NO338410B1 - An electrode for making aluminum and a method for forming the same - Google Patents
An electrode for making aluminum and a method for forming the same Download PDFInfo
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- NO338410B1 NO338410B1 NO20130123A NO20130123A NO338410B1 NO 338410 B1 NO338410 B1 NO 338410B1 NO 20130123 A NO20130123 A NO 20130123A NO 20130123 A NO20130123 A NO 20130123A NO 338410 B1 NO338410 B1 NO 338410B1
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- electrode
- barrier layer
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- conductive elements
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 9
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910007948 ZrB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VWZIXVXBCBBRGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;zirconium Chemical compound B#[Zr]#B VWZIXVXBCBBRGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 42
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N B#[Ti]#B Chemical compound B#[Ti]#B QYEXBYZXHDUPRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910033181 TiB2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004166 TaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008322 ZrN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 aluminum ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
- C25C3/125—Anodes based on carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/16—Electric current supply devices, e.g. bus bars
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse relateres tii en elektrode for aluminiumproduksjon samt en fremgangsmåte for tilvirkning av samme. The present invention relates to an electrode for aluminum production as well as a method for producing the same.
Aluminium metal produseres vanligvis ved elektrolyse av et blanding inneholdende aluminium som oppløses i en smeltet elektrolytt, og elektrolyseprosessen er utført i smelte celler av konvensjonelt Hall-Héroult design. Aluminum metal is usually produced by electrolysis of a mixture containing aluminum which is dissolved in a molten electrolyte, and the electrolysis process is carried out in molten cells of conventional Hall-Héroult design.
Disse elektrolysecellene er utstyrt med horisontalt innrettede elektroder, og hvor de elektrisk ledende anoder og katoder i dagens celler er tildannet av karbonmaterialer. These electrolysis cells are equipped with horizontally arranged electrodes, and where the electrically conductive anodes and cathodes in today's cells are made of carbon materials.
Elektrolytten er basert på en blanding av natriumfluorid og aluminiumfluorid, med tillegg av alkalisk og alkaliske jord halogenider. The electrolyte is based on a mixture of sodium fluoride and aluminum fluoride, with the addition of alkaline and alkaline earth halides.
Elektrolyseprosessen finner sted ved at strømmen som passerer gjennom elektrolytten fra anoden til katoden driver den elektriske utfelling av aluminiumioner ved katoden, og således produserer aluminium metal. The electrolysis process takes place in that the current passing through the electrolyte from the anode to the cathode drives the electrical precipitation of aluminum ions at the cathode, thus producing aluminum metal.
Vanligvis er samleskinner av stål montert inn i for-formede spor i katodeblokkene. Rommet eller åpningen mellom veggen i sporene og skinnene kan fylles med smeltet støpejern, og/eller en ledende pasta kan benyttes. Typically, steel busbars are fitted into pre-formed slots in the cathode blocks. The space or opening between the wall of the tracks and the rails can be filled with molten cast iron, and/or a conductive paste can be used.
På tilsvarende måte kan forbakte karbon anoder festes til stålnipler i en anodehenger. Anoden har for-formede hull for opptak av stålniplene. Innfestingen av niplene til anoden er vanligvis utført ved at smeltet støpejern fylles i ringrommet mellom hver nippel og det korresponderende hull i anoden. In a similar way, pre-baked carbon anodes can be attached to steel nipples in an anode hanger. The anode has pre-shaped holes for receiving the steel nipples. The attachment of the nipples to the anode is usually carried out by filling the annular space between each nipple and the corresponding hole in the anode with molten cast iron.
En alternativ løsning er å benytte ledende partikler for anodesammenstilting som vist i søkerens egen patentsøknad WO09/099335. An alternative solution is to use conductive particles for anode composition as shown in the applicant's own patent application WO09/099335.
I kappløpet mot lavere spesifikt energiforbruk ved aluminiumsproduksjon er et kjent og potent grep å søke å redusere det katodiske og/eller det anodiske spenningsfall. In the race towards lower specific energy consumption in aluminum production, a well-known and potent move is to seek to reduce the cathodic and/or anodic voltage drop.
Dersom en reduserer det katodiske spenningsfall, vil også ohmsk energitap i katoden reduseres, noe som muliggjør å enten øke strømstyrken i cellene og/eller å redusere spenningen som igjen vil føre til en reduksjon i det spesifikke energiforbruket pr tonn produsert aluminium. If you reduce the cathodic voltage drop, ohmic energy loss in the cathode will also be reduced, which makes it possible to either increase the current strength in the cells and/or to reduce the voltage, which in turn will lead to a reduction in the specific energy consumption per tonne of aluminum produced.
Ulike midler har vært benyttet for å oppnå reduksjon i det katodiske spenningsfall, og en velkjent metode er å benytte kobber elementer for å forbedre ledningsevnen til de vanligvis benyttede samleskinner av stål. Mange publikasjoner viser at slike kobber element har i det minste én ekstern side eller overflate som er beliggende inntil en korresponderende overflate til samleskinnen av stål. Various means have been used to achieve a reduction in the cathodic voltage drop, and a well-known method is to use copper elements to improve the conductivity of the usually used steel busbars. Many publications show that such copper elements have at least one external side or surface which is situated next to a corresponding surface of the steel busbar.
Eksempler på dette finnes i WO04031452 som viser samleskinner av stål omfattende en kobberkjerne, US5976333A og WO0163014 som begge viser ulike design hvor en kobberstang er innsatt i et stålrør som er innlagt i et spor i en katodeblokk. Examples of this can be found in WO04031452 which shows steel busbars comprising a copper core, US5976333A and WO0163014 which both show different designs where a copper rod is inserted into a steel tube which is inserted into a slot in a cathode block.
US 6231745 A nevner fenomenet med diffusjon av jern inn i kobber og med tilhørende reduksjon i ledningsevne i relasjon til en celle for aluminiumelektrolyse, men det kan ikke ses at dokumentet angir noen løsning for å forebygge dette utover det at ved benyttelse av et tilstrekkelig stort tverrsnitt på kobberstaven kan metning av jern i kobber unngås inntil levetiden av cellen er nådd. US 6231745 A mentions the phenomenon of diffusion of iron into copper and the associated reduction in conductivity in relation to a cell for aluminum electrolysis, but it cannot be seen that the document indicates any solution to prevent this beyond that by using a sufficiently large cross-section on the copper rod, saturation of iron in copper can be avoided until the lifetime of the cell is reached.
US 5704993 A omhandler en kompositt metall strømleder med høy ledningsevne og høy mekanisk styrke så som strekkfasthet, omfattende karbon stål (0,3-0,8 vekt % C) og et materiale som kan utgjøre kobber, nikkel, sølv eller gull. Strømlederen tildannes ved sammenstilling av de to metalliske komponentene i form av en stang og et rør med påfølgende evakuering av luft og deformering til ønsket dimensjon og videre med påfølgende varmebehandling. Som anvendelse oppgis blant annet elektrisk motorer, elektriske transmisjonslinjer og mekaniske batterier. Det benyttes diffusjonsbarriere mellom karbonstålet og de nevnte alternative materialer som kobber, nikkel, sølv eller gull. Som barrieremateriale nevnes niob, vanadium eller tantal. US 5704993 A relates to a composite metal current conductor with high conductivity and high mechanical strength such as tensile strength, comprising carbon steel (0.3-0.8% by weight C) and a material which may comprise copper, nickel, silver or gold. The current conductor is formed by assembling the two metallic components in the form of a rod and a tube with subsequent evacuation of air and deformation to the desired dimension and further with subsequent heat treatment. Examples of applications include electric motors, electric transmission lines and mechanical batteries. A diffusion barrier is used between the carbon steel and the aforementioned alternative materials such as copper, nickel, silver or gold. Niobium, vanadium or tantalum are mentioned as barrier materials.
Tester viser at kobber element innsatt i samleskinner av stål kan redusere det katodiske spenningsfall med omkring 60mV i forhold til konvensjonelle samleskinner av stål. Tests show that copper elements inserted in steel busbars can reduce the cathodic voltage drop by around 60mV compared to conventional steel busbars.
En annen fordel ved å benytte kobber som et høy-konduktivt element i katoder er den mer uniforme katodiske strømtetthet som oppnås ved slike design. Spesielt for grafitiserte katoder vil en mer uniform strømtetthet redusere den maksimale erosjonsrate, og dermed øke katodelevetiden. Another advantage of using copper as a high-conductivity element in cathodes is the more uniform cathodic current density achieved by such designs. Especially for graphitized cathodes, a more uniform current density will reduce the maximum erosion rate, thereby increasing the cathode lifetime.
Det skal bemerkes at hver eneste mV som spares ved de løsninger som involverer at det legges inn høy-konduktive elementer er kostbar, fordi i tillegg til de kostbare kobber stenger som benyttes så vil sammenstilling (boring av samieskinne og kobberstang montering) nært utgjøre det tredoble av kostnadene som selve kobberet utgjør. It should be noted that every single mV that is saved by the solutions that involve the insertion of highly conductive elements is expensive, because in addition to the expensive copper rods that are used, the assembly (drilling of the Samie rail and copper rod assembly) will almost triple the of the costs incurred by the copper itself.
I tillegg har det blitt observert av oppfinnerne at ved de høye temperaturer som er tilstede for denne type komposittledere, så vil Fe som finnes i samleskinnene av stål diffundere inn i Cu metallet i et tilliggende kopperinnlegg. In addition, it has been observed by the inventors that at the high temperatures present for this type of composite conductors, the Fe contained in the steel busbars will diffuse into the Cu metal in an adjacent copper insert.
Denne diffusjonen kan resultere i en økt ohmsk motstand i kompositt samleskinnen, og følgelig et øket katodisk spenningsfall over tid. This diffusion can result in an increased ohmic resistance in the composite busbar, and consequently an increased cathodic voltage drop over time.
Tilsvarende effekt med hensyn til ohmsk motstand kan oppstå når komposittledere av Fe A similar effect with regard to ohmic resistance can occur when composite conductors of Fe
- Cu typen benyttes for anoder. - The Cu type is used for anodes.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse relatere til elektroder, anoder eller katoder, med kompositt ledere og en fremgangsmåte for å tildanne samme, hvor disse ødeleggende effektene kan reduseres eller unngås. The present invention relates to electrodes, anodes or cathodes, with composite conductors and a method for forming the same, where these destructive effects can be reduced or avoided.
Mer spesifikt, oppfinnelsen relateres til en elektrode for produksjon av aluminium metall ved elektrolyse av en aluminium inneholdende blanding oppløst i en smeltet elektrolytt, hvor elektrolyseprosessen utføres i smelteceller av konvensjonelt Hall-Héroult type. Elektroden omfatter et kalsinert karboninneholdende legeme som har tilordnet i det minste en kompositt metallisk leder omfattende ledende elementer av et Fe inneholdende materiale og ledende elementer av et Cu inneholdende materiale. Komposittlederen omfatter en diffusjonsbarriere på grensesnittet mellom de to ledende materialer. Flere materialer for benyttelse som diffusjonsbarriere har blitt nådd frem til så vel som metoder for pålogging av sjiktet More specifically, the invention relates to an electrode for the production of aluminum metal by electrolysis of an aluminum-containing mixture dissolved in a molten electrolyte, where the electrolysis process is carried out in melting cells of the conventional Hall-Héroult type. The electrode comprises a calcined carbon-containing body to which is assigned at least one composite metallic conductor comprising conductive elements of an Fe-containing material and conductive elements of a Cu-containing material. The composite conductor comprises a diffusion barrier at the interface between the two conductive materials. Several materials for use as a diffusion barrier have been reached as well as methods for logging the layer
Idet minste to viktige målsettinger ved oppfinnelsen kan nevnes; Since at least two important objectives of the invention can be mentioned;
1) Bevare minimum motstand i cellens levetid og 1) Maintain minimum resistance during the life of the cell and
2) å anvende tynnere Cu-seksjoner i komposittledere, dvs. Cu-plater, for å forbedre kvaliteten og kost situasjonen ved den kompositte lederen. 2) to use thinner Cu sections in composite conductors, i.e. Cu plates, to improve the quality and cost situation of the composite conductor.
Disse og ytterligere fordeler kan oppnås I samsvar med oppfinnelsen som angitt i de vedføyde patentkrav. I det etterfølgende skal oppfinnelsen ytterligere beskrives ved figurer hvor: These and further advantages can be achieved in accordance with the invention as stated in the appended patent claims. In what follows, the invention will be further described by means of figures where:
Fig. 1 er et fasediagram som viser Fe diffusjon inn i Cu, Fig. 1 is a phase diagram showing Fe diffusion into Cu,
Fig. 2 er et diagram som viser økningen i motstand når Fe diffunderer inn i Cu Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the increase in resistance as Fe diffuses into Cu
Fig. 3 er et diagram som viser konsentrasjoner av Fe i Cu for komposittledere uten og med forskjellige barrierematerialer. Fig. 3 is a diagram showing concentrations of Fe in Cu for composite conductors without and with different barrier materials.
Oppfinnelsen relateres til elektroder generelt, men når det angår katoder så er det et problem med samleskinner generelt, og det er at drrftstemperaturen er godt over 900°C, og andre elementer i kontakt med samleskinnen kan diffundere inn i materialet og forringe motstanden i materialet. For vanlige stål samleskinner, vil karbon ( C ) diffundere inn i stålet og motstanden øker. The invention relates to electrodes in general, but when it concerns cathodes, there is a problem with busbars in general, and that is that the drying temperature is well above 900°C, and other elements in contact with the busbar can diffuse into the material and reduce the resistance in the material. For normal steel busbars, carbon (C) will diffuse into the steel and the resistance increases.
For kompositt samleskinner av for eksempel Cu og Fe oppstår en interdiffusjon i tillegg. Fe vil diffundere inn i Cu i den mengde som er gitt i fasediagrammet i Fig. 1. Omvendt vil Cu også diffundere inn i Fe, men dette er mindre kritisk for motstanden til sammenstillingen. For composite busbars of, for example, Cu and Fe, interdiffusion also occurs. Fe will diffuse into Cu in the amount given in the phase diagram in Fig. 1. Conversely, Cu will also diffuse into Fe, but this is less critical for the resistance of the assembly.
Økningen i motstand når Fe diffunderer inn i Cu er målt, og vist i Fig. 2. Motstanden i Cu øker nesten 100% når Cu blir mettet med Fe. Det er derfor ønskelig å ha en barriere som forhindrer interdiffusjon av Fe inn i Cu. The increase in resistance when Fe diffuses into Cu has been measured, and shown in Fig. 2. The resistance in Cu increases almost 100% when Cu is saturated with Fe. It is therefore desirable to have a barrier that prevents interdiffusion of Fe into Cu.
De nødvendige egenskaper til en barriere som skal forhindre Fe å diffundere inn i Cu i en kompositt samleskinne er følgende: The necessary properties of a barrier to prevent Fe from diffusing into Cu in a composite busbar are the following:
1) En lav løselighet av blandingen i både Fe og Cu 1) A low solubility of the mixture in both Fe and Cu
2) Stabil ved cellens driftstemperatur 2) Stable at the cell's operating temperature
3) Bevare den elektriske ledningsevnen 3) Preserve electrical conductivity
4) Enkel å påføre i tynne lag 4) Easy to apply in thin layers
Ved et første eksperiment, ble et tynt belegg av TiB2pulver påført en Cu-stang og effekten ble målt ved et diffusjons eksperiment. In a first experiment, a thin coating of TiB2 powder was applied to a Cu rod and the effect was measured by a diffusion experiment.
En Cu stang ble dyppet i en TiB2 slurry og et 100 mikron tykt belegg ble etablert. Stangen ble innsatt i et hult stållegeme og sammenstillingen ble varmet opp til 950 °C i 14 dager. A Cu rod was dipped in a TiB2 slurry and a 100 micron thick coating was established. The rod was inserted into a hollow steel body and the assembly was heated to 950 °C for 14 days.
t det neste eksperimentet ble en Mo og en W folie på 100 mikron testet på samme vis, dvs. påført overflaten til en Cu stang som etterpå ble puttet inn i et hult stållegeme og varmet tilsvarende. In the next experiment, a Mo and a W foil of 100 microns were tested in the same way, i.e. applied to the surface of a Cu rod which was then put into a hollow steel body and heated accordingly.
Konsentrasjonsprofilene er vist i Fig. 3. En betydelig reduksjon i diffusjonen er observert. For TiB2 belegget ble det observert en tifolds reduksjon. Mo og W folien ser ut til å effektivt blokkere diffusjon i tidsforløpet av testen (14 dager). The concentration profiles are shown in Fig. 3. A significant reduction in diffusion is observed. For the TiB2 coating, a tenfold reduction was observed. The Mo and W foils appear to effectively block diffusion over the course of the test (14 days).
Når man skal velge et materiale med lav diffusjonskoeffisient så er også lav løselighet en viktig egenskap. Den elektriske ledningsevnen til kobber er meget avhengig av dets grad av renhet, mens løseligheten definerer den øvre grense for hvor mye skade materialet kan gjøre. When choosing a material with a low diffusion coefficient, low solubility is also an important property. The electrical conductivity of copper is highly dependent on its degree of purity, while its solubility defines the upper limit of how much damage the material can do.
Barrierematerialet bør være i stand til å blokkere Fe, på samme tid må ikke barrierematerialet gå inn i kobberfasen. The barrier material should be able to block Fe, at the same time the barrier material must not enter the copper phase.
Generelt så oppstår diffusjon raskere langs korngrenser og over frie overflater enn gjennom det indre av krystaller, dvs. urenheter vil diffundere raskere inn i metallet langs korngrenser. In general, diffusion occurs faster along grain boundaries and over free surfaces than through the interior of crystals, i.e. impurities will diffuse faster into the metal along grain boundaries.
Så lenge som løseligheten er lav, er det ventet at akkumulasjon i kobber også er lav, og således vil den potensielle reduksjonen av ledningsevnen være begrenset. I tillegg til lav diffusjonsevne, må en god diffusjonsbarriere også ha lav løselighet i kobber, samt inneha tilstrekkelig elektrisk ledningsvne. As long as the solubility is low, it is expected that accumulation in copper will also be low, and thus the potential reduction in conductivity will be limited. In addition to low diffusivity, a good diffusion barrier must also have low solubility in copper, as well as possess sufficient electrical conductivity.
Utvel<g>elseskriterier for metalliske barriere materialer Selection criteria for metallic barrier materials
Hume-Rothery (Ref.: Lee J.D.: "Concise Inorganic Chemistry", 4th Ed., Chapman & Hall, London 1991, p. 136) angir et sett av enkle regler som beskriver forhold som må innfris dersom utstrakt faststoff løselighet mellom metaller skal oppstå: Atomers størrelsesfaktor regel: Den relative forskjell mellom de atomiske diametere (radier) av to typer bør være mindre enn 15%. Dersom differansen er > 15%, så er løseligheten begrenset. Hume-Rothery (Ref.: Lee J.D.: "Concise Inorganic Chemistry", 4th Ed., Chapman & Hall, London 1991, p. 136) states a set of simple rules that describe conditions that must be met if extended solid solubility between metals is to occur: Atomic size factor rule: The relative difference between the atomic diameters (radii) of two types should be less than 15%. If the difference is > 15%, the solubility is limited.
Krystallstruktur regelen: for å oppnå en utpreget faststoff løselighet, må krystallstrukturen av de to elementene være identisk. Crystal structure rule: to achieve a distinct solid solubility, the crystal structure of the two elements must be identical.
Valensregelen: Et metall vil løse et metall med høyere valens i større grad enn ett med lavere valens. De oppløste og oppløselige atomer bør typisk ha den samme valensen for å oppnå maksimal oppløselighet. The valence rule: A metal will dissolve a metal with a higher valence to a greater extent than one with a lower valence. The dissolved and soluble atoms should typically have the same valence to achieve maximum solubility.
Elektronegativitetsregelen: Elektronegativitetsforskjell nær 0 gir maksimal oppløselighet. Desto mer elektropositivt ett element er og desto mer elektronegativt det andre er, jo større er sannsynligheten at de vil forme en intermetallisk blanding i stedet for en erstattende faststoff løsning. Det oppløste og oppløselige bør ligge relativt nær i den elektrokjemiske rekken. The electronegativity rule: Electronegativity difference close to 0 gives maximum solubility. The more electropositive one element is and the more electronegative the other, the greater the probability that they will form an intermetallic mixture instead of a replacement solid solution. The dissolved and soluble should be relatively close in the electrochemical series.
Et barriere metall i samsvar med den foreliggende oppfinnelsen bør komme på utsiden av de ovennevnte regler I forhold til Cu og Fe, siden de ikke bør interferere med disse. A barrier metal in accordance with the present invention should fall outside the above-mentioned rules in relation to Cu and Fe, since they should not interfere with these.
Utvel<g>elseskriterier for keramiske barriere materialer Selection criteria for ceramic barrier materials
Ved anvendelse av keramiske materialer slik som Ildfaste Harde Materialer (RHM) som barriere materiale, interstitiell faststoff oppløsning kan finne sted dersom det minste atomet kan opptas mellom atomene i metall gitteret. I henhold tit Hågg's regel (se under) dannes interstitiell faststoff oppløsning bare dersom det atomiske radius forhold av de to komponentene rjrm < 0.59. When using ceramic materials such as Refractory Hard Materials (RHM) as barrier material, interstitial solid solution can take place if the smallest atom can be absorbed between the atoms in the metal lattice. According to Hågg's rule (see below), an interstitial solid solution is only formed if the atomic radius ratio of the two components rjrm < 0.59.
Ref.: Hågg G.: Gesetzmåssigkeiten in Kristallbau by Hydriden, Boriden, Carbiden und Nitriden" der Obergangselemente", S. Phys. Chem. B12 (1931) 33-56 and Hågg G.: "Eigenschaften der Phasen von Ubergangselementen in bin'aren Systemen mit Bor, Kolestoff und Stickstofr, 2.Phys. Chem. B12 (1931) 221-232. Ref.: Hågg G.: Gesetzmåssigkeiten in Kristallbau by Hydriden, Boriden, Carbiden und Nitriden" der Obergangselemente", S. Phys. Chem. B12 (1931) 33-56 and Hågg G.: "Eigenschaften der Phasen von Ubergangselementen in bin'aren Systemen mit Bor, Kolestoff und Stickstofr, 2.Phys. Chem. B12 (1931) 221-232.
Basert på disse kriterier, har det blitt fastlagt at i kontakt med Cu ser metaller som Ta, Mo og W lovende ut. B inneholdende keramer ser ut til å være en god kandidat for å hindre barrierematerialet fra å gå inn i Cu. Videre, Ildfaste Harde Materialer (RHM) kan omfatte gode kandidater så vel som nitrider og borider, mer spesifikt TiN, TaN, ZrN, og ZrB2, TiB2og muligens borider generelt. Based on these criteria, it has been determined that in contact with Cu, metals such as Ta, Mo and W look promising. B containing ceramics appear to be a good candidate to prevent the barrier material from entering Cu. Furthermore, Refractory Hard Materials (RHM) may include good candidates as well as nitrides and borides, more specifically TiN, TaN, ZrN, and ZrB2, TiB2, and possibly borides in general.
Vedørende barrierematerialets evne til å blokkere Fe, så ble det funnet at W ser mest lovende ut, og muligens Mo og Ru. W diffusjonsdata fra CRC handbook 58m Ed, 1977- 1978, F-63-F-71, indikerer at Fe diffunderer i størrelsesorden fire ganger langsommere inn i W enn det gjør i Cu. Regarding the ability of the barrier material to block Fe, it was found that W looks most promising, and possibly Mo and Ru. W diffusion data from CRC handbook 58m Ed, 1977- 1978, F-63-F-71, indicate that Fe diffuses about four times slower into W than it does into Cu.
Som nevnt ovenfor, omfatter den kompositte lederen i elektroden et diffusjonsbarrierelag ved grensesnittet mellom de to ledende materialene. Det har blitt vist at; As mentioned above, the composite conductor in the electrode comprises a diffusion barrier layer at the interface between the two conductive materials. It has been shown that;
Diffusjonsbarrierelaget kan tildannes av et keramisk material eiler et RHM material. The diffusion barrier layer can be formed from a ceramic material or a RHM material.
Diffusjonsbarrierelag av Nitrider eller Borider så som TiN, TaN, ZrN, ZrB2, eller TiB2 kan også anvendes. Diffusion barrier layers of Nitrides or Borides such as TiN, TaN, ZrN, ZrB2, or TiB2 can also be used.
Fremgangsmåter for å påføre disse diffusjonsbarriere lag materialene kan omfatte å tildanne en slurry og påføre det på de ledende elementene ved å dyppe i det minste ett av de to ledene elementene i nevnte slurry med etterfølgende tørking, eller det kan påføres som pulver belegging. Methods of applying these diffusion barrier layer materials may include forming a slurry and applying it to the conductive elements by dipping at least one of the two conductive elements in said slurry with subsequent drying, or it may be applied as a powder coating.
Videre, en fremgangsmåte for påføring av diffusjonsbarirerematerialet kan omfatte at barriere belegget påføres ved hjelp av en plasmabeteggingsteknikk. Furthermore, a method for applying the diffusion barrier material may comprise applying the barrier coating using a plasma coating technique.
Foretrukne metaftiske barriere lag inkluderer; Mo, W, Ta eller Ru. Preferred metaphtic barrier layers include; Mo, W, Ta or Ru.
Disse diffusjonsbarrierelagene kan også tildannes som en folie, ved kjemisk damp avsetning eller elektroplettering, og anvendes på i det minste en av de to ledende elementene før de bringes sammen. These diffusion barrier layers can also be formed as a foil, by chemical vapor deposition or electroplating, and applied to at least one of the two conductive elements before they are brought together.
Tykkelsen av barrierelaget kan fortrinnsvis ligge i området 1-1000 pm. The thickness of the barrier layer can preferably be in the range 1-1000 pm.
Claims (8)
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| NO20130123A NO338410B1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2013-01-22 | An electrode for making aluminum and a method for forming the same |
| NZ709857A NZ709857A (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | An electrode for aluminium production and a method of making same |
| PCT/NO2014/000002 WO2014116117A1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | An electrode for aluminium production and a method of making same |
| EP14743388.2A EP2948577B1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | An electrode for aluminium production and a method of making same |
| AU2014210417A AU2014210417B2 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | An electrode for aluminium production and a method of making same |
| CN201480005438.7A CN104937144B (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | Electrode for aluminum production and method of making the same |
| CA2896472A CA2896472C (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | An electrode for aluminium production and a method of making same |
| BR112015017071A BR112015017071A2 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | electrode for producing metallic aluminum, and method for producing an electrode |
| EA201500763A EA028191B1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2014-01-20 | Electrode for aluminium production and method of making same |
| SA515360744A SA515360744B1 (en) | 2013-01-22 | 2015-07-09 | An Electrode for Aluminium Production and a Method of Making Same |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5704993A (en) * | 1995-10-10 | 1998-01-06 | The Regents Of The Univerisity Of California, Office Of Technology Transfer | High conductivity composite metal |
| US6231745B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-05-15 | Alcoa Inc. | Cathode collector bar |
| US20030230394A1 (en) * | 2002-06-17 | 2003-12-18 | Hans-Juergen Hemschemeier | Copper casting mold |
| US20060151333A1 (en) * | 2002-12-30 | 2006-07-13 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Cathode systems for electrolytically obtaining aluminum |
| WO2009055844A1 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2009-05-07 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Composite collector bar |
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| US6528185B2 (en) * | 2001-02-28 | 2003-03-04 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Cobalt-tungsten-phosphorus alloy diffusion barrier coatings, methods for their preparation, and their use in plated articles |
| WO2004035870A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-04-29 | Moltech Invent S.A. | Anode current feeding connection stem |
| EP1927679B1 (en) * | 2006-11-22 | 2017-01-11 | Rio Tinto Alcan International Limited | Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5704993A (en) * | 1995-10-10 | 1998-01-06 | The Regents Of The Univerisity Of California, Office Of Technology Transfer | High conductivity composite metal |
| US6231745B1 (en) * | 1999-10-13 | 2001-05-15 | Alcoa Inc. | Cathode collector bar |
| US20030230394A1 (en) * | 2002-06-17 | 2003-12-18 | Hans-Juergen Hemschemeier | Copper casting mold |
| US20060151333A1 (en) * | 2002-12-30 | 2006-07-13 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Cathode systems for electrolytically obtaining aluminum |
| WO2009055844A1 (en) * | 2007-10-29 | 2009-05-07 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Composite collector bar |
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| "Thermal stability of nitride thin films", Hultman, L., Vacuum, Vol. 57, Issue 1, April 2000, s. 1¿30, Dated: 01.01.0001 * |
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| EP2948577A1 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
| NZ709857A (en) | 2019-07-26 |
| AU2014210417A1 (en) | 2015-07-16 |
| CN104937144A (en) | 2015-09-23 |
| CN104937144B (en) | 2019-09-03 |
| WO2014116117A1 (en) | 2014-07-31 |
| EA028191B1 (en) | 2017-10-31 |
| EP2948577A4 (en) | 2016-04-20 |
| SA515360744B1 (en) | 2018-12-10 |
| BR112015017071A2 (en) | 2017-07-11 |
| CA2896472C (en) | 2020-04-14 |
| AU2014210417B2 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
| EP2948577B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
| NO20130123A1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
| EA201500763A1 (en) | 2015-11-30 |
| CA2896472A1 (en) | 2014-07-31 |
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