CN100421661C - 诱导癌细胞死亡和肿瘤消退的方法 - Google Patents
诱导癌细胞死亡和肿瘤消退的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100421661C CN100421661C CNB008085293A CN00808529A CN100421661C CN 100421661 C CN100421661 C CN 100421661C CN B008085293 A CNB008085293 A CN B008085293A CN 00808529 A CN00808529 A CN 00808529A CN 100421661 C CN100421661 C CN 100421661C
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于治疗癌症的方法,该方法包含给予(1)法呢基蛋白转移酶抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂来诱导癌细胞死亡和肿瘤消退。
Description
发明领域
本发明描述了治疗受试体癌症包括肿瘤和转移性疾病的新方法。特别是,本发明提供了治疗癌症的方法,该方法包含联合使用(1)法呢基蛋白质转移酶(“FPT”)抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂来诱导协同水平的癌细胞死亡(特别是细胞程序性死亡),因此允许低剂量治疗方案。
发明背景
本说明书的附图1显示导致细胞增殖的信号转导途径的简化线性图。该途径在本文中被称作“Ras信号传递途径”,因为Ras在该途径中是中心交换点,从上游成分接受信号(如,生长因子受体)并将其传递到下游成分。
描述了通过导致细胞增殖并且在某些情况下恶性转型的生长因子受体来启动的信号传递途径。许多生长因子受体(如那些表皮生长因子(EGF)和血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)的),以及EGF受体相关分子(如,Her-2/Neu/ErbB2)的)具有内在酪氨酸激酶活性,该活性通过配体诱导的受体二聚化来激活(Heldin,1995)。这导致酪氨酸残基上受体的自身磷酸化和含有Src-同系物2(SH2)区域的蛋白质的结合。两个这种SH2蛋白质是Grb2和SHC,它们间接激活与血浆膜相关的、小的结合GTP蛋白质的Ras。Ras的激活作用在对配体与7个偶合受体(如,Gutkind,1998)的转膜区G-蛋白质结合中发生。Ras和其他调节生长因子受体的信号传递途径的激活最终导致细胞支架和基因表达的改变,细胞支架和基因表达对于细胞增殖、分化和转化来说是必需的(在Campbell等人的综述中,1998)。
3个人ras基因(Ha-Ras,N-Ras和Ki-Ras)编码4种蛋白(由于Ki-Ras mRNA另外拼接)。在正常环境下,Ras蛋白质在活化(GTP-结合的)状态和失活(GDP-结合的)状态之间循环。Ras激活通过结合的GDP与GTP的交换产生的,这种交换是由一族鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子促进的。Ras失活是通过结合的GTP水解为GDP而产生的。该反应是由GTP酶激活的蛋白质(GAPs)促进的(Trahey和McCormick,1987)。在许多人癌症中,Ras蛋白质通过突变而变成致瘤的激活,这种突变破坏GTP酶活性,并因此下调Ras的信号传递(在Campbell等人的综述中,1998)。
存在许多候选Ras效应器,它们可在信号转导和致瘤转化中的Ras下游起作用,包括小GTP酶Rho族成员、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶c-Raf-1(在Campbell等人的综述中,1998)。Raf介导的信号传递是Ras效应器途径最好的特征。激活的Ras使Raf补充到存在Raf激活的膜上。激活的Raf是激酶级联,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase(MAPK)级联的起始成分(在Lowy和Willumsen,1993;Campbell等人,1998的综述中)。Raf磷酸化和激活MEK1和MEK2(MAPK/ERK激酶)蛋白激酶,然后再磷酸化和激活细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1和ERK2(也称作MAPK1和MAPK2)。不像其下游靶ERK1,2,MEK1,2蛋白质是高度特异的酶,其已知的底物仅仅是ERK1,2蛋白质。激活时,ERK1和ERK2磷酸化(并因此调节)各种靶蛋白,包括核转录因子,导致最终细胞反应。在附图1中描述了这种Ras信号传递的线性途径。
通过生长因子受体和Ras途径成分在癌症中经常突变和/或过度表达的发现表明在癌细胞异常生长中这些信号传递途径的重要性。例如,Ras在大约30%的人癌症中突变性激活,癌症包括高百分数的严重的的上皮癌如肺、结肠和胰腺癌。另外,在许多癌症中发生生长因子受体的过度表达(如,在大约30%的人乳腺癌中发生Her-2/Neu受体的过度表达)。这些观察使得寻找和开发了阻滞信号转导途径各个成分的试剂。这些试剂具有作为新的癌症治疗的潜在能力的同时,认为许多信号转导抑制剂是在抑制细胞生长中起作用而不是通过阻滞细胞在细胞循环中的进展而以细胞毒方式起作用。这使它们在低毒和具有明显低的抗肿瘤活性上区别于传统癌症化疗药物。
所以,对提供一种新的并且改进的治疗癌症的方法仍然是一个挑战。例如,对治疗致瘤癌细胞来说,非常理想的是提供能够显著和选择性诱导癌细胞死亡同时最大限度地减少对正常未转化细胞的毒副作用的新方法。本发明正是提供这样的治疗方法。
本发明简述
本发明提供了一种治疗需要这种治疗的患者(例如,哺乳动物如人)的癌症的方法,该方法包含给予有效量的(1)法呢基蛋白质转移酶(FPT)抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂。本发明方法获得意想不到的诱导癌细胞死亡(特别是细胞程序性(apoptotic)死亡)作用。该作用是协同性的,并且对转化细胞(特别是致肿瘤性癌细胞)具有高度选择性,因此能够使用低剂量以便将可能的抑制正常非转化细胞的毒副作用降低到最小。而且,令人惊奇地发现,本发明方法具有阻断信号传递的长效、持续作用,同时又将可能的抑制正常非转化细胞的毒副作用降低到最小。在本发明之前,没有预料到任何这些作用,更不用提这些作用的大小,此外,本发明所产生的惊奇的协同和持续、长效作用的优点提供了特别低剂量的方法,这使得在达到癌细胞死亡的同时,对正常非转化细胞维持低的毒副作用。本发明的方法对于治疗各种导致肿瘤的癌症,特别是上皮癌(如胰腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌和膀胱癌)和黑素瘤是特别有用的。
附图的简要说明
在附图1-7中所述的FPT抑制剂化合物(有时称作“SCH66336”)如下:
(+)-对映体
图1:Ras信号转导:图示Ras/MAPK信号转导途径的成分。从生长因子受体到ERK激活的线性途径是被说明的第一个Ras介导的途径。也表述了各种抑制剂靶向的步骤,抑制剂包括FPT抑制剂SCH66336和MEK抑制剂PD098059和U0126。
图2:PD098059治疗的剂量依赖性细胞程序性死亡反应因加入SCH66336而增强:H-Ras-CVLS-转化的Rat2细胞用单一的或与SCH66336组合的、所示浓度的PD098059(A385-023-M005;AlexisCorporation)处理36小时。细胞通过胰蛋白酶/EDTA处理来收获,在丙酮/甲醇(50%∶50%)于-20℃温度下固定30分钟,用PBS广泛洗涤并在室温下用含有75μg/ml碘化丙锭(PI;Calbiochem;La Jolla,CA)和500μg/ml RN酶(Sigma;St.Louis,MO)的PBS标记30分钟.通过碘化丙锭染色染色体DNA并用FACS分析细胞群(FACS-Calibur,Becton-Dickinson;Mountain View,CA)来测定细胞程序性死亡。在100nM SCH66336存在(▲)或不存在(■)下,PD098059的浓度从0.25变到20μM。
图3:SCH66336治疗的剂量依赖性细胞程序性死亡反应因加入PD098059而增强:H-Ras-CVLS-转化的Rat2细胞用单一的或与PD098059组合的、所示浓度的SCH66336处理36小时。按上文图2中描述的方法进行分析。在2.5μM PD098059存在(▲)或不存在(■)下,SCH66336的浓度从0.0125变到0.75μM。
图4:SCH66336和U0126对由FACS测量的细胞死亡的影响:H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞用0-10μM U0126(#V1121;PromegaCorporation;Madison,WI)在0.5μMSCH66336存在或不存在下处理24小时。按图2所述方法进行分析。1=未处理细胞;2=SCH66336;3=1μM U0126;4=1μM U0126+SCH66336;5=5μM U0126;6=5μMU0126+SCH66336;7=10μM U0126;8=10μM U0126+SCH66336。
图5:SCH66336和PD098059对由Casp酶激活测量的细胞死亡的影响:H-Ras-转化的Rat2和母本Rat2细胞用20μM PD098059、0.5μM SCH66336或两种药物的组合处理24小时。细胞溶解在Clontech推荐的洗涤剂缓冲液(Apo-Alert CPP32/Casp酶-3测定)中,并在4℃温度下以14000rpm转速离心15分钟使细胞碎片成团。所得上清液的蛋白质浓度通过BCA蛋白质测定法(Pierce;Rockford,IL)来测定,该测定法各自用175μg用于测定Casp酶-3活性的溶胞液和荧光肽底物(AC-DEVD-AMC;Clontech;Palo Alto,CA)并通过荧光测定(CytoFluor板读数器;Perseptve Biosystems;Framingham,MA)来进行。1=未处理H-ras细胞;2=H-ras细胞+SCH66336;3=H-ras 细胞+PD09059;4=H-ras细胞+SCH66336+PD098959;5=未处理Rat2细胞;6=Rat2细胞+SCH66336;7=Rat2细胞+PD09059;8=Rat2细胞+SCH66336+PD098959。
图6:SCH66336和PD098059对由ERK1和ERK2磷酸化作用的影响:H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞用20μM PD098059或0.5μM SCH66336处理0-36小时。细胞溶解在洗涤剂缓冲液中,并在4℃温度下以14000rpm转速离心15分钟使细胞碎片成团。所得上清液的蛋白质浓度通过BCA蛋白质测定法(Pierce;Rockford,IL)来测定。细胞蛋白(20μg)通过8-16%Tris-Glycine聚丙烯酰胺凝脉电泳(Novex;San Diego,CA)来分离。将蛋白质转化到用于Western Blot分析的PVDF膜上。磷酸化的ERK1和ERK2使用特异于磷酸化p42/44MAPK蛋白质的兔多克隆抗体(磷酸-Thr202/Tyr204特异的;#9101;NewEngland Biolabs,Inc.;Beverly MA)来检测。总ERK1和ERK2使用特异于p42/44MAPK蛋白质的兔多克隆抗体(#9102;New EnglandBiolabs,Inc.;Beverly MA)来检测。两种抗体用山羊抗-小鼠-HRP抗体(辣根过氧化物酶;Chemicon;Temecula,CA)识别并通过增强化学发光(SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate;Pierce;Rockford,IL)来显示。
图7:细胞内信号转导途径:图1显示由生长因子受体经Ras导致激活MAPK级联的线形途径。清楚的是,信号传递途径非常复杂,有多个分支并互相连络。在本文图7中举例说明了某些此种复杂性。
本发明详述
本发明提供了通过(1)法呢基蛋白质转移酶(FPT)抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂组合来治疗癌症的新方法。
(1)本文将“法呢基蛋白质转移酶抑制剂”或“FPT抑制剂”或“FTI”定义为下列化合物:该化合物(i)强力抑制FPT(但不优选香叶基香叶基蛋白质转移酶I,体外的);(ii)阻滞由转化H-ras(是一种法呢基接受体)形式诱导的(但不优选由工程化为香叶基香叶基接受体的转化H-ras形式诱导的)表型改变;(iii)阻滞ras细胞内法呢基化;和(iv)阻滞异常细胞生长。
(2)本文将“Ras信号传递途径抑制剂”定义为阻滞图1所示信号转导途径中任何蛋白的活性的试剂。特别优选的Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是“MEK抑制剂”,它在本文被定义为阻滞MEK(MAPK/ERK激酶)蛋白质(优选抑制MEK1和MEK2)体外酶活性,并因此如通过MAPK蛋白质磷酸化的阻滞所证明的阻滞MAPK蛋白质激活的试剂。这可通过如Dudley等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci.92:7686-7689(1995)和Favata等人,J.Biol Chem.273:18623-32(1998)中所述的用于磷酸化MAPK的western印迹分析来监测。
1、FPT抑制剂
作为单一或与化疗联合的试剂(参见,如Liu等人,1998),FPT抑制剂表示阻滞Ras癌蛋白质功能的引导方法。FPT催化异戊二烯基脂质部分加成到存在于Ras蛋白质羧基末端附近的半胱氨酸残基上。这是翻译过程后途径中的第一步,它对于Ras膜相关的和Ras诱导的致癌转化来说都是必要的。多种FPT抑制剂已被报道,包括各种肽模拟抑制剂以及其他小分子分子抑制剂,最著名的是三环FPT抑制剂,例如SCH66336。FPT抑制剂干扰细胞中翻译过程后的Ras蛋白质并在各种各样的体外和体内肿瘤模型中表明有抗肿瘤活性(Bishop等人,1995;Liu等人,1998)。SCH66336的抗肿瘤活性包括体外抑制各种人肿瘤细胞系的无贴壁依赖性生长和抑制免疫妥协小鼠中异种移植的其生长(Liu等人,1998)。人肿瘤细胞系在其对FPT抑制剂生长作用的敏感性上是明显不同的。敏感性或抵抗性与Ras突变状态无关。
在一些转基因小鼠肿瘤模型(如,MMTV-H-Ras,WAP-H-Ras,TGFα和TGFα/neu)中,用FPT抑制剂治疗诱导肿瘤明显退化。这些退化与细胞程序性死亡的增加有关(Liu等人,1998;Barrington等人,1998;Norgaard等人,1999)。FPT抑制剂在培养中也可诱导转化细胞的细胞程序性死亡。报道体外细胞程序性死亡作用需要在低血清中生长或在悬浮液中强制生长(Hung和Chaung,1998;Lebowitz等人,1997;Suzuki等人,1998)。
也显示FPT抑制剂治疗减小Ha-Ras-转化的Rat1细胞中MAPK途径的活性(如,James等人,1994)。这种MAPK活性的减小与细胞生长的降低相关。FPT抑制剂不减小未转化Rat1细胞的MAPK活性。
2、靶向MEK的试剂:
MAPK途径作为用于开发抗癌治疗剂的靶向物进行了检查并且描述了肿瘤细胞系中该途径特异性抑制剂的作用(Dudley等人,1995;Favata等人,1998)。最具特征的MEK抑制剂是小分子的PD098059,它通过以底物(ATP或ERK蛋白质)非竞争性方式直接结合来抑制MEK1和MEK2的活性。这导致MEK1和MEK2磷酸化的减少和MEK底物(ERK1和ERK2)激活的减少。PD098059的治疗阻滞Ras转化细胞的生长因子介导的增殖和无贴壁依赖性生长(Alessi等人,1995,J.Biol.Chem.270:27489-27494)。
目前,报道了一种新的MEK抑制剂,U0126,它与MEK结合的亲和性比PD098059高(Favata等人,1998)。有关MEK抑制剂和制备MEK抑制剂的方法的更详细信息,可参考文献如国际专利公开WO99/01421(1999年1月14日)和WO99/01426(1999年1月14日)。
3、靶向于生长因子受体的试剂:
有两种主要的阻滞生长因子受体信号传递途径的方法:(i)直接对抗受体的单克隆抗体;(ii)受体酪氨酸激酶活性的抑制剂;和(iii)阻滞蛋白表达的反义核酸。抗受体单克隆抗体包括靶向于erbB2受体的(如,Genentech’s HERCEPTIN/trastuzumab)和靶向于EGF受体的那些。最佳特征化的抗-EGF受体抗体是嵌合抗体C225(Goldstein等人(1995),Clin Cancer Res.1:1311-1318)。已证实HERCEPTIN和C225在表达其同源受体的临床前肿瘤模型中具有效力。
也报道了酪氨酸激酶活性的小分子抑制剂在人临床试验中已经至少有两种这样的化合物:Sugen’s PDGF受体抑制剂,SU101(针对神经胶质瘤进行第三期临床试验并针对其他癌适应症进行更早期阶段的试验)和辉瑞的EGF受体抑制剂,CP-358,774(它处于早期阶段的临床试验,Moyer等人(1997),Cancer Res.57:4838-4848)。
4、其他信号传递拮抗剂:
除上述方法外,Ras信号传递途径和其他信号转导途径的其他成分是癌症药物发现的目标。SH2蛋白质(SHC和Grb2,它们将生长因子受体与Ras激活连接起来)是阻滞SH2区域与含有磷酸酪氨酸的蛋白质序列结合的肽模拟活性剂的目标。
蛋白质激酶Raf(连接Ras和MEK1,2激活)也是小分子激酶抑制剂和反义方法的目标。后者的方法(ISIS-5132)处于第II期临床试验(Monia等人,1996)。
其他相关的细胞内信号靶向物包括磷酸-脂质激酶PI3K(磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶)和蛋白质激酶C。
在优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法可用于治疗致瘤的癌细胞,这是因为在癌细胞的情况下对细胞死亡(如,通过细胞程序性死亡)有显著影响(即,不仅抑制生长而且对细胞死亡有显著作用),同时活性剂可以较低剂量(和/或较低频率)给药来最大限度地减小对正常未转化细胞的潜在的毒副作用。另外,本发明提供新的治疗癌症的方法,该方法对阻滞细胞信号传递产生较长的更持续的作用,同时最大限度地减小对正常细胞的潜在的毒副作用的危险。
因此,本发明也提供在癌症患者中诱导协同水平的癌细胞死亡(如,细胞程序性死亡)的方法,该方法包含同时或先后给予有效量的(1)FPT抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂(即,其量足诱导协同水平的癌细胞死亡,如可通过如Dengler等人(1995)Anticancer Drugs,6:522-32中所述的碘化丙锭荧光测定法来测量)。类似地,本文提供杀死癌症患者中癌细胞的方法(如通过Dengler等人1995的测定法测量的),该方法包含给予有效量的(1)FPT抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂。
而且,在优选的实施方案中,本发明的方法包括在需要这种治疗的患者中(如哺乳动物,如人)治疗肿瘤和消退肿瘤体积(如通过CAT扫描测定的)的方法,该方法同时或先后给予足够达到量的(1)FPT抑制剂和(2)另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂。可被治疗的肿瘤的例子包括但不限于上皮癌如前列腺癌、肺癌(如,肺腺瘤)、胰腺癌(如,胰腺癌如外分泌胰腺癌)、乳腺癌、结肠癌(如,结肠直肠癌,如结肠腺癌和结肠腺瘤)、卵巢癌、膀胱癌和肝癌。其他可被治疗的癌症包括黑素瘤、骨髓白血病(例如,急性骨髓性白血病)、肉瘤、甲状腺卵泡癌和骨髓发育不良综合征。
本发明也提供包含FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂的用于治疗癌症(包括诱导癌细胞死亡和肿瘤消退)的药物组合物和该组合物的制备方法。
本文所使用的下列术语具有下列意思,除非另有说明:
“生长因子受体抑制剂”:阻滞生长因子受体信号转导特性的试剂。如Levitzki和Gazit,1995(Science,267:1782-1788)所述,这些活性剂可作为受体酪氨酸激酶活性的直接抑制剂或通过抑制受体激酶活性的配体刺激的激活来起作用。
“酪氨酸激酶抑制剂”:如Levitzki和Gazit,1995所述通过与ATP竞争或通过与该酶的别构作用来阻滞酪氨酸磷酸化活性的试剂。
“蛋白质激酶抑制剂”:如Levitzki和Gazit,1995所述阻滞丝氨酸、苏氨酸或酪氨酸残基的蛋白磷酸化活性的试剂。
“p185erb B2/HER2/neu受体抑制剂”或“erb B2受体抑制剂”:“如Levitzki和Gazit,1995所述的通过抑制受体酪氨酸激酶活性或阻滞受体激酶活性的配体刺激作用来阻滞erbB2受体信号转导特性的试剂。
“PDGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂”:如Kovalenko,M.等人(1994),Cancer Res.54:6106-6114所述通过抑制受体酪氨酸激酶活性或阻滞受体激酶活性的PDGF刺激作用来阻滞血小板衍生的生长因子(PDGF)受体的信号转导特性的试剂。
“EGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂”:如Fry.等人(1994),Science9:1093-1095所述通过抑制受体酪氨酸激酶活性或阻滞受体激酶活性的EGF刺激作用来阻滞表皮生长因子(EGF)受体的信号转导特性的试剂。
“直接对抗生长因子受体细胞外区域的抗体”:如Mendelsohn,J.(1992)J.Nat’l Cancer Inst Monogr 13:125-131所述通过抑制配体的结合和/或防止受体酪氨酸激酶的配体刺激激活作用来阻滞生长因子受体生物活性的抗体。
“靶向于p185erbB2/HER2/neu受体的单克隆抗体”或“靶向于erbB2受体的单克隆抗体”:如Pegram等人,1998所述;也可参见Carter等人(1992),Proc.Nat’l Acad.Sci.89:4285-4289,通过抑制配体的结合和/或防止生长因子受体激酶的配体刺激激活作用来阻滞HER2受体生物活性的抗体。
“靶向于EGF受体的单克隆抗体”:如Mendelsohn,J.(1992)J.Nat’l Cancer Inst Monogr 13:125-131所述通过抑制EGF结合和/或EGF刺激的激酶活性的单克隆抗体所示的。
“直接对抗Ras信号途径中生长因子受体或其他成分的反义分子”:如Wang等人,1998或Resnicoff,1998所述干扰途径中任何蛋白质成分的信使RNA翻译的(并因此干扰蛋白质表达)的修饰的低聚核苷酸。对于反义技术的一般性讨论,可参见如,Antisense DNA和RNA,(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,D.Melton,ed.,1988)。
“同时”:(1)相同时间,或(2)在共同治疗方案的不同时间;和
“先后”:(1)先给予该方法中的一种成分((a)FPT抑制剂,或(b)另一种Ras途径抑制剂)然后再给予其他成分;给予一种成分后,第二种成分可在第一种成分之后基本上立即给药或者在第一种成分之后的有效期后给予第二种成分;有效期是认为从第一种成分给药之后获得最大益处的时间。
“下游”在本文中被定义为由Ras直接通过蛋白质:蛋白质结合或间接通过Ras-调节的效应器蛋白质调节的蛋白质活性(Ras信号传导途径之中)。因此,图1中,“Ras下游成分”可以是如Mek1,2或Erk1,2。
“上游”在本文中被定义为直接通过蛋白质:蛋白质结合或间接通过调节另一蛋白质来调节Ras活性的蛋白质活性(Ras信号传导途径之中),所述另一蛋白质直接结合并调节Ras活性。因此,“Ras上游成分”可以是如erbB2、PDGF受体、IGF受体或EGF受体。
本文所述“细胞死亡”是如Raff,M.(1998),Nature.396:119-122所述在生理条件下或细胞器和蛋白质的解装配和代谢过程消失所引起的急性损伤诱导的细胞死亡。可通过如Dengler等人,(1995)Anticancer Drugs,6:522-32所述的碘化丙锭流动细胞计量术测定法测量细胞死亡。
本文作为一种细胞死亡形式所描述的“细胞程序性死亡”(程序性细胞死亡)是表示如Raff,M.(1998),Nature.396:119-122所综述的定型的形态改变。细胞程序性死亡可通过如Dengl er等人,(1995)Anticancer Drugs,6:522-32所述的碘化丙锭流动细胞计量术测定法来测量或通过Gorczyca,(1993)Cancer Res 53:1945-51所述的原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶和切口翻译测定法(TUNEL分析法)来测量。
“协同”或“协同水平”在本文中被定义为两种成分组合所产生的作用,该作用大于所述两种成分单独作用之和(两种成分的量保持恒定)。因此,如短语“诱导协同水平的癌细胞死亡的有效量”指实现癌细胞死亡水平的两种成分的量(如按Dengler等人,(1995)Anticancer Drugs,6:522-32所述的碘化丙锭流动细胞计量术测定法测量的或者通过Gorczyca,(1993)Cancer Res 53:1945-51所述的原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶和切口翻译测定法(TUNEL分析法)测量细胞程序性死亡的细胞死亡),组合所产生的作用大于所述两种成分单独作用之和。
“持续作用”在本文中被定义为与单一治疗相比,对用FPT I和MEK1,2抑制剂组合治疗的延长/增强的细胞程序性死亡反应。“持续作用”的结果可通过上文所述的MAPK活性或细胞死亡或细胞程序性死亡的测量来监测。各个药物对MAPK途径抑制作用的有效期是剂量依赖性的。然而,本文实验显示MEK1,2抑制剂在治疗的6小时或6小时前最佳抑制MAPK途径,同时SCH66336表明最佳MAPK途径抑制作用在治疗后的12-18小时。据显示SCH66336对MAPK途径的抑制作用持续到治疗后的72小时。因此,两种药物的组合可对MAPK途径产生长期的“持续的”抑制作用,优选地从治疗后的6小时或6小时之前开始的一段时间,并优选持续到治疗后的36小时,更优选72小时(如参见附图6)。
短语“杀死癌细胞”意指诱导转化的、致瘤的癌细胞的癌细胞死亡。
FPT抑制剂的更详细说明
可用作FPT抑制剂的化合物类型包括:稠环的三环苯并环庚三烯并吡啶类(benzocyclo hepta pyridines)、低聚肽、肽模拟化合物、法呢基化的肽模拟化合物、羰基哌嗪基化合物、羰基哌啶基化合物、法呢基衍生物和天然产物和衍生物。
下文给出FPT抑制剂化合物的实例和涉及这些化合物的文献。
稠环三环苯并环庚三烯并吡啶类:WO95/10514;WO95/10515;WO95/10516;WO96/30363;WO96/30018;WO96/30017;WO96/30362;WO96/31111;WO96/31478;WO96/31477;WO96/31505;WO97/23478;国际专利申请PCT/US97/17314(WO98/15556);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15899(WO98/11092);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15900(WO98/11096);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15801(WO98/11106);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15902(WO98/11097);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15903(WO98/11098);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15904;国际专利申请PCT/US97/15905(WO98/11099);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15906(WO98/11100);国际专利申请PCT/US97/15907(WO98/11093);国际专利申请PCT/US97/19976(WO98/11091);美国专利申请08/877049;美国专利申请08/877366;美国专利申请08/877399;美国专利申请08/877336;美国专利申请08/877269;美国专利申请08/877050;美国专利申请08/877052;美国专利申请08/877051;美国专利申请08/877498;美国专利申请08/877057;美国专利申请08/877739;美国专利申请08/877677;美国专利申请08/877741;美国专利申请08/877743;美国专利申请08/877457;美国专利申请08/877673;美国专利申请08/876570;和美国专利申请09/216398。
某些FPT抑制剂是低聚肽,特别是基于式Cys-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3的四肽或其衍生物,其中Xaa3代表丝氨酸、甲硫氨酸或谷氨酰胺残基,并且Xaa1和Xaa2可代表各种氨基酸残基,特别是那些具有脂肪族侧链的氨基酸残基。其衍生物可以具有或不具有三个肽键;因此发现,将肽键-CO-NH-还原为仲胺基或者甚至用碳原子替换肽链中的氮原子(前提条件是某些因素如分子的一般形状和末端分离大量地保存下来)获得通常比低聚肽更稳定的化合物并且,如果该化合物是有活性的,那么所获得的化合物具有更长久的活性。本文将所述这种化合物称作拟肽化合物。
低聚肽(主要是四肽,也可以是五肽)包括式Cys-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3:EPA 461,489;EPA 520,823;EPA 528,486;和WO 95/11917。
拟肽化合物-特指Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa拟肽化合物:EPA 535,730;EPA 535,731;EPA 618,221;WO 94/09766;WO 94/10138;WO94/07966;US 5,326,773;US 5,340,828;US 5,420,245;WO95/20396;US 5,439,918;和WO 95/20396。
法呢基化拟肽化合物-特指法呢基化Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa拟肽化合物:GB-A 2,276,618。
其他拟肽化合物:US 5,352,705;WO 94/00419;WO 95/00497;WO 95/09000;WO 95/09001;WO 95/12612;WO 95/25086;EPA675,112;和FR-A 2,718,149。
法呢基化衍生物:EPA 534,546;WO 94/19357;WO 95/08546;EPA537,007;和WO 95/13059。
天然产物和衍生物:WO 94/18157;US 5,430,055;GB-A2,261,373;GB-A 2,261,374;GB-A 2,261,375;US 5,420,334;US5,436,263。
其他化合物:WO 94/26723;WO 95/08542;US5,420,157;WO 95/21815;WO 96/31501;WO 97/16443;WO97/21701;U.S.5,578,629;U.S.5,627,202;WO 96/39137;WO97/18813;WO 97/27752WO 97/27852;WO 97/27853;WO97/27854;WO 97/36587;WO 97/36901;WO 97/36900;WO97/36898;WO 97/36897;WO 97/36896;WO 97/36892;WO97/36891;WO 97/36890;WO 97/36889;WO 97/36888;WO97/36886;WO 97/36881;WO 97/36879;WO 97/36877;WO97/36876;WO 97/36875;WO 97/36605;WO 97/36593;WO97/36592;WO 97/36591;WO 97/36585;WO 97/36584;和WO97/36583.
编码FPT的α-和β-单位的质粒及其测定方法:WO 94/10184。
也参考美国申请09/217,335和国际专利申请PCT/US98/26224,其中公开了FPT抑制剂和化学治疗剂和/或放射疗法联合应用治疗增殖性疾病如癌症的各种方法。
所有上述提到的涉及FPT抑制剂化合物的文献在此引入本文供参考。
Graham在Exp.Opin.Ther.Patents(1995)5(12):1269-1285中提供了很多所述化合物的综述。
可以理解,专利说明书中化学式的范围不可能包括上文所列出的任何一类的所有化合物。例如,法呢基衍生物中单萜烯基可以通过许多亚甲基或者甚至另一异戊二烯残基延伸。
式Cys-Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3四肽具有氨基末端半胱氨酸残基。所述类型的四肽形成ras的羧基末端。所述四肽能够与FPT结合并且与ras竞争。结构类似但至少具有一个由烃基如亚甲基替代的四肽羰基并且上文归类为拟肽化合物的化合物也能够与FPT结合并且与ras竞争,而且通常更强地抵抗体内酶降解。
FPT抑制剂-实施例化合物
下列文献中公开了本发明中所使用的优选的FPT抑制剂。这些文献中也公开了利用本文件中所公开的化合物来抑制异常细胞生长(例如肿瘤)的方法。本文在特定文献中所定义的基团和结构式仅适用于在所述文献中所描述的化合物。
1995年4月20日公开的WO 95/10516和1996年10月3日公开的WO 96/30363中公开了式1.0化合物或其可药用盐或其溶剂化物:
其中:
a,b,c和d中的一个代表N或NR9,其中R9为O-,-CH3或-(CH2)nCO2H,其中n为1-3,并且剩余的a,b,c和d基团代表CR1或CR2;或者
a,b,c和d各独立地选自CR1和CR2;
R1和R2各独立地选自H,卤素,-CF3,-OR10,-COR10,-SR10,-S(O)tR11(其中t为0、1或2),-SCN,-N(R10)2,-NO2,-OC(O)R10,-CO2R10,-OCO2R11,-CN,-NHC(O)R10,-NHSO2R10,-CONHR10,-CONHCH2CH2OH,-NR10COOR11,-SR11C(O)OR11,
-SR11N(R75)2(其中R75各独立地选自H和-C(O)OR11),苯并三唑-1-基氧基,四唑-5-基硫基(thio),取代的四唑-5-基硫基(thio),炔基,烯基和烷基,所述烷基或烯基任选由卤素,-OR10或-CO2R10取代;
R3和R4是相同的或不同的并且各独立地代表H或者任何的取代基R1和R2,或R3和R4一起代表饱和的或不饱和的稠合到苯环上的C5-C7环;
R5,R6,R7和R8各独立地代表H,-CF3,-COR10,烷基或芳基,所述烷基或芳基任选由-OR10,-SR10,-S(O)tR11,-NR10COOR11,-N(R10)2,-NO2,-COR10,-OCOR10,-OCO2R11,-CO2R10或-OPO3R10取代,或者R5,R6,R7和R8中的一个可以下文所定义的R40结合在一起代表-(CH2)r-,其中r为1-4,该基团可由低级烷基,低级烷氧基,-CF3或芳基取代,或者R5与R6结合在一起代表=O或=S和/或R7与R8结合在一起代表=O或=S;
R10代表H,烷基,芳基或芳烷基;
R11代表烷基或芳基;
X代表N,CH或C,其中C可包含任选的、由虚线表示的连接到碳原子11上的双键;
在碳原子5和6之间的虚线代表可有可无的双键,这样,当双键存在时,A和B独立地代表-R10,卤素,-OR11,-OCO2R11或-OC(O)R10,并且当在碳原子5和6之间不存在双键时,A和B各独立地代表H2,-(OR11)2,(H和卤素),二卤代,(烷基和H),(烷基)2,(H和OC(O)R10),(H和-OR10),=O,(芳基和H),=NOR10,或-O-(CH2)p-O-,其中p为2,3或4;
R代表如下所定义的R40,R42,R44或R54;
R40代表H,芳基,烷基,环烷基,链烯基,链炔基或-D,其中-D代表
其中R3和R4如上定义并且W为O,S或NR10,其中R10如上定义;所述R40环烷基,链烯基和链炔基任选由1-3个选自卤素,-CON(R10)2,芳基,-CO2R10,-OR12,-SR12,-N(R10)2,-N(R10)CO2R11,-COR12,-NO2或D取代,其中-D,R10和R11如上定义并且R12代表R10,-(CH2)mOR10或-(CH2)qCO2R10,其中R10如上定义,m为1-4并且q为0-4;所述链烯基和链炔基R40基在分别包含双键或三键的碳原子上不含有-OH,-SH或-N(R10)2;或者
R40代表由选自-SO2NH2,-NHSO2CH3,-SO2NHCH3,-SO2CH3,-SOCH3,-SCH3,和-NHSO2CF3的基团取代的苯基,优选地,取代基位于苯环的对位;或者
R40代表选自如下的基团,
R42代表
其中R20,R21和R46各独立地选自下列基团:
(1)、H;
(2)、-(CH2)qSC(O)CH3,其中q为1-3;
(3)、-(CH2)qOSO2CH3,其中q为1-3;
(4)、-OH;
(5)、-CS-(CH2)w-(取代的苯基),其中w为1-3并且在所述取代的苯基上的取代基是如下文(12)关于取代的苯基中所描述的相同的取代基;
(6)、-NH2;
(7)、-NHCBZ;
(8)、-NHC(O)OR22,其中R22为具有1-5个碳原子的烷基,或者R22代表由1-3个烷基取代的苯基;
(9)、烷基;
(10)、-(CH2)k-苯基,其中k为1-6;
(11)、苯基;
(12)、取代的苯基,其中所述取代基选自下列基团:卤素,NO2,-OH,-OCH3,-NH2,-NHR22,-N(R22)2,烷基,-O(CH2)t-苯基(其中t为1-3),并且-O(CH2)t-取代的苯基(其中t为1-3);
(13)、萘基;
(14)、取代的萘基,其中所述取代基如上(12)关于取代的苯基中的定义;
(15)、具有5-10个碳原子的桥连多环烃;
(16)、具有5-7个碳原子的环烷基;
(17)、杂芳基;
(18)、羟烷基;
(19)、取代的吡啶基或取代的吡啶基N-氧化物,其中所述取代基选自甲基吡啶基,吗啉基,咪唑基,1-哌啶基,1-(4-甲基哌嗪基),-S(O)tR11,和上述(12)关于取代的苯基中所提到的任一取代基,并且所述取代基可通过替换与环碳结合的氢结合到环碳上;
(23)、-NHC(O)-(CH2)k-苯基或-NH(O)-(CH2)k-(取代的苯基),其中所述k如上(10)定义;
(24)、哌啶环V:
其中R50代表H,烷基,烷基羰基,烷氧基羰基,卤代烷基,或-C(O)NH(R10),其中R10为H或烷基;
(25)、-NHC(O)CH2C6H5或-NHC(O)CH2-(取代的C6H5);
(26)、-NHC(O)OC6H5;
(30)、-OC(O)-杂芳基(例如吡啶-4-羰基氧基);
(31)、-O-烷基(例如-OCH3);
(32)、-CF3;
(33)、-CN;
(34)、具有下式结构的杂环烷基;
和
(35)、具有下式结构的哌啶基
其中R85为H,烷基或由-OH或-SCH3取代的烷基;或者
R20和R21一起形成=O基并且剩余的R46如上定义;或者
R20、R21和R46中的两个一起形成哌啶环V
其中R50如上(24)定义;
条件是:R46、R20和R21的选择使得它们所连接的碳原子不键合到一个以上的杂原子上;
R44代表-NR25R48,其中R25代表杂芳基,N-甲基哌啶基或芳基,并且R48代表H或烷基;
R54代表式(i)、(ii)、(iii)或(iv)的N-氧化物杂环基:
其中R56、R58或R60是相同的或不同的并且各独立地选自H,卤素,-CF3,-OR10,-C(O)R10,-SR10,-S(O)eR11(其中e为1或2),-N(R10)2,-NO2,-CO2R10,-OCO2R11,-OCOR10,烷基,芳基,链烯基和链炔基,其中烷基可以由-OR10,-SR10或-N(R10)2取代并且链烯基可以由OR11或SR11取代;或者
R54代表式(ia)、(iia)、(iiia)或(iva)N-氧化物杂环基:
其中Y代表N+-O-并且E代表N;或者
R54代表由一个所述式(i)、(ii)、(ii i)、(iv)、(ia)、(iia)、(iiia)或(iva)N-氧化物杂环基取代的烷基;并且
Z代表O或S,这样R可以与上述定义的R5、R6、R7或R8结合,或者R代表R40、R42、R44或R54。
1997年7月3日公开的WO 97/23478引入本文供参考,其中公开了下列化合物或其可药用盐:
在本发明方法中用作FPT抑制剂的优选的化合物具有下式:
即化合物4-[2-[4-[(8-氯-3,10-二溴-6,11-二氢-5H-苯并[5,6]环庚二烯并[1,2-b]吡啶-11-基)-1-哌啶基]-2-氧代乙基]-1-哌啶甲酰胺,优选其(+)-异构体,它们具有结构
也见美国专利5,719,148(1998年2月17日发行)和5,874,442(1999年2月23日发行),其各自引入本文供参考。
美国专利申请USSN 09/216,398引入本文供参考,其中公开了由下式表示的用于抑制FPT的化合物或其可药用盐或溶剂化物:
其中:
a、b、c和d中的一个代表N或N+O-,并且a、b、c和d基团中的其余基团代表CR1或CR2;或者
a、b、c和d各独立地选自CR1或CR2;
当任选的键(由虚线表示)不存在时,X代表N或CH,并且当任选的键存在时,X代表C;
碳原子5和6之间的虚线代表任选的键,所以当双键存在时,A和B独立地代表-R15,卤素,-OR16,-OCO2R16或-OC(O)R15,并且当碳原子5和6之间的双键不存在时,A和B各自独立地代表H2,-(OR16)2,H和卤素,二卤素,烷基和H,(烷基)2,-H和-OC(O)R15,H和-OR15,=O,芳基和H,=NOR15或-O-(CH2)p-O-,其中p为2,3或4;
R1和R2各独立地选自H,卤素,-CF3,-OR15(例如-OCH3),-COR15,-SR15(例如-SCH3和-SCH2C6H5),-S(O)tR16(其中t为0,1或2,例如-SOCH3和-SO2CH3),-N(R15)2,-NO2,-OC(O)R15,-CO2R15,-OCO2R16,-CN,-NR15COOR16,-SR16C(O)OR16(例如-SCH2CO2CH3),-SR16N(R17)2,其中各R17独立地选自H和-C(O)OR16,前提条件是R16不是-CH2-(例如-S(CH2)2NHC(O)O-叔丁基和-S(CH2)2NH2),苯并三唑-1-基氧基,四唑-5-基硫基或取代的四唑-5-基硫基(例如烷基取代的四唑-5-基硫基如1-甲基-四唑-5-基硫基),链炔基,链烯基或烷基,所述烷基或链烯基由卤素,-OR15或-CO2R15任选取代;
R3和R4是相同的或不同的并且各独立地代表H,取代基R1和R2中任一个或R3和R4一起代表饱和的或不饱和的稠合到苯环上的C5-C7稠合环(环III);
R5,R6,和R7各独立地代表H,-CF3,-COR15,烷基或芳基,所述烷基或芳基任选由-OR15,-SR15,-S(O)tR16,-NR15COOR16,-N(R15)2,-NO2,-COR15,-OCOR15,-OCO2R16,-CO2R15或OPO3R15取代,或者R5和R6结合在一起代表=O或=S;
R8选自H,C3-C4烷基(优选支链烷基,并且最优选C4-C7支链烷基),芳基,芳烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基,环烷基,环烷基烷基,取代的烷基,取代的芳基,取代的芳烷基,取代的杂芳基,取代的杂芳基烷基,取代的环烷基,取代的环烷基烷基;
R8取代的基团的取代基选自:烷基,芳基,芳烷基,环烷基,-N(R18)2,-OR18,环烷基烷基,卤素,CN,-C(O)N(R18)2,-SO2N(R18)2或-CO2R18;前提条件是-OR18和-N(R18)2取代基不与结合到-C(O)NR8-部分N上的碳结合;
各R18独立地选自:H,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,杂芳基或环烷基;
R9和R10独立地选自:H,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基,环烷基或-CON(R18)2(其中R18如上定义);并且可取代的R9和R10基团由一个或多个(例如1-3个)取代基任选取代,所述取代基选自:烷基(例如甲基,乙基,异丙基等),环烷基,芳烷基或杂芳基烷基(即R9和/或R10基团可以是未取代的或者可以由1-3个上述取代基取代,除非当R9和/或R10是氢);或者
R9和R10与他们所连接的碳原子一起形成C3-C6环烷基环;
R11和R12独立地选自:H,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基,环烷基,-CON(R18)2,-OR18或-N(R18)2;其中R18如上定义;前提条件是-OR18和-N(R18)2基团不与与氮毗邻的碳原子连接;并且其中所述可取代的R11和R12基团由一个或多个(例如1-3个)取代基任选取代,所述取代基选自:烷基(例如甲基,乙基,异丙基等),环烷基,芳烷基或杂芳基烷基;或者
R11和R12与他们所连接的碳原子一起形成C3-C6环烷基环;
R13是咪唑基环,它选自:
其中R19选自:(1)、H,(2)、烷基,(3)、烷基,(4)、芳基,(5)、芳烷基,(6)、取代的芳烷基,其中所述取代基选自卤素(例如F和Cl)或CN,(7)、-C(芳基)3(例如-C(苯基)3,即三苯甲游基)或(8)、环烷基;
所述咪唑基环2.0或2.1由一个或两个取代基任选取代,所述咪唑环4.0任选由1-3个取代基取代,所述咪唑环4.1是由一个取代基取代的,其中所述环2.0、2.1、4.0和4.1中任选的取代基与所述咪唑环上的碳原子连接并且独立地选自:-NHC(O)R18,-C(R34)2OR35,-OR18,-SR18,F,Cl,Br,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,环烷基或-N(R18)2;R18如上定义;R34各独立地选自H或烷基(优选-CH3),优选H;R35选自H,-C(O)OR20或-C(O)NHR20,并且R20如下定义(优选地R20为烷基或环烷基,最优选环戊基或环己基);Q代表芳环(例如苯基),环烷基环(例如环戊基或环己基)或杂芳基环(例如呋喃基,吡咯基,噻吩基,噁唑基或噻唑基);(-C(R34)2OR35基的实例包括-CH2OH,-CH2OC(O)OR20和-CH2OC(O)NHR20);
R14选自:
R15选自:H,烷基,芳基或芳烷基;
R16选自:烷基或芳基;
R20选自:H,烷基,烷氧基,芳基,芳烷基,环烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基或杂环烷基,前提条件是当R14为基团5.0或8.0时,R20不是H;
当R20是H以外的其它基团时,所述R20基团任选由一个或多个(例如1-3个)取代基取代,所述取代基选自:卤素,烷基,芳基,-OR18或-N(R18)2,其中各R18基团是相同的或不同的,并且其中R18如上定义,前提条件是任选的取代基不与与氧或氮原子毗邻的碳原子连接;
R21选自:H,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,环烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基或杂环烷基;
当R21是H以外的其它基团时,所述R21基团任选由一个或多个(例如1-3个)取代基取代,所述取代基选自:卤素,烷基,芳基,-OR18或-N(R18)2,其中各R18基团是相同的或不同的,并且其中R18如上定义,前提条件是所述任选的取代基不与与氧或氮原子毗邻的碳原子连接;
n为0-5;
对于每个n值的每个R32和R33(即各-C(R32)(R33)-基)独立地选自:H,烷基,芳基,芳烷基,杂芳基,杂芳基烷基,环烷基,-CON(R18)2,-OR18或-N(R18)2;其中R18如上定义;并且其中所述可取代的R32和R33基团任选由一个或多个(例如1-3个)取代基取代,所述取代基选自:烷基(例如甲基,乙基,异丙基等),环烷基,芳烷基或杂芳基烷基;或者
R32和R33与他们所连接的碳原子一起形成C3-C6环烷基环;并且
R36选自环烷基,杂环烷基或芳基(例如苯基);并且
条件是:
(1)、当R14选自:基团6.0、7.0、7.1或8.0,并且X为N时,R8选自:C3-C10烷基,取代的C3-C10烷基,芳烷基,取代的芳烷基,杂芳基烷基,取代的杂芳基烷基,环烷基烷基或取代的环烷基烷基;
(2)、当R14选自:基团6.0、7.0、7.1或8.0,并且X为N,R8为H时,R13(即咪唑环2.0、4.0或4.1)和酰胺部分(即-C(O)NR18基)之间的烷基链是取代的,即:(a)、至少R9、R10、R11、R12、R32或R33中的一个不是H,和/或(b)、R9和R10和/或R11和R12一起形成环烷基环;
(3)、当R14为基团5.0,并且X为N,R8为H时,R13(即咪唑环2.0、4.0或4.1)和酰胺部分(即-C(O)NR18基)之间的烷基链是取代的,即:(a)至少R9、R10、R11、R12、R32或R33中的一个不是H,和/或(b)R9和R10和/或R11和R12一起形成环烷基环。
优选的FPT抑制剂包括上述文献中的肽、拟肽化合物和稠环的三环化合物(这些文献引入本文供参考)。更优选的是稠环的三环化合物,并且最优选的是WO 97/23478中的化合物。
在本发明中用作FPT抑制剂的化合物的FPT抑制作用和抗肿瘤活性可通过本领域已知的方法测定,例如参见1995年4月20日公开的WO 95/10516中的in vitro Enzyme Assays,Cell-Based Assays,Cell Mat Assays和in vivo AntiTumor Studies,和1997年7月3日公开的WO 97/23478中的软琼脂测定。
化疗和/或放疗作为辅助方法在本发明治疗中的应用
化疗剂和/或放射线疗法可任选加入到本发明治疗方案中(除了联合使用(1)法呢基蛋白转移酶(FPT)抑制剂,和(2)其它Ras途径信号传递抑制剂外)。为了使化疗和/或放疗仅与一种FPT抑制剂联合使用,可参考Liu,M.,et al.Cancer Res.58:4947-4956(1998)和美国专利申请USSN 09/217,335,它们引入本文供参考。
可用作化疗剂的化合物的种类包括:烷化剂,抗代谢物,天然产物及其衍生物,激素和甾体化合物(包括合成的类似物),和合成物质。这些种类化合物的实例如下。
烷化剂(包括氮芥,乙烯亚胺衍生物,磺酸烷基酯,nitrosoureas和三氮烯):乌拉莫司汀,氮芥,环磷酰胺(Cytoxan),异环磷酰胺,美法仑,苯丁酸氮芥,派泊溴烷,曲他胺,三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺(Triethylenethiophosphoramine),白消安,卡莫司汀,洛莫司汀,链佐星,达卡巴嗪和替莫唑胺。
抗代谢物(包括叶酸拮抗剂,嘧啶类似物,嘌呤类似物和腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂):甲氨蝶呤,5-氟尿嘧啶,氟尿苷,阿糖孢苷,6-巯基嘌呤,6-硫鸟嘌呤,磷酸氟达拉滨,喷司他丁和吉西他滨。
天然产物及其衍生物(包括长春花生物碱,抗肿瘤抗生素,酶,淋巴因子和epipodophyllotoxins):长春碱,长春新碱,长春地辛,博来霉素,放线菌素D,柔红霉素,多柔比星,表柔比星,伊达比星,paclitaxel(paclitaxel的商品名为Taxol),普卡霉素,脱氧考福霉素,丝裂霉素-C,L-门冬酰胺酶,干扰素(特别是IFN-α),依托泊苷和替尼泊苷。
激素和甾体化合物(包括合成类似物):17α-炔雌醇,己烯雌酚、睾酮,泼尼松,氟甲睾酮,丙酸屈他雄酮,睾内酯,醋酸甲地孕酮,他莫昔芬,甲泼尼松,甲睾酮,泼尼松龙,曲安西龙,氯烯雌醚,羟孕酮,安鲁米特,雌莫司汀,醋酸甲羟孕酮,Leuprolide,氟他胺,托瑞米芬,Zoladex。
合成物质(包括无机络合物如铂配位络合物):顺铂,卡铂,羟基脲,安吖啶,丙卡巴肼,米托坦,米托蒽醌,左旋咪唑和六甲蜜胺.
大多数所述化疗剂的安全和有效给药方法是本领域技术人员已知的。此外,在标准文献中页描述了其给药方法。例如,在“Physicians’Desk Reference”(PDR),例如1996年版(MedicalEconomics Company,Montvale,NJ 07645-1742,USA)中描述了很多化疗剂的给药方法;将该文献的公开内容引入本文供参考。
实施例
下列实施例描述了FPT抑制剂(SCH 66336)和MEK抑制剂(PD098059或U0126)联合应用对H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞中程序化细胞死亡(细胞程序性死亡)的作用。类似于肿瘤细胞系,这些细胞显示了完全转化的表现型,包括在软琼脂中无贴壁依赖性生长的能力和作为裸鼠异种移植物的能力。
在下列实施例(SCH 66336,Schering-Plough ResearchInstitute)中所使用的FPT抑制剂化合物具有下式结构:
“PD 098059”是一种特定MEK抑制剂,它具有下列化学结构:
在Dudley et al,1995中更详细地描述了PD 098059。Dudley etal参考中提到,对于在本文所描述的实验中所使用的试剂浓度,冷冻干燥的固体必须在DMSO中重新配制。
“U0126”,另一MEK抑制剂的实例,它具有下列化学结构:
在Favata et al,1998中更详细地描述了U0126。Favata et al参考中也提到,对于在本文所描述的实验中所使用的试剂浓度,冷冻干燥的固体必须在DMSO中重新配制。
材料和方法
细胞系和治疗
在所有情况下,Ras序列包含Gly12到Val的激活突变。H-ras(G12V;CVLL)表示Ser189到Leu突变,它产生香叶基香叶基化形式的H-ras蛋白质。表示这些H-ras蛋白质的cDNA通过逆转录病毒转导并用新霉素基因选择被亚克隆到产生稳定的表达Ras的Rat2细胞系的pMV7质粒中(Kirschmeier等人,1988)。这里所示的稳定的细胞系代表各自克隆的表达Ras的新霉素选择的细胞。将H-ras(G12V)/Rat2、H-ras(G12V;CVLL)/Rat2和母本Rat2细胞propogate到含有10%胎牛血清、青霉素、链霉素、非必需氨基酸、L-谷氨酰胺和用于Ras转化体的200μg/ml遗传霉素(Gibco/BRL;Gaithersburg,MD)的DMEM中。所有ras转化的细胞都表明完全转化的表型包括无贴壁依赖性生长和致肿瘤能力。
按Dudley等人(1995)和Favata等人(1998)所述方法使用PD098059(A385-023-M005;Alexis Corporation;San Diego,CA)和U0126(#V1121;Promega Corporation;Madison,WI)。
FACS分析
使用标准方法进行FACS分析。通过胰蛋白酶/EDTA处理收获细胞,该胰蛋白酶用含有10%FCS的DMEM中和并且细胞在500×g转速下离心5分钟而成团,细胞用PBS洗涤、沉淀、重新悬浮在0.5ml PBS中并用2ml冰冷的丙酮∶甲醇(1∶1)在-20℃温度下固定30分钟。为了用碘化丙锭(PI)标记染色体DNA,用PBS将洗涤固定的细胞两次,然后以1×106细胞/ml重新悬浮在PBS、75μg/ml的PI(Calbiochem;LaJolla,CA)、500μg/ml RN酶(Sigma;St.Louis,MO)中,在室温下保温30分钟。细胞经35μm滤网罩(Becton Dickinson;FranklinLakes,NJ)过滤并在4℃温度下储存,然后在FACS-Calibur(BectonDickinson;Mountain View,CA)上进行FACS分析。使用CellQuest(Becton Dickinson;Mountain View,CA)进行定量。
Casp酶活性测定:
在37℃温度下,用20μMPD098059、0.5μM SCH66336或两种药物的组合物处理H-ras转化的Rat2和母本Rat2细胞36小时。经胰蛋白酶/EDTA收获细胞,在500×g下沉淀5分钟,用PBS洗涤并重新沉淀。细胞重新悬浮/溶解在含有“完全的”蛋白酶抑制剂(BoehringerMannheim;德国)的溶胞缓冲液(ApoAlert CPP32/Casp酶-3测定试剂盒;Clontech laboratories;Palo Alto,CA)中,在冰上保温10分钟并按Clontech方法所推荐的方法,在4℃温度下以12000rpm转速离心3分钟。使用BCA蛋白质测定法(Pierce;Rockford,IL)测定细胞溶解液中蛋白质的浓度并且使用荧光肽底物(Ac-DEVD-AFC;Clontech;Palo Alto,CA)通过荧光测定法(CytoFluor platereader;Perseptive Biosystems;Framingham,MA)测定大约30μg各个溶胞液的Casp酶-3活性。
ERK1,2磷酸化状态的Western印迹分析
将细胞溶解在洗涤剂缓冲液(提供ApoAlert CPP32/Casp酶-3测定试剂盒;Clonetech;Palo Alto,CA)中并在4℃温度下以14000rpm转速离心15分钟来沉淀细胞碎片。通过BCA蛋白质测定法(Pierce;Rockford,IL)测定所得上清液的蛋白质浓度。在8-16%Tris-甘氨酸聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(Novex;San Diego,CA)上分离细胞蛋白(20μg)并转移到用于Wesfern印迹分析的PVDF膜上。磷酸化的ERK1和ERK2蛋白质用特异于磷酸化形式的p42/44MAPK蛋白质的兔多克隆抗体(磷酸(phospho)-Thr202/Tyr204特异的;New England Biolabs,Inc.;Beverly MA)来检测。总ERK1和ERK2蛋白质用特异于p42/44MAPK蛋白质的兔多克隆抗体(New England Biolabs,Inc.;Beverly MA)来检测。通过增强化学发光(SuperSignal West PicoChemiluminescent Substrate;Pierce;Rockford,IL)使山羊抗兔-HRP二级抗体(Chemicon;Temecula,CA)显色。
结果
1、对细胞程序性死亡的影响:荧光-激活细胞分类术(FACS):
细胞程序性死亡的反应可通过各种方法来检测,包括染色体DNA片段分析法、碘化丙锭染色细胞的荧光-激活细胞分类术(FACS)和Casp酶激活测定法。为了评价细胞程序性死亡对药物处理的反应,我们用碘化丙锭使处理的细胞的染色体DNA染色并通过FACS分析各个细胞。典型的细胞培养群显示在细胞循环的G1/G0阶段有细胞的大峰、在细胞的G2/M阶段为小峰。在这两个峰之间是细胞循环S阶段的细胞。G1/G0峰前显示DNA标记的细胞表示具有断裂DNA的细胞,该DNA包含少于两倍体量的染色体DNA,并因此使细胞死亡(Denglar等人,1995)。该测量给出细胞程序性死亡的相对量,类似于其他细胞程序性死亡测定法,包括TdT-介导的dUTP切口-末端标记(TUNEL分析);Gorczyca等人(1993)Cancer Res.53:1945-51。在下列实验中,我们通过测量细胞程序性死亡的百分数测定了在亚G0/G1峰中总细胞群的百分数。
用PD098059单独处理H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞36小时导致程序性死亡细胞的百分数以剂量依赖性方式增加(图2)。PD098059的浓度为20μM时,50%的细胞程序性死亡。在100nM SCH66336存在下重复PD098059剂量反应实验时,观察到非常不同的结果。单独存在100nM SCH66336时,30%的细胞程序性死亡。用两种药物组合处理时,在少至2.5μM PD098059时,超过60%的细胞程序性死亡。单独使用PD098059时,50%细胞程序性死亡所需的该化合物的浓度为20μM,但与FPT抑制剂联合使用时,所需浓度≤1μM。这表明SCH66336明显使细胞对PD098059的细胞程序性死亡前的作用敏感。
也进行了相反的实验。单独用SCH66336处理36小时诱导剂量依赖性细胞程序性死亡反应(图3)。使用0.75μM SCH66336,70%的细胞程序性死亡。单独使用时,诱导50%细胞程序性死亡所需的SCH66336浓度为0.25-0.5μM。在2.5μM PD098059存在下,SCH66336的量效曲线显示左移,明显增强细胞程序性死亡的反应。PD098059存在时,诱导50%细胞程序性死亡所需的SCH66336浓度为50nM。
用结构上有区别的MEK抑制剂U0126进行了一批类似的实验(图4)。与PD098059相类似,U0126是一种非常具有选择性的MEK1,2蛋白质抑制剂,其对它们的激酶活性显示强的抑制作用(Farata等人1990)。单独用U0126治疗对H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞的程序性死亡产生剂量依赖性诱导作用,观察到使用10μM浓度时,17%的细胞程序性死亡。在0.5μM SCH66336存在下重复该实验时(该浓度本身诱导14%的细胞程序性死亡),其组合观察到比加和更大的响应。10μMU0126和0.5μM SCH66336组合时使超过50%的细胞程序性死亡。
这些数据表明联合实验时MEK抑制剂和SCH66336对H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞的程序性死亡前的效力明显增加。与这些结果相反,未转化的母本Rat2细胞或用激活的Ki-Ras转化的Rat2细胞对由SCH66336和PD098059单一药物或组合物诱导的程序性死亡是不敏感的(数据未显示)。鉴于近来的观察可以部分地解释在Ki-Ras转化的Rat2细胞中缺乏作用:某些Ras同种型(Ki-Ras和N-Ras)在体外和在FPT抑制剂处理的细胞中对被香叶基香叶基转移酶1另外异戊二烯化(Zhang等人1997;Whyte et al.,1997)。
2、对细胞程序性死亡的作用:Casp酶激活作用:
Casp酶是一种进化保守族的酶,它可通过蛋白水解而降解并在对细胞程序性死亡前信号产生反应中掩饰细胞(参见Thornberry和Lazebnik,1998)。为了用这种独特的生化终点来评价细胞程序性死亡,我们使用Casp酶3活性荧光测定法(Apo-Alert CPP32/Casp酶-3测定法;Clontech)测量了H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞的细胞溶胞液中的Casp酶活性。用0.5μM SCH66336或20μM PD098059单独处理H-Ras-转化的细胞24小时,增加Casp酶活性高于未处理细胞的背景水平(图5)。这些结果与FACS分析中观察到的药物的细胞程序性死亡前作用是一致的(图2,36小时)。用两种药物联合处理H-Ras-转化的Rat 2细胞时,观察到比加和的Casp酶-3反应更大,FACS结果再一次得到确证。
用单一活性剂或两种药物的组合物处理母本Rat2细胞时观察到小的Casp酶激活或者没有Casp酶激活(图5)。
3、对MAPK磷酸化的作用
我们通过测量FPT抑制剂SCH66336和MEK抑制剂PD098059的底物ERK1和ERK2(分别为44和42Kd)的磷酸化状态来研究其在H-ras-转化的Rat z细胞中阻滞MEK激活的能力。用20μM PD098059处理细胞减小两种蛋白质的磷酸化(图6)。在检查的第一个时间点(6小时)观察到最大的抑制作用并且磷酸化抑制作用保持36小时。用0.5μM SCH66336处理细胞以时间(图6)和剂量依赖性方式(数据未显示)减小两种蛋白质的磷酸化作用,0.5μM SCH66336在处理的24-36小时之间显示最大的抑制作用。在两种情况下,对44kDa ERK1蛋白质,磷酸化的抑制作用更强。尽管其磷酸化状态被减小,但这些蛋白质的总量一般不受药物处理的影响(图6,底部板条)。
讨论
FPT抑制剂如SCH66336和MEK抑制剂如PD098059或U0126靶向于共同信号转导途径的不同步骤。意想不到的是,两种活性剂合并时,经亚G0/G1群FACS分析法或casp酶激活测得,它们对H-Ras-转化的Rat2细胞程序性死亡的作用大于加和的作用。不受特定理论的限制,对这种观察有两种潜在的解释。首先,这种组合可能对图1所述的线形途径产生更完全或持续时间更长的(持续的)抑制作用。另外,组合的效力可通过下列事实来说明其原因,即,细胞内信号传递途径比图1所述的途径复杂的多和相互关系密切的多。图7显示了更复杂的线图。如上所述,这些途径在沿途径的某些步骤处分支是清楚的。生长因子受体通过SH2-介导的相互作用激活某些信号传递途径。类似地,利用酵母2-杂种和其他生化方法鉴定了多个Ras效应器。FPT抑制剂和MEK抑制剂的组合效力可通过其对这些途径不同分支的作用来解释原因。例如,除阻滞MEK的H-Ras-介导的激活作用外,FPT抑制剂也阻滞其他Ras效应器途径(如,PI3K和Rho途径)。类似地,有Ras独立激活MEK/MAPK途径的证据(Duckworth和Cantly,1997;Morrison和Cutler,1997)。尽管这种Ras独立途径的分子成分仍然仅是描述性的,但暗示单一的FPT抑制剂不能关闭导致MEK/MAPK激活的全部途径。所以,这两类抑制剂的组合可导致更完全的阻滞。
不论机制如何,SCH66336和PD098059联合使用在体外进行的实验数据表明细胞程序性死亡诱导活性显著增强。而且,这种类型通过组合增强的效力可以延伸到,包括其他靶向于信号转导途径的活性剂(如,阻滞生长因子受体的活性剂)。如上所述,此作用可由(i)生长因子-Ras信号传递途径更完全的抑制(与单一活性剂处理所产生的作用相比);或(ii)多个信号传递途径的同时抑制来产生。例如,许多肿瘤可由各自以自泌或旁分泌方式作用来通过其同源受体导致增殖的多个生长因子的作用所引起。使用抗体或酪氨酸激酶抑制剂来阻滞这些受体途径之一可因阻滞信号传递途径而产生抗肿瘤作用,然而其他受体趋动途径不会受影响。加入FPT抑制剂可断开这些其他途径传递信号,导致对信号转导更完全的抑制,因此显示协同抗肿瘤作用。而且,因为已知生长因子受体启动多个信号传递级联(如,Ras/MEK,磷脂酶Cγ,和PI3K),用FPT抑制剂或MEK抑制剂抑制Ras途径对其他途径的信号传递量可能没有影响。因此,将生长因子受体抗体或酪氨酸激酶抑制剂加到用FPT抑制剂处理的肿瘤细胞中,可对信号传递产生更完全的抑制作用,并通过断开不受FPT抑制剂影响的途径产生协同抗肿瘤作用。
类似类型的协同作用也可通过FPT抑制剂与靶向于这些信号传递途径中的其他步骤的活性剂(如,Raf抑制剂、SH2抑制剂、PI3K抑制剂等)组合观察到。
药物组合物
用于制备本文所述的FPT抑制剂和Ras信号传递途径抑制剂的药物组合物的惰性可药用载体可以是固体的或液体的。固体制剂包括粉剂、片剂、可分散颗粒、胶囊、锭剂和栓剂。粉剂和片剂可包含约5-约70%的活性组分。合适的固体载体在本领域中是已知的,如,碳酸镁、硬脂酸镁、滑石、糖和/或乳糖。片剂、粉剂、锭剂和胶囊剂可用作适于口服给药的固体剂型。
为了制备栓剂,首先将低熔点的蜡如脂肪酸甘油酯的混合物或可可脂熔化,并通过搅拌将活性组分均匀分散在其中。然后将熔化的均匀混合物倾入通常大小的模中,允许其冷却并由此而固化。
液体制剂包括溶液、悬浮液和乳液。如可提及的是用于非胃肠道注射的水或水-丙二醇溶液。液体制剂也可包括用于鼻腔给药的溶液。
适于吸入的气雾制剂可包括溶液和粉末形式的固体,其可与可药用载体如惰性加压的气体组合。
也包括的是打算就在用前转化为口服或非胃肠道给药的液体制剂的固体制剂。这些液体剂型包括溶液、悬浮液和乳液。
本文所述的FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂也可经皮释放。透皮组合物可制成霜剂、洗剂、气雾剂和/或乳液形式并可包括在本领域常用于此目的的基料或储库形式的透皮贴中。
优选地,本发明化合物通过口服给药。
优选地,药物制剂是单位剂量形式。在该形式中,制剂被继续分为含有合适量活性成分如实现所需目的有效量的单位剂量。
单位剂量制剂中活性化合物的量可以根据特定的用途在约0.5mg-1000mg的范围中变化或调节,优选的范围为约1mg-300mg,更优选的范围为5mg-200mg。
可采用的实际剂量可根据病人的需要和被治疗疾病的严重性来改变。决定特定情况下的合适剂量是本领域技术人员技术范围之内的。一般来说,以小于化合物最佳剂量的较小剂量开始治疗。然后,小量地增加剂量直到达到所述条件下的最佳效果。为了方便起见,总日剂量可按需分配并在整天中分次给药。
给予FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂的量和频率将根据参与的临床医师(医生)的判断来调节,考虑的因素如病人的年龄、疾病和体态以及被治疗疾病的严重性。通常,FPT抑制剂(作为单一活性剂使用时)的可设想的剂量上限为2000mg/天,FPT抑制剂为稠环三环苯并环庚三烯并吡啶时,优选的范围为50-400mg/天。然而,本发明组合治疗时,FPT抑制剂优选的低剂量方案是如,口服给药的剂量范围为1.4-400mg/天,更优选1.4-350mg/天,特别优选3.5-70mg/天,优选每日两次(B.I.D.)的给药方案。特别低的剂量范围是1.4-70mg/天。
可根据本领域公知的治疗方案给予另一种Ras途径抑制剂,如参见,Pegram,M.D.等人(1998),J.Clin.Oncol.16:2659-2671。对本领域技术人员显而易见的是另一种Ras途径抑制剂的给予可根据被治疗疾病和另一种Ras途径抑制剂对疾病的已知作用来改变。而且,根据熟练临床医师的知识,治疗方案(如,剂量和给药次数)可根据所观察的给予治疗剂(即,另一种Ras途径抑制剂)对病人的作用,和所观察的疾病对给予治疗剂的反应来改变。一般来说,另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂的剂量(作为单一活性剂使用时)可以是如,5-2000mg/天的范围。然而,本发明组合治疗时,另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂(如,MEK抑制剂)优选的低剂量方案的给药剂量范围为1-350mg/天,更优选3.5-70mg/天,优选每日两次的给药方案。特别低的剂量范围可以是1-70mg/天。
因此,在治疗癌症(如,胰腺、肺或膀胱癌)时组合治疗的优选实例中,FPT抑制剂可以是SCH66336,如上所述,以70mg/天的剂量口服给药,分两次剂量并连续给药方案;另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂可以是PD098059(或其类似物),以350mg/天的剂量给药,分两次剂量并连续给药方案。
在治疗癌症(如,胰腺、肺或膀胱癌)时组合治疗的另一优选实例中,FPT抑制剂可以是SCH66336,如上所述,以70mg/天的剂量口服给药,分两次剂量并连续给药方案;另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂可以是U0126(或其类似物),以350mg/天的剂量给药,分两次剂量并连续给药方案。
在本发明的方法中,FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂同时或依次给药。因此,例如另一种Ras途径抑制剂和FPT抑制剂不是必需同时或基本上同时给药。同时或基本上同时给药的优点就在熟练临床医师确定范围之内。
而且,一般来说,FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂不是必须在同一药物组合物中给药,并且因具有不同的生理和化学特性,可通过不同的途径给药。例如,FPT抑制剂可口服给药以产生并维持其好的血药水平,同时另一种Ras途径抑制剂可静脉内给药。在相同药物组合物中,给药方式的确定和(可能时)给药的可取性完全在熟练临床医师的知识范围之内。可按本领域已知的已经建立的方案确定开始给药方案,然后熟练的医师可根据所观察的效果改进给药的剂量、给药方式和给药次数。
FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂的具体选择取决于参与医师的诊断和对病人病症和合适治疗方案的判断。
FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂可同时(如,同时、基本上同时或在相同的治疗方案中)给药或依次给药,这取决于增殖疾病的性质、病人的病症和与FPT抑制剂结合给药(即,在单一治疗方案中)的另一种Ras途径抑制剂的实际选择。
如果FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂不是同时或基本上同时给药,那么FPT抑制剂和另一种Ras途径抑制剂给药的起始顺序不是重要的。因此,可首先给予FPT抑制剂然后给予另一种Ras途径抑制剂;或者首先给予另一种Ras途径抑制剂然后给予FPT抑制剂。在单一治疗方案中可重复这种交替给药。在被治疗疾病和病人病症评价后,确定给药顺序和治疗方案中各个治疗剂给药的重复次数完全在熟练临床医师的知识范围之内。例如,可首先给予另一种Ras途径抑制剂,然后给药FPT抑制剂继续治疗,确定有益时,再给予另一种Ras途径抑制剂等等,直到治疗方案结束。
因此,根据经验和知识,行医医师可在治疗过程中,按各个病人的需要改进每个治疗方案中的给药成分(治疗剂,即,FPT抑制剂,另一种Ras途径抑制剂)。
判断所给剂量对治疗是否有效时,参与的临床医师会考虑病人总体状况以及更确切的征兆如相关疾病症状的缓解、肿瘤生长的抑制、肿瘤的实际萎缩情况或对转移的抑制作用。肿瘤的大小可通过标准方法如放射性研究,如CAT或MRI扫描来测量,并可以用连续测量来判断肿瘤生长是否被延缓甚至逆转。相关疾病症状如疼痛的缓解和总体病症的改善也可有益帮助判断治疗的有效性。(当然,如上所述,使用本发明方法所进行的有效治疗优选对癌细胞的死亡和/或肿瘤消退产生协同作用)。
下列是FPT抑制剂化合物胶囊制剂的实施例(实施例1-4):
实施例1和2
胶囊制剂
实施例1 实施例2
组分 mg/胶囊 mg/胶囊 组分%
固体溶液 100 400.0 84.2
二氧化硅NF(1) 0.625 2.5 0.5
硬脂酸镁NF(2) 0.125 0.5 0.1
交联羧甲基纤维 11.000 44.0 9.3
素钠NF
PluronicF68NF 6.250 25.0 5.3
二氧化硅NF(3) 0.625 2.5 0.5
硬脂酸镁NF(4) 0.125 0.5 0.1
总量 118.750 475.00
胶囊型号 No.4 No.0
方法(实施例1和2)
固体溶液的制备
组分 g/批 组分%
FPT抑制剂化合物 80 33.3
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮NF 160 66.6
K29/32
二氯甲烷 5000ml 蒸发
将晶体FPT抑制剂化合物和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解在二氯甲烷中。使用合适的溶剂喷雾干燥器使溶液干燥。然后通过研磨使残渣减小为细颗粒。然后将粉末通过30筛目的筛。通过X-射线分析,发现粉末为无定形的。
在合适的混合器中,将固体溶液、二氧化硅(1)和硬脂酸镁(2)混合10分钟。混合物用合适的滚轴冲压器压制并使用安装有30筛目筛的适合的磨研磨。将交联羧甲基纤维素钠、Pluronic F68和二氧化硅(3)加到研磨的混合物中并进一步混合10分钟。由硬脂酸镁(4)和等份的混合物制备预混合物。将预混合物加到剩余的混合物中并混合5分钟。将混合物包囊在硬壳明胶胶囊壳中。
实施例3和4
胶囊制剂
实施例3 实施例4
组分 mg/胶囊 mg/胶囊 组分%
固体溶液 400 200.0 80.0
二氧化硅NF(1) 3.75 1.875 0.75
硬脂酸镁NF(2) 0.125 0.625 0.25
交联羧甲基纤维 40.00 20.00 8.0
素钠NF
PluronicF68NF 50.00 25.0 10
二氧化硅NF(3) 3.75 1.875 0.75
硬脂酸镁NF(4) 1.25 0.625 0.25
总量 500.00 250.00
胶囊型号 No.0 No.2
方法(实施例3和4)
固体溶液的制备
组分 g/批 组分%
FPT抑制剂化合物 15 50
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮NF 15 50
K29/32
二氯甲烷 140ml 蒸发
甲醇 60ml 蒸发
将晶体FPT抑制剂化合物和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解在二氯甲烷和甲醇混合物中。使用合适的溶剂喷雾干燥器使溶液干燥。通过研磨使残余物粉碎为细颗粒。然后将粉末过30筛目的筛。通过X-射线分析,发现粉末为无定形的。
在合适的混合器中,将固体溶液、二氧化硅(1)和硬脂酸镁(2)混合10分钟。混合物用合适的滚轴冲压器压制并使用安装有30筛目筛的适合的磨研磨。将交联羧甲基纤维素钠、Pluronic F68和二氧化硅(3)加到研磨的混合物中并进一步混合10分钟。由硬脂酸镁(4)和等份的混合物制备预混合物。将预混合物加到剩余的混合物中并混合5分钟。将混合物包囊在硬壳明胶胶囊壳中。
有关制剂的信息,也可参考美国专利申请序列号08/997168和60/068387(于1997年12月22日提交),特意引入本文供参考。
在其药物组合物方面,本发明的范围不受所提供实施例的限制。
本文引用的所有文献(如,公开物和专利申请)都以相同的程度引入本文供参考,就如同每篇文献都被具体地和单独地指出来引入本文供参考一样。
尽管上文结合具体实施方案描述了本发明,但许多改变、修饰和变化对本领域普通技术人员来说是显而易见的。所有这些改变、修饰和变化都落入本发明的精神实质和范围之中。
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Claims (32)
2. 权利要求1的试剂盒,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是激酶抑制剂。
3. 权利要求1的试剂盒,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是MEK抑制剂。
4. 权利要求1的试剂盒,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是生长因子受体抑制剂。
5. 权利要求4的试剂盒,其中所述生长因子受体抑制剂是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。
6. 权利要求5的试剂盒,其中酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是选自(1)erbB2受体抑制剂,(2)PDGF受体抑制剂,(3)IGF受体抑制剂,和(4)EGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的小分子。
7. 权利要求4的试剂盒,其中生长因子受体抑制剂是直接对抗生长因子受体细胞外区域的抗体。
8. 权利要求7的试剂盒,其中所述抗体是靶向于erbB2受体的单克隆抗体或靶向于EGF受体的单克隆抗体。
9. 权利要求7的试剂盒,其中所述抗体是靶向于erbB2受体的单克隆抗体。
10. 权利要求1或2的试剂盒,其中癌症为肺癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、骨髓白血病、黑素瘤、甲状腺卵泡癌、膀胱癌、神经胶质瘤、骨髓发育不良综合征、乳腺癌或前列腺癌。
11. 权利要求1或2的试剂盒,其中还包含化疗剂。
12. 权利要求11的试剂盒,其中所述化疗剂选自:乌拉莫司汀,氮芥,环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺,美法仑,苯丁酸氮芥,哌泊溴浣,曲他胺,三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺,白消安,卡莫司汀,洛莫司汀,链佐星,达卡巴嗪,替莫唑胺、甲氨蝶呤,5-氟尿嘧啶,氟尿苷,阿糖胞苷,6-巯基嘌呤,6-硫鸟嘌呤,磷酸氟达拉滨,喷司他丁,吉西他滨,长春碱,长春新碱,长春地辛,博来霉素,放线菌素D,柔红霉素,多柔比星,表柔比星,伊达比星,Paclitaxel,普卡霉素,脱氧考福霉素,丝裂霉素-C,L-门冬酰胺酶,干扰素,依托泊苷,替尼泊苷,17α-炔雌醇,己烯雌酚,睾酮,泼尼松,氟甲睾酮,丙酸屈他雄酮,睾内酯,醋酸甲地孕酮,他莫昔芬,甲泼尼龙,甲睾酮,泼尼松龙,曲安西龙,氯烯雌醚,羟孕酮,氨鲁米特,雌莫司汀,醋酸甲羟孕酮,Leuprolide,氟他胺,托瑞米芬,戈舍瑞林,顺铂,卡铂,羟基脲,安吖啶,丙卡巴肼,米托坦,米托蒽醌,左旋咪唑,Navelbene,CPT-11,Anastrazole,Letrazole,Capecitabine,Reloxafine,Droloxafine,gemcitabine,paclitaxel或六甲蜜胺。
13. 权利要求11的试剂盒,其中所述化疗剂是替莫唑胺。
16. 权利要求1的试剂盒,其中包含FPT抑制剂的药物提供1.4-400mg/天的FPT抑制剂,或提供3.5-70mg/天的FPT抑制剂。
17. 权利要求1的试剂盒,其中包含另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂的药物提供1-350mg/天的另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂,或提供3.5-70mg/天的另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂。
18. 诱导协同水平的癌细胞死亡有效量的下式的FPT抑制剂与另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂在制备用于治疗需要治疗的病人的癌症的药物中的用途,:
(+)-对映体。
19. 权利要求18的用途,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是激酶抑制剂、MEK抑制剂或生长因子受体抑制剂。
20. 权利要求19的用途,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是生长因子受体抑制剂,所述生长因子受体抑制剂是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。
21. 权利要求19的用途,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,所述酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是选自(1)erbB2受体抑制剂,(2)PDGF受体抑制剂,(3)IGF受体抑制剂,和(4)EGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的小分子。
22. 权利要求19的用途,其中所述另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂是生长因子受体抑制剂,所述生长因子受体抑制剂是直接对抗生长因子受体细胞外区域的抗体。
23. 权利要求22的用途,其中所述抗体是靶向于erbB2受体的单克隆抗体或靶向于EGF受体的单克隆抗体。
24. 权利要求22的用途,其中所述抗体是靶向于erbB2受体的单克隆抗体。
25. 权利要求18的用途,其中癌症为肺癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、骨髓白血病、黑素瘤、甲状腺卵泡癌、膀胱癌、神经胶质瘤、骨髓发育不良综合征、乳腺癌或前列腺癌。
26. 权利要求18的用途,其中所述药物还包含化疗剂。
27. 权利要求26的用途,其中所述化疗剂选自:乌拉莫司汀,氮芥,环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺,美法仑,苯丁酸氮芥,哌泊溴浣,曲他胺,三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺,白消安,卡莫司汀,洛莫司汀,链佐星,达卡巴嗪,替莫唑胺、甲氨蝶呤,5-氟尿嘧啶,氟尿苷,阿糖胞苷,6-巯基嘌呤,6-硫鸟嘌呤,磷酸氟达拉滨,喷司他丁,吉西他滨,长春碱,长春新碱,长春地辛,博来霉素,放线菌素D,柔红霉素,多柔比星,表柔比星,伊达比星,Paclitaxel,普卡霉素,脱氧考福霉素,丝裂霉素-C,L-门冬酰胺酶,干扰素,依托泊苷,替尼泊苷,17α-炔雌醇,己烯雌酚,睾酮,泼尼松,氟甲睾酮,丙酸屈他雄酮,睾内酯,醋酸甲地孕酮,他莫昔芬,甲泼尼龙,甲睾酮,泼尼松龙,曲安西龙,氯烯雌醚,羟孕酮,氨鲁米特,雌莫司汀,醋酸甲羟孕酮,Leuprolide,氟他胺,托瑞米芬,戈舍瑞林,顺铂,卡铂,羟基脲,安吖啶,丙卡巴肼,米托坦,米托蒽醌,左旋咪唑,Navelbene,CPT-11,Anastrazole,Letrazole,Capecitabine,Reloxafine,Droloxafine,gemcitabine,paclitaxel或六甲蜜胺。
28. 权利要求26的用途,其中所述化疗剂是替莫唑胺。
31. 权利要求18的用途,其中药物提供1.4-400mg/天的FPT抑制剂,或提供3.5-70mg/天的FPT抑制剂。
32. 权利要求18的用途,其中药物提供1-350mg/天的另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂,或提供3.5-70mg/天的另一种Ras信号传递途径抑制剂。
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| US20030064949A1 (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 2003-04-03 | Loretta Nielsen | Combined tumor suppressor gene therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of neoplasms |
| ZA9811162B (en) | 1997-12-12 | 2000-06-07 | Genentech Inc | Treatment with anti-ERBB2 antibodies. |
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| EP1165078B1 (en) | 2006-12-06 |
| AU4204100A (en) | 2000-11-14 |
| ATE347360T1 (de) | 2006-12-15 |
| AU783177B2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
| HUP0200773A2 (hu) | 2002-07-29 |
| MXPA01010211A (es) | 2002-09-18 |
| WO2000061145A1 (en) | 2000-10-19 |
| NO329133B1 (no) | 2010-08-30 |
| HK1038512B (zh) | 2007-04-27 |
| DK1165078T3 (da) | 2007-04-16 |
| CA2364675A1 (en) | 2000-10-19 |
| EP1165078A1 (en) | 2002-01-02 |
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