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CN104428490B - 提高的煤层甲烷生产 - Google Patents

提高的煤层甲烷生产 Download PDF

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CN104428490B
CN104428490B CN201280062874.9A CN201280062874A CN104428490B CN 104428490 B CN104428490 B CN 104428490B CN 201280062874 A CN201280062874 A CN 201280062874A CN 104428490 B CN104428490 B CN 104428490B
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O·A·斯特斯
L·K·波尔
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Abstract

描述了用于增加煤层甲烷的回收的方法和系统。一种方法包括在半封闭Brayton循环发电厂中生成包含N2和CO2的稀释剂气体混合物，将至少一部分稀释剂气体混合物注入至煤层中，以及从煤层回收包含甲烷的混合生产气体。

Description

提高的煤层甲烷生产
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2011年12月20日提交的题目为ENHANCED COAL-BED METHANEPRODUCTION(提高的煤层甲烷生产)的美国临时专利申请61/578,045的权益，将该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
发明领域
本发明技术的示例性实施方式涉及用于通过注入来自以半封闭Brayton循环运转的燃气轮机的稀释剂提高煤层甲烷的生产的技术。
背景
此章节旨在介绍本领域的多个方面，其可能与本技术的示例性实施方式相关。相信此讨论有助于提供便于更好理解本技术的特定方面的框架。因此，应当理解此章节应当就此角度理解，并且不必承认其是现有技术。
煤矿床可以保持显著量的烃气，诸如甲烷、乙烷和丙烷，它们通常被吸附在煤的表面上。显著量的天然气储量作为煤层内的吸附种类或作为煤中裂缝(割理)内的游离气存在。来自煤层的天然气，普遍称为“煤层甲烷”(CBM)，目前构成美国天然气生产的主要来源。煤中开放的裂缝(称为割理)也可以含有游离气或可以被水饱和。煤层甲烷经常通过减压产生，减压减小了割理中甲烷的分压并引起甲烷从煤解吸。此减压可以通过使煤层脱水来进行。然而，这要求水处理和水处置。
此外，即使使用井增产措施，诸如气蚀(参见，例如，美国专利号5,147,111)，仅一小部分CBM可被经济地回收。更具体地，泄压限于渗透性较高的煤层。这是因为当压力降低时，煤割理(即天然裂缝)可能坍塌并且降低煤层的渗透性。对于可能具有低初始渗透性的深煤层，渗透性损失特别是个问题。泄压也可以导致产生低压气体，需要大量的动力来压缩以便容许通过管道运送至市场。
作为泄压的替代方式，或与其结合，提高的CBM采收可以通过向煤层中注入另一种气体来获得。例如，CO2可以用来增强CBM生产(参见，例如，美国专利号4,043,395；5,085,274和5,332,036)。CO2比CBM更强地吸附到煤上，并且因此可以置换吸附的CBM。在其他应用中，可以使用氮气(N2)，其与CBM相比不太强地吸附到煤上(参见，例如，美国专利号5,014,785；5,566,756；Scott R.Reeves，"Geological Sequestration of CO2in Deep,Unmineable Coalbeds：An Integrated Research and Commercial-Scale FieldDemonstration Project(在无法开采的深煤层中地质封存CO2：综合性研究和商业规模油田论证方案)"SPE71749(Society of Petroleum Engineers,2001)；和Jichun Zhu等人"Recovery of Coalbed Methane by Gas Injection(通过气体注入采收煤层甲烷)"SPE75255(Society of Petroleum Engineers,2002)。N2和其他不太强吸附的气体降低CBM组分在总气相(bulk gas phase)中的分压，导致CBM从煤中解吸。这两种方法均可以将煤层保持在相对高的压力并且因此通过将割理系统保持开放来促进渗透性。
其他气体也已被描述为增加煤层甲烷的产量或改性煤层用于其他目的。例如，美国专利公开号2007/0144747描述了一种用于预处理地下煤层以增加二氧化碳封存潜力的工艺。该方法包括将氢注入至地下煤层中，其中氢处于低于约800℃的温度；从煤层中提取氢和甲烷；分离氢和甲烷；将甲烷作为工艺产物传送；以及将分离的氢注入至矿床中以继续该工艺。当需要封存二氧化碳时，可以任选地从甲烷产生氢并且可以任选地注入二氧化碳用于封存。
上述方法通常受到足量用于注入的气体的可利用性的限制。较大量的注入气体可以通过将发电厂与注入工艺相连而产生，其中废气的封存与能量的产生串联进行。例如，在SPE Distinguished Lecture Series,Society of Petroleum Engineers,101466-DL(2003)中S.Reeves提出的"Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery(增强的煤层甲烷采收)"中，作者讨论了用于增加从深煤层生产煤层甲烷的测试项目。煤层甲烷生产的增强与吸附等温线相关。例如，N2/CH4吸附比为约0.5/1，即，每0.5单位氮气吸附一单位甲烷。在CO2的情况下，CO2/CH4吸附比为2/1，即，每两单位CO2吸附一单位甲烷。在一个项目中，使用N2来降低煤割理中甲烷的分压，提高甲烷从煤中的解吸。讨论的另一项目是利用来自管道的CO2增强生产并将CO2封存在煤层中。讨论的N2和CO2的来源为煤田区域中的商业管道。作者没有讨论用来产生注入气体的分离工艺，或利用N2和CO2的混合流用于注入。
在Anderson等人的美国专利申请公开号2010/0326084中，公开了一种使用低热值燃料发电的方法。在该方法中，使用氧燃烧器来利用气态低热值燃料燃烧氧。燃烧器上游的压缩机压缩所述燃料。该燃烧器产生包含蒸汽和二氧化碳以及其他不凝气体的驱动气，该驱动气穿过轮机以输出动力。驱动气可以通过压缩机、氧进口再循环至燃烧器或直接再循环至燃烧器。再循环可以在用于将一部分水与二氧化碳分离的冷凝器之前或之后发生。从系统收集过多的二氧化碳和水蒸汽。轮机、燃烧器和压缩机可以来自现有的具有交换的燃料和空气/氧化剂管路的燃气轮机。过多的二氧化碳可以被封存，例如，通过用于提高采收率法采油、提高天然气采收中，或用于提高煤层甲烷采收中。
然而，在上述申请中，通过空分装置(ASU)或能够提供基本上纯的氧流的任何其他系统提供用于燃烧器的氧供应。该申请没有公开利用空气作为氧化剂，并且因此没有公开产生混合N2和CO2流或利用混合N2和CO2流。
除了供应问题以外，例如，通过变吸附工艺或低温空分装置从大气或产生的气体分离气体的分离成本可能高得离谱。此外，在分离后，取决于地下深度，气体可能需要大程度压缩，例如，2500psia以上，用于注入至地层中。因此，用于改进煤层甲烷提高采收的技术将是有价值的。
其他相关材料可见至少美国专利公开号2005/0201929，美国专利号5,402,847；6,412,559；和7,491,250，以及P.van Hemert等人，"Adsorption of carbon dioxide and ahydrogen-carbon dioxide mixture(二氧化碳以及氢-二氧化碳混合物的吸附)"2006International Coalbed Symposium(Tuscaloosa,Alabama,May22-26,2006)，Paper0615。
发明内容
本文所述的实施方式提供了一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的方法。该方法包括在半封闭Brayton循环发电厂中生成包含N2和CO2的气体混合物。将至少一部分所述气体混合物注入至煤层中以及从煤层回收包含甲烷的混合生产气体。
另一实施方式提供了一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的系统。该系统包括半封闭Brayton循环发电厂，其中来自半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废气提供包含大量N2和CO2的稀释剂气体混合物。注入井被配置来将所述稀释剂气体混合物从半封闭Brayton循环发电厂注入至煤层中。生产井被配置来从所述煤层收获生产气体混合物，其中所述生产气体混合物包含甲烷。
另一实施方式提供了一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的系统。该系统包括燃气轮机，所述燃气轮机被配置来在基本上化学计量平衡条件下运转，其中由注入至燃烧室中的稀释剂气体提供冷却，并且其中所述稀释剂气体基本上包含N2和CO2。发电机被配置来将由所述燃气轮机提供的机械能转变成电能。余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)被配置来通过利用来自所述燃气轮机的废物流加热锅炉来生成蒸汽。Rankine循环发电厂被配置来由所述蒸汽生成电力。冷却器被配置来冷凝来自HRSG下游废物流的水，生成稀释剂。稀释剂压缩机被配置来增加所述稀释剂的压力并且引导至少一部分所述稀释剂至所述燃烧室。注入系统被配置来将一部分所述稀释剂从所述压缩机注入至煤层以及生产系统被配置来从所述煤层收获生产气体，其中所述生产气体包含甲烷。
附图说明
本技术的优点通过参照下面的具体实施方式和附图得到更好的理解，在附图中：
图1是在提高煤层甲烷采收中使用来自发电厂的CO2和N2的稀释剂气体混合物的系统的框图；
图2是利用燃气轮机发电机的简单循环、半封闭Brayton发电厂的示意性图，该发电厂可以用来供应用于提高煤层甲烷采收的稀释剂气体混合物；
图3是联合循环、半封闭Brayton发电厂(CSBPP)的示意性图，该发电厂可以用来提供用于提高煤层甲烷采收的稀释剂气体混合物；
图4是另一联合循环、半封闭Brayton循环发电厂(CSBPP)的示意性图，该发电厂可以用来提供用于提高煤层甲烷采收的稀释剂气体混合物；
图5是示例性提高煤层甲烷采收(ECBM)系统的示意性图；和
图6是使用稀释剂气体混合物提高煤层甲烷采收的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
在下面的具体实施方式章节，描述了本技术的具体实施方式。然而，就下面的描述特别针对本技术的具体实施方式或具体用途而言，此意在仅用于示例性目的并且简单地提供对示例性实施方式的描述。因此，所述技术不限于下面描述的具体实施方式，而是，包括落在附带权利要求的真实精神和范围内的所有替代方式、改动和等效形式。
首先，为了便于引用，给出了在本申请中使用的某些术语以及当它们在本上下文中使用时的含义。就本文使用的术语未在下面定义而言，其应当被赋予相关领域技术人员已经赋予该术语的最宽泛定义，如反映在至少一篇书面出版物或授权专利中。此外，本发明技术不限于下面所示术语的使用，因为用于相同或相似目的的所有等效形式、同义词、新进展和术语或技术被认为包含在本权利要求的范围内。
“吸附剂材料”是能够吸附气态成分的任何材料或材料组合。例如，本文讨论的吸附剂材料是天然煤层，如下面进一步讨论的。其他材料可以包括例如沸石。
“吸附”是指混合物的某些组分附着于其接触的固体的表面的过程。此过程通常是可逆的。
“联合循环发电厂”(CCPP)包括燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机、发电机和余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)，并且利用蒸汽轮机和燃气轮机两者来发电。燃气轮机以开放Brayton循环运转，蒸汽轮机以Rankine循环运转。联合循环发电厂利用来自燃气轮机排放物的热量来煮沸HRSG中的水以产生蒸汽。生成的蒸汽被利用来为蒸汽轮机提供动力。在为蒸汽轮机提供动力后，蒸汽可以被凝结并且得到的水返回至HRSG。燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机可以被利用来分开地为独立的发电机提供动力，或在可选方案中，蒸汽轮机可以与燃气轮机组合以通过共用传动轴共同驱动单个发电机。这些联合循环气/蒸汽发电厂通常具有比Rankine-循环或仅蒸汽发电厂更高的能量转换效率。目前，简单循环发电厂效率可以超过44％，而联合循环发电厂效率可以超过60％。较高的联合循环效率来自燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机的组合的协同利用。
“煤”通常是固态烃，包括，但不限于，褐煤、次烟煤、沥青、无烟煤、泥煤等。煤可以具有任何品位或等级。这可以包括，但不限于，低品位高硫煤，其由于产生具有高含硫量的排放物而不适合于用于燃煤电厂。
“煤层甲烷”或CBM是吸附到煤表面上的天然气。CBM可以基本上由甲烷组成，但还可以包含乙烷、丙烷和其他烃类。此外，CBM可以包含一定量的其他气体，诸如二氧化碳(CO2)、氮气(N2)和H2S等。
“压缩机”是通过施加功(压缩)增加气体的压力的一种机器。因此，低压气体(例如，5psig)可以被压缩成高压气体(例如，1000psig)用于通过管道传送、注入至井中或其他过程。
“脱水装置”是用于从气体混合物中移除气态或液态形式的水的装置。“脱水的”广义地描述含水量的任何减少。典型地，脱水的含烃材料可以是大部分含水量基本上被去除，例如，具有小于约5体积％的水或小于约1体积％，这取决于具体的材料和起始的含水量。大大小于1％的含水量对于某些气体流来说可以是期望的。
“富集的”当应用于从一个过程中收回的任何物流时意指收回的物流含有的特定组分的浓度高于进入该过程的原料流中该组分的浓度。
“设施”是物理设备的有形部分的表示，通过该部分设备烃流体从储层中产生或注入至储层中。就其广义而言，术语设施适用于可以沿储层和其输出口之间的流路存在的任何设备，所述输出口是烃流体进入储层(注入的流体)或离开储层(产生的流体)处的位置。设施可以包括生产井、注入井、油井管、井口设备、收集管线、歧管、泵、压缩机、分离器、表面流线和输出口。当在本文中使用时，设施还可以包括气体处理单元，诸如酸气分离单元、低温分离系统或脱水单元。在一些情况下，术语“表面设施”用来区分不同于井的那些设施。“设施网络”是存在于系统中的设施的完全集合，其将包括所有井以及井口和输出口之间的表面设施。
术语“气体”与“蒸气”可以互换使用，并且意指与液态或固态相区分的处于气态的物质或物质混合物。同样，术语“液体”意指与气态或固态相区分的处于液态的物质或物质混合物。
“烃”是主要包含元素氢和碳的有机化合物，尽管氮、硫、氧、金属或任何数目的其他元素可以小量存在。当在本文中使用时，烃通常是指从含烃地下岩层——称为储层——收获的有机物质。例如，天然气、油和煤是烃。
“烃生产”或“生产”是指与从井或其他开口提取烃相关的任何活动。烃生产通常是指在完井后在井中或井上进行的任何活动。因此，烃生产或提取不仅包括初级烃提取，还包括次级和三级生产技术，诸如注入气体或液体以增加驱动压力，使烃流动或通过例如化学物质处理或水力压裂井筒以促进流动增加、井维修、测井以及其他井和井筒处理。
术语“天然气”是指从原油井获得的气体(伴生气)，从地下气层获得的气体(非伴生气)，或从煤层获得的气体。天然气的组成和压力可以显著地变化。典型的天然气流包含甲烷(CH4)作为主要组分。原始天然气也可能包含乙烷(C2H6)、更高分子量烃、酸性气体(诸如二氧化碳、硫化氢、硫化羰、二硫化碳和硫醇)、和污染物诸如水、氮、硫化铁、蜡和原油。
“压力”是由气体在该体积的壁上每单位面积施加的力。压力可以表示为磅/每平方英寸(psi)。
当在本文中使用时，“Rankine循环发电厂”包括蒸气发生器、轮机、冷凝器和再循环泵。例如当蒸气是水蒸汽时，“Rankine循环发电厂”包括蒸汽发生器、蒸汽轮机、蒸汽冷凝器和锅炉给水泵。蒸汽发生器经常是燃气锅炉，其将水煮沸以生成蒸汽。然而，在实施方式中，蒸汽发生器可以是地热能源，诸如地下地层中的热岩层。蒸汽被用来在蒸汽轮机发电机中生成电力，并且减压的蒸汽然后在蒸汽冷凝器中凝结。得到的水再循环至蒸汽发生器以完成回路。
“储油气层(Reservoir formation)”或“储层(Reservoir)”典型地是产油气带，包括砂岩、石灰石、白垩、煤和一些类型的页岩。产油气带的厚度可以从小于1英尺(0.3048m)至成百英尺(几百m)变化。储油气层的渗透性提供生产潜力。
“封存(sequestration)”是指储存作为一种工艺的副产物的气体或流体而不是将流体排放到大气或开放环境。例如，如本文所述，由烃的燃烧或蒸汽重整形成的二氧化碳气体可以被封存在地下地层诸如煤层中。
“显著的”当参照一种材料的数量或量或其具体特性使用时，是指足以提供所述材料或特性意欲提供的效果的量。允许偏差的确切程度在一些情况下可以取决于具体的上下文。
“井”或“井筒”是指在地下中通过钻眼或将管道插入至地下中制成的孔洞。当指地层中的开口时所述术语是可互换的。井可以具有基本上圆形的横截面，或其他横截面形状。井可以是下套管的、下套管并且胶结的，或是裸眼井，并且可以是任何类型，包括，但不限于，生产井、注入井、实验井和探井等。井可以垂直的、水平的或垂直和水平之间的任何角度(斜井)，例如垂直井可以包括非垂直组件。
概述
本文所述的实施方式提供了向煤层供应稀释剂气体混合物以增强煤层甲烷采收的方法。稀释剂气体混合物可以包含显著量的N2和CO2，其由半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废物流生成。稀释剂气体混合物可以用作提高从煤层采收甲烷的注入气体。半封闭Brayton循环发电厂除了提供稀释剂气体混合物以外还用来提供动力。
如上所述，实验室研究表明煤吸附的二氧化碳的体积比甲烷多几乎二倍。较高的二氧化碳吸附力迫使更多的甲烷被释放，同时将二氧化碳封存在煤层中。另一方面，氮与甲烷相比具有较低的吸附性，并且在煤结构中保持相对游离，即，在煤中的割理或裂缝中。此较大数量的游离氮减小了割理中甲烷的分压，导致甲烷的释放增加。研究已经表明对于注入的每体积氮，产生两体积甲烷，而对于CO2注入，每注入两体积CO2，释放一体积甲烷。
然而，存在两个与如目前进行的提高CBM采收相关的问题。当在提高CBM工艺中使用二氧化碳注入时，保持注入性是一个挑战，因为CO2吸附可以使煤膨胀，导致割理闭合。此外，利用氮提高CBM遭受早期见水和N2复产。
在本文所述的一些实施方式中，这个问题通过使用N2/CO2稀释剂气体混合物来解决，其中N2的注入提供快速的早期采收并且CO2的共注入提供后期阶段中较好的置换。此外，获取基本上纯的CO2或基本上纯的N2用于目前的注入工艺的成本可能是不经济的。例如，从标准发电厂废物的废气中俘获CO2是非常昂贵的。对于通过空气分离或其他方式生产氮也是如此。因此，混合N2/CO2注入流可以为两个问题提供潜在的协同作用。半封闭Brayton循环发电厂可以通过使用氧和燃料间的化学计量比来产生混合N2/CO2气体，其中氧由空气供应。得到的气体将主要是N2和CO2的混合物。
因此，专用天然气联合循环发电厂可以供应用于从煤层产烃的电力以及用于提高采收的注入气体两者。如果存在其他油气田，则发电厂也可以为那些油气田提供电力和用于提高采收率法采油的气体。用于发电厂的燃料可以由气体生产来供应，例如，作为从煤层收获的一部分气体。来自发电的余热可以提供给油气设施。发电厂废气被处理、冷却和压缩用作发电厂中的稀释剂，并且用于提高烃采收(EHR)中。
图1是在增强煤层甲烷采收中使用来自发电厂的CO2和N2的稀释剂气体混合物的系统100的框图。在系统100中，氧化剂102和燃料气体104以基本上化学计量比提供给半封闭Brayton循环发电厂106,例如，使用燃气轮机发电机(GTG)。氧化剂102可以是具有约70％N2和约21％氧的空气，并且因此，该比率将在燃料气体104和氧化剂102的氧部分之间计算。
燃料气体102和氧在半封闭Brayton循环发电厂106的GTG中基本上完全燃烧以形成包含N2、CO2和H2O以及痕量的CO、O2和燃料的废物。来自废物的能量用来驱动转动轴的透平膨胀机。与轴相联的发电机生成电力108。
来自燃气轮机发电机106的透平膨胀机的废物流110可以用来煮沸余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)中的水或其他传热流体，其可以为Rankine循环发电厂112提供动力。在Rankine循环发电厂112中，蒸汽或其他蒸气可以用来驱动轮机并生成更多的电力108。冷却的较低压力气体流114可以被脱水并且给料至待加压的增压压缩机116，或可以在脱水前直接给料至增压压缩机116。来自增压压缩机116的加压流118可以在热交换器120中被冷却或骤冷以凝结和去除水122。
经处理的流形成稀释剂气体混合物124，其可以返回至半封闭Brayton循环发电厂106以被燃气轮机的轴向式压缩机压缩。将压缩的稀释剂气体给料至燃烧器代替一部分燃料气体104和氧化剂102，冷却燃烧器并允许利用反应物之间的化学计量比，而不会使燃烧器过热。稀释剂气体混合物124的再循环完成了半封闭Brayton循环。压缩后，一部分稀释剂气体混合物124可以用作注入气体126，其被注入至煤层128中以提高煤层甲烷(CBM)的采收，如本文所述。从煤层128产生的气体混合物130可以在气体处理设施132中加工以移除过多的不凝气体诸如氮气和其他杂质诸如CO2、H2O、H2S、固体等。气体处理设施132可以包括压缩机以增加所得气体134的压力，然后将所述气体传送到气体销售设施136用于通过管道销售，或将一部分返回至半封闭Brayton循环发电厂106作为燃料气体104。气体销售设施136可以用来测量和进一步压缩气体以便销售。此外，气体销售设施136可以包括气体液化厂以产生液化天然气(LNG)用于通过油罐车装运。
图2是利用燃气轮机发电机的简单循环半封闭Brayton发电厂200的示意图，其可以用来供应稀释剂气体混合物126用于提高煤层甲烷采收。类似编号的项目如关于图1所述。在此实施例中，省略了Rankine循环发电厂112(图1)以简化此图。将氧化剂102和燃料气体104给料至燃烧器202进行燃烧。还将经压缩的稀释剂流204给料至燃烧器202以降低燃料气体104和氧化剂102的总量，使燃烧过程在接近化学计量条件下运转而不会过热。结果，燃烧过程中产生的O2和CO的量减少，并且热废气206除了一些痕量气体以外主要包含CO2、H2O和N2。
氧化剂102和燃料气体104压力可以增加，例如，使用压缩机，以增加压力从而匹配在燃烧器202处经压缩的稀释剂流204的注入压力。来自燃烧器202的热气体206经过轮机208，轮机208利用热气体206的能量使轴210旋转。轴210向发电机211提供能量以产生电力108。发电机211不是必须与来自轮机208的轴210直接相联，而是可以与轴210通过齿轮箱、离合器或其他装置联接。
从轮机208，热气体流212被传送至冷却器214。冷却器214使热气体流212骤冷，使水蒸气凝结，使其作为单独的水流216移除。在此实施方式中，冷却器214可以对应于热交换器/脱水机120并且水流216可以对应于图1的水122。在移除水216后，将稀释剂气体混合物124提供至压缩机218用于再压缩，之后将经压缩的稀释剂流204给料至燃烧器202以帮助冷却燃烧器202。稀释剂气体混合物124的再循环部分地关闭简单循环半封闭Brayton发电厂200中的Brayton循环，形成半封闭Brayton循环。当将燃料气体104和氧化剂102连续地给料至简单循环半封闭Brayton发电厂200以维持燃烧时，稀释剂气体混合物124的一部分220被连续移除。此部分220可以通过冷却器222给料以移除压缩的热量，产生注入气体126，注入气体126可以用来提高煤层甲烷的采收。如果对注入气体126的需求低于注入至简单循环半封闭Brayton发电厂200中的氧化剂102和燃料气体104的对应量，则过多的气体可以被排出、传送至分离器，在管道等中提供给消费者。
有许多选项可用以增加发电过程、产烃设施和煤层之间的整合水平，如进一步关于图3-5所讨论的。增加的整合可以提高总系统效率或可靠性，同时降低了温室气体排放。例如，煤层可以提供燃料气体104用于简单循环半封闭Brayton发电厂200上的燃烧器202。蒸汽Rankine循环，例如，使用HRSG，可以添加至发电厂以增加产生的动力并且减小工作流体冷却器的尺寸。水脱盐工艺可以添加至发电厂以减小工作流体冷却器的尺寸并且产生干净水。与来自煤层的气体一起产生的水用作脱盐工艺的给料。发电厂可以用来提供蒸汽、热量或电力用于加工、处理或精炼来自煤层或附近储层的烃类。由工作流体冷凝或脱盐产生的水用于钻井、压裂、加工、处理或精炼烃类。
图3是联合循环、半封闭Brayton发电厂(CSBPP)300的示意图，其可以用来提供稀释剂气体混合物用于提高煤层甲烷采收。类似编号的项目如上面关于图1和2所讨论。CSBPP300具有与Rankine循环发电厂304联接的半封闭Brayton发电厂302。在此布置中，半封闭Brayton发电厂302通常将被认为是原动机，即，系统中最大的自供电的设备。
在CSBPP300中，来自轮机208的热气体流212经过余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)306。HRSG306利用来自热气体流212的热量将水流308煮沸并产生蒸汽流310。在Rankine循环发电厂304中，将蒸汽流310给料至蒸汽轮机312，蒸汽轮机312将蒸汽流310的一些能量转换成机械能。机械能驱动为发电机316提供动力的轴314。除了由半封闭Brayton发电厂302中的发电机211产生的电力108以外，发电机316还可以向发电厂电网提供电力108。将剩余的低压蒸汽318传送至蒸汽冷凝器320以再次凝结成水流308，其通过泵322被返回至HRSG306。蒸汽冷凝器320可以是冷却塔、热交换器或被配置来收获热能同时凝结蒸汽的其他装置。在一个实施方式中，蒸汽冷凝器320是热交换器，其提供能量以煮沸有机流体，其可以用来在有机Rankine循环中提供更多的能量。HRSG306还可以凝结来自热气体流212的水324，水324可以与来自冷却器214的蒸汽216合并。
来自HRSG306的经冷却的气体流326可以具有比热气体流212显著更低的压力。因此，增压压缩机328可以用来增加该压力。来自增压压缩机328的高压流330经过冷却器214,并且作为稀释剂气体混合物124返回至稀释剂压缩机218。在所示的实施方式中，使用空气压缩机332来增加空气流334的压力，然后将高压空气流336给料至燃烧器202。高压空气流336充当氧化剂102(图1)并且与燃烧器202中的燃料气体104反应。
CSBPP300可以是单轴或多轴系统。在单轴系统中，半封闭Brayton发电厂302中的轴210和Rankine循环发电厂304中的轴314是所有单元串联运转的单一连续轴。单轴布置与多轴组(block)相比具有增加的运转简单性和较高的可靠性。在一些配置中，在半封闭Brayton发电厂302的启动或简单循环运转期间，Rankine循环发电厂304的蒸汽轮机312和发电机316可以脱离，例如使用液压离合器。在其他实施方式中，半封闭Brayton发电厂302的轴210可以与Rankine循环发电厂304的轴314分开。在多轴系统中，一个或多个半封闭Brayton发电厂302可以利用各自的HRSG306来通过共用集管将蒸汽供应至Rankine循环发电厂304。此外，增压压缩机328可以与其他单元位于轴上，或可以是由来自轴的机械能或例如来自发电机的电能提供动力的独立压缩机。
燃料处理过程可以用来改变燃料气体104以满足原动机的要求，例如，半封闭Brayton发电厂302的燃气轮机发电机。原动机在用于燃料组分的规定范围内安全地和可靠地运转，所述规定范围允许可接受的原动机性能。燃气轮机的典型要求包括热值、Wobbe指数、污染物(例如，水、油、硫化氢、二氧化碳、氮等)、露点、固体颗粒大小、氢和一氧化碳的限值。如果燃料气体源的组成在这些范围之外，则可以使用燃料处理过程来达到期望的组成。
经常使用燃料压缩机来增加燃料气体的压力以优化原动机的运转。原动机在燃料压力的规定范围内安全地和可靠地运转，所述规定范围将允许可接受的原动机性能。如果燃料气体源低于此范围，则使用气体压缩机来将压力提高至期望水平。燃气轮机的最小要求取决于燃气轮机的压力比和设计，例如，此可以在10巴-60巴的范围内。气体洗涤器和冷却器可以用于多级压缩机以实现较高的压力比。
图4是另一联合循环、半封闭Brayton循环发电厂(CSBPP)400的示意图，其可以用来提供稀释剂气体混合物用于提高煤层甲烷采收。类似编号的项目如上面关于图1-3所述。可以使用任何数目的不同设备变化形式，如图4中CCPP400所示。在此CCPP400中，使用独立于半封闭Brayton发电厂302中的轴210的空气压缩机402来生成高压空气流336。与轴210分离允许空气压缩机402通过其他方式提供动力，诸如电力108，与半封闭Brayton发电厂302的轴210的机械联接，与蒸汽轮机312的轴314的机械联接，等等。此外，经压缩的稀释剂流204的部分220穿过独立的冷却器404以形成注入气体126。这些变化形式在一些实施方式中允许更多的灵活性，对CCPP400和对注入气体126提供更大的控制。
如本文所述，半封闭Brayton发电厂302利用热力学过程，其使用压缩机218、燃烧器202、轮机208和冷却器214(在一些实施方式中，和HRSG306)来将燃料气体104中的能量转变成机械功率，驱动轴210。如所述，添加氧化剂102例如作为高压空气流336和燃料104至燃烧器202要求一些稀释剂气体混合物124或冷却的废气326从系统中流出以维持稳态质量平衡。发电机211可以与轮机208联接以生成电力108，例如，用于对与气体产生设施相关的设备提供动力，包括，例如，注入压缩机，气体处理设施，烃销售设施，LNG液化厂，与生产井、注入井相连的设备，钻井等。在一些实施方式中，生成的机械功率可以直接使用以进行油田的其他工作，诸如对LNG厂中的压缩机提供动力。
图5是示例性提高煤层甲烷采收系统500的示意图。系统500包括半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502、煤层504和烃生产设施506。在一些实施方式中，液化厂508可用于生产LNG。然而，实施方式并不限于所示的系统，因为本领域技术人员会认识到可以使用诸多布置方式来使用半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502向煤层504提供注入气体510。使用烃燃料和含氧氧化剂，半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502生成电力512和注入气体510，例如，其包含二氧化碳和氮。电力512可用于电网中以向任何数目的设施提供动力，所述设施可以包括压缩机、纯化系统和测量系统等等。注入气体510通过注入井514注入至煤层504中。所述注入提高甲烷从煤的释放，其然后可以利用生产井516生产。
注入气体510作为废物流518从半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502产生。来自半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502的动力520，诸如电力或机械功率，可以用来驱动注入压缩机522以在注入前增加废物流518的压力。注入压缩机522经常用来将气体注入至地下地层，诸如煤层504。注入压缩机522增加注入气体510的压力从而允许注入气体510克服地下煤层504的压力。
注入井514是用来指引气体从表面524至煤层504的管道。注入井514可以包括位于表面524附近的控制井的阀门、在表面524下面传送注入气体510的管以及允许注入气体510离开管并进入煤层的管射孔。可以包括阴极保护系统以抑制注入井514的腐蚀。注入井514经常具有安装在井口附近的测量设备以追踪注入气体510的量、压力和温度等。
生产井516用来从煤层504生产气体。生产井516可以包括位于表面524附近的阀门以控制生产井516。使用管来在表面下传送气体。管射孔允许产生的气体进入来自煤层504的管。对于注入井514，可以使用阴极保护系统来抑制生产井516中的井腐蚀。水和其他液体可以进入生产井516，并且可以使用人工举升来移除液体。主要用于生产气体的生产井516经常具有测量设备，并且可以利用压缩机526来增加产生的气体的压力。
产生气体流528可以进入生产设施506。生产设施506可以包括用于加热产生的流体、将液体与气体分开、以及用于将化学物质注入至分开的物流中的系统，等等。所述化学物质可以包括腐蚀抑制剂、破乳化学物质、水合物抑制剂，等。另外，生产设施506可以包括用于测量产生的流体、储存产生的流体、和泵送或压缩产生的流体的系统。
来自生产设施506的气体流530可以分成用来向半封闭Brayton循环发电厂502提供燃料的燃料流532和液化给料流534。液化给料流534可以进入至液化厂508并且用来产生LNG536作为产物。在其他实施方式中，气体可以直接销售至管道而无需液化，如下所述。燃料流532可以在原动机中使用前传送至处理设施538以移除污染物或提高燃料气体的适宜性。压缩机540可以用来增加燃料气体542的压力使得能够注入至GTG502的燃烧器中。
可以包括额外的设备用于提高产量或效率。此设备可以包括Rankine循环发电厂544。Rankine循环发电厂544可以使用余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)来冷却与发电过程相关的热废物流518，例如，沸水以形成蒸汽。来自HRSG的蒸汽然后可以在Rankine循环中使用以通过开启蒸汽轮机而产生电力，为发电机提供动力。蒸汽被再冷凝并再循环至HRSG。可以使用其他流体代替水或除了水以外使用其他流体。例如，可以使用有机物Rankine在蒸汽离开蒸汽轮机后从其回收更多的能量，例如，通过蒸发有机溶剂，其可以用来对第二Rankine循环提供动力。来自HRSG的热量可以用来至少部分地向生产设施506，气体处理设施538，与生产井516、注入井514相关的设备等供应工艺热。
来自生产设施506的气体流546可以传送至处理设施548，被处理成管道质量，例如，通过移除酸性气体、水蒸气和其他污染物，并且添加气味剂或其他化合物。经处理的气体然后可以提供给市场，例如，通过管线550。
系统500还可以包括钻机552和其他设备以形成另外的注入井514或生产井516。所述设备可以包括压裂系统以增加井514和516的生产率。井压裂是一种用来提高生产井516或注入井514的性能的技术，其通过使用高压流体注入来形成地层中的新裂缝或打开地层中的旧裂缝。当应用此技术时，其典型地需要大量的干净水。水可以由从废物518凝结的水来供应，或可以由从煤层504产生的水的脱盐而获得。
脱盐系统可以结合至HRSG中或使用来自Rankine循环发电厂544的蒸汽。脱盐单元可以使用来自废物流518的热量以对脱盐提供动力，例如，通过蒸馏从煤层504产生的水。当上述的系统500是单个集成单元时，可以使用单个控制系统来控制发电，注入压缩机，生产设施，烃销售设施，与生产井或注入井相关的任何设备，钻探设备，等。
在一些实施方式中，输入或输出气体的进一步分离可以是有用的。例如，处理设备可以减少废气518中的氧和一氧化碳以降低烃在煤层504中氧化所损失的量。此外，可以对废气518使用氮和二氧化碳分离工艺，以形成富二氧化碳流和贫二氧化碳流。这样的工艺可以包括CO2冻结(CO2frost)、膜分离和低温分离工艺。富CO2注入气体510的使用可以增加工艺的效率或减少减轻温室气体的成本。在一个实施方式中，可以使用空分装置(ASU)来提供氧化剂流，所述氧化剂流的氧浓度高于空气。高氧流将降低废气518中氮的量并且因此增加注入气体510中的CO2的量。
图6是使用稀释剂气体混合物来提高煤层甲烷采收的方法600的工艺流程图。该方法在方框602处开始，这时使用燃料气体和氧化剂来为半封闭Brayton循环发电厂提供动力。燃料气体和氧化剂与稀释剂混合以提供冷却并且降低使用的氧化剂的量。在方框604，可以从半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废物回收热能。这可以通过使用HRSG煮沸水并且使用蒸汽轮机生成电力来进行。在方框606，在HRSG后，来自半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废物流的压力被升高以允许注入至燃烧器中。在方框608，加压的废物流被冷却以将水凝结。在方框610，加压的脱水的废物流作为稀释剂和冷却剂提供给燃烧器。在方框612，一部分稀释剂被注入至煤层储层中。在方框614，从储层收获煤层甲烷。
尽管本技术可以容易进行多种改动和替代形式，上面讨论的示例性实施方式仅通过例举显示。然而，再次应当理解本技术并不意在限于本文公开的具体实施方式。事实上，本技术包括在所附权利要求的真实精神和范围内的所有替代方式、改动和等效形式。

Claims (24)

1.一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的方法，包括：
压缩气体燃料，用于半封闭Brayton循环发电厂中；
在所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂中生成包含N2和CO2的气体混合物，所述发电厂运转从而以基本上化学计量比燃烧所述气体燃料和氧化剂的氧成分；
将至少一部分所述气体混合物注入至煤层中；以及
从所述煤层回收包含甲烷的混合生产气体。
2.权利要求1所述的方法，包括在煤层中完成注入井。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法，包括在煤层中完成生产井。
4.权利要求1所述的方法，包括在注入之前压缩所述气体混合物。
5.权利要求1所述的方法，包括使用至少一部分所述混合生产气体来为所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂提供燃料。
6.权利要求1所述的方法，包括在余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)中从所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废物回收热能。
7.权利要求6所述的方法，包括利用在所述HRSG中生成的蒸汽发电。
8.权利要求1所述的方法，包括加工所述混合生产气体以生成管道质量天然气。
9.权利要求8所述的方法，包括液化所述天然气。
10.权利要求1所述的方法，包括在注入至所述煤层中之前冷却所述气体混合物。
11.权利要求10所述的方法，包括从所述气体混合物中回收热以向设施供应工艺热。
12.权利要求1所述的方法，其中用于所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的所述氧化剂是空气。
13.权利要求1所述的方法，其中用于所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的所述氧化剂的氧浓度大于21体积％。
14.一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的系统，包括：
半封闭Brayton循环发电厂，其运转从而以基本上化学计量比燃烧气体燃料和氧化剂的氧成分，其中来自所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废气提供包含大量N2和CO2的稀释剂气体混合物，其中所述气体燃料在所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂中燃烧之前被压缩；
注入井，其被配置来将所述稀释剂气体混合物从所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂注入至煤层中；以及
生产井，其被配置来从所述煤层收获生产气体混合物，其中所述生产气体混合物包含甲烷。
15.权利要求14所述的系统，包括余热蒸汽发生器，其被配置来利用来自所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂的废热以生成蒸汽。
16.权利要求15所述的系统，包括发电厂，其被配置来利用所述蒸汽来发电。
17.权利要求14所述的系统，包括气体分离系统，其被配置来生成富CO2气体流和贫CO2气体流。
18.权利要求17所述的系统，包括将所述富CO2气体流注入至所述煤层中。
19.权利要求14所述的系统，包括液化天然气厂，其被配置来利用由所述半封闭Brayton循环发电厂生成的电力为液化过程提供动力。
20.一种用于提高煤层甲烷采收的系统，包括：
与燃气轮机相关联的燃烧室，所述燃烧室被配置为以基本上化学计量比燃烧气体燃料和氧化剂的氧成分，其中所述燃气轮机接收来自所述燃烧室的热废气，其中由注入至所述燃烧室中的稀释剂气体提供冷却，并且其中所述稀释剂气体显著包含N2和CO2；
压缩机，其被配制来在燃烧之前压缩所述燃料气体；
发电机，其被配置来将由所述燃气轮机提供的机械能转变成电能；
余热蒸汽发生器(HRSG)，其被配置来通过利用来自所述燃气轮机的废物流加热锅炉来生成蒸汽；
Rankine循环发电厂，其被配置来由所述蒸汽生成电力；
冷却器，其被配置来冷凝来自所述HRSG下游的废物流的水，生成稀释剂；
稀释剂压缩机，其被配置来增加所述稀释剂的压力并且引导至少一部分所述稀释剂至所述燃烧室；
注入系统，其被配置来将一部分所述稀释剂从所述压缩机注入至煤层；以及
生产系统，其被配置来从所述煤层收获生产气体，其中所述生产气体包含甲烷。
21.权利要求20所述的系统，包括脱盐装置，其被整合至所述HRSG中，被配置来产生淡水流。
22.权利要求20或21所述的系统，包括气体处理设施后的压缩机，其中所述压缩机被配置来压缩煤层甲烷流。
23.权利要求22所述的系统，包括管道，其被配置来将压缩的煤层甲烷流传送至市场。
24.权利要求20所述的系统，其中来自所述发电厂的至少一部分电力用于为与所述生产气体混合物相关的设施提供动力。
CN201280062874.9A 2011-12-20 2012-11-16 提高的煤层甲烷生产 Expired - Fee Related CN104428490B (zh)

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