CN101351560A - B细胞增殖剂用于产生抗体的用途 - Google Patents
B细胞增殖剂用于产生抗体的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种有效地产生抗体的方法是用靶标抗原和B细胞增殖剂如抗CD40激动剂来免疫动物。这个方法产生的抗体可在多种疾病和病症中用作治疗药物、诊断药物或研究试剂。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及抗体的产生。更具体的说,本发明涉及产生和增强抗体应答的方法,和从这种方法产生的对至少一种蛋白质或其片段具有特异性的抗体,包括抗体的指定部分或变体,以及抗独特型抗体,还涉及编码抗体的核酸、互补核酸、载体、宿主细胞和它们的制备和使用方法,包括治疗制剂、给药和装置。
发明背景
单克隆抗体(mAbs)作为治疗试剂的使用已成为治疗各种疾病的有效方法。另外,mAbs可代表着增进对各种疾病的免疫发病机制的更好了解的强大工具。
标准的产生mAbs的方法包括将骨髓瘤细胞与从被免疫BALB/c小鼠收获的淋巴结细胞或脾细胞进行融合(and Milstein,Nature256,495-497(1975);and Milstein,Eur.J.Immunol.6,511-519(1976))。BALB/c小鼠代表着用以产生mAbs的特选宿主,因为它们容易获得,且当用外来的T依赖性抗原进行敏化时,这些小鼠中的免疫应答以所产生的T细胞衍生细胞因子偏向于Th2样表型为特征(Reiner and Locksley,Ann.Rev.Immunol.13,151-177(1995)综述)。这一Th2样应答伴随着高水平抗原特异性IgG1抗体的产生(Finkelman et al.,Ann.Rev.Immunol.8,303-333(1990)),这与抗原特异性B细胞克隆的频率的增加和B细胞融合后杂合体的数量的增加相关联。
用Kohler和Milstein的方法产生mAb,要依赖于复杂生物过程的成功加上收获目的抗原特异性B细胞并使之无限增殖化的体外技术的成功。尽管如此,一些抗原在BALB/c小鼠中只产生低的或不可检测的抗体滴度,这使得难以或不可能在B细胞融合后产生杂合体。因此,为了对使用从偏向Th2的小鼠收获的B细胞进行的抗原特异性mAbs产生做出改进,需要增加抗原特异性B细胞克隆的频率。
此外,环境因素如应激会影响适当的体液应答的产生。在与抗原接触时经受应激的动物,因为皮质类固醇结合淋巴细胞表面造成的直接下调作用或者因为抑制因子的激活,其产生的抗原应答减低(Borysenko and Borysenko,Gen Hosp Psychiatry 4:59-67,1982;Grossand Siegel,J Anim Sci,66:2091-2094,1988)。
CD40这种细胞表面受体在所有成熟B细胞的表面上、在大多数成熟B细胞恶性肿瘤和一些早期B细胞急性淋巴细胞性白血病中表达,但不在浆细胞上表达(Clark,Tissue Antigens 35:33-36(1990))。它还在单核细胞、树突细胞、内皮细胞和上皮细胞上表达(van Kooten andBanchereau,J.Leuko.Biol.67:2-17(2000))。
已发现CD40能介导很多种免疫和炎症应答(Schonbeck and Libby,Cell Molec.Life Sci.58:4-43(2001))。CD40配体(也称CD154)主要见于T细胞上(Gauchat et al.,FEBS Lett.315:259-266(1993))。CD40配体对B细胞上的CD40的激活会造成B细胞增殖、分化、免疫球蛋白同种型转换、生发中心形成和体液记忆应答的刺激(Kawabe et al.,Immunity 1:167-178(1994);Castigli et al.,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 91:12135-12139(1994))。
抗CD40单克隆抗体对CD40的交联会介导B细胞增殖、黏着和分化(DiSanto et al.,Nature 361:541-543(1993);Hollenbaugh et al.,EMBO J.11:4313-4321(1992))。已用抗CD40激动剂抗体来激活和扩增人静息B淋巴细胞。这已导致可供产生人杂交瘤或B细胞克隆的细胞数的增加(Niedbala and Stott,Hybridoma,17:299-304(1998);Lagerkvist et al.,Biotechniques,18:862-869(1995))。另外,抗CD40抗体与IL-4组合能诱导扁桃体B淋巴细胞的同型黏着、增殖和向Ig生成细胞的分化(Bjorck et al.,1998)。
因此,存在着对改进的抗体产生方法的需求,该法是能增加抗原特异性B细胞克隆在啮齿动物如BALB/c小鼠中的频率。
发明概述
本发明提供产生抗体的方法,所述方法包括用B细胞增殖剂随同靶标抗原一起免疫能够产生抗体的动物。靶标抗原可以是T细胞依赖性抗原或T细胞非依赖性抗原。
在本发明的一个方面,B细胞增殖剂是CD40激动剂,CD40激动剂如抗CD40抗体激动剂或抗CD40抗体的一部分的使用能增加例如被免疫啮齿动物中的抗原特异性B细胞的数量。用于本发明的B细胞增殖剂还可以是BAFF(BLyS)、IL-6、APRIL、CD40L(CD154)和抗IgM/IL4共刺激。
本发明的B细胞增殖剂可以随同用于靶向和/或用于B细胞分化的第二剂一起使用。示例性的靶向剂是CD21。示例性的B细胞分化剂是未折叠蛋白应答(UPR)途径组分和各种B细胞特异性转录因子。
在本发明的方法中,B细胞增殖剂可以以蛋白质形式、以编码B细胞增殖剂的DNA的形式或者以这两种形式的组合进行给药。另外,可将B细胞增殖剂(蛋白质或DNA形式)偶联到小分子或者与随同小分子一起给药。例如,B细胞增殖剂能靶向B细胞表面,而小分子能增强抗体应答。
在本发明的另一个方面,在用抗原和B细胞增殖剂免疫啮齿动物后,将抗原特异性抗体分离。抗体生成细胞可从已用目的抗原和B细胞增殖剂免疫的人或其它合适动物(例如啮齿动物)的外周血或者优选脾脏或淋巴结获得。任何其它合适的宿主细胞也可用来表达编码本发明的抗体及其指定片段或变体的异源或内源核酸。融合细胞(杂交瘤)或重组细胞可用选择性培养条件或其它合适的公知方法进行分离,并通过有限稀释或细胞分选或者其它公知的方法进行克隆。能生产具有所需特异性的抗体的细胞可通过合适的测定法(例如ELISA)来选出。
本发明还包括已用B细胞增殖剂产生的分离哺乳动物(包括但不限于人)抗体、免疫球蛋白、其片段、切割产物和其它指定部分和变体,以及抗体组合物、抗独特型抗体、编码核酸或互补核酸、载体、宿主、组合物(composition)、组合(combination)、制剂、装置、转基因动物、转基因植物及制备和使用它们的方法。
本发明还提供至少一种包含(a)编码用B细胞增殖剂产生的分离抗体和/或本文所述抗体的核酸和(b)合适的和/或药物可接受的载体或稀释剂的组合物。
本发明还提供至少一种用B细胞增殖剂组合物产生的抗体,或给予治疗有效量的该组合物来调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种疾病或病症的方法,和/或在相关病症之前、之后或过程中,这是本领域公知的和/或在本文中有描述。
本发明还提供至少一种组合物、装置和/或用以递送治疗或预防有效量的至少一种根据本发明用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体的方法。
本发明还提供至少一种用B细胞增殖剂组合物产生的抗体,或诊断细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种疾病或病症的方法,和/或在相关病症之前、之后或过程中,这是本领域公知的和/或在本文中有描述。
本发明还提供至少一种组合物、装置和/或根据本发明用以诊断至少一种疾病或病症的方法。
本发明还提供包含至少一种用B细胞增殖剂产生的分离抗体的医疗装置,其中所述装置适用于接触或给予所述至少一种用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体、抗独特型抗体、核酸分子、化合物、蛋白质和/或组合物。
本发明还提供用于人类药物或诊断用途的制造品,所述制造品包括包装材料和容器,该容器装有溶液或冻干形式的至少一种用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体。该制造品可任选将该容器作为递送装置或系统的组件。
本发明还提供本文描述的任何发明。
发明详述
本说明书中引述的所有出版物(包括但不限于专利和专利申请)通过引用结合到本文中,使得它们如同被完整地呈现。
本文和权利要求书中所用的术语“抗体”指多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体或抗独特型抗体或者它们的片段,包括但不限于任何包含免疫球蛋白分子的至少一部分的含蛋白质或肽的分子,所述免疫球蛋白分子的至少一部分如但不限于重链或轻链或其配体结合部分的至少一个互补决定区(CDR)、重链或轻链可变区、重链或轻链恒定区、构架区,或者它们的任何部分(例如但不限于单链抗体、单结构域抗体、模拟抗体、微型抗体等),或者可掺入到本发明抗体中的受体或结合蛋白的至少一个部分。这种抗体任选还能影响特定的配体,如但不限于这种抗体能在体外、原文和/或体内调节、减少、增加、拮抗、激动、缓和、减轻、阻断、抑制、废除和/或干扰至少一种活性或结合,或者干扰受体活性或结合。作为一个非限制性实例,本发明的用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体及其指定部分或变体能结合至少一个靶标抗原或其指定部分、变体或结构域。用B细胞增殖剂产生的合适抗体及其指定部分或变体还能任选影响至少一种诸如以下但不限于以下的活性或功能:RNA、DNA或蛋白质合成、释放、受体信号转导、膜切割、活性、产生和/或合成。
术语“抗体”还意在涵盖这样的抗体及其消化片段、指定部分和变体,它们包括抗体模拟物或者包含模拟某抗体或其指定片段或部分(包括单链抗体或其片段)的结构和/或功能的抗体的部分。功能片段包括能结合哺乳动物蛋白质的抗原结合片段。例如,本发明涵盖能够结合蛋白质或其部分的抗体片段,包括但不限于Fab片段(例如通过木瓜蛋白酶消化)、Fab′片段(例如通过胃蛋白酶消化和部分还原)和F(ab’)2片段(例如通过胃蛋白酶消化)、facb片段(例如通过纤溶酶消化)、pFc’片段(例如通过胃蛋白酶或纤溶酶消化)、Fd片段(例如通过胃蛋白酶消化、部分还原和再聚集)、Fv或scFv片段(例如通过分子生物学技术)(参见例如Colligan,Immunology,出处同上)。
这种片段可通过酶促切割、合成技术或重组技术来生产,这是本领域公知的和/或在本文中有描述。还可使用在天然终止位点的上游引入了一个或多个终止密码子的抗体基因,生产出多种截短形式的抗体。例如,可将编码F(ab′)2重链部分的组合基因设计成包括编码重链的CH1结构域和/或铰链区的DNA序列。抗体的各个部分可通过常规技术化学法连接在一起,或者可用遗传工程技术制备成相连的蛋白质。
本文所用的术语“人抗体”意在包括具有衍自或严密匹配人种系免疫球蛋白序列的可变区和恒定区的抗体。本发明的人抗体可包括人种系免疫球蛋白序列所没有编码的氨基酸残基(例如在体外通过随机诱变或位点特异性诱变引入的突变或者在体内通过体细胞突变引入的突变)。因此,本文所用的术语“人抗体”指这样的抗体,其基本上每个蛋白质部分(例如CDR、构架、CL结构域、CH结构域(例如CH1、CH2、CH3)、铰链、(VL、VH))都基本上与人种系抗体相似。根据其氨基酸序列相似性,已将人抗体分成几个类别,参见例如http://people.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg07s/。因此,使用序列相似性搜索,可选出具有相似的线性序列的抗体作为模板来产生“人源化抗体”。
“人源化”(也称重构或CDR移植)现在已是一种确立的技术,用以减少来自异种来源(通常为啮齿动物)的单克隆抗体(mAbs)的免疫原性和用以改进效应子功能(ADCC、补体激活、Clq结合)。基因工程mAb是用分子生物学的技术来工程化构建的,但是,啮齿动物互补决定区(CDRs)向人构架中的简单CDR移植往往会导致原始mAb的结合亲和力和/或特异性的损失。为了将抗体人源化,人源化抗体的设计包括诸如以下的变异:CDR的残基中的保守氨基酸置换,和来自啮齿动物mAb的残基向人构架区中的回复置换(回复突变)。各位置可通过结构分析用序列比较或者通过对可变区3D结构的同源性模型的分析进行辨别或鉴定。亲和力成熟方法最近已使用噬菌体文库来改变选定位置的氨基酸。同样,已使用许多方法来选择最适于移植啮齿动物CDR的人构架。随着抗体结构的已知参数的数据集的增加,这些技术的复杂性和精确性也增加。可以使用来自单一抗体的共有或种系序列,或者来自几种不同人mAbs的每个轻链或重链可变区当中的构架序列的片段的共有或种系序列。另一种人源化方法是用人mAbs中最常见的残基来只修饰啮齿动物序列的表面残基,这种方法被称为“表面重塑(resurfacing)”或“镶饰(veneering)”。已知的人Ig序列在例如以下网站和文献中公开:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi;www.ncbi.nih.gov/igblast;www.atcc.org/phage/hdb.html;www.kabatdatabase.com/top.html;www.antibodyresource.com/onlinecomp.html;www.appliedbiosystems.com;www.biodesign.com;antibody.bath.ac.uk;www.unizh.ch;www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg07s;Kabat et al.,Sequences of Proteins ofImmunological Interest,U.S.Dept.Health(1983),它们每一个通过引用完整结合到本文中。通常,人或人源化抗体在人体中基本上是非免疫原性的。
同样,冠以灵长类动物(猴、狒狒、黑猩猩等)、啮齿动物(小鼠、大鼠、兔、豚鼠、仓鼠等)和其它哺乳动物的抗体,是指这些种、亚属、属、亚科和科特异性抗体。此外,嵌合抗体可包括上述的任何组合。相对于非修饰抗体,这种变化或变异任选和优选能保持或减少在人或其它物种中的免疫原性。因此,人抗体不同于嵌合抗体或人源化抗体。
要指出的是,人抗体可由能够表达功能重排的人免疫球蛋白(例如重链或轻链)基因的非人动物细胞或原核细胞或真核细胞来生产。此外,当人抗体是单链或单结构域抗体时,它可包含在天然人抗体中不存在的接头肽。例如,Fv可包含接头肽,如两个至约八个甘氨酸或其它氨基酸残基,该接头肽能连接重链的可变区和轻链的可变区。这种接头肽被认为来源于人。
本文和权利要求书中所用的术语“抗原”意指任何具有直接或间接产生抗体的能力的分子。蛋白质编码核酸被包括在“抗原”定义中。
本发明提供在啮齿动物中产生抗体的方法。具体的说,所述方法可用于在具有BALB/c背景的啮齿动物如小鼠中产生抗体。
本发明抗体-生产(Production)和产生(Generation)
至少一种用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体可任选通过细胞系、混合细胞系、无限增殖化细胞或无限增殖化细胞的克隆群体来生产,这是本领域公知的。参见例如Ausubel,et al.,ed.,Current Protocols inMolecular Biology,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,NY,NY(1987-2001);Sambrook,et al.,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,2nd Edition,Cold Spring Harbor,NY(1989);Harlow and Lane,Antibodies,aLaboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor,NY(1989);Colligan,et al.,eds.,Current Protocols in Immunology,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,NY(1994-2001);Colligan et al.,Current Protocols in Protein Science,JohnWiley & Sons,NY,NY,(1997-2001)。
用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体或其片段可针对适当的免疫原性抗原和/或其部分(包括合成分子如合成肽)而产生。也可同样产生其它特异性的或一般性的抗体,包括但不限于哺乳动物抗体。免疫原性抗原的制备及单克隆抗体生产可用任何合适的技术来进行。
在一个方法中,杂交瘤是通过将合适的无限增殖细胞系与抗体生成细胞进行融合来生产,所述无限增殖细胞系例如骨髓瘤细胞系如但不限于Sp2/0、Sp2/0-AG14、NSO、NS1、NS2、AE-1、L.5、L243、P3X63Ag8.653、Sp2SA3、Sp2MAI、Sp2SS1、Sp2SA5、U937、MLA144、ACT IV、MOLT4、DA-1、JURKAT、WEHI、K-562、COS、RAJI、NIH 3T3、HL-60、MLA 144、NAMALWA、NEURO 2A等,或者异骨髓瘤(heteromylomas),其融合产物,或者从中衍生的任何细胞或融合细胞,或者任何其它本领域公知的合适细胞系(参见例如www.atcc.org,www.lifetech.com等),所述抗体生成细胞如但不限于分离的或克隆的脾脏细胞、外周血细胞、淋巴细胞、扁桃体细胞或者其它免疫细胞或含B细胞的细胞,或者任何其它的能表达重链或轻链恒定序列或可变序列或构架序列或CDR序列的细胞,这些序列是作为内源或异源核酸,作为重组或内源的病毒的、细菌的、藻类的、原核生物的、两栖动物的、昆虫的、爬行动物的、鱼类的、哺乳动物的、啮齿动物的、马科动物的、牛科动物的、绵羊科动物的、山羊的、绵羊的、灵长类动物的、真核生物的、基因组的DNA、cDNA、rDNA、线粒体DNA或RNA、叶绿体DNA或RNA、hnRNA、mRNA、tRNA、单链的、双链的或三链的、杂交的等等或者它们的任何组合。参见例如Ausubel,出处同上和Colligan,Immunology,出处同上,第2章,它们通过引用完整结合到本文中。
抗体生成细胞还可从已用目的抗原免疫的人或其它合适的动物(例如小鼠、大鼠和其它哺乳动物)的外周血或者优选脾脏或淋巴结获得。任何其它合适的宿主细胞也可用于表达编码本发明抗体及其指定片段或变体的异源或内源核酸。融合细胞(杂交瘤)或重组细胞可用选择性培养条件或其它合适的公知方法进行分离,并通过有限稀释或细胞分选或者其它公知的方法进行克隆。能生产具有所需特异性的抗体的细胞可通过合适的测定法(例如ELISA)来选出。
还可使用用以将非人或人抗体工程化或人源化的方法,这些方法是本领域公知的。待人源化或工程化的抗体起初可具有一个或多个来自非人来源的氨基酸残基,所述非人来源例如但不限于小鼠、大鼠、兔、非人灵长类动物或其它哺乳动物。这些非人氨基酸残基可被常称为“输入(import)”残基的残基替代,这些“输入”残基通常取自已知人序列的“输入”可变结构域、恒定结构域或其它结构域。
已知的人Ig序列公开于例如以下网站和文献中:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi;www.ncbi.nih.gov/igblast;
www.atcc.org/phage/hdb.html;
www.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk/ALIGNMENTS.php;
www.kabatdatabase.com/top.html;ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/repository/kabat;
www.sciquest.com;www.abcam.com;
www.antibodyresource.com/onlinecomp.html;
www.public.iastate.edu/~pedro/research_tools.html;
www.whfreeman.com/immunology/CH05/kuby05.htm;
www.hhmi.org/grants/lectures/1996/vlab;
www.path.cam.ac.uk/~mrc7/mikeimages.html;
mcb.harvard.edu/BioLinks/Immunology.html;
www.immunologylink.com;pathbox.wustl.edu/~hcenter/index.html;
www.appliedbiosystems.com;www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/antibody;
www.m.ehime-u.ac.jp/~yasuhito/Elisa.html;www.biodesign.com;
www.cancerresearchuk.org;www.biotech.ufl.edu;www.isac-net.org;
baserv.uci.kun.nl/~jraats/links1.html;
www.recab.uni-hd.de/immuno.bme.nwu.edu;www.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk;
www.ibt.unam.mx/vir/V_mice.html;http://www.bioinf.org.uk/abs;
antibody.bath.ac.uk;www.unizh.ch;www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg07s;
www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/CC/ccaewg/ccaewg.html;
www.path.cam.ac.uk/~mrc7/humanisation/TAHHP.html;
www.ibt.unam.mx/vir/structure/stat_aim.html;
www.biosci.missouri.edu/smithgp/index.html;www.jerini.de;Kabat et al.,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,U.S.Dept.Health(1983),它们每一个通过引用完整结合到本文中。
这种输入的序列可用来减少免疫原性或者减少、增强或修饰结合性、亲和力(affinity)、开速度(on-rate)、闭速度(off-rate)、亲合力(avidity)、特异性、半寿期或任何其它合适的特性,这是本领域公知的。一般来说,CDR残基直接地和最充分地参与到影响抗原结合。因此,将非人或人CDR序列的一部分或全部加以保持,而将可变区和恒定区的非人序列用人氨基酸或其它氨基酸来替代。
还可任选对抗体进行人源化或工程化,或者对人抗体进行工程化,同时保持对抗原的高亲和力和其它有利的生物特性。为实现这个目标,可任选通过这样来制备人源化(或人)抗体:使用亲本序列、工程化序列和人源化序列的三维模型,进行亲本序列和各种概念性的人源化和工程化产物的分析程序。三维免疫球蛋白模型是本领域技术人员通常能够得到的和熟悉的。有计算机程序可用来说明和展示选定的候选免疫球蛋白序列的可能三维构象结构。检查这些展示结果就可以分析出各残基在候选免疫球蛋白序列的功能运行中的可能角色,即分析出会影响候选免疫球蛋白结合其抗原的能力的残基。这样,可从共有序列和输入序列选出构架(FR)残基并加以组合,使得所需的抗体特性如对靶标抗原的亲和力的提高得以实现。
另外,用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体可包含人种系轻链构架。在具体的实施方案中,轻链种系序列选自人VK序列,包括但不限于A1、A10、A11、A14、A17、A18、A19、A2、A20、A23、A26、A27、A3、A30、A5、A7、B2、B3、L1、L10、L11、L12、L14、L15、L16、L18、L19、L2、L20、L22、L23、L24、L25、L4/18a、L5、L6、L8、L9、O1、O11、O12、O14、O18、O2、O4和O8。在某些实施方案中,这一轻链人种系构架选自V1-11、V1-13、V1-16、V1-17、V1-18、V1-19、V1-2、V1-20、V1-22、V1-3、V1-4、V1-5、V1-7、V1-9、V2-1、V2-11、V2-13、V2-14、V2-15、V2-17、V2-19、V2-6、V2-7、V2-8、V3-2、V3-3、V3-4、V4-1、V4-2、V4-3、V4-4、V4-6、V5-1、V5-2、V5-4和V5-6。有关不同的种系序列的描述参见PCT WO 2005/005604。
在其它实施方案中,用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体可包含人种系重链构架。在具体的实施方案中,这一重链人种系构架选自VH1-18、VH1-2、VH1-24、VH1-3、VH1-45、VH1-46、VH1-58、VH1-69、VH1-8、VH2-26、VH2-5、VH2-70、VH3-11、VH3-13、VH3-15、VH3-16、VH3-20、VH3-21、VH3-23、VH3-30、VH3-33、VH3-35、VH3-38、VH3-43、VH3-48、VH3-49、VH3-53、VH3-64、VH3-66、VH3-7、VH3-72、VH3-73、VH3-74、VH3-9、VH4-28、VH4-31、VH4-34、VH4-39、VH4-4、VH4-59、VH4-61、VH5-51、VH6-1和VH7-81。有关不同的种系序列的描述参见PCT WO 2005/005604。
在具体的实施方案中,轻链可变区和/或重链可变区包含构架区或构架区的至少一部分(例如含有2个或3个亚区域,如FR2和FR3)。在某些实施方案中,至少FRL1、FRL2、FRL3或FRL4完全是人的。在其它实施方案中,至少FRH1、FRH2、FRH3或FRH4完全是人的。在一些实施方案中,至少FRL1、FRL2、FRL3或FRL4是种系序列(例如人种系)或者包含特定构架的人共有序列(可容易地在上述的已知人Ig序列的来源获得)。在其它实施方案中,至少FRH1、FRH2、FRH3或FRH4是种系序列(例如人种系)或者包含特定构架的人共有序列。在优选的实施方案中,构架区是人构架区。
本发明抗体的人源化或工程化可用任何已知的方法来进行,如但不限于以下文献中所述的方法:Winter(Jones et al.,Nature 321:522(1986);Riechmann et al.,Nature 332:323(1988);Verhoeyen et al.,Science 239:1534(1988)),Sims et al.,J.Immunol.151:2296(1993);Chothia and Lesk,J.Mol.Biol.196:901(1987);Carter et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.89:4285(1992);Presta et al.,J.Immunol.151:2623(1993);美国专利5723323、5976862、5824514、5817483、5814476、5763192、5723323、5,766886、5714352、6204023、6180370、5693762、5530101、5585089、5225539、4816567;PCT/:US98/16280、US96/18978、US91/09630、US91/05939、US94/01234、GB89/01334、GB91/01134、GB92/01755;WO90/14443、WO90/14424、WO90/14430、EP 229246,每个文献通过引用完整结合到本文中,包括其中引述的参考文献。
在某些实施方案中,抗体包含改变的(例如突变的)Fc区。例如,在一些实施方案中,已将Fc区改变以降低或增强抗体的效应子功能。在一些实施方案中,Fc区是选自IgM、IgA、IgG、IgE的同种型或其它同种型。
或者或另外地,将氨基酸修饰与一个或多个能改变用B细胞增殖剂产生的抗体或类似的结合多肽的Fc区的Clq结合和/或补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)功能的进一步氨基酸修饰进行组合,可能是有用的。特别值得一提的结合多肽可能是能结合Clq且显示补体依赖性细胞毒性的结合多肽。可对具有预先存在的Clq结合活性、任选还具有介导CDC的能力的多肽进行修饰,使得这些活性中的一种或多种得到增强。能改变Clq和/或修饰其补体依赖性细胞毒性功能的氨基酸修饰,在例如WO/0042072中有描述,该专利通过引用结合到本文中。
如前文所公开,可例如通过修饰Clq结合和/或FcγR结合从而改变CDC活性和/或ADCC活性,给本发明抗体的Fc区提供改变的效应子功能。“效应子功能”负责激活或减弱生物活性(例如在受试者中)。效应子功能的实例包括但不限于:Clq结合;补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC);Fc受体结合;抗体依赖性细胞介导细胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;细胞表面受体(例如B细胞受体(BCR))的下调等。这种效应子功能可能要求Fc区与结合域(例如抗体可变结构域)进行组合,可用多种测定法(例如Fc结合测定、ADCC测定、CDC测定等)进行评估。
例如,可以产生出具有改进的Clq结合和改进的FcγRIII结合(例如同时具有改进的ADCC活性和改进的CDC活性)的抗体的变异Fc区。或者,如果需要减少或消除效应子功能,可工程化产生出具有减少的CDC活性和/或减少的ADCC活性的变异Fc区。在其它实施方案中,这些活性中只有一种活性可被增加,并任选另一活性还被减少(例如以产生出具有改进的ADCC活性但具有减少的CDC活性的Fc区变体,反之亦然)。
还可引入或工程化产生Fc突变,以改变它们与新生Fc受体(FcRn)的相互作用和改进它们的药代动力学特性。已有一批具有改进的FcRn结合性的人Fc变体得到了描述(Shields et al.,(2001).。
另一类氨基酸置换用于改变抗体的Fc区的糖基化模式。Fc区的糖基化通常是N-连接的或O-连接的。N-连接是指碳水化合物部分(moiety)连接到天冬酰胺残基的侧链。O-连接糖基化是指N-乙酰半乳糖胺、半乳糖或木糖这些糖中的一个连接到羟基氨基酸,所述氨基酸最通常是丝氨酸或苏氨酸,不过5-羟脯氨酸或5-羟赖氨酸也可使用。碳水化合物部分与天冬酰胺侧链肽序列的酶促连接用的识别序列是天冬酰胺-X-丝氨酸和天冬酰胺-X-苏氨酸,其中X是除脯氨酸之外的任何氨基酸。因此,这些肽序列中的任何一个在多肽中的存在会产生潜在的糖基化位点。
糖基化模式可例如通过删除一个或多个在多肽中存在的糖基化位点和/或通过加入一个或多个在多肽中不存在的糖基化位点来改变。糖基化位点向抗体的Fc区的加入,可便利地通过改变氨基酸序列以使它含有一个或多个上述三肽序列来实现(对于N-连接糖基化位点)。示例性的糖基化变体在重链的残基Asn 297发生氨基酸置换。也可通过向原始多肽的序列加入或置换上一个或多个丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基来作出改变(对于O-连接糖基化位点)。另外,将Asn 297变成Ala能除去糖基化位点中的一个。
在某些实施方案中,本发明的抗体在能表达β-(1,4)-N-乙酰葡糖胺转移酶III(GnT III)的细胞中进行表达,从而GnT III将GlcNAc加到该抗体。以这种方式生产抗体的方法在以下专利和文献中有提供:WO/9954342、WO/03011878、专利公开说明书20030003097A1和Umana et al.,Nature Biotechnology,17:176-180,Feb.1999。抗体可任选通过免疫能够生产人抗体库的转基因动物(例如小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠、非人灵长类动物等)来产生,这在本文中有描述和/或是本领域公知的。能生产抗体的细胞可从这种动物进行分离,并用合适的方法如本文描述的方法无限增殖化。
能生产可结合人抗原的人抗体库的转基因小鼠,可通过公知的方法来产生(例如但不限于Lonberg et al.美国专利5,770,428、5,569,825、5,545,806、5,625,126、5,625,825、5,633,425、5,661,016和5,789,650;Jakobovits et al.WO 98/50433、Jakobovits et al.WO98/24893、Lonberg et al.WO 98/24884、Lonberg et al.WO 97/13852、Lonberg et al.WO 94/25585、Kucherlapate et al.WO 96/34096、Kucherlapate et al.EP 0463 151 B1、Kucherlapate et al.EP 0710 719 A1、Surani et al.美国专利5,545,807、Bruggemann et al.WO 90/04036、Bruggemann et al.EP 0438 474 B1、Lonberg et al.EP 0814 259 A2、Lonberg et al.GB 2 272 440A、Lonberg et al.Nature 368:856-859(1994)、Taylor et al.,Int.Immunol.6(4)579-591(1994)、Green et al.Nature Genetics 7:13-21(1994)、Mendez et al.,Nature Genetics15:146-156(1997)、Taylor et al.,Nucleic Acids Research20(23):6287-6295(1992)、Tuaillon et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA90(8)3720-3724(1993)、Lonberg et al.,Int Rev Immunol 13(1):65-93(1995)和Fishwald et al.,Nat Biotechnol 14(7):845-851(1996),这些专利和文献每一个都通过引用整体结合到本文中)。通常,这些小鼠包含至少一个转基因,该转基因包含来自至少一个发生了功能重排或能发生功能重排的人免疫球蛋白基因组的DNA。可将这种小鼠中的内源免疫球蛋白基因组破坏或删除,以消除该动物生产内源基因所编码的抗体的能力。
筛选抗体以找出对类似的蛋白质或片段的特异性结合,这可便利地用肽展示文库来实现。这种方法涉及到在大批的肽中进行筛选以找出具有所需功能或结构的个体成员。肽展示文库的抗体筛选是本领域公知的。展示的肽序列长度可为3-5000个或更多个氨基酸,经常是长5-100个氨基酸,往往是长约8-25个氨基酸。除了用于产生肽文库的直接化学合成方法外,还有几种重组DNA方法得到描述。一种类型的方法涉及到在噬菌体或细胞的表面上展示肽序列。每个噬菌体或细胞含有编码特定的展示肽序列的核苷酸序列。这种方法描述于PCT专利公开说明书91/17271、91/18980、91/19818和93/08278。
其它用以产生肽文库的系统同时具有体外化学合成方法和重组方法两方面。参见PCT专利公开说明书92/05258、92/14843和96/19256。另参见美国专利5,658,754和5,643,768。肽展示文库、载体和筛选试剂盒可从例如Invitrogen(Carlsbad,CA)和Cambridge AntibodyTechnologies(Cambridgeshire,UK)的供应商市售获得。参见例如美国专利4704692、4939666、4946778、5260203、5455030、5518889、5534621、5656730、5763733、5767260、5856456(以上专利转让给了Enzon);5223409、5403484、5571698、5837500(以上专利转让给了Dyax);5427908、5580717(以上专利转让给了Affymax);5885793(该专利转让给了Cambridge Antibody Technologies);5750373(该专利转让给了Genentech);5618920、5595898、5576195、5698435、5693493、5698417(以上专利转让给了Xoma);Colligan,出处同上;Ausubel,出处同上;或Sambrook,出处同上。
本发明的抗体还可通过使用至少一种抗体编码核酸提供出能在其乳汁中生产这种抗体的转基因动物或哺乳动物(如山羊、牛、马、绵羊、兔等)来进行制备。这种动物可用已知的方法来提供。参见例如但不限于US Patent Nos.5,827,690、5,849,992、4,873,316、5,849,992、5,994,616、5,565,362、5,304,489等,每一个这些专利通过引用整体结合到本文中。
本发明的抗体另外可通过使用至少一种抗体编码核酸提供出能生产这种抗体及其指定部分或变体的转基因植物和培养植物细胞(例如但不限于烟草和玉米,在各植物部分或在从中培养的细胞中生产)来进行制备。作为非限制性实例,表达重组蛋白质的转基因烟叶已被成功地用来提供大量的重组蛋白质(例如通过使用可诱导启动子)。参见例如Cramer et al.,Curr.Top.Microbol.Immunol.240:95-118(1999)及其中引述的参考文献。同样,转基因玉米已被用来以商业生产规模表达哺乳动物蛋白质,该蛋白质的生物活性与在其它重组系统中生产或从天然来源纯化得到的蛋白质相当。参见例如Hood et al.,Adv.Exp.Med.Biol.464:127-147(1999)及其中引述的参考文献。还已从转基因植物种子,包括烟草种子和马铃薯块茎,大量地生产出抗体,包括抗体片段如单链抗体(scFv’s)。参见例如Conrad et al.,Plant Mol.Biol.38:101-109(1998)及其中引述的参考文献。因此,本发明的抗体还可用转基因植物按照已知的方法进行生产。另参见例如Fischer et al.,Biotechnol.Appl.Biochem.30:99-108(Oct.,1999);Ma et al.,TrendsBiotechnol.13:522-7(1995);Ma et al.,Plant Physiol.109:341-6(1995);Whitelam et al.,Biochem.Soc.Trans.22:940-944(1994);及其中引述的参考文献。
本发明的抗体能以较宽范围的亲和力(KD)结合靶标多亚单位蛋白质。在一个优选的实施方案中,至少一个本发明mAb能任选以高亲和力结合靶标多亚单位蛋白质。例如,人mAb或其它mAb能以等于或小于约10-7M,如但不限于0.1-9.9(或其中的任何范围或数值)X 10-7、10-8、10-9、10-10、10-11、10-12、10-13、10-14、10-15或其中的任何范围或数值的KD结合靶标多亚单位蛋白质,所述KD是通过本领域技术人员所惯用的表面等离振子共振或Kinexa方法来测定的。
抗体对抗原的亲和力或亲合力可用任何合适的方法进行实验测定。(参见例如Berzofsky,et al.,“Antibody-Antigen Interactions,”Fundamental Immunology,Paul,W.E.,Ed.,Raven Press:New York,NY(1984);Kuby,Janis Immunology,W.H.Freeman and Company:NewYork,NY(1992);和本文描述的方法)。如果在不同的条件下(例如盐浓度、pH)进行测量,所测得的特定抗体-抗原相互作用的亲和力可能会不同。因此,亲和力和其它抗原结合参数(例如KD、Kon、Koff)的测量优选用抗体和抗原的标准化溶液及标准化缓冲液(如本文描述的缓冲液)来进行。
B细胞增殖剂
在本发明的一个实施方案中,在免疫和强化免疫后增殖B细胞数量,能增强对在哺乳动物中产生的抗体滴度低的抗原的免疫应答。在一个涉及啮齿动物的具体实施方案中,本发明的这一方法可用于产生抗原特异性IgG mAb。本发明方法所产生的抗体可用作治疗剂、诊断剂或研究试剂。
在本发明的这个实施方案中,啮齿动物用抗原通过本领域技术人员公知的技术进行免疫。抗原可以是蛋白质或核酸和T细胞依赖性抗原或T细胞非依赖性抗原(包括脂质和碳水化合物)。T细胞非依赖性抗原包括细菌多糖、聚合蛋白质和脂多糖(LPS),能在直接T细胞辅助功能不存在下直接地刺激幼稚B细胞产生强抗体应答(通常为IgM)。在必要的强化免疫后将B细胞增殖剂给予啮齿动物,以在偏向Th2的宿主中产生更高频率的抗原特异性B细胞克隆。
可用于本发明方法的B细胞增殖剂是能增加例如被免疫啮齿动物中的抗原特异性B细胞的数量的抗CD-40激动剂,如抗CD-40抗体激动剂或抗CD-40抗体的一部分。用于本发明的B细胞增殖剂还可以是BAFF(BLyS)、IL-6、APRIL、CD40L(CD154)和抗IgM/IL4共刺激。B细胞增殖剂可以与能用作靶向剂(部分)和/或B细胞分化剂的第二剂一起使用。CD21可用作靶向剂。
此外,未折叠蛋白应答(UPR)途径组分可用作B细胞分化剂随同本发明B细胞增殖剂一起使用。已证明UPR途径对于驱动B细胞分化为成浆细胞/浆细胞是至关重要的。通过在免疫策略过程中将B细胞增殖剂与对B细胞分化的更具特异性的UPR靶向进行结合,抗原特异性成浆细胞在融合前的数量可显著得到增加。UPR包括BiP、XBP、CHOP、IRE1、PERK、ATF4、ATF6、eIF2alpha、GRP78、GRP94、钙网蛋白、伴侣蛋白和具有类似活性的变体。优选的UPR中有XBP-1。其它B细胞特异性转录因子(例如BLIMP-1)也可用作B细胞分化剂。
在CD21的情况中,CD21存在于B细胞和滤泡树突细胞(FDC)的表面上,但是,它在每种环境中起到不同的功能。在B细胞上,CD21转导能扩大B细胞受体所诱导的增殖的信号,并随同参与配体内在化作用防止细胞凋亡。相反,在FDC上,CD21将补体包被的病原体(包括HIV)系缚到细胞表面。将会激活Xbp-1(如ATF6或IRE-1)的蛋白质偶联到CD21结合配体,能扩大体内抗体合成。
示例性的抗CD40激动剂是抗CD40抗体或抗体片段,如针对小鼠CD40的重组胞外结构域产生的单克隆抗小鼠CD40抗体。本领域普通技术人员能容易地确定所要给予的抗CD40抗体的量。例如,可采取在淋巴细胞收获前的约3天给予约50μg至约100μg的抗CD40mAb(克隆1C10,目录号MAB440,R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN),来提高这些小鼠的抗原反应性B淋巴细胞的总产量。
无限增殖化B细胞的克隆群体是通过技术人员公知的技术来制备。可这样从克隆群体中鉴定抗原特异性mAb:使用肽展示文库或其它本领域技术人员公知的技术,针对对目的抗体的结合和/或生物活性进行筛选。
在另一个方面,本发明涉及通过有机部分的共价连接进行了修饰的本文所述抗体和抗原结合片段。这种修饰可产生出药代动力学特性改进的(例如体内血清半寿期增加的)抗体或抗原结合片段。有机部分可以是直链或支链的亲水聚合物基团、脂肪酸基团或脂肪酸酯基团。在具体的实施方案中,亲水聚合物基团其分子量可为约800至约120,000道尔顿,可为聚烷二醇(例如聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚丙二醇(PPG))、碳水化合物聚合物、氨基酸聚合物或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯基团可包含约8至约40个碳原子。
本发明的修饰抗体和抗原结合片段可包含一个或多个与抗体直接或间接共价键接的有机部分。每个与本发明抗原或抗原结合片段键接的有机部分都可独立地为亲水聚合物基团、脂肪酸基团或脂肪酸酯基团。本文所用的术语“脂肪酸”涵盖单羧酸和二羧酸。本文所用的术语“亲水聚合物基团”指与在水中比在辛烷中更可溶的有机聚合物。例如,聚赖氨酸在水中比在辛烷中更可溶。因此,本发明涵盖通过共价连接聚赖氨酸进行修饰的抗体。适用于修饰本发明抗原的亲水聚合物可以是直链的或支链的,包括例如聚烷二醇(例如PEG、单甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)、PPG等)、碳水化合物(例如葡聚糖、纤维素、寡糖、多糖等)、亲水性氨基酸的聚合物(例如聚赖氨酸、聚精氨酸、聚天冬氨酸等)、聚环氧烷烃(例如聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷等)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。优选地,修饰本发明抗体的亲水聚合物作为单独的分子实体其分子量为约800至约150,000道尔顿。例如可以使用PEG5000和PEG20,000,其中下标是聚合物的平均分子量(道尔顿)。亲水聚合物基团可用一个至约六个烷基、脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯基团取代。用脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯基团取代的亲水聚合物可通过采用合适的方法来制备。例如,包含胺基团的聚合物可偶联到脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯的羧酸根上,而脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯上的活化羧酸根(例如用N,N-羰基二咪唑)可偶联到聚合物的羟基上。
适用于修饰本发明抗体的脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯可以是饱和的,或者可包含一个或多个不饱和单位。适用于修饰本发明抗体的脂肪酸包括例如正十二烷酸(酯)(C12,月桂酸(酯))、正十四烷酸(酯)(C14,肉豆蔻酸(酯))、正十八烷酸(酯)(C18,硬脂酸(酯))、正二十烷酸(酯)(C20,花生酸(酯))、正二十二烷酸(酯)(C22,山嵛酸(酯))、正三十烷酸(酯)(C30)、正四十烷酸(酯)(C40)、顺式-Δ9-十八烷酸(酯)(C18,油酸(酯))、全顺式-Δ5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸(酯)(C20,花生四烯酸(酯))、辛二酸、十四烷二酸、十八烷二酸、二十二烷二酸等。合适的脂肪酸酯包括包含直链或支链低级烷基基团的二羧酸的单酯。低级烷基基团可包含1个至约12个碳原子,优选1个至约6个碳原子。
修饰的抗体和抗原结合片段可用合适的方法进行制备,如通过与一种或多种修饰剂反应来制备。本文所用术语“修饰剂”指包含活化基团的合适有机基团(例如亲水聚合物、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯)。“活化基团”是某种化学部分或官能团,其在适当条件下能与第二化学基团反应,从而在修饰剂和第二化学基团之间形成共价键。
例如,胺反应性活化基团包括亲电子基团如甲苯磺酸根、甲磺酸根、卤素(氯、溴、氟、碘)、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(NHS)等。能与硫醇反应的活化基团包括例如马来酰亚胺、碘乙酰基、丙烯酰基(acrylolyl)、二硫代联吡啶、5-硫醇-2-硝基苯甲酸硫醇(TNB-硫醇)等。醛官能团可偶联到含胺分子或含酰肼分子,叠氮基团能与三价磷酸基团反应形成氨基磷酸酯(phosphoramidate)连键或磷酸亚酰胺(phosphorimide)连键。用以将活化基团引入到分子中的合适方法是本领域公知的(参见例如Hermanson,G.T.,Bioconjugate Techniques,Academic Press:SanDiego,CA(1996))。活化基团可与有机基团(例如亲水聚合物、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯)直接键接,或者通过接头部分如二价C1-C12基团键接,该二价基团中的一个或多个碳原子可用杂原子如氧、氮或硫替代。合适的接头部分包括例如四乙二醇、-(CH2)3-、-NH-(CH2)6-NH-、-(CH2)2-NH-和-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH-NH-。包含接头部分的修饰剂可例如这样生产:使单-Boc-烷基二胺(例如单-Boc-乙二胺、单-Boc-二氨基己烷)与脂肪酸在1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(EDC)的存在下反应,以在游离胺和脂肪酸羧酸之间形成酰胺键。可用三氟乙酸(TFA)处理产物将Boc保护基从产物中除去,暴露出的伯胺可如本文所述偶联到另一羧酸根,或者可与马来酸酐反应,所得产物环化产生出脂肪酸的活化马来酰亚胺衍生物。(参见例如Thompson,et al.,WO92/16221,该专利的整个教导内容通过引用结合到本文中)。
本发明的修饰抗体可通过使抗体或抗原结合片段与修饰剂进行反应来生产。例如,可采用胺反应性修饰剂如PEG的NHS酯,使有机部分以非位点特异性方式与抗体键接。修饰的抗体或抗原结合片段还可通过使本发明抗体或抗原结合片段的二硫键(例如链内二硫键)还原来制备。还原的抗体或抗原结合片段然后可与硫醇反应性修饰剂进行反应,以产生本发明的修饰抗体。包含键接到本发明抗体的特定位点的有机部分的修饰人抗体和抗原结合片段,可用合适的方法如反蛋白酶解(reverse proteolysis)(Fisch et al.,Bioconjugate Chem.,3:147-153(1992);Werlen et al.,Bioconjugate Chem.,5:411-417(1994);Kumaran etal.,Protein Sci.6(10):2233-2241(1997);Itoh et al.,Bioorg.Chem.,24(1):59-68(1996);Capellas et al.,Biotechnol.Bioeng.,56(4):456-463(1997))和Hermanson,G.T.,Bioconjugate Techniques,Academic Press:SanDiego,CA(1996)中描述的方法进行制备。
抗独特型抗体到抗体组合物
除了用B细胞增殖剂产生的单克隆抗体外,本发明还涉及对本发明的这种抗体有特异性的抗独特型(anti-Id)抗体。anti-Id抗体是能识别通常与另一抗体的抗原结合区域有关的独特决定簇的抗体。anti-Id可通过用Id抗体(独特性抗体)或其含CDR区域免疫与该Id抗体的来源同物种和遗传类型(例如小鼠品系)的动物来制备。被免疫动物会识别和应答免疫抗体的独特型决定簇并产生anti-Id抗体。anti-Id还可用作“免疫原”在再另外一种动物中诱导免疫应答,产生所谓的anti-anti-Id抗体。
本发明还提供至少一种包含至少一种、至少两种、至少三种、至少四种、至少五种、至少六种或更多种本文所述和/或本领域所公知的抗体的抗体组合物,所述抗体以非天然组合物、混合物或形式提供。这种组合物包含这样的非天然组合物,该非天然组合物包含抗体氨基酸序列的至少一个或两个全长、C末端和/或N末端缺失的变体、结构域、片段或具有不同同一性百分数的指定变体,或者它们的指定片段、结构域或变体。作为液体或干溶液、混合物、悬浮液、乳液、颗粒、粉末或胶体,组合物百分比是重量百分比、体积百分比、浓度百分比、体积摩尔浓度百分比或重量摩尔浓度百分比,这是本领域公知的或在本文中有描述。
包含另外的治疗活性成分的抗体组合物
本发明抗体组合物可任选还包含有效量的至少一种选自以下的化合物或蛋白质:至少一种抗感染药物、心血管(CV)系统药物、中枢神经系统(CNS)药物、自主神经系统(ANS)药物、呼吸道药物、胃肠(GI)道药物、激素药物、体液或电解质平衡药物、血液药物(hematologicdrug)、抗肿瘤药物、免疫调节药物、眼耳鼻药物、局部药物(topicaldrug)、营养药物等。这种药物,包括本文提出的每种药物的剂型、适用症、剂量和给药,是本领域公知的(参见例如Nursing 200l Handbookof Drugs,21st edition,Springhouse Corp.,Springhouse,PA,2001;HealthProfessional’s Drug Guide 2001,ed.,Shannon,Wilson,Stang,Prentice-Hall,Inc,Upper Saddle River,NJ;Pharmcotherapy Handbook,Wells et al.,ed.,Appleton & Lange,Stamford,CT,每个文献通过引用整体结合到本文中)。
抗感染药物可以是选自抗阿米巴药的至少一种或至少一种抗原虫药、抗蠕虫药、抗真菌药、抗疟疾药、抗结核药或至少一种抗麻风药、氨基糖苷、青霉素、头孢菌素、四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮、抗病毒药、大环内酯类抗感染药和别类(miscellaneous)抗感染药。CV药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:正性肌力药物、抗心律失常药物、抗心绞痛药物、抗高血压药物、抗血脂药物和别类心血管药物。CNS药物可以是选自非麻醉性镇痛药物的至少一种或选自解热药物的至少一种、非甾体类抗炎药物、麻醉性镇痛药物或至少一种阿片类镇痛药物、镇静催眠药物、抗惊厥药物、抗抑郁药物、抗焦虑药物、抗精神病药物、中枢神经系统刺激药物、抗帕金森病药物和别类中枢神经系统药物。ANS药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:胆碱能药物(拟副交感神经药物)、抗胆碱能药物、肾腺素能药物(拟交感神经药物)、肾腺素能阻断剂(交感神经抑制剂)、骨骼肌松弛剂和神经肌肉阻断剂。呼吸道药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:抗组胺药物、支气管扩张药物、祛痰药物或至少一种镇咳药物及别类呼吸道药物。胃肠道药物可以是选自抗酸药物的至少一种或至少一种吸附剂或至少一种排气药物、消化酶或至少一种胆石溶解剂、止泻药物、轻泻药物、止吐药物和抗溃疡药物。激素药物可以是选自皮质类固醇的至少一种、雄激素或至少一种促合成代谢类甾醇、雌激素或至少一种孕酮、促性腺激素、抗糖尿病药物或至少一种胰高血糖素、甲状腺激素、甲状腺激素拮抗剂、垂体激素和副甲状腺样药物(parathyroid-like drug)。液体和电解质平衡药物可以是选自利尿药物的至少一种、电解质或至少一种交换溶液(replacement solution)、酸化剂或至少一种碱化剂。血液药物可以是选自补血剂、抗凝血剂、血液衍生物和溶栓酶的至少一种。抗肿瘤药物可以是选自烷基化药物、抗代谢药物、抗生素类抗肿瘤药物、改变激素平衡的抗肿瘤药物和别类抗肿瘤药物的至少一种。免疫调节药物可以是选自免疫抑制剂的至少一种、疫苗或至少一种类毒素、抗毒素或至少一种抗蛇毒素、免疫血清和生物反应调节剂。眼耳鼻药物可以是选自眼用抗感染药物、眼用抗炎药物、缩瞳剂、散瞳剂、眼用血管收缩剂、别类眼耳鼻药物的至少一种。局部药物可以是选自局部抗感染药物的至少一种、杀疥癣剂或至少一种杀虱剂或局部皮质类固醇。营养药可以是选自维生素、矿物质或热质(calorics)的至少一种。参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook,(出处同上)的内容。
所述至少一种抗阿米巴药或抗原虫药可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿托伐醌、盐酸氯喹、磷酸氯喹、甲硝唑、盐酸甲硝唑和依西酸喷他脒。所述至少一种抗蠕虫药可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲苯达唑、双羟萘酸噻嘧啶和噻苯达唑。所述至少一种抗真菌药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:两性霉素B、两性霉素B硫酸胆甾醇酯复合物、两性霉素B脂质复合物、两性霉素B脂质体、氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶、微粉化灰黄霉素、超微粉化灰黄霉素、伊曲康唑、酮康唑、制霉菌素和盐酸特比萘芬。所述至少一种抗疟疾药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸氯喹、磷酸氯喹、多西环素、硫酸羟氯喹、盐酸甲氟喹、磷酸伯氨喹、乙胺嘧啶和乙胺嘧啶加磺胺多辛。所述至少一种抗结核药物或抗麻风药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:氯法齐明、环丝氨酸、氨苯砜、盐酸乙胺丁醇、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福布汀、利福平、利福喷汀和硫酸链霉素。所述至少一种氨基糖苷可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸阿米卡星、硫酸庆大霉素、硫酸新霉素、硫酸链霉素和硫酸托普霉素。所述至少一种青霉素可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾、三水阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素钠、三水氨苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素钠/舒巴坦钠、氯唑西林钠、二氯唑西林钠、美洛西林钠、萘夫西林钠、苯唑西林钠、苄星青霉素G、青霉素G钾、普鲁卡因青霉素G、青霉素G钠、青霉素V钾、哌拉西林钠/三唑巴坦钠、替卡西林二钠和替卡西林二钠/克拉维酸钾。所述至少一种头孢菌素可以是选自以下的至少一种:头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢唑林钠、头孢地尼、盐酸头孢吡肟、头孢克肟、头孢美唑钠、头孢尼西钠、头孢哌酮钠、头孢噻肟钠、头孢替坦二马、头孢西丁钠、头孢泊肟普塞酯、头孢丙烯、头孢他啶、头孢布烯、头孢唑肟钠、头孢曲松钠、头孢呋辛醋氧乙酯、头孢呋辛钠、盐酸头孢氨苄、一水头孢氨苄、头孢拉定和氯碳头孢。所述至少一种四环素可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸地美环素、多西环素钙、海克多西环素、盐酸多西环素、一水多西环素、盐酸米诺环素和盐酸四环素。所述至少一种磺胺可以是选自以下的至少一种:复方新诺明、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基异噁唑、硫代异噁唑和乙酰硫代异噁唑。所述至少一种氟喹诺酮可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲磺酸阿拉曲伐沙星、环丙沙星、依诺沙星、左氧氟沙星、盐酸洛美沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星和甲磺酸曲伐沙星。所述至少一种氟喹诺酮可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲磺酸阿拉曲伐沙星、环丙沙星、依诺沙星、左氧氟沙星、盐酸洛美沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星和甲磺酸曲伐沙星。所述至少一种抗病毒药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸阿巴卡韦、阿昔洛韦钠、盐酸金刚烷胺、氨普那韦、西多福韦、甲磺酸地位韦啶、地达诺新、依法韦仑、泛昔洛韦、福米韦生钠、膦甲酸钠、更昔洛韦、硫酸茚地那韦、拉米夫定、拉米夫定/齐多夫定、甲磺酸奈非那韦、奈韦拉平、磷酸奥塞米韦、利巴韦林、盐酸金刚乙胺、利托那韦、沙奎那韦、甲磺酸沙奎那韦、司他夫定、盐酸伐昔洛韦、扎西他滨、扎那米韦和齐多夫定。所述至少一种大环内酯抗感染药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、地红霉素、红霉素碱、依托红霉素琥乙红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素和硬脂酸红霉素。所述至少一种别类抗感染药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:氨曲南、杆菌肽、氯霉素琥珀酸钠、盐酸克林霉素、盐酸克林霉素棕榈酸酯、磷酸克林霉素、亚胺培南和西司他丁钠、美罗培南、粗晶呋喃妥因、微晶呋喃妥因、奎奴普丁/达福普汀盐酸壮观霉素、甲氧苄氨嘧啶和盐酸万古霉素。(参见(例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook的第24-214页。)
所述至少一种正性肌力药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:乳酸氨利酮、地高辛和乳酸米利酮。所述至少一种抗心律失常药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:腺苷、盐酸胺碘酮、硫酸阿托品、溴苄胺甲苯磺酸盐、盐酸地尔硫卓、丙吡胺、磷酸双异丙吡胺、盐酸艾司洛尔、醋酸氟卡尼、富马酸伊布利特、盐酸利多卡因、盐酸美西律、盐酸莫里西嗪、苯妥英、苯妥英、普鲁卡因胺、盐酸普罗帕酮、盐酸普萘洛尔、奎尼丁重硫酸盐、奎尼丁葡萄糖酸盐、奎尼丁聚半乳糖醛酸盐、硫酸奎尼丁、索他洛尔、盐酸妥卡胺和盐酸维拉帕米。所述至少一种抗心绞痛药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿罗地平磺酸盐、亚硝酸异戊酯、盐酸苄普地尔、盐酸地尔硫卓、硝酸异山梨酯、单硝酸异山梨酯、纳多洛尔、盐酸尼卡地平、硝苯地平、硝酸甘油、盐酸普萘洛尔、维拉帕米和盐酸维拉帕米。所述至少一种抗高血压药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:醋丁洛尔盐酸盐、苯磺酸氨氯地平、阿替洛尔、盐酸贝那普利、盐酸倍他洛尔、富马酸比索洛尔、坎地沙坦西酯、卡托普利、盐酸卡替洛尔、卡维地洛、可乐定、盐酸可乐定、二氮嗪、盐酸地尔硫卓、甲磺酸多沙唑嗪、依那普利拉、马来酸依那普利、甲磺酸依普罗沙坦、非洛地平、甲磺酸非诺多泮、福辛普利钠、乙酸氯压胍、硫酸胍那决尔、盐酸胍法辛、盐酸肼苯哒嗪、依贝沙坦、依拉地平、盐酸拉贝洛尔、赖诺普利、氯沙坦钾、甲基多巴、盐酸甲基多巴乙酯、琥珀酸美托洛尔、酒石酸美多洛尔、米诺地尔、盐酸莫西普利、纳多洛尔、盐酸尼卡地平、硝苯地平、尼索地平、硝普钠、硫酸喷布洛尔、哌道普利特丁胺、甲基磺酸酚妥拉明、吲哚洛尔、盐酸哌唑嗪、盐酸普萘洛尔、盐酸喹那普利、雷米普利、替米沙坦、盐酸特拉唑嗪、马来酸噻吗心安、群多普利、缬沙坦和盐酸维拉帕米。所述至少一种抗血脂药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿托伐他汀钙、西立伐他汀钠、考来烯胺、盐酸降脂宁、非诺贝特(微粉化)、氟伐他汀钠、吉非贝齐、洛伐他汀、烟酸、普伐他汀钠和辛伐他汀。所述至少一种别类心血管药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿昔单抗、前列地尔、盐酸阿布他明、西洛他唑、硫酸氢氯吡格雷、双嘧达莫、依替巴肽、盐酸米多君、己酮可可碱、盐酸噻氯匹定和盐酸替罗非班。(参见例如Nursing 2001Drug Handbook的第215-336页)。
所述至少一种非麻醉性镇痛药物或解热药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:对乙酰氨基酚、阿司匹林、三水杨酸胆碱镁、二氟尼柳和水杨酸镁。所述至少一种非甾体类抗炎药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:塞来考昔、双氯芬酸钾、双氯芬酸钠、依托度酸、非诺洛芬钙、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、三水吲哚美辛钠、酮洛芬、酮咯酸氨丁三醇、萘丁美酮、萘普生、萘普生钠、噁丙嗪、吡罗昔康、罗非考希和舒林酸。所述至少一种麻醉性或阿片类镇痛药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸阿芬他尼、盐酸叔丁啡、酒石酸布托非诺、磷酸可待因、硫酸可待因、枸橼酸芬太尼、芬太尼透皮系统、芬太尼透粘膜剂、氢吗啡酮盐酸盐、哌替啶盐酸盐、美沙酮盐酸盐、盐酸吗啡、硫酸吗啡、酒石酸吗啡、纳布啡盐酸盐、氧可酮盐酸盐、氧可酮果胶酸盐(pectinate)、氧吗啡酮盐酸盐、喷他佐辛盐酸盐、喷他佐辛盐酸盐和纳洛酮盐酸盐、乳酸喷他佐辛、丙氧芬盐酸盐、萘磺酸丙氧芬、雷米芬太尼盐酸盐、柠檬酸舒芬太尼和盐酸曲马多。所述至少一种镇静催眠药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:水合氯醛、艾司唑仑、氟西泮盐酸盐、戊巴比妥、戊巴比妥钠、苯巴比妥钠、司可巴比妥钠、替马西泮、三唑仑、扎来普隆和酒石酸扎来普隆。所述至少一种抗惊厥药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:乙酰唑胺钠、卡马西平、氯硝西泮、氯氮二钾、地西泮、正丙基戊酸钠二聚物、乙琥胺(ethosuximde)、邻苯妥英钠、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪、硫酸镁、苯巴比妥、苯巴比妥钠、苯妥英、苯妥英钠、苯妥英钠(延伸型)、扑米酮、硫加宾盐酸盐、托吡酯、丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸。所述至少一种抗抑郁药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿米替林盐酸盐、扑酸阿米替林、阿莫沙平、安非他酮盐酸盐、氢溴酸西酞普兰、氯米帕明盐酸盐、盐酸地昔帕明、盐酸多塞平、盐酸氟西汀、米帕明盐酸盐、扑酸米帕明、米尔他扎平、盐酸奈法唑酮、去甲替林盐酸盐、盐酸帕罗西汀、硫酸苯乙肼、盐酸舍曲林、硫酸反苯环丙胺、马来酸去米帕明和盐酸文拉法辛。所述至少一种抗焦虑药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿普唑仑、丁螺环酮盐酸盐、利眠宁、利眠宁盐酸盐、氯氮二钾、地西泮、盐酸多塞平、双羟萘酸羟嗪、盐酸羟嗪、扑酸羟嗪、劳拉西泮、mephrobamate、盐酸咪达唑仑和奥沙西泮。所述至少一种抗精神病药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸氯丙嗪、氯氮平、癸酸氟奋乃静、庚酸氟奋乃静、盐酸氟奋乃静、氟哌啶醇、癸酸氟哌啶醇、乳酸氟哌啶醇、洛沙平盐酸盐、琥珀酸洛沙平、苯磺酸美索达嗪、吗茚酮盐酸盐、奥氮平、奋乃静、匹莫齐特、丙氯拉嗪、富马酸喹硫平、立哌利酮、盐酸硫利达嗪、替沃噻吨、替沃噻吨盐酸盐和三氟拉嗪盐酸盐。所述至少一种中枢神经系统刺激剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸苯丙胺、咖啡因、硫酸右苯丙胺、多沙普仑盐酸盐、盐酸甲基苯丙胺、盐酸哌甲酯、莫达非尼、匹莫林和芬特明盐酸盐。所述至少一种抗帕金森病药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸金刚烷胺、甲磺酸苯托品、比哌立登盐酸盐、乳酸比哌立登、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡比多巴-左旋多巴、恩他卡朋、左旋多巴、甲磺酸培高利特、普拉克索二盐酸盐、罗平尼咯盐酸盐、司立吉林盐酸盐、托卡朋和盐酸苯海索。所述至少一种别类中枢神经系统药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:安非他酮盐酸盐、多奈哌齐盐酸盐、氟哌利多、马来酸氟伏沙明、碳酸锂、柠檬酸锂、那拉曲坦盐酸盐、尼古丁离子交换树脂、尼古丁透皮系统、丙泊酚、苯甲酸利扎曲坦、盐酸西布曲明一水合物、琥珀酸舒马曲坦、盐酸他克林和佐米曲坦。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook的第337-530页)。
所述至少一种胆碱能药物(例如拟副交感神经药物)可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲氨酰甲基胆碱、依芬氯铵、溴化新斯的明、甲基硫酸新斯的明、水杨酸毒扁豆碱和溴吡啶新斯的明。所述至少一种抗胆碱能药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸阿托品、双环胺盐酸盐、格隆胺、莨菪碱、硫酸莨菪碱、溴普鲁本辛、东莨菪碱、丁溴东莨菪碱和氢溴酸东莨菪碱。所述至少一种肾腺素能药物(拟交感神经药物)可以是选自以下的至少一种:多巴酚丁胺盐酸盐、盐酸多巴胺、重酒石酸间羟胺、重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素、苯福林盐酸盐、假麻黄碱盐酸盐和硫酸伪麻黄碱。所述至少一种肾腺素能阻断剂(交感神经抑制剂)可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲磺酸二氢麦角胺、酒石酸麦角胺、马来酸美西角胺和盐酸普萘洛尔。所述至少一种骨骼肌松弛剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:巴氯芬、卡利普多、氯唑沙宗、环苯扎林盐酸盐、单曲林钠、美索巴莫和盐酸替扎尼定。所述至少一种神经肌肉阻断剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:苯磺酸阿曲库铵、苯磺酸顺阿曲库铵、氯化杜什库胺、氯化米伐克龙、泮库溴铵、哌库溴铵、雷帕库碘铵、罗库溴铵、氯化丁二酰胆碱、氯化筒箭毒碱和维库溴铵。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook的第531-84页)。
所述至少一种抗组胺药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:马来酸溴苯那敏、盐酸西替力嗪、马来酸氯苯那敏、富马酸氯马斯汀、盐酸赛庚啶、盐酸苯海拉明、盐酸非索非那定、氯雷他定、盐酸异丙嗪、氨茶碱氯丙嗪和盐酸曲普利啶。所述至少一种支气管扩张药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:沙丁胺醇、硫酸沙丁胺醇、氨茶碱、硫酸阿托品、硫酸麻黄碱、肾上腺素、重酒石酸肾上腺素、肾上腺素盐酸盐、异丙托溴铵、异丙肾上腺素、异丙肾上腺素盐酸盐、硫酸异丙肾上腺素、左沙丁胺醇盐酸盐、硫酸奥西那林、胆茶碱(oxtriphylline)、乙酸吡丁醇、昔萘酸沙美特罗、硫酸特布他林和茶碱。所述至少一种祛痰药物或镇咳药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:笨佐那酯、磷酸可待因、硫酸可待因、氢溴酸右美沙芬、盐酸苯海拉明、愈创甘油醚和盐酸氢吗啡酮。所述至少一种别类呼吸道药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:乙酰半胱氨酸、二丙酸倍氯米松、贝拉康坦、布地奈德、calfactant、色苷酸钠、阿法链道酶、依前列醇钠、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、孟鲁斯特钠、奈多罗米钠、帕利珠单抗、曲安奈德、扎鲁司特和弃白通。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook的第585-642页)。
所述至少一种抗酸药物、吸附剂或排气药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:碳酸铝、氢氧化铝、碳酸钙、镁加铝、氢氧化镁、氧化镁、西甲硅油和碳酸氢钠。所述至少一种消化酶或胆石溶解剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:胰酶、胰脂肪酶和熊去氧胆酸。所述至少一种止泻药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:硅镁土、碱式水杨酸铋、聚卡波非钙、盐酸地芬诺酯和硫酸阿托品、洛哌丁胺、乙酸奥曲肽、阿片酊和阿片酊(含樟脑)。所述至少一种轻泻药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:铋索多尔(bisocodyl)、聚卡波非钙、药鼠李皮、药鼠李皮芳香流浸膏、药鼠李皮流浸膏、蓖麻油、多库酯钙、多库酯钠、甘油、乳酮糖、柠檬酸镁、氢氧化镁、硫酸镁、甲基纤维素、矿物油、聚乙二醇或电解质溶液、欧车前、番泻叶和磷酸钠。所述至少一种止吐药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:盐酸氯丙嗪、茶苯海明、甲磺酸多拉司琼、屈大麻酚、盐酸格拉司琼、盐酸麦克洛嗪、加氧氯普胺盐酸盐、盐酸昂丹司琼、奋乃静、丙氯拉嗪、乙二磺酸普鲁氯嗪、马来酸丙氯拉嗪、盐酸异丙嗪、东莨菪碱、马来酸硫乙拉嗪和盐酸曲美苄胺。所述至少一种抗溃疡药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:西咪替丁、盐酸西咪替丁、法莫替丁、兰索拉唑、米索前列醇、尼扎替丁、奥美拉唑、雷贝普拉唑钠、雷尼替丁柠檬酸铋、盐酸雷尼替丁和硫糖铝。(参见例如Nursing2001 Drug Handbook的第643-95页)。
所述至少一种皮质类固醇可以是选自以下的至少一种:倍他米松、乙酸倍他米松或倍他米松磷酸钠、倍他米松磷酸钠、乙酸可的松、地塞米松、乙酸地塞米松、地塞米松磷酸钠、乙酸氟氢可的松、氢化可的松、乙酸氢化可的松、氢化可的松环戊丙酸盐、氢化可的松磷酸钠、氢化可的松琥珀酸钠、甲基泼尼松龙、乙酸甲基泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠、泼尼松龙、乙酸泼尼松龙、氢化泼尼松磷酸钠、叔丁乙酸氢化泼尼松、泼尼松、曲安西龙、曲安奈德和二乙酸曲安西龙。所述至少一种雄激素或促合成代谢类甾醇可以是选自以下的至少一种:达那唑、氟甲睾酮、甲基睾酮、癸酸诺龙、苯丙酸诺龙、睾酮、环戊丙酸睾酮、庚酸睾酮、丙酸睾酮和睾酮透皮系统。所述至少一种雌激素或孕酮可以是选自以下的至少一种:酯化雌激素、雌二醇、环戊丙酸雌二醇、雌二醇/乙酸炔诺酮透皮系统、戊酸雌二醇、雌激素(缀合)、哌嗪雌酮硫酯、炔雌醇、炔雌醇和去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和二乙酸炔诺醇、炔雌醇和去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和二乙酸炔诺醇、炔雌醇和左炔诺孕酮、炔雌醇和炔诺酮、炔雌醇和乙酸炔诺酮、炔雌醇和炔诺肟酯、炔雌醇和炔诺孕酮、炔雌醇和炔诺酮和乙酸盐和富马酸亚铁、左炔诺孕酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮、美雌醇和炔诺酮、炔诺酮、乙酸炔诺酮、炔诺孕酮和孕酮。所述至少一种促性腺激素可以是选自以下的至少一种:乙酸加尼瑞克、乙酸促性腺激素释放激素、乙酸组胺瑞林和促生育素。所述至少一种抗糖尿病药物或胰高血糖素可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿卡波糖、氯磺丙脲、格列美脲、格列吡嗪、胰高血糖素、格列本脲、胰岛素、盐酸二甲双胍、米格列醇、吡格列酮盐酸盐、瑞格列奈、马来酸罗西格列酮和曲格列酮。所述至少一种甲状腺激素可以是选自以下的至少一种:左旋甲状腺素钠、碘塞罗宁钠、复方甲状腺素和甲状腺剂。所述至少一种甲状腺激素拮抗剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:甲硫咪唑、碘化钾、碘化钾(饱和溶液)、丙硫氧嘧啶、放射性碘(碘化钠131I)和强碘溶液。所述至少一种垂体激素可以是选自以下的至少一种:促肾皮素、促皮质素、乙酸去氨加压素(desmophressinacetate)、乙酸亮丙立德、储库型促肾皮素、索吗托非、生长激素和血管加压素。所述至少一种副甲状腺样药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:calcifediol、降钙素(人)、降钙素(鲑鱼)、钙三醇、双氢速甾醇和1-羟基-亚乙基-1,1-二膦酸二钠。(参见例如Nursing 2001 DrugHandbook的第696-796页)。
所述至少一种利尿药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:乙酰唑胺、乙酰唑胺钠、阿米洛利盐酸盐、布美他尼、氯噻酮、利尿酸钠、依地尼酸、呋塞米、氢氯噻嗪、吲哒帕胺、甘露糖醇、美扎拉宗、螺内酯、托赛米、氨苯蝶呤和尿素。所述至少一种电解质或交换溶液可以是选自以下的至少一种:乙酸钙、碳酸钙、氯化钙、柠檬酸钙、葡乳醛酸钙、葡庚糖酸钙、葡糖酸钙、乳酸钙、磷酸钙(二元)、磷酸钙(三元)、葡聚糖(高分子量)、葡聚糖(低分子量)、羟乙基淀粉、氯化镁、硫酸镁、乙酸钾、碳酸氢钾、氯化钾、葡糖酸钾、林格氏注射液、林格氏注射液(含乳酸)和氯化钠。所述至少一种酸化剂或碱化剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:碳酸氢钠、乳酸钠和氨丁三醇。(参见例如Nursing 2001Drug Handbook的第797-833页)。
所述至少一种补血剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:富马酸亚铁、葡糖酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁(干燥)、葡聚糖铁、山梨醇铁、多糖-铁复合物和葡萄糖酸钠铁复合物。所述至少一种抗凝血剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿地肝素钠、达特肝素钠、达那肝素钠、依诺肝素钠、肝素钙、肝素钠和华法林钠。所述至少一种血液衍生物可以是选自以下的至少一种:白蛋白5%、白蛋白25%、抗血友病因子、抗抑制剂凝结剂复合物、抗凝血酶III(人)、因子IX(人)、因子IX复合物和血浆蛋白成分。所述至少一种溶栓酶可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿替普酶、复合纤溶酶链激酶、瑞替普酶(重组)、链激酶和尿激酶。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook的第834-66页)。
所述至少一种烷基化药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:白消安、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、洛莫司汀、盐酸氮芥、美法仑、盐酸美法仑、链佐星、替莫唑胺和塞替派。所述至少一种抗代谢药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:卡培他滨、克拉屈滨、阿糖胞苷、氟尿苷、磷酸氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶、羟基脲、巯嘌呤、甲氨喋呤、甲氨喋呤钠和硫鸟嘌呤。所述至少一种抗生素类抗肿瘤药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸博来霉素、放线菌素、柠檬酸柔红霉素脂质体、盐酸柔红霉素、盐酸多柔比星、盐酸柔红霉素脂质体、盐酸表柔比星、盐酸伊达比星、丝裂霉素、喷司他丁、普卡霉素和戊柔比星。所述至少一种改变激素平衡的抗肿瘤药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿那曲唑、比卡鲁胺、雌莫司汀磷酸钠、依西美坦、氟他胺、醋酸戈舍瑞林、来曲唑、乙酸亮丙立德、醋酸甲地孕酮、尼鲁米特、乙酸他莫昔芬、睾内酯和乙酸托瑞米芬。所述至少一种别类抗肿瘤药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:天冬酰胺酶、芽孢杆菌Calmette-Guerin(BCG)(活的膀胱内的(live intravesical))、达卡巴嗪、多西他赛、依托泊苷、磷酸依托泊苷、盐酸吉西他滨、盐酸伊立替康、米托坦、盐酸米托蒽醌、紫杉醇、培门冬酶、卟吩姆钠、盐酸丙卡巴肼、利妥昔单抗、替尼泊苷、盐酸托泊替康、曲妥单抗、维甲酸、硫酸长春碱、硫酸长春新碱和酒石酸长春瑞滨。(参见例如Nursing 2001Drug Handbook的第867-963页)。
所述至少一种免疫抑制剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫唑嘌呤、巴利昔单抗、环胞菌素、达克珠单抗、淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白、莫罗单抗-CD3、麦考酚酸莫酯、盐酸麦考酚酸莫酯、西罗莫司和他克莫司。所述至少一种疫苗或类毒素可以是选自以下的至少一种:BCG疫苗、霍乱疫苗、白喉和破伤风类毒素(吸附)、白喉和破伤风类毒素和非蜂窝状百日咳疫苗吸附的、白喉和破伤风类毒素和全细胞百日咳疫苗、B型嗜血杆菌结合疫苗、甲肝疫苗(失活)、乙肝疫苗(重组)、流感病毒疫苗1999-2000三价型A&B(纯化的表面抗原)、流感病毒疫苗1999-2000三价型A&B(亚病毒粒子或纯化的亚病毒粒子)、流感病毒疫苗1999-2000三价型A&B(全病毒颗粒)、日本脑炎病毒疫苗(失活)、莱姆病(重组OspA)、麻疹和腮腺炎和风疹病毒疫苗(活)、麻疹和腮腺炎和风疹病毒疫苗(活、减毒)、麻疹病毒疫苗(活、减毒)、脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗、腮腺炎病毒疫苗(活)、鼠疫疫苗、肺炎球菌疫苗(多价)、脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗(失活)、脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗(活、口服、三价)、狂犬病疫苗(吸附的)、狂犬病疫苗(人二倍体细胞)、狂犬病和腮腺炎病毒疫苗(活)、狂犬病疫苗(活、减毒)、破伤风类毒素(吸附的)、破伤风类毒素(流体)、伤寒疫苗(口服)、伤寒疫苗(胃肠外)、伤寒Vi多糖疫苗、水痘病毒疫苗和黄热病疫苗。所述至少一种抗毒素或抗蛇毒素可以是选自以下的至少一种:黑寡妇蜘蛛抗蛇毒素、响尾蛇科抗蛇毒素(多价)、白喉抗毒素(马)和抗珊斑眼镜蛇毒抗蛇毒素。所述至少一种免疫血清可以是选自以下的至少一种:巨细胞病毒免疫球蛋白(静脉内)、乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(人)、免疫球蛋白肌内、免疫球蛋白静脉内、狂犬病免疫球蛋白(人)、呼吸道合胞病毒免疫球蛋白静脉内(人)、Rh0(D)免疫球蛋白(人)、Rh0(D)免疫球蛋白静脉内(人)、破伤风免疫球蛋白(人)和水痘-带状疱疹免疫球蛋白。所述至少一种生物反应调节剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿德斯白细胞、α红细胞生成素、非格司亭、注射用醋酸格拉替雷、干扰素组合干扰素(alfacon)-1、干扰素α-2a(重组)、干扰素α-2b(重组)、干扰素β-1a、干扰素β-1b(重组)、干扰素γ-1b、盐酸左旋咪唑、奥普瑞白介素和沙格司亭。(参见例如Nursing 2001 DrugHandbook第964-1040页)。
所述至少一种眼用抗感染药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:杆菌肽、氯霉素、环丙沙星盐酸盐、红霉素、硫酸庆大霉素、氧氟沙星0.3%、硫酸多粘菌素B、磺胺醋酰钠10%、磺胺醋酰钠15%、磺胺醋酰钠30%、托普霉素和阿糖腺苷。所述至少一种眼用抗炎药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:地塞米松、地塞米松磷酸钠、双氯芬酸钠0.1%、氟米龙、氟比洛芬钠、酮咯酸氨丁三醇、乙酸泼尼松龙(混悬剂)和泼尼松龙磷酸钠(溶液剂)。所述至少一种缩瞳剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:氯化乙酰胆碱、卡巴胆碱(眼内)、卡巴胆碱(局部)、碘磷灵、匹鲁卡因、盐酸匹鲁卡因和硝酸匹鲁卡因。所述至少一种散瞳剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:硫酸阿托品、环喷托酯盐酸盐、肾上腺素盐酸盐、环硼肾上腺素、氢溴酸后吗托品、苯福林盐酸盐、氢溴酸东莨菪碱和托品酰胺。所述至少一种眼用血管收缩剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:萘唑啉盐酸盐、羟甲唑啉盐酸盐和四氢唑啉盐酸盐。所述至少一种别类眼用药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:萘唑啉阿拉可乐定盐酸盐、倍他洛尔盐酸盐、酒石酸溴莫尼定、卡替洛尔盐酸盐、地匹福林盐酸盐、多佐胺盐酸盐、二富马酸依美斯汀、荧光素钠、富马酸酮替芬、拉坦前列素、左布诺洛尔盐酸盐、美替洛尔盐酸盐、氯化钠(高渗)和马来酸噻吗洛尔。所述至少一种耳用药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:硼酸、过氧化脲、氯霉素和三乙醇胺多肽油酸盐-浓缩物。所述至少一种鼻用药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:二丙酸倍氯米松、布地奈德、硫酸麻黄碱、肾上腺素盐酸盐、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、萘唑啉盐酸盐、羟甲唑啉盐酸盐、苯福林盐酸盐、四氢唑啉盐酸盐、曲安奈德和盐酸赛洛唑啉。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook第1041-97页)。
所述至少一种局部抗感染药物可以是选自以下的至少一种:阿昔洛韦、两性霉素B、壬二酸乳膏、杆菌肽、硝酸布康唑、磷酸克林霉素、克霉唑、硝酸益康唑、红霉素、硫酸庆大霉素、酮康唑、乙酸磺胺米隆、甲硝唑(局部)、硝酸咪康唑、莫匹罗星、萘替芳盐酸盐、硫酸新霉素、呋喃西林、制霉菌素、银磺胺嘧啶、特比奈芬盐酸盐、特康唑、盐酸四环素、噻康唑和托奈酯。所述至少一种杀疥癣剂或杀虱剂可以是选自以下的至少一种:克罗米通、林丹、扑灭司林和除虫菊酯。所述至少一种局部皮质类固醇可以是选自以下的至少一种:二丙酸倍他米松、戊酸倍他米松、丙酸氯倍他索、地奈德、去羟米松、地塞米松、地塞米松磷酸钠、二乙酸二氟拉松、氟氢松、氟氢松醋酸酯、氟氢缩松、丙酸氟替卡松、halcionide、氢化可的松、乙酸氢化可的松、丁酸氢化可的松、戊酸氢化可的松、糠酸莫米松和曲安奈德。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook第1098-1136页)。
所述至少一种维生素或矿物质可以是选自以下的至少一种:维生素A、维生素B复合物、氰钴胺、叶酸、羟钴胺、亚叶酸钙、烟酸、烟酰胺、吡多辛盐酸盐、核黄素、盐酸硫胺素、维生素C、维生素D、胆钙化(甾)醇、胆钙化(固)醇、维生素D3、麦角固化醇、维生素D类似物、度骨化醇、帕立骨化醇、维生素E、维生素K类似物、植物甲萘醌、氟化钠、氟化钠(局部)、痕量元素、铬、铜、碘、锰、硒和锌。所述至少一种热质可以是选自以下的至少一种:氨基酸输液剂(晶体)、氨基酸葡萄糖溶液输液剂、含电解质氨基酸输液剂、含电解质氨基酸葡萄糖溶液输液剂输液剂、肝衰竭用氨基酸输液剂、高代谢应激用氨基酸输液剂、肾衰竭用氨基酸输液剂、葡聚糖、脂肪乳剂和中链三甘油酯。(参见例如Nursing 2001 Drug Handbook第1137-63页)。
本发明的抗体组合物还可包含至少一种任何合适和有效量的组合物或药物组合物,所述组合物或药物组合物包含至少一种被接触到或给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者的抗体,任选还包含至少一种选自以下的药物:TNF拮抗剂(例如但不限于TNF化学或蛋白质拮抗剂、TNF单克隆或多克隆抗体或片段、可溶性TNF受体(例如p55、p70或p85)或片段、其融合多肽,或者小分子TNF拮抗剂,例如TNF结合蛋白I或II(TBP-1或TBP-II)、奈瑞莫单抗、英夫利昔单抗、依那西普、CDP-571、CDP-870、阿非莫单抗、来那西普等),抗风湿药物(例如甲氨喋呤、金诺芬、金硫葡糖、硫唑嘌呤、依那西普、硫代苹果酸金钠、硫酸羟氯喹、来氟米特、sulfasalzine、)、肌肉松弛剂、麻醉药物、非甾类抗炎药物(NSAID)、止痛药物、麻醉药物、镇静药物、局部麻醉药物、神经肌肉阻断剂、抗微生物药物(例如氨基糖苷、抗真菌药物、抗寄生虫药物、抗病毒药物、碳青霉烯、头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮、大环内酯、青霉素、磺酰胺、四环素、别的抗微生物药物)、抗牛皮癣药、皮质类固醇、促合成代谢类甾醇、糖尿病相关药物、矿物质、营养剂、甲状腺剂、维生素、钙相关激素、止泻药物、镇咳药物、止吐药物、抗溃疡药物、轻泻药物、抗凝血剂、促红细胞生成素(例如重组人肾红细胞生成素α)、非格司亭(例如G-CSF、Neupogen)、沙格司亭(GM-CSF、Leukine)、免疫疗法(immunization)、免疫球蛋白、免疫抑制剂(例如巴利昔单抗、环胞菌素、达珠单抗)、生长激素、激素替代药物、雌激素受体调节剂、散瞳剂、睫状肌麻痹剂、烷基化剂、抗代谢药物、有丝分裂抑制剂、放射药物、抗抑郁药物、抗狂躁剂、安定药、抗焦虑药、催眠药、拟交感神经药、刺激剂、多奈哌齐、他克林、哮喘药物、beta激动剂、吸入类固醇、白三烯抑制剂、甲基黄嘌呤、色苷酸、肾上腺素或类似物、阿法链道酶(Pulmozyme)、细胞因子或细胞因子拮抗剂。这种细胞因子的非限制性实例包括但不限于IL-1至IL-28的任何一个(例如IL-1、IL-2等)。合适的剂量是本领域公知的。参见例如Wells et al.,eds.,Pharmacotherapy Handbook,2nd Edition,Appleton and Lange,Stamford,CT(2000);PDR Pharmacopoeia;Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000,Deluxe Edition,Tarascon Publishing,Loma Linda,CA(2000),这些文献的每一个通过引用整体结合到本文中。
这种抗癌或抗感染药物还可包括与至少一种本发明抗体进行缔合、结合、共配制或共给予的毒素分子。毒素能任选起到选择性杀灭病理细胞或组织的作用。病理细胞可以是癌细胞或其它细胞。这种毒性可以是但不限于纯化或重组的毒性或包含毒素的至少一个功能性细胞毒性结构域的毒素片段,例如选自至少蓖麻毒蛋白、白喉毒素、蛇毒毒素或细菌毒素之一。术语毒素还包括由任何可在人或其它哺乳动物中引起任何病理状况(包括毒素休克,可导致死亡)的天然、突变或重组细菌或病毒产生的内毒素或外毒素。这种毒素可包括但不限于产肠毒素大肠杆菌(E.coli)热不稳定肠毒素(LT)、热稳定肠毒素(ST)、志贺氏杆菌属细胞毒素、气单胞菌属肠毒素、中毒性休克综合征毒素-1(TSST-1)、葡萄球菌肠毒素A(SEA)、B(SEB)或C(SEC)、链球菌肠毒素等。这种细菌包括但不限于产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)的各菌株、肠出血大肠杆菌(E.coli)(例如血清型0157:H7的各菌株)、葡萄球菌属(例如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、产脓葡萄球菌(Staphylococeus pyogenes))、志贺氏菌属(例如痢疾志贺氏菌(Shigelladysenteriae)、弗氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)、鲍氏志贺氏菌(Shigellaboydii)和宋内志贺氏菌(Shigella sonnei))、沙门氏菌属(例如模式Salmonella typhi、Salmonella cholera-suis、Salmonella enteritidis)、梭菌属(例如Clostridium perfringens、Clostridium dificile、肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum))、Camphlobacter属(例如Camphlobacterjejuni、Camphlobacter fetus)、Heliobacter属、(例如Heliobacter pylori)、气单胞菌属(例如温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae))、Pleisomonas shigelloides、Yersina enterocolitica、弧菌属(例如霍乱弧菌(Vibrios cholerae)、Vibrios parahemolyticus)、克雷伯氏菌属、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和链球菌属。参见例如Stein,ed.,INTERNAL MEDICINE,3rd ed.,pp 1-13,Little,Brown and Co.,Boston,(1990);Evans et al.,eds.,Bacterial Infections of Humans:Epidemiologyand Control,2d.Ed.,pp 239-254,Plenum Medical Book Co.,New York(1991);Mandell et al,Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases,3d.Ed.,Churchill Livingstone,New York(1990);Berkow et al,eds.,TheMerck Manual,16th edition,Merck and Co.,Rahway,N.J.,1992;Woodet al,FEMS Microbiology Immunology,76:121-134(1991);Marrack et al,Science,248:705-711(1990),这些参考文献的内容通过引用整体结合到本文中。
本发明的抗体化合物、组合物或组合还可包含至少一种任何合适的助剂,如但不限于稀释剂、粘合剂、稳定剂、缓冲剂、盐、亲脂溶剂、防腐剂、佐剂等。优选药物可接受的助剂。这种无菌溶液的非限制性实例和制备方法是本领域公知的,如但不限于Gennaro,Ed.,Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Edition,Mack Publishing Co.(Easton,PA)1990。可以例行地选择出适合于抗体、片段或变体组合物的给药方式、溶解度和/或稳定性的药物可接受载体,这是本领域公知的或在本文中有描述。
可用于本发明的药物赋形剂和添加剂包括但不限于蛋白质、肽、氨基酸、脂质和碳水化合物(例如糖,包括单糖、二糖、三糖、四糖和寡糖;衍生糖,如醛醇、醛糖酸、酯化糖等;多糖或糖聚合物),它们可以单独或组合存在,单独或组合在一起占重量或体积的1-99.99%。示例性的蛋白质赋形剂包括血清白蛋白,如人血清白蛋白(HSA)、重组人白蛋白(rHA)、明胶、酪蛋白等。还能以缓冲能力起作用的代表性的氨基酸/抗体成分,包括丙氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、甜菜碱、组氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天冬甜素等。一种优选的氨基酸是甘氨酸。
适用于本发明的碳水化合物赋形剂包括例如单糖如果糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、山梨糖等;二糖如乳糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、纤维二糖等;多糖如棉子糖、松三糖、麦芽糖糊精、葡聚糖、淀粉等;及醛醇如甘露糖醇、木糖醇、麦芽糖醇、乳糖醇、木糖醇山梨糖醇(葡萄糖醇)、肌醇等。优选用于本发明的碳水化合物赋形剂是甘露糖醇、海藻糖和棉子糖。
抗体组合物还可包括缓冲剂或pH调节剂,通常该缓冲剂是从有机酸或碱制备的盐。代表性的缓冲剂包括有机酸盐,如柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、葡糖酸、碳酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、乙酸或邻苯二甲酸的盐;Tris、盐酸氨丁三醇或磷酸盐缓冲剂。优选用于本发明的缓冲剂是有机酸盐如柠檬酸盐。
另外,本发明的抗体组合物可包括高分子赋形剂/添加剂,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、ficoll(一种高分子糖)、葡萄糖结合剂(例如环糊精如2-羟丙基-β-环糊精)、聚乙二醇、矫味剂、抗微生剂、甜味剂、甜味剂、抗氧化剂、抗静电剂、表面活性剂(例如聚山梨醇酯如“TWEEN 20”和“TWEEN 80”)、脂质(例如磷脂、脂肪酸)、类固醇(例如胆固醇)和螯合剂(例如EDTA)。
这些和另外已知的适用于本发明抗体及其部分或变体组合物的药物赋形剂和/或添加剂是本领域公知的,例如列举在“Remington:The Science & Practice of Pharmacy”,19th ed.,Williams & Williams,(1995)和在“Physician’s Desk Reference”,52nd ed.,Medical Economics,Montvale,NJ(1998),这两篇文献的公开内容通过引用整体结合到本文中。优选的载体或赋形剂材料是碳水化合物(例如糖类和醛醇)和缓冲剂(例如柠檬酸盐)或高分子剂。示例性的载体分子是黏多糖、透明质酸,它们可用于关节内递药。
制剂
前文提到,本发明提供稳定的制剂,其优选包含磷酸盐缓冲剂及盐水或选定的盐,以及含有防腐剂的防腐溶液和制剂,以及适用于药用或兽用的多用途防腐制剂,包含有至少一种在药物可接受制剂中的抗体。防腐制剂在含水稀释剂中含有至少一种已知的防腐剂或,或者任选选自至少以下之一:苯酚、间甲酚、对甲酚、邻甲酚、氯甲酚、苄醇、亚硝酸苯汞、苯氧基乙醇、甲醛、氯丁醇、氯化镁(例如六水氯化镁)、羟苯烷酯类(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯等)、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、脱氢乙酸钠和硫柳汞及它们的聚合物或混合物。可以使用任何合适的浓度或混合物,这是本领域公知的,如约0.0015%,或者其中的任何范围、数值或分数。非限制性实例包括无防腐剂、约0.1-2%间甲酚(例如0.2、0.3.0.4、0.5、0.9、1.0%)、约0.1-3%苄醇(例如0.5、0.9、1.1、1.5、1.9、2.0、2.5%)、约0.001-0.5%硫柳汞(例如0.005、0.01)、约0.001-2.0%苯酚(例如0.05、0.25、0.28、0.5、0.9、1.0%)、0.0005-1.0%羟苯烷酯类(例如0.00075、0.0009、0.001、0.002、0.005、0.0075、0.009、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.075、0.09、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、0.75、0.9、1.0%)等。
前文提到,本发明提供制造品,其包括包装材料和至少一个小瓶,该小瓶装有至少一种抗体与规定的缓冲剂和/或防腐剂的溶液,该缓冲剂和/或防腐剂任选在含水稀释液中,其中所述包装材料包括标签,该标签标明该溶液能保持1、2、3、4、5、6、9、12、18、20、24、30、36、40、48、54、60、66、72小时或更长的时间。本发明还包括这样的制造品,其包括包装材料、装有冻干的至少一种抗体的第一小瓶和装有规定的缓冲剂或防腐剂的含水稀释液的第二小瓶,其中所述包装材料包括标签,该标签指导患者将该至少一种抗体在含水稀释液中复溶,以形成能保持24小时或更长时间的溶液。
依照本发明使用的该至少一种抗体可通过重组方法生产,包括从哺乳动物细胞或转基因制备物生产,或者可从其它生物来源纯化,这在本文中有描述或是本领域公知的。
至少一种抗体在本发明产品中的范围包括复溶时所产生的量,如果是在湿/干系统中的话为约1.0μg/ml至约1000mg/ml的浓度,不过更低或更高的浓度也可行且取决于预定的递送介质,例如溶液制剂会与透皮贴剂、肺部方法、透黏膜方法或渗透方法或微泵方法不同。
优选地,含水稀释液任选还包含药物可接受的防腐剂。优选的防腐剂包括选自以下的防腐剂:苯酚、间甲酚、对甲酚、邻甲酚、氯甲酚、苄醇、羟苯烷酯类(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯等)、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、脱氢乙酸钠、硫柳汞或者它们的混合物。制剂中所用的防腐剂的浓度是足以产生抗微生物效果的浓度。这种浓度取决于所选的防腐剂,技术人员是容易确定的。
其它赋形剂例如等渗剂、缓冲剂、抗氧化剂和防腐剂增强剂可任选和优选加到稀释液中。等渗剂如甘油通常是以已知浓度使用。优选加入生理上可耐受的缓冲剂,以改进pH控制性。制剂可覆盖宽范围的pH值,如从约pH 4至约pH 10,优选的范围是约pH 5至约pH 9,最优选的范围是约6.0至约8.0。优选地,本发明制剂的pH在约6.8和约7.8之间。优选的缓冲剂包括磷酸盐缓冲剂,最优选磷酸钠,特别是磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)。
其它添加剂也可任选加入到制剂或组合物中以减少聚集现象,所述添加剂如药物可接受的增溶剂如Tween 20(聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯)、Tween 40(聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯)、Tween 80(聚氧乙烯(20)失水山梨醇单油酸酯)、Pluronic F68(聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯嵌段共聚物)和PEG(聚乙二醇)或非离子型表面活性剂如聚山梨醇酯20或80或者泊洛沙姆184或188、聚醚、其它嵌段共聚物,以及螯合剂如EDTA和EGTA。如果使用泵或塑料容器来给予制剂,则这些添加剂特别有用。药物可接受表面活性剂的存在能减轻蛋白质发生聚集的倾向。
本发明制剂可通过这样的方法制备,该方法包括将至少一种抗体与选自以下的防腐剂在含水稀释液中混合:苯酚、间甲酚、对甲酚、邻甲酚、氯甲酚、苄醇、羟苯烷酯类(羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯等)、苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、脱氢乙酸钠、硫柳汞或者它们的混合物。在含水稀释液中混合至少一种抗体和防腐剂是用常规的溶解和混合程序来进行。为制备合适的制剂,例如将在缓冲溶液中的测定量的至少一种抗体与在缓冲溶液中的所需防腐剂进行组合,该防腐剂的量足以使蛋白质和防腐剂在所需的浓度。本领域普通技术人员会知道这个方法的各种变化方案。例如,各成分的加入顺序、另外的添加剂释放加入、制备制剂所用的温度和pH,都是可针对所用的浓度和给药方式加以优化的因素。
所提出权利要求的制剂可作为透明溶液提供给患者,或者作为双小瓶提供,其中一个小瓶装有冻干的至少一种抗体,第二小瓶装有水、防腐剂和/或赋形剂,优选是在含水稀释液中的磷酸缓冲剂和/或盐水和选定的盐,该抗体用该第二小瓶进行复溶。单一溶液小瓶或需要复溶的双小瓶都可重复使用多次,且可满足患者治疗的单个循环或多个循环,因此能提供比现有的治疗方案更为方便的治疗方案。
所提出权利要求的本发明制造品可用于在一段时间范围内进行给药,该时间范围可从即刻到24小时或更长的时间。因此,所提出权利要求的本发明制造品能给患者提供明显的好处。本发明制剂可任选在约2℃至约40℃的温度下安全储藏并长时间保持蛋白质的生物活性,因此包装标签可以标明溶液能保持和/或使用6、12、18、24、36、48、72或96小时或更长时间。如果使用了防腐稀释液,这个标签可标明可使用1-12个月时间、半年时间、一年半时间和/或两年时间。
至少一种本发明抗体的溶液可通过这样的方法制备,该方法包括将至少一种抗体在含水稀释液中混合。混合是用常规的溶解和混合程序来进行。为制备合适的稀释液,例如将测定量的至少一种抗体在水或缓冲剂中进行组合,组合的量足以使蛋白质和任选防腐剂或缓冲剂在所需的浓度。本领域普通技术人员会确知这个方法的各种变化方法。例如,各成分的加入顺序、另外的添加剂释放加入、制备制剂所用的温度和pH,都是可针对所用的浓度和给药方式加以优化的因素。
所提出权利要求的产品可作为透明溶液提供给患者,或者作为双小瓶提供,其中一个小瓶装有冻干的至少一种抗体,第二小瓶装有含水稀释液,该抗体用该第二小瓶进行复溶。单一溶液小瓶或需要复溶的双小瓶都可重复使用多次,且可满足患者治疗的单个循环或多个循环,因此能提供比现有的治疗方案更为方便的治疗方案。
所提出权利要求的产品可这样间接地提供给患者,即将透明溶液或其中一个小瓶装有冻干的至少一种抗体、第二小瓶装有含水稀释液的双小瓶(该抗体用该第二小瓶进行复溶)提供给药房、诊所或其它这种机构和设施。在这种情况下的透明溶液可以达1升或甚至更大的体积,从而提供大库存,药房或诊所可从中一次或多次取出份量较小的至少一种抗体溶液并转移到较小的小瓶中,以提供给其客户和/或患者。
包含单小瓶系统的公知装置包括溶液递送用笔式注射器装置,如BD Pens、BD和 J-tip Needle-Free 例如由Becton Dickensen(Franklin Lakes,NJ,www.bectondickenson.com);Disetronic(Burgdorf,Switzerland,www.disetronic.com);Bioject,Portland,Oregon(www.bioject.com);NationalMedical Product;Weston Medical(Peterborough,UK,www.weston-medical.com);Medi-Ject Corp(Minneapolis,MN,www.mediject.com)所制造或开发,以及类似的合适装置。包含双小瓶系统的公知装置包括那些在药液筒(cartridge)中将冻干药物复溶、复溶溶液在该药液筒进行递送的笔式注射器系统,如其它合适装置的实例包括预充注射器、自动注射器、无针注射器和无针静脉输注管。
本发明所提出权利要求的产品包括包装材料。包装材料除了提供监管机构所要求的信息外,还提供可使用产品的条件。本发明的包装材料给患者提供关于两小瓶湿/干产品的使用指导,以指导他们将至少一种抗体在含水稀释液中复溶形成溶液,并在2-24小时或更长的时间将该溶液。对于单小瓶溶液产品,标签标明这种溶液可在2-24小时或更长的时间里使用。本领域所提出权利要求的产品可用于人药物产品用途。
本发明制剂可通过这样的方法制备,该方法包括将至少一种抗体和选定的缓冲剂(优选含有盐水或选定的盐的磷酸盐缓冲剂)进行混合。在含水稀释液中混合至少一种抗体和缓冲剂是用常规的溶解和混合程序来进行。为制备合适的制剂,例如将在水或缓冲剂中的测定量的至少一种抗体与在水中的所需缓冲剂进行组合,该所需缓冲剂的量足以使蛋白质和缓冲剂在所需的浓度。本领域普通技术人员会确知这个方法的各种变化方法。例如,各成分的加入顺序、另外的添加剂释放加入、制备制剂所用的温度和pH,都是可针对所用的浓度和给药方式加以优化的因素。
所提出权利要求的稳定或防腐制剂可作为透明溶液提供给患者,或者作为双小瓶提供,其中一个小瓶装有冻干的至少一种抗体,第二小瓶装有在含水稀释液中的防腐剂和/或缓冲剂和赋形剂,该抗体用该第二小瓶进行复溶。单一溶液小瓶或需要复溶的双小瓶都可重复使用多次,且可满足患者治疗的单个循环或多个循环,因此能提供比现有的治疗方案更为方便的治疗方案。
其它制剂或者稳定抗体的方法可导致产生包含抗体的冻干粉的非透明溶液。非透明溶液包括包含颗粒悬浮物的制剂,所述颗粒为在可变尺寸的结构中含有抗体的组合物,所述结构各称为微球体、微颗粒、纳米颗粒、纳米球体或脂质体。这种含有活性物质的相对均匀、基本上球形的颗粒制剂,如美国专利4,589,330所教导可这样形成:将含有活性物质的水相与聚合物和非水相进行接触,然后蒸发非水相而从水相中凝聚出颗粒。多孔微颗粒如美国专利4,818,542所教导可这样制备:采用含有活性物质的第一相和分散于连续溶剂中的聚合物,并通过冷冻干燥或稀释-萃取-沉淀将所述溶剂从所得悬浮液中除去。用于这种制备的优选聚合物是选自以下的天然或合成的共聚物或聚合物:明胶、琼胶、淀粉、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、白蛋白、胶原、聚乙醇酸、聚乳酸、乙交酯-L(-)丙交酯、聚(ε-己内酯)、聚(ε-己内酯-CO-乳酸)、聚(ε-己内酯-CO-乙醇酸)、聚(β-羟基丁酸)、聚环氧乙烷、聚乙烯、聚(2-氰基丙烯酸烷酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯)、聚酰胺、聚(氨基酸)、聚(2-羟乙基DL-天冬酰胺)、聚(酯脲)、聚(L-苯丙氨酸/乙二醇/1,6-二异氰酸己烷)和聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)。特别优选的聚合物是聚酯,如聚乙醇酸、聚乳酸、乙交酯-L(-)丙交酯、聚(ε-己内酯)、聚(ε-己内酯-CO-乳酸)和聚(ε-己内酯-CO-乙醇酸)。可用于溶解聚合物和/或活性物质的溶剂包括:水、六氟异丙醇、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、己烷、苯或六氟丙酮(倍半水合)。将含活性物质的相与第二相分散在一起的方法,可包括用压力迫使所述第一相钾通过喷嘴中的孔口以实现液滴形成。
干法制剂可通过冻干法之外的方法产生,如通过喷雾干燥或通过蒸发溶剂萃取或通过结晶组合物的沉淀,然后通过一个或多个步骤除去水溶剂或非水溶剂。美国专利6,019,968教导了喷雾干燥抗体制品的制备。抗体基干粉组合物可通过将抗体和任选赋形剂在溶剂中的溶液或浆液,在能提供可吸入干法的条件下进行喷雾干燥来生产。溶剂可包括可容易进行干燥的极性化合物,如水和乙醇。通过在氧不存在下,如在氮保护下或通过使用氮气作为干燥气体,来进行喷雾干燥程序,可增强抗体稳定性。如WO 9916419所教导,另一种相对较干的制剂是多种穿孔微结构分散于通常包含氢氟烷烃抛射剂的悬浮介质中所成的分散体。稳定化的分散体可用定量吸入器给予患者的肺部。可用于喷雾干燥药物的商业制备的设备由Buchi Ltd.或Niro Corp制造。
在本文所述的稳定或防腐制剂或溶液中的至少一种抗体,可按照本发明通过多种递送方法给予患者,所述方法包括皮下(SC)或静脉内(IM)注射;透皮、肺部、透黏膜、植入、渗透泵、药液筒、微泵方法或技术人员知道的其它方法,这是本领域公知的。
治疗应用
本发明还提供用至少一种本发明抗体来调节或治疗本领域所公知的或本文所描述的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关疾病的方法,例如用治疗有效量的抗体给予或接触该细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于肥胖症、免疫相关疾病、心血管疾病、传染性疾病、恶性疾病或神经疾病中的至少一种。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关免疫相关疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:类风湿性关节炎、青年期类风湿性关节炎、系统发病(systemic onset)青年期类风湿性关节炎、牛皮癣关节炎、关节强直性脊椎炎、胃溃疡、血清(反应)阴性关节病、骨关节炎、骨质溶解、整形移植物的无菌松弛(aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants)、炎性肠病、溃疡性大肠炎、系统性红斑狼疮、抗磷脂综合征、虹膜睫状体炎/眼色素层炎/视神经炎、特发性肺纤维变性、系统性血管炎韦格纳(氏)肉芽肿病、肉样瘤病、睾丸炎/输精管切除术反向程序、过敏性/特应性疾病、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹、变应性接触性皮炎、变应性结膜炎、超敏性肺炎、移植、器官移植排斥、移植物抗宿主病、全身炎症反应综合征、脓毒病综合征、革兰(氏)阳性、革兰氏阴性脓毒症、培养物阴性败血症、真菌性脓毒症、中性白细胞减少性发热(neutropenicfever)、尿脓毒症、脑膜炎球菌血症、外伤/出血、烧伤、电离辐射暴露、急性胰腺炎、成人呼吸窘迫综合征、类风湿性关节炎、乙醇诱导的肝炎、慢性炎症病变、肉样瘤病、局限性结肠炎、镰状细胞性贫血、糖尿病、肾变病、特应性疾病、高度过敏反应、过敏性鼻炎、枯草热、全年性鼻炎、结膜炎、子宫内膜异位、哮喘、荨麻疹、systemicanaphalaxis、皮炎、恶性贫血、溶血性疾病、血小板减少(症)、任何器官或组织的移植排斥、肾移植排斥、心脏移植排斥、肝移植排斥、胰脏移植排斥、肺移植排斥、骨髓移植(BMT)排斥、同种移植皮片排异反应、软骨移植排斥、骨移植排斥、小肠移植排斥、胎儿胸腺植入排斥、甲状旁腺移植排斥、任何器官或组织的异种移植物排斥、同种异体移植物排斥、抗受体超敏反应、格雷夫斯氏病、Raynaud’s病、B型胰岛素抵抗性糖尿病、哮喘、重症肌无力、抗体介导的细胞毒性、III型超敏反应、POEMS综合征(多发性神经病、器官巨大症、内分泌病、单克隆丙种球蛋白病和皮肤变化综合征)、多神经病、器官巨大症、内分泌病、单克隆丙种球蛋白病、皮肤变化综合征、抗磷脂综合征、天疱疮、硬皮病、混合结缔组织病、原发性Addison’s病、糖尿病、慢性活动性肝炎、原发胆汁性肝硬变、白癫风、脉管炎、MI心切开术后综合征、IV型超敏反应、接触性皮炎、超敏感性肺炎、同种异体移植物排斥、细胞内生物体造成的肉芽肿、药物敏感性、代谢/先天病、Wilson′s病、血色素沉着(症)、甲抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症、糖尿病性视网膜病、hashimoto′s甲状腺炎、骨质疏松症、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴评价、原发性胆汁性肝硬变、甲状腺炎、脑脊髓炎、恶病质、囊性纤维变性、新生儿慢性肺病、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多(familial hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)、皮肤病、牛皮癣、秃发症、肾病综合征、肾炎、肾小球肾炎、急性肾衰竭、血液透析、尿毒症、毒性、先兆子痫、okt3治疗、抗-cd3治疗、细胞活素疗法、化学疗法、放射疗法(例如但不限于虚弱、贫血、恶病质等)、慢性水杨酸酯中毒等。参见例如Merck Manual,12th-17th Editions,Merck & Company,Rahway,NJ(1972,1977,1982,1987,1992,1999),Pharmacotherapy Handbook,Wells et al.,eds.,Second Edition,Appletonand Lange,Stamford,Conn.(1998,2000),每个文献通过引用整体结合到本文中。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种心血管疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:心脏性眩晕综合征、心肌梗塞、充血性心力衰竭、中风、缺血性发作、出血、急性冠状动脉综合征、动脉硬化、动脉粥样硬化、再狭窄、糖尿病性动脉硬化疾病、高血压、高动脉压、肾血管性高血压、晕厥、休克、心血管系统梅毒、心力衰竭、肺(原)性心脏病、原发性肺动脉高压、心律失常、心房异位搏动、心房扑动、心房纤维颤动(持续性或阵发性)、灌注后综合征、心肺分流术炎性反应、紊乱性或多源性房性心动过速、规则的窄幅QRS心动过速、特异性心律失常、心室纤维性颤动、希氏束心律失常、房室性传导阻滞、束支传导阻滞、心肌局部缺血性病症、冠状动脉疾病、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、心肌病、扩张性充血性心肌病、限制性心肌病、心脏瓣膜疾病、心内膜炎、心包疾病、心脏肿瘤、主动脉和外周动脉瘤、主动脉壁夹层形成、主动脉炎症、腹主动脉及其支脉阻塞、外周血管病症、阻塞性动脉疾病、外周动脉硬化病、闭塞性血栓性脉管炎、功能性外周动脉病症、Raynaud’s现象和病症、手足发绀、红斑性肢痛病、静脉疾病、静脉血栓形成、静脉曲张、动静脉瘘、皮肤淋巴病(lymphederma)、脂肪水肿、不稳定心绞痛、再灌注损伤、泵后综合征(post pump syndrome)、缺血-再灌注损伤等。这种方法可任选包括将包含至少一种抗体的有效量组合物或药物组合物给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关传染性疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:急性或慢性细菌感染、急性和慢性寄生虫或感染过程、包括细菌、病毒和真菌感染、HIV感染/HIV神经病变、脑(脊)膜炎、肝炎(例如A、B或C等)、脓毒性关节炎、腹膜炎、肺炎、会厌炎、e.coli 0157:h7、溶血性尿毒症综合征(hemolytic uremic syndrome)/血栓溶解性血小板减少性紫癜(thrombolytic thrombocytopenic purpura)、疟疾、登革出血热、利什曼病、麻风病、中毒性休克综合征、链球菌所导致的肌炎(streptococcal myositis)、气性坏疽、结核分支杆菌、胞内鸟分支杆菌(mycobacterium avium intracellulare)、肺孢子虫性肺炎、盆腔炎症性疾病、睾丸炎/epidydimitis、军团杆菌病(legionella)、莱姆病、流行性感冒、EB病毒、病毒性噬血细胞性综合征(hemaphagocyticsyndrome)、病毒性脑炎(viral encephalitis)/无菌性脑膜炎等。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关恶性疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:白血病、急性白血病、急性成淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、B-细胞、T-细胞或FAB ALL、急性髓细胞样白血病(AML)、急性骨髓性白血病、慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、毛细胞性白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、淋巴瘤、Hodgkin′s病、恶性淋巴瘤、非-hodgkin′s淋巴瘤、Burkitt’s淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、Kaposi′s肉瘤、结肠直肠癌、胰腺癌、鼻咽癌、恶性组织细胞增多症、瘤外综合征/恶性肿瘤高钙血症、实体瘤、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、头部癌症、颈癌、遗传性非息肉性癌、Hodgkin’s淋巴瘤、肝癌、肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、肾细胞癌、睾丸癌、腺癌、肉瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、血管瘤、(肿瘤)转移性疾病、癌症相关性骨吸收、癌症相关性骨痛等。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关神经疾病的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:神经变性疾病;多发性硬化症;偏头痛;AIDS痴呆综合症;脱髓鞘性病,如多发性硬化症和急性横贯性脊髓炎;锥体术外和小脑疾病,如皮质脊髓系统损伤;基底神经节疾病;运动机能亢进,如Huntington舞蹈病和老年舞蹈病;药源性运动障碍,如阻断CNS多巴胺受体的药物诱发的疾病;运动功能减退,如Parkinson病;进行性核上震颤(Progressive supranucleo Palsy);小脑结构性损伤;脊髓小脑退化,如脊柱共济失调、Friedreich′s共济失调、小脑皮层退化、多系统退化(Mencel、Dejerine-Thomas、Shi-Drager和Machado-Joseph);系统性疾病(Refsum′s疾病、abetalipoprotemia、共济失调、毛细血管扩张和线粒体多系统疾病);脱髓鞘核疾病,如多发性硬化、急性横贯性脊髓炎;和运动神经元疾病,如神经性肌肉萎缩(前角质细胞变性,如肌萎缩性侧索硬化、婴儿型脊柱肌肉萎缩和青年型脊柱肌肉萎缩);Alzheimer病;中年Down′s综合征;Diffuse Lewy小体疾病;Lewy小体型老年痴呆;Wernicke-Korsakoff综合征;慢性酒精中毒;Creutzfeldt-Jakob病;亚急性硬化性全脑炎、Hallerrorden-Spatz疾病;拳击员痴呆(Dementia pugilistica);外伤性神经损伤(neurotraumaticinjury)(例如脊索损伤、脑损伤、震荡、反复震荡);疼痛;炎性疼痛;孤独症;抑郁;中风;认知障碍;癫痫症等。这种方法可任选包括将包含至少一种TNF抗体或其指定部分或变体的有效量组合物或药物组合物给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。参见例如Merck Manual,16th Edition,Merck & Company,Rahway,NJ(1992)。
本发明还提供调节或治疗细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中的至少一种抗原相关创伤(wound)、外伤(trauma)或组织伤害或相关慢性病症的方法,所述疾病包括但不限于至少一种以下的疾病:身体伤害或与口腔手术(包括牙周手术)有关的外伤、拔牙、牙髓治疗、牙齿植入物的插入、假牙的应用和使用;或者所述创伤选自无菌创伤、挫伤、切伤、撕伤、非侵入性创伤、开口创伤、侵入性创伤、穿孔性创伤、穿刺性创伤、腐败性创伤、更社和皮下创伤;或者其中所述创伤选自局部缺血性溃疡、压疮、瘘、严重咬伤、热烧伤和供皮区创伤;或者其中所述创伤是口疮伤口、创伤伤口或疱疹相关创伤。
创伤和/或溃疡通常是从皮肤或在黏膜表面上突出而见到,或者因为器官中的梗塞(“发作”)而产生。创伤可以因为软组织缺陷或损害而产生,或者有潜在性病症。在本发明情形中,术语“皮肤”涉及动物(包括人)的身体的最外面表面,涵盖完整或几乎完整的皮肤以及受伤皮肤表面。术语“黏膜”涉及动物(如人)的未受损或受损的黏膜,可以是口(口服)、口腔(buccal)、耳、鼻、肺、眼、胃肠道、阴道或直肠黏膜。
在本发明情形中,术语“创伤”表示破坏组织结构的正常完整性的身体伤害(injury)。该术语还意在涵盖术语“疮痛(sore)”、“损害(lesion)”、“坏死(necrosis)”和“溃疡(ulcer)”。通常,术语“疮痛”是皮肤或黏膜的几乎任何损害的通俗术语,术语“溃疡”是器官或组织的表面的局部缺陷或穴口(excavation),由坏死组织的脱落所产生。损害通常涉及任何组织缺陷。坏死涉及因感染、伤害、炎症或梗塞产生的死组织。
本发明情形中使用的术语“创伤”表示任何创伤(见下文关于创伤的分类)和痊愈过程中的任何特定阶段,包括开始任何痊愈前的阶段或或者造成特定的创伤如手术切口(预防性治疗)前的阶段。可依照本发明进行预防和/或治疗的创伤的实例是例如无菌创伤、挫伤、切伤、撕伤、非侵入性创伤(即没有破坏皮肤但伤害到下层结构的创伤)、开口创伤、侵入性创伤、穿孔性创伤、穿刺性创伤、腐败性创伤、皮下创伤等。疮痛的实例有褥疮、口疮、铬疮、感冒疮、压疮等。溃疡的实例有例如消化性溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡、痛风性溃疡、糖尿病性溃疡、高血压性局部缺血性溃疡、淤积性溃疡、下肢溃疡(静脉性溃疡)、舌下溃疡、黏膜下溃疡、症状性溃疡、营养不良性溃疡、热带性溃疡和生殖器溃疡,例如由淋病(包括尿道炎、宫颈黏膜炎和直肠炎)所引起。可依照本发明得以成功治疗的与创伤或疮痛有关的病症,有烧伤、炭疽、破伤风、气性坏疽、猩红热、丹毒、须疮、毛囊炎、接触传染性脓疱疮或大疱性脓疱疮等。术语“创伤”和“溃疡”及“创伤”和“疮痛”的使用往往存在一定的重叠,此外,这些术语往往是任意使用的。因此,如前所述,在本发明情形中,术语“创伤”涵盖术语“溃疡”、“损害”、“疮痛”和“梗塞”,这些术语不加区别地进行使用,除非另有指明。
要根据本发明进行治疗的创伤的类型还包括:(i)一般创伤,例如手术性的、外伤性的、传染性的、局部缺血性的、热致性(thermal)的、化学性的和大疱性的创伤;(ii)口腔中特有的创伤,例如拔牙后创伤,牙髓创伤(特别是与囊肿和脓肿的治疗有关),细菌性、病毒性或自身免疫性起源的溃疡和损害,机械性、化学性、热致性、传染性和青苔状的创伤;疱疹性溃疡、口疮性口炎、急性坏死性溃疡性齿龈炎和灼口综合征是具体的实例;和(iii)皮肤上的创伤,例如赘生物、烧伤(例如化学性、热致性的)、损害(细菌性、病毒性、自身免疫性)、咬伤和手术切口。创伤的另一种分类方式是(i)因手术切口、小磨损和小咬伤造成的小组织损失,和(ii)明显的组织损失。后一类包括局部缺血性溃疡、压疮、瘘、裂伤、严重咬伤、热烧伤和供皮区创伤(软组织和硬组织中)及梗塞。
在本发明上重要的其它创伤是诸如缺血性溃疡、压疮、瘘、严重咬伤、热烧伤和供皮区创伤的创伤。缺血性溃疡和压疮是通常最终痊愈得非常慢的创伤,因此尤其在这种情况下,改进的和更为快速的痊愈过程对患者来说当然是极为重要的。此外,当痊愈得到改进且更快地进行时,治疗遭受这种创伤的患者所要的费用明显降低。
供皮区创伤是例如将硬组织从身体的一部分移到另一部分(例如进行移植时)时出现的创伤。这种手术所致的创伤非常痛苦,因此改进的痊愈极为重要。术语“皮肤”以非常广的意义使用,涵盖皮肤的表皮层,在皮肤表面或多或少受损的情况中,还涵盖皮肤的真皮层。除了角质层外,皮肤的表皮层是外层(上皮层),而皮肤的较深的结缔组织层称为真皮。
本发明还提供在细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者中调节或治疗牛皮癣、牛皮癣关节炎、节段性回肠炎、多发性硬化和视神经炎的方法,这些疾病为上文所列的其它抗原相关性疾病,包括但不限于至少免疫相关性疾病、心血管疾病、感染、恶性疾病和/或神经疾病之一。这种方法可任选包括将包含至少一种抗体的有效量的至少一种组合物或药物组合物给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。
本发明的任何方法可包括将包含至少一种抗体的有效量组合物或药物组合物给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。这种方法可任选还包括用于治疗这种疾病或病症的共给药或组合疗法,其中还包括在所述至少一种抗体及其指定部分或变体的给予的之前、同时和/或之后,给予至少一种选自以下的药物:TNF拮抗剂(例如但不限于TNF化学或蛋白质拮抗剂、TNF单克隆或多克隆抗体或片段、可溶性TNF受体(例如p55、p70或p85)或片段、其融合多肽,或者小分子TNF拮抗剂,例如TNF结合蛋白I或II(TBP-1或TBP-II)、奈瑞莫单抗、英夫利昔单抗、依那西普、(EnbrelTM)、阿达木单抗(adalimulab)(HumiraTM)、CDP-571、CDP-870、阿非莫单抗、来那西普等),抗风湿药物(例如甲氨喋呤、金诺芬、金硫葡糖、硫唑嘌呤、硫代苹果酸金钠(gold sodium thiomalate)、硫酸羟氯喹、来氟米特、sulfasalzine)、肌肉松弛剂、麻醉药物(narcotic)、非甾类抗炎药物(NSAID)、止痛药物、麻醉药物、镇静药物、局部麻醉药物、神经肌肉阻断剂、抗微生物药物(例如氨基糖苷、抗真菌药物、抗寄生虫药物、抗病毒药物、碳青霉烯、头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮、大环内酯、青霉素、磺酰胺、四环素、别的抗微生物药物)、抗牛皮癣药物、皮质类固醇、促合成代谢类甾醇、糖尿病相关药物、矿物质、营养剂、甲状腺剂、维生素、钙相关激素、止泻药物、镇咳药物、止吐药物、抗溃疡药物、轻泻药物、抗凝血剂、促红细胞生成素(例如重组人肾红细胞生产素α)、非格司亭(例如G-CSF、Neupogen)、沙格司亭(GM-CSF、Leukine)、免疫疗法、免疫球蛋白、免疫抑制剂(例如巴利昔单抗、环胞菌素、达珠单抗)、生长激素、激素替代药物、雌激素受体调节剂、散瞳药、睫状肌麻痹药、烷基化剂、抗代谢药物、有丝分裂抑制剂、放射药物、抗抑郁药物、抗狂躁药物、安定药、抗焦虑药、催眠药、拟交感神经药、刺激剂、多奈哌齐、他克林、哮喘药物、β激动剂、吸入类固醇、白三烯抑制剂、甲基黄嘌呤、色苷酸、肾上腺素或类似物、阿法链道酶(Pulmozyme)、细胞因子或细胞因子拮抗剂。合适的剂量是本领域公知的。参见例如Wells et al.,eds.,Pharmacotherapy Handbook,2ndEdition,Appleton and Lange,Stamford,CT(2000);PDR Pharmacopoeia,Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2000,Deluxe Edition,TarasconPublishing,Loma Linda,CA(2000);Nursing 2001 Handbook of Drugs,21st edition,Springhouse Corp.,Springhouse,PA,2001;HealthProfessional’s Drug Guide 2001,ed.,Shannon,Wilson,Stang,Prentice-Hall,Inc,Upper Saddle River,NJ,每个文献通过引用整体结合到本文中。
医疗性治疗
本发明的任何方法可包括治疗抗原介导疾病的方法,所述方法包括将包含至少一种抗体的有效量组合物或药物组合物给予需要这种调节、治疗或疗法的细胞、组织、器官、动物或患者。这种方法可任选还包括用于治疗这种疾病或病症的共给药或组合疗法,其中还包括在所述至少一种抗体及其指定部分或变体的给予的之前、同时和/或之后,给予至少一种选自以下的药物:抗感染药物、心血管(CV)系统药物、中枢神经系统(CNS)药物、自主神经系统(ANS)药物、呼吸道药物、胃肠(GI)道药物、激素药物、体液或电解质平衡药物、血液药物、抗肿瘤药物、免疫调节药物、眼耳鼻药物、局部药物、营养药物等,至少一种TNF拮抗剂(例如但不限于TNF抗体或片段、可溶性TNF受体或片段、其融合多肽,或者小分子TNF拮抗剂)、抗风湿药物(例如甲氨喋呤、金诺芬、金硫葡糖、硫唑嘌呤、依那西普、硫代苹果酸金钠、硫酸羟氯喹、来氟米特、sulfasalzine)、肌肉松弛剂、麻醉药物、非甾类抗炎药物(NSAID)、止痛药物、麻醉药物、镇静药物、局部麻醉药物、神经肌肉阻断剂、抗微生物药物(例如氨基糖苷、抗真菌药物、抗寄生虫药物、抗病毒药物、碳青霉烯、头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮、大环内酯、青霉素、磺酰胺、四环素、别的抗微生物药物)、治牛皮癣药物、皮质类固醇、促合成代谢类甾醇、糖尿病相关药物、矿物质、营养剂、甲状腺剂、维生素、钙相关激素、止泻药物、镇咳药物、止吐药物、抗溃疡药物、轻泻药物、抗凝血剂、促红细胞生成素(例如重组人肾红细胞生产素α)、非格司亭(例如G-CSF、Neupogen)、沙格司亭(GM-CSF、Leukine)、免疫疗法、免疫球蛋白、免疫抑制剂(例如巴利昔单抗、环胞菌素、达珠单抗)、生长激素、激素替代药物、雌激素受体调节剂、散瞳剂、睫状肌麻痹剂、烷基化剂、抗代谢药物、有丝分裂抑制剂、放射药物、抗抑郁药物、抗狂躁药物、安定药、抗焦虑药、催眠药、拟交感神经药、刺激剂、多奈哌齐、他克林、哮喘药物、β激动剂、吸入类固醇、白三烯抑制剂、甲基黄嘌呤、色苷酸、肾上腺素或类似物、阿法链道酶(Pulmozyme)、细胞因子或细胞因子拮抗剂。这种药物,包括本文提出的每种药物的剂型、适用症、剂量和给药,是本领域公知的(参见例如Nursing 2001 Handbook of Drugs,21st edition,Springhouse Corp.,Springhouse,PA,2001;Health Professional’s DrugGuide 2001,ed.,Shannon,Wilson,Stang,Prentice-Hall,Inc,UpperSaddle River,NJ;Pharmcotherapy Handbook,Wells et al.,ed.,Appleton& Lange,Stamford,CT,每个文献通过引用整体结合到本文中)。
通常,病理状况的治疗是通过给予有效量或剂量的至少一种抗体组合物实现的,该组合物平均总共有至少约0.01-500毫克的至少一种抗体每公斤患者每剂量,优选至少约0.1-100毫克的抗体每公斤患者每单次或多次给药,这取决于组合物中所含的活性物质的比活性。或者,有效的血清浓度可包含0.1-5000g/ml血清浓度每单次或多次给药。合适的剂量是执业医生公知的,当然它要取决于具体的疾病状态、所给予的组合物的比活性和进行治疗的具体患者。在一些情况中,为达到所需的治疗量,可能有必要进行反复给药,即反复多个单次给予特定的监控量或定量,其中所述多个单次给予反复进行至达到所需的日剂量或效果。
优选的剂量可任选包括约0.1-99和/或100-500mg/kg每次给药,或其中任何范围、数值或分数,或者为了实现约0.1-5000g/ml血清浓度每单次或多次给药的血清浓度,或其中任何范围、数值或分数。本发明抗体的优选剂量范围是约1mg/kg直至约3、约6或约12mg/kg患者体重。
或者,所给予的剂量可根据已知的因素而改变,如具体药剂的药代动力学特性及其给药方式和途径;接受者的年龄、健康状况和体重;症状的性质和程度、同时进行的治疗类型、治疗频率和所需的效果。通常活性成分的剂量可以是约0.1-100毫克每公斤体重。通常,0.1-50、优选0.1-10毫克每公斤每次给药或者以缓释形式,能有效获得所需的效果。
作为非限制性实例,对人或动物的治疗以一次或定期给予0.1-100mg/kg至少一种本发明抗体或其中的任何范围、数值或分数来提供,是每天、1-40天的至少一天、或者或另外地1-52周的至少一周,或者或另外地1-20年的至少一年,或者它们的任何组合,使用单剂量、输注剂量或多次剂量来进行。
适合于体内给药的剂量(组合物)通常每单位或容器含有约0.001毫克约500毫克的活性成分。在这些药物组合物中,活性成分的量一般会占组合物总重量的约0.5-99.999%。
对于胃肠外给药,抗体可配制成溶液剂、混悬剂、乳剂、颗粒剂、散剂或者与药物可接受的胃肠外介质结合提供或单独提供的冻干粉。这种介质的实例有水、盐水、林格溶液、右旋葡萄糖溶液和约1-10%人血清白蛋白。也可使用脂质体和非水介质如固定油类。介质或冻干粉可含有添加剂以保持等渗性(例如氯化钠、甘露糖醇)和化学稳定性(例如缓冲剂和防腐剂)。制剂可通过已知的或合适的技术灭菌。
合适的药物载体在Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,A.Osol(本领域的标准参考教科书)的最新版本中有描述。
另类给药法
有许多已知的和已开发的方式可依照本发明用来给予药物有效量的至少一种本发明抗体。尽管在下文的描述中采用肺部给药,但其它的给药方式也可依照本发明加以使用并得到合适的结果。可使用本文所述的或本领域公知的多种适合通过吸入或其它方式给药的装置和方法中的任何一种,将本发明的抗体在载体中递送,作为溶液、乳液、胶体或悬浮液递送,或者作为干粉递送。
胃肠外制剂和给药
胃肠外给药用制剂可含有作为普通赋形剂的无菌水或盐水、聚烷撑二醇如聚乙二醇、植物来源的油类、氢化萘等。注射用含水或含有混悬剂可用适当的乳化剂或湿润剂和悬浮剂按照已知的方法来制备。注射用剂可以是非毒性、非口服给药的稀释剂如水溶液、无菌可注射溶液或在溶剂中的悬浮液。作为可使用的介质或溶剂,水、林格溶液、等渗盐水等是允许的;作为普通的溶剂或悬浮溶剂,可使用无菌非挥发性油。对于这些目的,任何种类的非挥发性油和脂肪酸都可使用,包括天然的或合成的或半合成脂肪油或脂肪酸;天然的或合成的或半合成的单或二或三甘油酯。胃肠外给药是本领域公知的,包括但不限于常规的注射装置、美国专利5,851,198中描述的气压式无针注射装置和美国专利5,839,446中描述的激光穿孔装置,这两个专利通过引用结合到本文中。
另类递送法
本发明还涉及通过以下方式给予至少一种抗体:胃肠外、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、关节内、支气管内、腹部内、囊内、软骨内、腔内、腹腔内、小脑内、脑室内、结肠内、宫颈内、胃内、肝内、心肌内、骨内、骨盆内、心包内、腹膜内、胸膜内、前列腺内、肺内、直肠内、肾内、视网膜内、脊髓内、滑液内、胸内、子宫内、膀胱内、伤口内(intralesional)、推注、阴道、直肠、口腔方式、舌下、鼻内或透皮方式。至少一种抗体组合物可制备成供用于胃肠外(皮下、肌肉内或静脉内)或任何其它给药,特别是以液体溶液剂或混悬剂的形式;供用于阴道或直肠给药,特别是以半固体形式,如但不限于乳膏剂和栓剂;供口腔或舌下给药,如但不限于以片剂或胶囊剂的形式;或者鼻内给药,如但不限于以散剂、滴鼻剂或气溶胶某些剂的形式;或者透皮给药,如但不限于凝胶剂、软膏剂、洗剂、混悬剂或贴剂递药系统,该贴剂具有化学增强剂如二甲亚砜以修饰皮肤结构或提高透皮贴剂中的药物浓度(Junginger,et al.″Drug Permeation Enhancement;″Hsieh,D.S.,Eds.,pp.59-90(Marcel Dekker,Inc.New York 1994,其通过引用完整结合到本文中),或者具有氧化剂,以便将含有蛋白质和肽的制剂施用到皮肤上(WO 98/53847),或者应用电池来产生短暂的运输通道,如电穿孔,或者增加带电药物通过皮肤的迁移率,如离子电渗疗法,或者应用超声波,如超声波导入疗法(美国专利4,309,989和4,767,402)(以上文献和专利通过引用整体结合到本文中)。
肺/鼻给药
对于肺部给药,优选的是至少一种抗体组合物以能有效达到肺的下呼吸道或窦的颗粒大小进行递送。根据本发明,至少一种抗体可以通过多种本领域公知用于吸入给予治疗药物的吸入装置或鼻内装置中的任何一种来递送。这些能够将气溶胶化制剂沉降在患者的窦腔或肺泡中的装置包括定量吸入器、喷雾器(nebulizer)、干粉产生器、雾化器(sprayer)等。其它适合于指导抗体的肺部或鼻内给药的装置也是本领域公知的。所有这种装置可使用适合于将抗体分配在气溶胶中进行给药的制剂。这种气溶胶可由溶液(水溶液和非水溶液)或固体颗粒组成。
定量吸入器如定量吸入器通常使用抛射气体,需要在吸入过程中进行促动(参见例如WO 94/16970、WO 98/35888)。干粉吸入器如TurbuhalerTM(Astra)、(Glaxo)、(Glaxo)、SpirosTM吸入器(Dura)、Inhale Therapeutics所销售的装置和粉末吸入器(Fisons),采用呼吸来促动混合粉末(US 4668218 Astra、EP237507 Astra、WO 97/25086 Glaxo、WO 94/08552 Dura、US 5458135Inhale、WO 94/06498 Fisons,它们通过引用整体结合到本文中)。喷雾器如AERxTM Aradigm、喷雾器(Mallinckrodt)和喷雾器(Marquest Medical Products)(US 5404871 Aradigm、WO 97/22376)(以上参考文献通过引用整体结合到本文中)从溶液产生气溶胶,而定量吸入器、干粉吸入器等则产生小颗粒气溶胶。市售吸入装置的这些具体实例意在作为适合于本发明的实施的具体装置的代表,并不意在限制本发明的范围。
优选地,包含至少一种抗体的组合物通过干粉吸入器或雾化器递送。吸入装置有几个合乎需要的特征可供给予至少一种本发明抗体。例如,吸入装置进行的递送可靠、可再现和准确,这是有利的。吸入装置可任选递送小的干颗粒,例如小于约10μm,优选约1-5μm,以适合呼吸。
抗体组合物作为喷雾给药
包含抗体组合物的喷雾可通过压力下迫使至少一种抗体的悬浮液或溶液通过喷嘴来产生。可选定喷嘴大小和构造,所施加的压力、液体输送速度,以实现所需的输出量和颗粒大小。电喷雾可例如通过毛细管或喷嘴输送加电场来产生。有利的是,通过雾化器递送的至少一种抗体组合物的颗粒其颗粒大小小于约10μm,优选在约1μm至约5μm的范围,最优选在约2μm至约3μm的范围。
适用于雾化器的至少一种抗体组合物的制剂通常包括在水溶液中的抗体组合物,其浓度为约0.1mg至约100mg至少一种抗体组合物每ml或每克溶液,或者其中的任何范围、数值或分数。制剂可包括诸如以下的剂:赋形剂、缓冲剂、等渗剂、防腐剂、表面活性剂和优选锌。制剂还可包括用以使抗体组合物稳定的赋形剂或剂,如缓冲剂、还原剂、增量用蛋白质(bulk protein)或碳水化合物。可用于配制抗体组合物的增量用蛋白质包括白蛋白、鱼精蛋白等。可用于配制抗体组合物的典型碳水化合物包括蔗糖、甘露糖醇、乳糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖等。抗体组合物制剂还可包括表面活性剂,其能减少或防止在形成气溶胶时因溶液的雾化所引起的抗体组合物的表面诱导聚集。可采用各种常规的表面活性剂,如聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯和醇及聚氧乙烯山梨醇脂肪酸酯。用量通常会占制剂重量的0.001至14%的范围。出于本发明的目的特别优选的表面活性剂是聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯、聚山梨醇酯80、聚山梨醇酯20等。本领域公知的用于配制蛋白质如抗体或其指定部分或变体的另外剂,也可包括在制剂中。
抗体组合物通过喷雾器给药
本发明的抗体组合物可通过喷雾器如喷射喷雾器或超声波喷雾器给药。通常,在喷射喷雾器中,用压缩空气源来通过孔口产生高速度空气喷射。随着气体离开喷嘴后发生膨胀,产生出低压区,其将抗体组合物的溶液抽吸通过与液体储器连接的毛细管。毛细管中的液体流随着它排出毛细管被剪切成不稳定的细丝和小滴,从而产生气溶胶。可采用多种构造、流速和挡板类型,来实现给定喷射喷雾器的所需性能特性。在超声波喷雾器中,用高频率电能量产生震动机械能,通常是采用压电换能器。这一能量直接地或通过耦合液体传输到抗体组合物的制剂,从而产生包含抗体组合物的气溶胶。有利的是,通过雾化器递送的抗体组合物的颗粒其颗粒大小小于约10μm,优选在约1μm至约5μm的范围,最优选在约2μm至约3μm的范围。
适用于喷射喷雾器或超声波喷雾器的至少一种抗体的制剂,通常包括约0.1mg至约100mg至少一种抗体每ml溶液的浓度。制剂可包括诸如以下的剂:赋形剂、缓冲剂、等渗剂、防腐剂、表面活性剂和优选锌。制剂还可包括用以使至少一种抗体组合物稳定的赋形剂或剂,如缓冲剂、还原剂、增量用蛋白质或碳水化合物。可用于配制抗体组合物的增量用蛋白质包括白蛋白、鱼精蛋白等。可用于配制至少一种抗体的典型碳水化合物包括蔗糖、甘露糖醇、乳糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖等。至少一种抗体组合物制剂还可包括表面活性剂,其能减少或防止在形成气溶胶时因溶液的雾化所引起的至少一种抗体的表面诱导聚集。可采用各种常规的表面活性剂,如聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯和醇及聚氧乙烯山梨醇脂肪酸酯。用量通常会占制剂重量的约0.001至4%的范围。出于本发明的目的特别优选的表面活性剂是聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯、聚山梨醇酯80、聚山梨醇酯20等。本领域公知的用于配制蛋白质如抗体蛋白质的另外剂,也可包括在制剂中。
抗体组合物通过定量吸入器给药
在定量吸入器(MDI)中,在小罐体中装有抛射剂、至少一种抗体和任何赋形剂或其它添加剂作为混合物,包括液化压缩气体。促动计量阀会将混合物作为气溶胶释放出来,优选气溶胶所含颗粒的大小范围小于约10μm、优选约1μm至约5μm、最优选约2μm至约3μm。所需的气溶胶颗粒大小可通过采用由本领域技术人员公知的各种方法产生的抗体组合物制剂来获得,所述方法包括气流粉碎、喷雾干燥、临界点凝结等。优选的定量吸入器包括3M或Glaxo制造的和应用氢氟烃抛射剂的那些定量吸入器。供用于定量吸入器的至少一种抗体的制剂,通常会包括含有至少一种抗体的细粉,该细粉是作为非水介质中的悬浮液,例如在表面活性剂的帮助下悬浮在抛射剂中。抛射剂可以是任何为此目的而采用的常规材料,如氯氟烃、氢氯氟烃、氢氟烃或烃,包括三氯氟甲烷、二氯二氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙醇和1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷、HFA-134a(氢氟烷烃-134a)、HFA-227(氢氟烷烃-227)等。优选抛射剂是氢氟烃。可选择表面活性剂以使至少一种抗体作为在抛射剂中的悬浮液得到稳定化,以保护活性物质免受化学降解等。合适的表面活性剂包括失水山梨醇三油酸酯、大豆卵磷脂、油酸等。在一些情况下,优选使用溶剂如乙醇的溶液气溶胶。本领域公知的用于蛋白质的配制的另外剂也可包括在制剂中。本领域普通技术人员会认识到,可通过本文没有描述的装置进行至少一种抗体组合物的肺部给药,来实现本发明的方法。
口服制剂和给药
口服用制剂有赖于共给予佐剂(例如间苯二酚和非离子型表面活性剂如聚氧乙烯油基醚和正十六烷基聚乙烯醚)以人工提高肠壁的渗透性,以及共给予酶抑制剂(例如胰蛋白酶抑制剂、二异丙基氟磷酸(DFF)和特斯乐(trasylol))以抑制酶促降解。美国专利6,309,663教导了供递送亲水性物质(包括蛋白质和抗体和至少两种表面活性剂的组合)以进行口服、口腔、黏膜、鼻内、肺部、阴道跨膜或直肠给药的制剂。口服给药用固体类型剂型的活性组成化合物可与至少一种添加剂进行混合,所述添加剂包括蔗糖、乳糖、纤维素、甘露糖醇、海藻糖、棉子糖、麦芽糖醇、葡聚糖、淀粉、琼脂、海藻酸盐、几丁质、壳聚糖、果胶、黄蓍胶、阿拉伯树胶、明胶、胶原、酪蛋白、白蛋白、合成或半合成聚合物及甘油。这些剂型还可含有其它类型的添加剂,例如非活性稀释剂、润滑剂如硬脂酸镁、对羟基苯甲酸酯类、防腐剂如山梨酸、抗坏血酸、α-生育酚、抗氧化剂如半胱氨酸、崩解剂、粘合剂、增稠剂、缓冲剂、甜味剂、矫味剂、香味剂等。
片剂和丸剂可进一步加工成包肠衣制剂。口服给药用液体制剂包括被认可作医疗用途的乳剂、糖浆剂、酏剂、混悬剂和溶液剂。这些制剂可含有所述领域常用的非活性稀释剂如水。脂质体已被描述作为胰岛素和肝素的药物递送系统(美国专利4,239,754)。最近已使用混合氨基酸人工聚合物(类蛋白质)的微球体来递送药物(美国专利4,925,673)。此外,美国专利5,879,681和5,5,871,753中描述的用来口服递送生物活性剂的载体化合物也是本领域公知的。
黏膜制剂和给药
供口服给予生物活性剂的制剂包囊在一种或多种生物相容性聚合物或共聚物赋形剂中,优选生物可降解聚合物或共聚物中,产生出微胶囊,由于所得微胶囊的尺寸适当,使得活性剂得以达到动物的淋巴集结(folliculi lymphatic aggregati)(也称“Peyer′s淋巴结(Peyer′spatch)”或“GALT”)并被吸收,而又不因为活性剂通过了胃肠道而导致失去有效性。在支气管(BALT)和大肠中也可发现类型的淋巴集结。上述组织通称为黏膜相关淋巴网状组织(MALT)。对于通过黏膜表面进行的吸收,供给予至少一种抗体的组合物和方法包括这样的乳剂,其包含众多亚微颗粒、黏膜粘附性大分子、生物活性肽和水连续相,该水连续相通过实现乳剂颗粒的黏膜粘附促进通过黏膜表面的吸收(美国专利5,514,670)。适合于本发明乳剂的应用的黏膜表面可包括角膜、结膜、口腔、舌下、鼻、阴道、肺、胃、肠和直肠给药途径。阴道或直肠给药用制剂如栓剂可含有例如聚烷撑二醇、凡士林、可可脂等作为赋形剂。鼻内给药用制剂可以是固体并含有例如乳糖作为赋形剂,或者可以是滴鼻剂的含水或含有溶液。对于口腔给药,赋形剂包括糖类、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、预糊化淀粉等(美国专利5,849,695)。
透皮制剂和给药
对于透皮给药,至少一种抗体是包囊在递送装置如脂质体或高分子纳米颗粒、微颗粒、微胶囊或微球体(统称微颗粒,除非另有指明)中。有多种合适的装置是已知的,包括由合成聚合物和天然聚合物以及它们的组合所制成的微颗粒,所述合成聚合物如聚羟基酸(如聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸和它们的共聚物)、聚原酸酯、聚酐和聚磷腈,所述天然聚合物如胶原、聚氨基酸、白蛋白和其它蛋白质、海藻酸盐和其它多糖(美国专利5,814,599)。
延长给药和制剂
可以需要长时间地将本发明的化合物递送给受试者,例如单次给药一周至一年的时间。有各种缓释剂型、长效剂型(depot)或植入剂型可以采用。例如,剂型可含有所述化合物的药物可接受非毒性盐,该盐在体液中的溶解度低,例如是(a)与多元酸所成的酸加成盐,所述多元酸如磷酸、硫酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、丹宁酸、双羟萘酸、海藻酸、聚谷氨酸、萘一或二磺酸等;(b)与多价金属阳离子所成的盐,所述金属如锌、钙、铋、钡、镁、铝、铜、钴、镍、镉等,或者与从例如N,N′-二苄基-乙二胺或乙二胺形成的有机阳离子所成的盐;或者(c)(a)和(b)的组合,例如单宁酸锌盐。另外,本发明化合物或者优选相对较不可溶的盐如上述的盐,可与例如芝麻油配制成适于注射的凝胶例如单硬脂酸铝凝胶。特别优选的盐是锌盐、单宁酸锌盐、双羟萘酸等。另一类型的注射用缓释长效制剂则是化合物或盐分散在慢降解、非毒性、非抗原性聚合物如聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸聚合物中进行包囊,例如如美国专利3,773,919所描述。化合物或者优选相对较不可溶的盐如上述的盐也可配制成胆固醇基质硅橡胶丸剂,特别是供动物使用。另外的缓释制剂、长效制剂或植入制剂,例如气体或液体脂质体,是本领域公知的(美国专利5,770,222和″Sustained and Controlled Release DrugDelivery Systems″,J.R.Robinson ed.,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,N.Y.,1978)。
上文已对本发明作了一般描述,现参考以下实施例会更容易理解本发明,这些实施例是以示例方式提供,并不能认为是限制本发明。
实施例:在BALB/c小鼠中进行抗CD40处理增强抗原特异性mAb产生
BALB/c小鼠(8-12周龄)购自The Jackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor,ME)。在两个抗IL-23的BALB/c小鼠处理组中产生抗体。简单的说,用在弗氏佐剂中乳化的蛋白质对小鼠进行腹膜内免疫。在几个星期的时间里每两周进行加强注射。由特定的血清滴度应答确知每只小鼠被激发出了可测量的对细胞因子抗原的免疫应答。在收获淋巴细胞前三天,组A小鼠接收皮下注射100μg抗鼠CD40单克隆抗体(克隆1C10,目录号MAB440,R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)。B组小鼠不接收任何处理。
将收获的淋巴细胞与鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,通过ELISA筛选融合体,以评估反应性杂合体的数量。表1显示,用细胞因子蛋白免疫和用抗CD40激动剂单克隆抗体致敏的Balb/c小鼠,与没有进行抗CD40激动剂单克隆抗体致敏的小鼠相比,反应性杂合体的产生显著增加(1321%,p=0.001)。
表1
显而易见的是,本发明可以按前面的描述和实施例中所述的具体方式之外的方式进行实施。根据以上教导可以对本发明做出多种修改和变化,这些修改和变化因此落入所附权利要求书的范围内。
Claims (36)
1.一种在宿主动物中产生抗体的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
用靶标抗原免疫宿主动物;
将B细胞增殖剂给予宿主动物;
分离靶标抗原特异性抗体。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述宿主动物是啮齿动物。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述啮齿动物是小鼠。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述小鼠是BALB/c小鼠。
5.权利要求2的方法,其中所述啮齿动物是大鼠。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述靶标抗原是T细胞抗原或T细胞非依赖性抗原。
7.权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中所述B细胞增殖剂是至少一个选自以下的成员:抗CD40激动剂、BAFF(BLyS)、IL-6、APRIL、CD40L(CD154)和抗IgM/IL4共刺激。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述B细胞增殖剂以蛋白质、编码蛋白质的DNA分子或者蛋白质和编码蛋白质的DNA分子的组合的形式给予。
9.权利要求7的方法,其中所述抗CD40激动剂是起到抗CD40激动剂的作用的抗CD40抗体。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述抗CD40抗体是大鼠抗小鼠CD40抗体。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中所述抗CD40抗体以约50μg至约100μg每剂量的量给予。
12.权利要求7的方法,所述方法还包括将B细胞增殖剂随同第二剂一起给予。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述第二剂是靶向剂和B细胞分化剂中的至少一个。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中所述靶向剂是CD21,所述B细胞分化剂是至少一个选自以下的成员:未折叠蛋白应答(UPR)途径组分和B细胞特异性转录因子。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述未折叠蛋白应答(UPR)途径组分选自:BiP、XBP、CHOP、IRE1、PERK、ATF4、ATF6、eIF2alpha、GRP78、GRP94、钙网蛋白、伴侣蛋白和变体。
16.一种由权利要求1-15的方法中的任何一个方法生产的抗体。
17.权利要求16的抗体,其中所述抗体以至少一个选自以下的亲和力结合靶标抗原:至少10-9M、至少10-10M、至少10-11M、至少10-12M、至少10-13M、至少10-14M和至少10-15M,所述亲和力通过表面等离振子共振或Kinexa方法来测定。
18.一种能与权利要求16或17的抗体竞争性结合靶标抗原的抗体。
19.权利要求16-18中任一项的抗体,其中所述抗体实质上调节靶标抗原的活性。
20.权利要求16-19中任一项的抗体,其中所述抗体是抗IL-23抗体。
21.权利要求20的抗体,其中所述抗体结合IL-23蛋白的p19亚单位。
22.一种包含权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体和至少一种药物可接受载体或稀释剂的组合物。
23.权利要求22的组合物,所述组合物还包含至少一种选自以下的化合物或多肽:可检测标记或报道分子、TNF拮抗剂、抗感染药物、心血管(CV)系统药物、中枢神经系统(CNS)药物、自主神经系统(ANS)药物、呼吸道药物、胃肠(GI)道药物、激素药物、体液或电解质平衡药物、血液药物、抗肿瘤药物、免疫调节药物、眼耳鼻药物、局部药物、营养药物、细胞因子和细胞因子拮抗剂。
24.一种能特异性结合权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体的抗独特型抗体或片段。
25.一种诊断或治疗细胞、组织、器官或动物中的与靶标抗原有关的疾病或病症的方法,所述方法包括将包含有效量的权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体的组合物接触或给予所述细胞、组织、器官或动物。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述有效量是约0.001-50mg/公斤所述细胞、组织、器官或动物。
27.权利要求25的方法,其中所述接触或所述给予是通过至少一种选自以下的方式进行:胃肠外、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、关节内、支气管内、腹部内、囊内、软骨内、腔内、腹腔内、小脑内、脑室内、结肠内、宫颈内、胃内、肝内、心肌内、骨内、骨盆内、心包内、腹膜内、胸膜内、前列腺内、肺内、直肠内、肾内、视网膜内、脊髓内、滑液内、胸内、子宫内、膀胱内、伤口内、大剂量注射、阴道、直肠、口腔、舌下、鼻内和透皮。
28.权利要求25的方法,所述方法还包括在所述接触或给予之前、同时或之后,给予至少一种包含有效量的至少一种选自以下的化合物或多肽的组合物:可检测标记或报道分子、抗感染药物、心血管(CV)系统药物、中枢神经系统(CNS)药物、自主神经系统(ANS)药物、呼吸道药物、胃肠(GI)道药物、激素药物、体液或电解质平衡药物、血液药物、抗肿瘤药物、免疫调节药物、眼耳鼻药物、局部药物、营养药物、细胞因子和细胞因子拮抗剂。
29.一种医疗装置,所述医疗装置包含权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体,其中所述装置适合于将所述抗体通过至少一种选自以下的方式进行接触或给予:胃肠外、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、关节内、支气管内、腹部内、囊内、软骨内、腔内、腹腔内、小脑内、脑室内、结肠内、宫颈内、胃内、肝内、心肌内、骨内、骨盆内、心包内、腹膜内、胸膜内、前列腺内、肺内、直肠内、肾内、视网膜内、脊髓内、滑液内、胸内、子宫内、膀胱内、伤口内、大剂量注射、阴道、直肠、口腔、舌下、鼻内和透皮。
30.一种供人药用或诊断用的制造品,所述制造品包含包装材料和容器,该容器装有溶液或冻干形式的权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体。
31.权利要求30的制造品,其中所述容器是胃肠外、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、关节内、支气管内、腹部内、囊内、软骨内、腔内、腹腔内、小脑内、脑室内、结肠内、宫颈内、胃内、肝内、心肌内、骨内、骨盆内、心包内、腹膜内、胸膜内、前列腺内、肺内、直肠内、肾内、视网膜内、脊髓内、滑液内、胸内、子宫内、膀胱内、伤口内、大剂量注射、阴道、直肠、口腔、舌下、鼻内和透皮递送装置或系统的组件。
32.一种产生权利要求16-21中任一项的抗体的方法,所述方法包括提供能够以可回收量表达所述抗体的宿主细胞或转基因动物或转基因植物或植物细胞。
33.一种增加用靶标抗原免疫的宿主动物的B细胞应答的方法,所述方法包括在用靶标抗原免疫之前、同时和/或之后将B细胞增殖剂给予宿主动物。
34.权利要求33的方法,所述方法还包括在给予步骤之后分离靶标抗原特异性抗体。
35.权利要求33的方法,其中所产生的对靶标抗原有特异性的B淋巴细胞的数量得到增加。
36.本说明书描述的任何发明。
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| CN108192943A (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2018-06-22 | 弗·哈夫曼-拉罗切有限公司 | 表达cd40l的哺乳动物细胞及其用途 |
| CN109072192A (zh) * | 2016-02-16 | 2018-12-21 | 杜克大学 | 用于扩展和分化生产抗体的b细胞的方法 |
| CN111226863A (zh) * | 2020-02-25 | 2020-06-05 | 赵永烈 | 一种风热证偏头痛模型大鼠的造模方法及获得的模型大鼠 |
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| US20090074711A1 (en) * | 2006-09-07 | 2009-03-19 | University Of Southhampton | Human therapies using chimeric agonistic anti-human cd40 antibody |
| CA2697719A1 (en) * | 2007-08-27 | 2009-03-05 | Ablynx Nv | Needle-free delivery device for therapeutic proteins based on single antigen-binding domains such as nanobodies |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108192943A (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2018-06-22 | 弗·哈夫曼-拉罗切有限公司 | 表达cd40l的哺乳动物细胞及其用途 |
| CN108192943B (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2022-03-18 | 弗·哈夫曼-拉罗切有限公司 | 表达cd40l的哺乳动物细胞及其用途 |
| CN109072192A (zh) * | 2016-02-16 | 2018-12-21 | 杜克大学 | 用于扩展和分化生产抗体的b细胞的方法 |
| CN109072192B (zh) * | 2016-02-16 | 2024-02-09 | 杜克大学 | 用于扩展和分化生产抗体的b细胞的方法 |
| CN111226863A (zh) * | 2020-02-25 | 2020-06-05 | 赵永烈 | 一种风热证偏头痛模型大鼠的造模方法及获得的模型大鼠 |
| CN111226863B (zh) * | 2020-02-25 | 2022-01-28 | 赵永烈 | 一种风热证偏头痛模型大鼠的造模方法 |
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