::destroyAllWindows
void destroyAllWindows()
Destroys all of the HighGUI windows.
cv::imwrite
CV_EXPORTS_W bool imwrite(const String &filename, InputArray img, const std::vector< int > &params=std::vector< int >())
Saves an image to a specified file.

# Explanation

The most important code part is:

C++
Mat pano;
Ptr<Stitcher> stitcher = Stitcher::create(mode);
Stitcher::Status status = stitcher->stitch(imgs, pano);
if (status != Stitcher::OK)
{
cout << "Can't stitch images, error code = " << int(status) << endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
Python
stitcher = cv.Stitcher.create(args.mode)
status, pano = stitcher.stitch(imgs)
if status != cv.Stitcher_OK:
print("Can't stitch images, error code = %d" % status)
sys.exit(-1)

A new instance of stitcher is created and the cv::Stitcher::stitch will do all the hard work.

cv::Stitcher::create can create stitcher in one of the predefined configurations (argument `mode`). See cv::Stitcher::Mode for details. These configurations will setup multiple stitcher properties to operate in one of predefined scenarios. After you create stitcher in one of predefined configurations you can adjust stitching by setting any of the stitcher properties.

If you have cuda device cv::Stitcher can be configured to offload certain operations to GPU. If you prefer this configuration set `try_use_gpu` to true. OpenCL acceleration will be used transparently based on global OpenCV settings regardless of this flag.

Stitching might fail for several reasons, you should always check if everything went good and resulting pano is stored in `pano`. See cv::Stitcher::Status documentation for possible error codes.

# Camera models

There are currently 2 camera models implemented in stitching pipeline.

- Homography model expecting perspective transformations between images implemented in cv::detail::BestOf2NearestMatcher cv::detail::HomographyBasedEstimator cv::detail::BundleAdjusterReproj cv::detail::BundleAdjusterRay
- Affine model expecting affine transformation with 6 DOF or 4 DOF implemented in cv::detail::AffineBestOf2NearestMatcher cv::detail::AffineBasedEstimator cv::detail::BundleAdjusterAffine cv::detail::BundleAdjusterAffinePartial cv::AffineWarper

Homography model is useful for creating photo panoramas captured by camera, while affine-based model can be used to stitch scans and object captured by specialized devices.

Note
  Certain detailed settings of cv::Stitcher might not make sense. Especially you should not mix classes implementing affine model and classes implementing Homography model, as they work with different transformations.

# Try it out

If you enabled building samples you can found binary under `build/bin/cpp-example-stitching`. This example is a console application, run it without arguments to see help. `opencv_extra` provides some sample data for testing all available configurations.

to try panorama mode run:

./cpp-example-stitching --mode panorama <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/boat*

to try scans mode run (dataset from home-grade scanner):

./cpp-example-stitching --mode scans <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/newspaper*

or (dataset from professional book scanner):

./cpp-example-stitching --mode scans <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/budapest*

Note
  Examples above expects POSIX platform, on windows you have to provide all files names explicitly (e.g. `boat1.jpg` `boat2.jpg`...) as windows command line does not support `*` expansion.

# Stitching detailed (python opencv >4.0.1)

If you want to study internals of the stitching pipeline or you want to experiment with detailed configuration you can use stitching_detailed source code available in C++ or python

#### stitching_detailed

C++

stitching_detailed.cpp

Python

stitching_detailed.py

stitching_detailed program uses command line to get stitching parameter. Many parameters exists. Above examples shows some command line parameters possible :

boat5.jpg boat2.jpg boat3.jpg boat4.jpg boat1.jpg boat6.jpg –work_megapix 0.6 –features orb –matcher homography –estimator homography –match_conf 0.3 –conf_thresh 0.3 –ba ray –ba_refine_mask xxxxx –save_graph test.txt –wave_correct no –warp fisheye –blend multiband –expos_comp no –seam gc_colorgrad

Pairwise images are matched using an homography –matcher homography and estimator used for transformation estimation too –estimator homography

Confidence for feature matching step is 0.3 : –match_conf 0.3. You can decrease this value if you have some difficulties to match images

Threshold for two images are from the same panorama confidence is 0. : –conf_thresh 0.3 You can decr␂ease this value if you have some difficulties to match images

Bundle adjustment cost function is ray –ba ray

Refinement mask for bundle adjustment is xxxxx ( –ba_refine_mask xxxxx) where 'x' means refine respective parameter and '_' means don't. Refine one, and has the following format: fx,skew,ppx,aspect,ppy

Save matches graph represented in DOT language to test.txt ( –save_graph test.txt) : Labels description: Nm is number of matches, Ni is number of inliers, C is confidence

Perform wave effect correction is no (–wave_correct no)

Warp surface type is fisheye (–warp fisheye)

Blending method is multiband (–blend multiband)

Exposure compensation method is not used (–expos_comp no)

Seam estimation estimator is Minimum graph cut-based seam (–seam gc_colorgrad)

you can use those arguments on command line too :

boat5.jpg boat2.jpg boat3.jpg boat4.jpg boat1.jpg boat6.jpg –work_megapix 0.6 –features orb –matcher homography –estimator homography –match_conf 0.3 –conf_thresh 0.3 –ba ray –ba_refine_mask xxxxx –wave_correct horiz –warp compressedPlaneA2B1 –blend multiband –expos_comp channels_blocks –seam gc_colorgrad

You will get :

For images captured using a scanner or a drone ( affine motion) you can use those arguments on command line :

newspaper1.jpg newspaper2.jpg –work_megapix 0.6 –features surf –matcher affine –estimator affine –match_conf 0.3 –conf_thresh 0.3 –ba affine –ba_refine_mask xxxxx –wave_correct no –warp affine

You can find all images in https://github.com/opencv/opencv_extra/tree/5.x/testdata/stitching