CN101571513A - Ultrasonic guided wave detection device for quality evaluation of composite laminated plate - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于复合材料层合板质量评定的超声导波检测装置，该装置采用超声导波为检测的手段，准确且便利的评定复合材料层合板质量，包括以下步骤：a.对复合材料层合板中的导波信号进行时频分析，对比信号时频分布图与导波理论时频分布曲线，提出模态分离方法；b.利用Gabor小波的良好特性，在时频域取得精确的时间延迟信息，结合传感器优化布置与多路定位，扩大了缺陷定位的范围，引入聚类分析，提高二维定位的准确性与可靠性；c.采用改进的HHT方法，提高信号特征提取中的合理性和准确性，有效分离超声导波信号中的各个模态分量，根据线性回归分析，将瞬时量作为特征参数；d.构建超声导波信号的检测装置，完善检测步骤，设计软件体系结构，编写基于时频分析的导波信号处理程序。
The invention provides an ultrasonic guided wave detection device for quality evaluation of composite material laminates. The device uses ultrasonic guided waves as a means of detection to accurately and conveniently evaluate the quality of composite material laminates, including the following steps: a. Conduct time-frequency analysis of the guided wave signal in the material laminate, compare the time-frequency distribution diagram of the signal with the time-frequency distribution curve of the guided wave theory, and propose a mode separation method; b. Utilize the good characteristics of Gabor wavelet to obtain accurate Time delay information, combined with sensor optimization layout and multi-channel positioning, expands the scope of defect positioning, introduces cluster analysis, improves the accuracy and reliability of two-dimensional positioning; c. adopts the improved HHT method to improve the signal feature extraction Rationality and accuracy, effectively separate each modal component in the ultrasonic guided wave signal, and use the instantaneous quantity as the characteristic parameter according to the linear regression analysis; d. Construct the detection device of the ultrasonic guided wave signal, improve the detection steps, and design the software architecture , Write a guided wave signal processing program based on time-frequency analysis.
Description
技术领域 technical field
用于复合材料层合板质量评定的超声导波检测装置，根据复合材料层合板的特点，确定是否存在缺陷、缺陷的位置与尺寸。The ultrasonic guided wave detection device used for quality assessment of composite laminates determines whether there is a defect, the location and size of the defect according to the characteristics of the composite laminate.
背景技术 Background technique
在现有技术中，对于复合材料层合板的质量评定，广泛采用的是声发射检测方法。声发射(AE)是指材料局部因能量的快速释放而发出声波的现象，由于声发射信号来自缺陷，不同缺陷的声发射信号也有差异，由接收传感器采集声波信号，通过信号处理，根据信号的特性，确定声发射源的位置。声发射检测技术的优点是可实现动态、实时的检测，但当声波在传播路径中衰减严重时，检测精度难以保证，同时由于属于被动检测方法，因此其操作性存在局限。In the prior art, the acoustic emission detection method is widely used for the quality assessment of composite laminated boards. Acoustic emission (AE) refers to the phenomenon that the local material emits sound waves due to the rapid release of energy. Since the acoustic emission signal comes from a defect, the acoustic emission signal of different defects is also different. The acoustic emission signal is collected by the receiving sensor and processed through the signal. characteristics to determine the location of the source of the acoustic emission. The advantage of acoustic emission detection technology is that it can realize dynamic and real-time detection. However, when the acoustic wave is severely attenuated in the propagation path, the detection accuracy is difficult to guarantee. At the same time, because it is a passive detection method, its operability is limited.
文献《航空航天复合材料无损检测研究现状》(徐丽等，材料导报，19(8)，79-82，2005)比较了常用的几种复合材料质量的评定方法，声发射需要解决的主要问题包括两方面：一方面在于仪器开发方面，应进一步完善和提高现有机型的功能和可靠性，开发适用于各种工程检测信号数据分析与处理软件包；另一方面应进一步开展声发射信号处理分析技术，特别是神经网络模式识别的研究，提高在线检测应用水平。The literature "Research Status of Nondestructive Testing of Aerospace Composite Materials" (Xu Li et al., Materials Herald, 19(8), 79-82, 2005) compares several commonly used methods for evaluating the quality of composite materials, and the main problems that need to be solved by acoustic emission It includes two aspects: on the one hand, in terms of instrument development, the functions and reliability of existing models should be further improved and improved, and software packages suitable for various engineering detection signal data analysis and processing should be developed; on the other hand, acoustic emission signal detection should be further developed. Process analysis technology, especially the research on neural network pattern recognition, to improve the application level of online detection.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
针对现有质量评定方法存在的技术问题，本发明提供一种用于复合材料层合板质量评定的超声导波检测装置，该装置采用超声导波为检测的手段，以无损检测的方式，准确且便利的评定复合材料层合板质量。该方法包括以下步骤：a、采用时频分析法，对复合材料层合板中的导波信号进行处理。在时频空间内，对比实测信号的时频分布图与导波的理论时频分布曲线，提出模态分离方法；b、提出了对复合材料层合板中缺陷进行二维定位的方法，利用Gabor小波具有的良好特性，对导波信号在时频域进行分析，取精确的时间延迟信息，结合传感器优化布置与多路定位，扩大了缺陷定位的范围，引入聚类分析，提高了准确性与可靠性；c、采用改进的Hilbert-Huang变换(HHT)方法，提高了HHT在信号特征提取中的合理性和准确性，能够有效分离超声导波信号中的各个模态(IMF)分量，根据线性回归分析，将瞬时量作为特征参数，可精确对直径不小于5mm的脱粘缺陷进行量化；d、构建非平稳导波信号的实验系统，完善了实验装置和实验步骤，设计了软件体系结构，编写了基于时频分析的导波信号处理程序，提供了便捷的操作界面。Aiming at the technical problems existing in the existing quality evaluation methods, the present invention provides an ultrasonic guided wave detection device for quality evaluation of composite material laminates. Conveniently assess the quality of composite laminates. The method includes the following steps: a. Using a time-frequency analysis method to process the guided wave signal in the composite material laminated board. In the time-frequency space, compare the time-frequency distribution graph of the measured signal with the theoretical time-frequency distribution curve of the guided wave, and propose a mode separation method; b. A method for two-dimensional positioning of defects in composite laminates is proposed, using Gabor The wavelet has good characteristics, analyze the guided wave signal in the time-frequency domain, get accurate time delay information, combine sensor optimization layout and multi-channel positioning, expand the scope of defect positioning, introduce cluster analysis, improve accuracy and Reliability; c, using the improved Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) method, which improves the rationality and accuracy of HHT in signal feature extraction, and can effectively separate each mode (IMF) component in the ultrasonic guided wave signal, according to Linear regression analysis, using the instantaneous quantity as a characteristic parameter, can accurately quantify the debonding defect with a diameter of not less than 5mm; d. Build an experimental system for non-stationary guided wave signals, improve the experimental equipment and experimental procedures, and design the software architecture , wrote a guided wave signal processing program based on time-frequency analysis, and provided a convenient operation interface.
与现有技术相比，本发明的效果在于：(1)采用导波检测方法，实现复合材料层合板的无损质量评定，避免对复合板造成破坏；(2)综合采用不同的时频处理方法，分析导波检测信号，充分利用各个方法的长处，可以对缺陷的存在、位置和尺寸做出准确的判断；(3)基于复合材料层合板中导波传播的机理，对导波的激励、传感器的选择与布置、参数设定、配套硬件和软件系统进行了研究，针对复合材料层合板结构开发了相应的检测装置。Compared with the prior art, the effect of the present invention lies in: (1) adopting the guided wave detection method to realize the non-destructive quality evaluation of the composite material laminated board, and avoiding damage to the composite board; (2) comprehensively adopting different time-frequency processing methods , analyze the guided wave detection signal, make full use of the strengths of each method, and make accurate judgments on the existence, location and size of defects; (3) Based on the mechanism of guided wave propagation in composite laminates, the excitation of guided waves, The selection and arrangement of sensors, parameter setting, supporting hardware and software systems have been studied, and corresponding detection devices have been developed for composite laminate structures.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1是纵波斜入射产生导波的原理图。Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of guided waves generated by oblique incidence of longitudinal waves.
图2是激励信号的时域与频域波形图。Figure 2 is the time domain and frequency domain waveform diagram of the excitation signal.
图3是斜探头一发一收方式的实验装置示意图。Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the experimental device of the angle probe sending and receiving method.
图4是检测装置的硬件组成示意图。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the hardware composition of the detection device.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面，结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行说明。Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
激励导波的方法有很多种，其中采用纵波斜探头是一种精确有效的方法，且从物理学上洞察了导波的产生。图1描述了用有机玻璃楔块上的纵波探头产生导波的情形。纵波以某入射角度及速度入射，根据Snell定理，波在界面处要发生波型的转换、反射和折射。距探头一定距离处，各波将不再清晰可辨，而呈现为叠加的波包。对某确定的情况，即给定入射角度，厚度d及材料特性，则导波将在板中传播。There are many methods to excite guided waves, among which the use of longitudinal-wave oblique probes is an accurate and effective method, and the generation of guided waves has been gained insight from physics. Figure 1 describes the situation where a guided wave is generated with a longitudinal wave probe on a plexiglass wedge. The longitudinal wave is incident at a certain incident angle and velocity. According to Snell's theorem, the wave will undergo wave mode conversion, reflection and refraction at the interface. At a certain distance from the probe, the waves will no longer be clearly discernible, but appear as superimposed wave packets. For a certain situation, given the angle of incidence, thickness d and material properties, the guided wave will propagate in the plate.
厚度d、入射角度及材料特性的多种组合都能够满足导波产生的条件，于是会得到许多模态。对于用有机玻璃楔块上的纵波探头，导波相速度cp与入射角的关系为：Various combinations of thickness d, incident angle, and material properties can satisfy the conditions for guided wave generation, so many modes will be obtained. For a longitudinal wave probe on a plexiglass wedge, the relationship between the guided wave phase velocity cp and the incident angle is:
式中θ为纵波入射角，即激发角；c楔块为楔块材料的纵波速度；cp为板中所激发导波模态的相速度。因而，选择合适的角度，就可以产生需要的导波模态。一般，透声楔块的材料为有机玻璃，其纵波速度cl为2.7mm/μs。where θ is the incident angle of the longitudinal wave, that is, the excitation angle; c wedge is the longitudinal wave velocity of the wedge material; c p is the phase velocity of the excited guided wave mode in the plate. Therefore, by choosing an appropriate angle, the desired guided wave mode can be generated. Generally, the material of the sound-transmitting wedge is plexiglass, and its longitudinal wave velocity c l is 2.7mm/μs.
由于导波各模态的相速度是频散的，因此在不同频率点激发不同模态导波的入射角都是不同的，且从总体上讲，楔块材料的声速会影响入射角的大小。根据导波的相速度频散曲线与楔块纵波声速，可以计算出入射角。Since the phase velocity of each mode of the guided wave is dispersive, the incident angles of different modes excited by different frequency points are different, and generally speaking, the sound velocity of the wedge material will affect the size of the incident angle . According to the phase velocity dispersion curve of the guided wave and the wedge longitudinal wave sound velocity, the incident angle can be calculated.
在研究导波传播特性时，激励信号的选取是一个很重要的问题。在实用中，较为有效、成熟的是将窄带信号作为导波的激励信号。窄带激励信号的组成比较简单、便于区分、干扰小，能够更容易的控制激励导波的模态，这是它的主要优点。本装置针对导波在复合材料层合板中的传播特性展开研究，激励信号的选取工作主要可分为两个方面：第一是选择信号的形状，第二是确定激励的中心频率。在实际应用中，要以板结构的材料参数、厚度等因素作为依据，选取窄带激励信号及其中心频率。在现有条件下，为满足评定的需要，选取20个波峰，中心频率为1MHz的激励信号，其时域与频域波形如图2所示，从频域分析中可以看到激励信号的频率成分集中于1MHz中心频率附近，从而可以控制导波的频散现象，以便于对接收信号的分析。When studying the propagation characteristics of guided waves, the selection of excitation signals is a very important issue. In practice, it is more effective and mature to use the narrowband signal as the excitation signal of the guided wave. The composition of the narrowband excitation signal is relatively simple, easy to distinguish, and has little interference, and it is easier to control the mode of the excitation guided wave, which is its main advantage. This device conducts research on the propagation characteristics of guided waves in composite laminates. The selection of excitation signals can be divided into two aspects: the first is to select the shape of the signal, and the second is to determine the center frequency of the excitation. In practical applications, the narrow-band excitation signal and its center frequency should be selected based on the material parameters and thickness of the plate structure. Under the existing conditions, in order to meet the needs of the evaluation, 20 peaks are selected, and the excitation signal with a center frequency of 1 MHz is selected. The time domain and frequency domain waveforms are shown in Figure 2. From the frequency domain analysis, the frequency of the excitation signal can be seen The components are concentrated near the center frequency of 1MHz, so that the dispersion phenomenon of the guided wave can be controlled, so as to facilitate the analysis of the received signal.
目前，导波的激励与接收方式，分为纵波垂直入射法、斜入射法。纵波垂直入射法是将超声纵波探头垂直的放置于被测试件表面，在板件的内部激励出导波，同时以固定的间距在激励传感器周围布置接收传感器，接收到的信号是多模式的导波；纵波斜入射法是将超声纵波探头按一定的倾斜角度放置于被测试件表面，发射的纵波以入射角进入板中，从而在板的延伸方向形成导波传播。根据Snell定律，选用不同的入射角，就能够在板中激励出不同模态的导波。At present, the excitation and reception methods of guided waves are divided into longitudinal wave vertical incidence method and oblique incidence method. The longitudinal wave vertical incidence method is to place the ultrasonic longitudinal wave probe vertically on the surface of the test piece, excite the guided wave inside the plate, and arrange the receiving sensors around the excitation sensor at a fixed distance. The received signal is a multi-mode guided wave. The longitudinal wave oblique incidence method is to place the ultrasonic longitudinal wave probe on the surface of the test piece at a certain inclination angle, and the emitted longitudinal wave enters the plate at the incident angle, thereby forming a guided wave propagation in the extending direction of the plate. According to Snell's law, different modes of guided waves can be excited in the plate by choosing different incident angles.
目前还没有一种在结构中激发导波的标准或最优方法，本装置采用任意波形发生卡与信号采集卡，自行开发了超声激励与接收设备。导波信号的激励与接收采用双探头式纵波斜射法，用两只探头分别完成信号的发射任务与信号的接收任务，采用一定角度的透声斜楔，使纵波以一定入射角度进入被测试件中，从而在复合材料层合板中激励出导波，不同的导波模态可以通过选择不同的探头入射角来实现，装置原理框图如图3所示。At present, there is no standard or optimal method to excite guided waves in the structure. This device adopts arbitrary waveform generation card and signal acquisition card, and develops ultrasonic excitation and receiving equipment by itself. The excitation and reception of the guided wave signal adopts the double-probe longitudinal wave oblique injection method, and two probes are used to complete the signal transmission task and the signal reception task respectively, and a sound-transmitting wedge with a certain angle is used to make the longitudinal wave enter the test piece at a certain incident angle In order to excite guided waves in composite material laminates, different guided wave modes can be realized by selecting different probe incident angles. The schematic diagram of the device is shown in Figure 3.
复合材料层合板质量评定的超声导波检测装置有硬件和软件两个主要部分及其辅助装置。本发明的装置采用以计算机为平台，硬件方面采用高度集成化的智能板卡保证系统的精度，主要包括激励与接收探头、超声波形发生卡与数据采集卡、计算机系统、传输线、耦合剂等几个部分，其中硬件系统组成如图4所示。The ultrasonic guided wave detection device for the quality assessment of composite laminates has two main parts, hardware and software, and their auxiliary devices. The device of the present invention uses a computer as a platform, and uses a highly integrated smart board to ensure the accuracy of the system in terms of hardware, mainly including excitation and receiving probes, ultrasonic waveform generation cards and data acquisition cards, computer systems, transmission lines, coupling agents, etc. The components of the hardware system are shown in Figure 4.
软件方面采用Windows和可视化编程技术，采用Wigner-Ville时频分析、小波变换和HHT方法，采用面向对象的编程技术及C#语言工具，成功开发了针对板中导波信号检测装置的软件部分，以非平稳信号的处理方法为核心，实现了模态分离、缺陷二维定位和缺陷量化的理论，从而为快速、准确的判断复合材料层合板结构缺陷提供了充分的依据。实现了人机交互界面的直观化和操作的简化，开发了针对板类结构的超声实验软件系统，主要功能是控制导波的激励、信号的接收与显示；对数据的处理、分析与存储。The software adopts Windows and visual programming technology, adopts Wigner-Ville time-frequency analysis, wavelet transform and HHT method, adopts object-oriented programming technology and C# language tool, and successfully develops the software part for the guided wave signal detection device in the board. The non-stationary signal processing method is the core, and the theory of mode separation, two-dimensional defect positioning and defect quantification is realized, which provides a sufficient basis for fast and accurate judgment of structural defects of composite laminates. Realized the visualization of human-computer interaction interface and simplification of operation, and developed an ultrasonic experiment software system for plate structures. The main functions are to control the excitation of guided waves, signal reception and display; data processing, analysis and storage.
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| CN101968348A (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2011-02-09 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Method for visually monitoring fracture crack |
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