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CN100467006C - 本体感受/肌肉运动知觉的设备 - Google Patents

本体感受/肌肉运动知觉的设备 Download PDF

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CN100467006C
CN100467006C CNB03819774XA CN03819774A CN100467006C CN 100467006 C CN100467006 C CN 100467006C CN B03819774X A CNB03819774X A CN B03819774XA CN 03819774 A CN03819774 A CN 03819774A CN 100467006 C CN100467006 C CN 100467006C
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CN1674850A (zh
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阿维·埃尔瓦斯
阿米特·莫尔
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Apos Medical Assets Ltd
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Abstract

描述了本体感受或肌肉运动知觉的锻炼方法和设备。在一个实施例中，描述了一种本体感受踏车，它包括一个绕一对彼此分开的滑轮转动的脚接触运行表面，运行表面包括至少一个从运行表面向上伸出的隆起。还描述了本体感受锻炼表面、锻炼脚踏车、脚踏器、滑雪机、划船机和椭圆锻炼机。

Description

本体感受/肌肉运动知觉的设备
技术领域
概括地讲，本发明涉及用于训练、发展和增强本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的技能、神经肌肉的控制和核心稳定性的设备。
背景技术
本体感受指知道身体部位位于空间中何处和感知身体部位(如手指和脚趾、脚和手、腿和臂)运动的能力。肌肉运动知觉是与之相关的一个术语，它指感知位置、重量、肌肉拉伸以及移动的感觉。在一些医学文献中，本体感受指对关节位置的有意识和潜意识感知，而肌肉运动知觉指对关节速度和加速度的感知。本体感受和肌肉运动知觉经常互换使用，这里也可互换地使用这两个术语。(在整个说明书和权利要求中，使用术语“本体感受”包括本体感受、肌肉运动知觉、核心稳定性等。)
身体的神经肌肉控制系统综合了相对于关节负荷的外周感知并且处理这些信号从而做出协调的运动反应。这种肌肉活动起到保护关节结构不过度疲劳的作用。
某些机械性刺激感受器出现在与中枢神经系统相互作用的肌与骨骼系统的所有软组织中并且协调身体运动、姿势调准和平衡。机械性刺激感受器位于肌肉、腱、韧带、关节囊和皮肤中。这些神经纤维给大脑提供关于肌与骨骼系统的状况和功能的信息。机械性刺激感受器沿着外周神经把电信号送给脊髓。电信号经过脊髓行进到大脑，在大脑中对这些信号进行解释从而辨别出身体部位的运动、肌肉拉伸和运动等。
控制肌肉系统的机械性刺激感受器的一些例子包括肌梭。肌梭散布出现在骨骼肌的收缩纤维中，在每块肌肉的中心部分具有最高的集中度。肌梭纤维响应肌肉长度的变化。这些神经端给中枢神经系统提供用来维持肌肉紧张性和在每个关节相对侧正确肌肉拉伸的信息。
围绕并且保护大多数关节的纤维组织通常包括本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的多种感觉神经端。来自这些感觉神经端的输入给中枢神经系统提供关于关节的位置、伸展、压缩、拉紧、加速和转动的信息。
脚是身体中含有第二大数量的本体感受或肌肉运动知觉的感官感受器的解剖学区域(脊柱包含最多)。
本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的锻炼和锻炼装置是已知的，它们用来提高灵活性、平衡性和协调性，并且帮助本体感受能力受到损害的人复原，例如那些经历事故或疾病的人。一种这一类的锻炼装置包括斜板，其中病人站在板上或类似的平台上，平台下安装着球。由于有球，板不是水平放置的，这就能挑战病人的平衡能力和在平台上运动的能力。在斜板上的反复锻炼可以用来发展和恢复病人的本体感受和对神经肌肉的控制，还能够增强脚区域的肌肉、腱和结缔组织。
其它已知的本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的锻炼装置包括一种鞋，鞋底下安装了一个球。用类似于使用斜板的方式来使用这种有球的鞋。另一种鞋具有安装在鞋底下的杆，用来加强脊屈肌。
在Patton的美国专利6,283，897中描述了另一种本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的锻炼装置。这种装置包括一个或多个从基底板向上伸出的钉。钉具有圆顶并且位于形如凉鞋的套鞋的底部中的凹陷(草皮层)中。具体地说，鞋底的底部具有三个下凹的半球形草皮层，一个位于踵部中，一个直接位于跖球下面，还有一个位于中心。当用户转动他的脚和/或臀以发展踝和臀的力量、运动范围和本体感受时，弹性带可以支撑用户的脚。
发明内容
本发明意图提供新型的本体感受和肌肉运动知觉锻炼设备，与现有技术的设备如具有单独一个隆起的倾斜板或鞋等设备相比，它具有显著的优点。如下面将详细描述的，在本发明的一个实施例中，提供一种鞋，它包括两个从它下侧伸出的球形隆起，而不是现有技术的板或鞋的单独一个球。额外的隆起可以大幅度增加各种可能性，并且能够行走，还能够加速和提高本体感受和肌肉运动知觉治疗计划的效果。还提供了其它的本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的锻炼装置，如下面将更为详细描述的新型的踏车、锻炼表面、锻炼脚踏车、锻炼脚踏器、滑雪机或椭圆锻炼机等。
本发明的设备可以用于儿童和运动员等的本体感受的、神经肌肉控制的和协调性的锻炼和训练，以发展和提高本体感受和肌肉运动知觉的能力。本发明可以用来进行锻炼和训练，从而避免运动员和非运动员受伤等。本发明可以用于稳定背部和臀部区域的核心稳定性，还能够避免、止住或减轻背痛。本发明可以用来锻炼和训练那些过去经历过踝、膝、臀和背伤(或其它伤)的人以避免将来这些伤害的复发。本发明可以用来锻炼和训练具有身体残疾(如脑或神经上的疾病或其它残疾)的人。本发明锻炼装置的用户可以在六个自由度上运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。所有的锻炼和训练部分都涉及使得运动中的人不稳定，特别是在平动行走、跑步或其它的运动中。
因此根据本发明的一个实施例提供一种锻炼设备，它包括：一个适于在其上支撑用户脚的脚接触表面，一个适于在锻炼计划的过程中移动脚接触表面的致动器；和一个有效搅乱脚接触表面上的用户的平衡的冲震机构。
在根据本发明的实施例中，冲震机构有效地在六个自由度上使用户运动，包括在三个彼此正交方向上的平动和绕这些轴线的转动。
还根据本发明的实施例提供一种方法，包括进行本体感受锻炼，该锻炼包括在平动运动时克服破坏平衡的力。
还根据本发明的实施例提供一种方法，包括：在锻炼机上进行锻炼，锻炼机最初没有破坏平衡的力，并且在锻炼机上锻炼时有意施加破坏平衡的力。
附图说明
通过结合附图阅读下面的详细描述将更完全地理解本发明，在附图中：
图1是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种鞋；
图2和3分别是图1的鞋的简化侧视图和后视图；
图4是图1的鞋的简化顶视图，进一步示出了本发明的其它实施例的特征；
图5是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种踏车；
图6是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种锻炼表面；
图7是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种锻炼脚踏车；
图8是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种锻炼脚踏器；
图9是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种滑雪机；
图10是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种椭圆锻炼机；和
图11是简化示意图，示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的一种划船机。
具体实施方式
现在参考图1-4，其中示出了根据本发明的一个实施例构造和实施的鞋10。鞋10可以提供为一双或者多双的鞋类装置，或者是一只这样的鞋类装置。
优选鞋10包括支撑件12，支撑件12具有鞋底形状的周边并且具有上表面14。在示出的实施例中，上表面14是凹进的且具有周边脊16，但是应该理解其它结构的上表面14也在本发明的范围内。鞋10可以利用靴子18和/或紧固件20连接到用户的脚(未示出)，紧固件20例如但不限于维可牢尼龙搭扣、带扣、鞋带等。靴子18的款式可以是利用紧固件20或者不使用紧固件20连接到用户的脚上。类似地，可以使用紧固件20把鞋10连接到用户的脚上而不使用靴子18。
两个球形隆起22可以从支撑件12的下表面24突出。另外，球形隆起22也可以从支撑件12的上表面14上突出。每个球形隆起22可以具有弯曲的外部轮廓26。轮廓26的横截面可以具有任意的曲线形状，这里的横截面可以是支撑件12关于纵轴28(图4)的横截面(对应于在图2中观察到的形状)，也可以是支撑件12关于横轴30(图4)的横截面(对应于在图3中观察到的形状)，或者是任意其它的横截面。例如，轮廓26可以具有圆锥截面的形状，也就是说，可以是圆形、椭圆形、抛物形或双曲形。球形隆起22的轮廓26的各个横截面的形状可以相同也可以不同。
从图2中可以清晰地看出，一个球形隆起22可以比另一个球形隆起22更靠后。如图4所示，隆起可以位于支撑件12的公共纵轴(如支撑件12的中心线28)和横向中线30的相对侧。如图2所示，后面的隆起22可以大致位于支撑件12的跟骨(踵，踝)支撑部分23下面，而前面的隆起22可以大致位于支撑件12的跖骨支撑部分25和/或趾骨支撑部分27。
另外，如图4的虚线33所示，一个隆起22(如前面的隆起)可以和纵轴34对齐而偏离中心线28，后面的隆起22可以偏离纵轴34而位于例如中心线28上。应该理解上面只是定位隆起22的一些例子，在本发明的范围内存在许多其它的可能。
可以用任何合适的材料制作隆起22，如弹性体、金属或多种材料的组合，当然可选材料不限于此，另外隆起22可以具有不同的性质。例如，隆起22可以具有不同的弹性或硬度，如具有不同的弹性性质或肖氏硬度。隆起22可以从支撑件12的下表面24伸出不同的量。
根据本发明的实施例，一个或多个隆起22可以滑动地安装在支撑件12上。例如，隆起22可以安装在形成在支撑件12的下表面24中的轨道36上(图2)，并且可以沿着轨道选择性地定位在任何地方并且固定在那里。轨道36可以沿着一部分鞋底延伸，也可以沿着鞋底的整个长度延伸。另外，可以调节隆起22的伸出量，如利用带螺纹紧固件38(图3)把隆起22安装到支撑件12上并且拧紧或松开带螺纹紧固件38。
根据本发明的一个实施例，除了球形隆起22以外，如图3所示，还可以提供一个或多个非球形隆起39。隆起39可以形成为钉形、按扣形、螺钉形、销形和榫钉形等各种形状，尽管本发明并不限于这些形状。隆起39既可以是刚性的也可以是柔性的。类似于隆起22，隆起39可以具有不同的弹性或硬度，如具有不同的弹性性质或肖氏硬度，并且隆起39可以从支撑件12的下表面24伸出不同的量。与上面类似，可以调节隆起39的伸出量。隆起39可以安装在支撑件12的下表面24上的任何位置上。
上面所描述的特征，如隆起22可滑动地安装在支撑件12上，也可以应用到其中球形隆起22从支撑件12的上表面14伸出的替换实施例中。例如，鞋10可以具有一个常规的外部鞋底并且具有用于鞋10的鞋底内部的隆起22的一个滑动/移动机构。滑动/移动机构可以包括但不限于在粘性物质(形成在鞋底中的腔室中的流体)中漂浮的机构或利用内部的缆索悬浮的机构。
现在参考图4。根据本发明的一个实施例，鞋10可以包括凸缘40，它从支撑件12的周边向外伸出。在示出的实施例中，凸缘40从支撑件12的周边侧向一边地向外伸出，但是应该理解凸缘40也可以向前、向后或向任何其它方向伸出。凸缘40可以像示出的那样设在鞋10的一侧，也可以设在两侧。在利用鞋10倾斜或运动时，通过提供另外的支撑表面，凸缘40可以补充用鞋10所能进行的本体感受锻炼的范围。
可以用任何合适的材料制作凸缘40，如弹性体、金属或多种材料的组合，当然可选材料不限于此，另外凸缘40可以具有部分42，并且部分42具有不同的性质。例如，部分42可以具有不同的弹性或硬度，如具有不同的弹性性质或肖氏硬度。凸缘40的部分42可以具有不同的弯曲轮廓。可以可调节地把凸缘40连接到支撑件12上，从而凸缘40从支撑件12上的伸出量是可调节的。
用户可以把鞋10穿在他/她的脚上，在针对下部的脚、上部的腿、甚至对上部躯干和其它身体部位和器官的本体感受和/或肌肉运动知觉的锻炼计划中可以进行各种运动。例如，在关节的恢复中，可以使用鞋10来复原神经肌肉的控制，恢复神经肌肉系统的机械和功能稳定性，改善或恢复预期(前馈)和反射性(反馈)神经肌肉控制机构，以及恢复和提高平衡能力、姿势的平衡和核心稳定性。
现在参考图5，它示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造并且操作的踏车50。
踏车50可以包括绕着一对彼此分开的滑轮54转动的脚接触运行表面52。运行表面52可以包括一个或多个从运行表面52向上伸出的隆起56。隆起56可以具有类似或不同的结构(如高度、尺寸、形状和/或倾斜度等)。隆起56可以具有固定的尺寸/形状，或者也可以具有可变的尺寸/形状。可变尺寸/形状可以通过由可膨胀元件构造隆起56来实现，可膨胀元件可以是使用空气气动膨胀或使用液体(如水或油)液压膨胀的元件。可以提供控制器58来控制隆起56的膨胀和缩小。隆起56和/或运行表面52可以具有不同或类似的材料性质。例如，它们可以具有不同的或类似的弹性或粘性(在可膨胀的形式下)，并且可以用不同或类似的材料制造。
隆起56可以是可移动的。例如，一个或多个隆起56可以是例如在轨道57中是可移动的(向前、向后、向侧面或沿对角)和/或绕其自身或其它轴线可转动，或者是这些运动的组合。可以提供保护带(未示出)使得用户保持在直立位置并且帮助避免意外摔倒。
现在参考图6，它示出了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的锻炼表面60。锻炼表面60可以包括一个或多个从锻炼表面60的上部(与脚接触的)表面和/或下部(与地接触的)表面向上伸出的隆起62。隆起62可以具有不同或类似的结构(如高度、尺寸、形状和/或倾斜度)。隆起62可以具有固定的尺寸/形状，也可以具有可变的尺寸/形状。可变尺寸/形状可以通过利用可膨胀元件构造隆起62来实现，可膨胀元件可以是使用空气气动膨胀或使用液体(如水或油)液压膨胀的元件。可以提供控制器64来控制隆起62的膨胀和缩小。隆起62可以具有不同或类似的弹性或粘性(在可膨胀的形式下)，并且可以用不同或类似的材料制造。
隆起62可以是可移动的。例如，一个或多个隆起62可以是例如在轨道66中可移动的(向前、向后、向侧面、沿径向或沿对角)和/或绕其自身或其它轴线可转动，或者是这些运动的组合。因此锻炼表面60的用户可以在六个自由度上运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。
现在参考图7，它描述了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的固定锻炼脚踏车70。锻炼脚踏车70可以包括自身具有踏板、车轮和传感器(如速度计、里程表等)的设备，也可以包括一个室内脚踏车训练机，其中用户把脚踏车安装在支架上，从而用户可以踩脚踏车的踏板同时脚踏车保持在原地不动。锻炼脚踏车70可以包括冲震机构72和/或冲震机构76，冲震机构72连接到锻炼脚踏车70的前轴74或后支撑件75，冲震机构76连接到锻炼脚踏车70的座椅78。冲震机构可以振动、摆动、颠簸和做出其它搅乱锻炼脚踏车70的用户平衡的动作(如图7箭头所示)。冲震机构可以在六个自由度上使骑车的人运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。该实施例中的冲震机构可以和本发明其它的实施例一样，包括一个板，锻炼脚踏车70安装在板上，其中该板提供在六个自由度上的冲震动作。
利用骑车过程中的冲震，可以使用锻炼脚踏车70锻炼身体的背、臀、骨盆、踝、膝和其它部位的神经肌肉控制，这可以模拟在颠簸道路上的骑车过程。可以提供控制器77来控制对冲震机构72的操作。
现在参考图8，它描述了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的锻炼脚踏器80。锻炼脚踏器80可以包括一个控制器82，它改变锻炼脚踏器80的踏板84所提供的阻力。控制器82还可以改变踏板84的角度，如图8中箭头所示，产生外翻和倒置。这里的控制器82也可以在六个自由度中使踏板84运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。
现在参考图9，它描述了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的滑雪机90。滑雪机90可以包括一个控制器92，它改变滑雪机90的滑雪台94所提供的阻力。控制器92还可以改变滑雪台94的角度，例如如图9中箭头所示，产生外翻和倒置。这里的控制器92可以在六个自由度中使得滑雪台94运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。
一些锻炼专家已经注意到现有技术的锻炼设备中的几个缺点。例如，固定的锻炼脚踏车只能锻炼相对较少量的肌肉，遍及相当有限的运动范围。越野滑雪装置比固定的脚踏车能够锻炼多一些的肌肉，但是，该装置使得用户的脚基本进行水平的拖曳运动，这会限制所锻炼的一些肌肉的运动范围。爬楼梯装置比固定的脚踏车能够锻炼更多的肌肉，但是，上下运动的有限范围不可能在较大的运动范围内锻炼腿部肌肉。
考虑到这些问题，已经研制出椭圆锻炼机，它模拟自然的行走和跑步条件，并且在较大的运动范围内锻炼大量的肌肉。该机器提供腿部肌肉可变的、柔软协调的椭圆运动。在美国专利5,848,954中描述了现有技术中许多种椭圆锻炼机中的一个例子。
现在参考图10，它描述了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的椭圆锻炼机100。为了方便，示出的椭圆锻炼机100的一些元件与美国专利5,848,954中的一些元件类似，但是值得强调地是本发明不限于该结构。不管怎样，本发明的本体感受特征没有出现在美国专利5,848,954或任何其它现有技术中。
椭圆锻炼机100可以包括一个支架102和可运动地安装在支架102上的连接组件104。连接组件104通常可以相对于支架102运动，其运动方式使得飞轮106的转动与受力件或“滑动装置”108的椭圆运动相连接。支架102可以包括基底110、前面的支柱或直立件112和后面的支柱或直立件114。
应该注意术语“椭圆运动”是在广义上对运动的封闭路径的一种描述，它具有相对较长的第一轴线和相对较短的第二轴线(垂直于第一轴线延伸)。还应该注意在示出的实施例中，关于纵轴存在左右对称，并且“右手”部件相对于“左手”部件异相180°。但是，用类似的参考标号表示椭圆锻炼机100上的“右手”部件和“左手”部件，并且当只参考机器一侧上的一个或多个部件时，应该理解相应的部件放置在机器的相对侧。
前面的支柱112可以从基底110垂直向上延伸并且支撑伸缩管或柱116。一对把手118可以在枢轴119处可转动地安装到柱116上。把手118可以具有握紧部分120。显示装置122可以放置在柱116上。滑动装置108可以在轨道124上滑动。用户可以把他/她的脚放在滑动装置108的脚接触表面126上。
根据本发明的一个实施例，椭圆锻炼机100可以包括一个或多个与轨道124的前支撑件132和/或后支撑件134连接的冲震机构130。冲震机构130可以振动、摆动、颠簸和做出其它搅乱椭圆锻炼机100的用户平衡的动作。冲震机构130可以在六个自由度上使用户运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕三个轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。可以提供控制器136来控制对冲震机构130的操作。
现在参考图11，它描述了根据本发明一个实施例构造和操作的划船机150。划船机150可以包括轨道152，轨道152上可滑动地安装着座椅154。轨道152可以具有后支撑件155。轨道152可以从安装在前面的拉紧滚筒156处延伸，拉紧滚筒156可以安装在前支撑件157上。绳索158可以绕在拉紧滚筒156上。绳索158可以设有把手159。脚凳160可以安装在轨道152上。
用户(未示出)可以坐在座椅154上，把脚放在脚凳160上，抓紧把手159，从拉紧滚筒156向外并且向划船机150的后面拉绳索158。这种运动模拟在小船中的划桨动作。在划船运动中座椅154可以在轨道152上前后滑动。拉紧滚筒156抵抗绳索158上的拉力作用，从而锻炼了划船中使用的肌肉。可以调节拉紧滚筒156的牵力以适合想要的锻炼水平。可以提供控制器162来改变拉紧滚筒156提供的阻力。
根据本发明的一个实施例，划船机150可以包括一个或多个与轨道152的前支撑件157和/或后支撑件155或座椅154连接的冲震机构164。冲震机构164可以振动、摆动、颠簸和做出其它搅乱划船机150的用户平衡的动作。冲震机构164可以在六个自由度上使用户运动(在三个彼此正交的方向(x，y，z)中平动和绕这些轴线的转动(水平转动、垂直转动和滚动))。控制器162可以控制对冲震机构164的操作。
本领域专业人员应该理解本发明不限于上面给出的特殊描述。相反本发明的范围包括上面描述的特征以及本领域专业人员在阅读前述描述后能够做出的但没有出现在现有技术中的改进和变化的组合、子组合。

Claims (7)

1.一种鞋(10)，包括：
一个支撑件(12)，该支撑件(12)具有能够连接到脚上的上表面(14)，其特征在于两个球形隆起(22)，所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起比所述隆起(22)中的另一个隆起位置更靠后，
其中所述隆起(22)沿着纵轴(28)连接到所述支撑件(12)上，所述纵轴(28)从所述支撑件(12)的跟骨支撑部分(23)延伸到所述支撑件(12)的跖骨支撑部分(25)和趾骨支撑部分(27)中的至少一个部分上，
其中所述隆起(22)在所述支撑件(12)的横向中线的相对侧上连接到所述支撑件(12)上，所述横向中线位于所述支撑件(12)的跟骨支撑部分(23)和趾骨支撑部分(27)的中间，并且
其中所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起在所述支撑件(12)的跟骨支撑部分(23)下面连接到所述支撑件(12)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起在所述支撑件(12)的跖骨支撑部分(25)下面固定地连接到所述支撑件(12)上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起在所述支撑件(12)的趾骨支撑部分(27)下面固定地连接到所述支撑件(12)上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的至少一个隆起的横截面具有圆锥截面形状，所述圆锥截面包括圆形、椭圆形、抛物线形或双曲线形中的至少一种形状。
5.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起的外部轮廓的形状与另一个隆起(22)的外部轮廓不同。
6.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的至少一个隆起(22)滑动地安装在所述支撑件(12)上。
7.根据权利要求1所述的鞋(10)，其中所述隆起(22)中的一个隆起比另一个隆起(22)更有弹性。
CNB03819774XA 2002-08-19 2003-08-12 本体感受/肌肉运动知觉的设备 Expired - Lifetime CN100467006C (zh)

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