CN101652127A - 用于细胞靶向的粒子 - Google Patents
用于细胞靶向的粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101652127A CN101652127A CN200780038055A CN200780038055A CN101652127A CN 101652127 A CN101652127 A CN 101652127A CN 200780038055 A CN200780038055 A CN 200780038055A CN 200780038055 A CN200780038055 A CN 200780038055A CN 101652127 A CN101652127 A CN 101652127A
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Abstract
提供了包含扁球形粒子的组合物,所述扁球形粒子包含活性试剂例如治疗剂或成像剂,以及通过对有此需要的受试者施用所述组合物来治疗或监视生理状况(例如疾病)的方法。还提供了用于制作粒子的方法,所述粒子具有对于粒子预选的形状能够增强粒子对受试者体内靶位点的附着的体积,以及用于制作粒子的方法,所述粒子具有对于粒子预选的体积能够增强粒子对受试者体内靶位点的附着的形状。
Description
关于联邦资助研究或开发的声明
不适用。
发明领域
本发明总体上涉及治疗剂和/或成像剂的靶向递送,更具体地涉及微米粒子或纳米粒子,产生这种粒子的方法,以及使用这种粒子用于治疗性和/或成像试剂的靶向递送的方法。
发明背景
具有不同组成和化学-物理性质的微米粒子或纳米粒子可用于递送活性试剂,例如治疗剂或成像剂,参见例如LaVan D.A.,et al.Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery.Nat.Biotechnol.2003;21:1184-91;和Ferrari M..Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol.2005;9:343-6。这种微米粒子或纳米粒子的实例包括纳米球,其中负载,例如药物分子或成像试剂被分散在多聚体基质中,参见例如Duncan R.Nat.Rev.Drug Discov.2003;2:347-60;多层纳米/微米胶囊和脂质体,其中负载包含在内胶囊中,参见例如Crommelin D.J.A.,Schreier H.,Liposomes,pp.73-190,in:Colloidal drugdelivery systems,Kreuter J.,editor,New York:Marcel Dekker,1994;以及纳米多孔硅粒子,其中负载与多孔表面结合,参见例如Cohen M.H.,et al.Biomed.Microdev.2003;5:253-9。
微米粒子或纳米粒子相对于游离分子施用的优点之一是它们的多功能性和工程改造性(engineerability)。例如,微米粒子或纳米粒子可以携带高载量的治疗性试剂,该试剂可以以精确的剂量和时间表释放,从而改善治疗的功效和特异性。微米粒子或纳米粒子可以携带治疗性试剂和成像试剂两者,从而后者可以在体内监视治疗性处理之后疾病或生理状况(例如癌性肿瘤)的发展。微米粒子或纳米粒子的表面可以具有靶向部分,例如能够通过靶向位点升高特异性识别粒子的可能性的不同类型的配体。
为了执行其诊断性和/或治疗性任务,微米粒子或纳米粒子必须紧密附着至靶向位点的一种或多种细胞,例如受损的细胞。该紧密附着可以是对靶向血管系统位点特别重要的,在这种情况下,附着相互作用必须抵消通过趋向将粒子从靶位点驱逐的血流施加在粒子上的血液动力学力,参见例如Neri D.,Bicknell R.Nat.Cancer Rev.2005。因此,需要开发具有对靶位点增强附着的微米粒子或纳米粒子。
发明概述
本发明的一个实施方式提供了治疗或监视生理状况的方法,其包括对有此需要的受试者施用包含扁球形粒子的组合物,所述粒子包含有效量的至少一种活性试剂。
本发明的另一个实施方式提供了包含扁球形粒子的组合物,所述粒子包含至少一种活性试剂。
在另一个实施方式中,提供了方法,其包括(A)选择具有表面的靶位点,所述表面具有一种或多种第一部分;(B)选择与第一部分互补的第二部分;(C)选择通过一种或多种形状参数定义的形状;(D)确定最大化对靶位点的附着的体积,基于(i)所选的一种或多种形状参数;(ii)第一部分和第二部分之间相互作用的一种或多种参数;和(iii)第一部分在靶位点上的表面密度;以及(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上所选的形状和基本上确定的体积;以及(F)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面。
并且在另一个实施方式中,提供了方法,其包括(A)选择具有表面的靶位点,所述表面具有一种或多种第一部分;(B)选择体积;(C)选择与所述第一部分互补的第二部分;(D)确定最大化对靶位点的附着的体积,基于(i)所选的体积;(ii)第一部分和第二部分之间相互作用的参数;和(iii)靶位点表面上的第一部分表面密度;以及(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上确定的形状和基本上所选的体积;以及(F)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面。
附图说明
图1示例显示了通过配体-受体键合附着至内皮底物的球形粒子。
图2呈现了无量纲附着概率(dimensionless adhesionprobability)作为体积V对球形粒子的长宽比γ的几种预选的数值(=1、3、5、7和9)的函数的曲线图,其中mr=1014m-2;μS=1Pa;λ=10-10m;h0=10-8m;δeq=5×10-9m。在中,对应于最大的体积值是对于γ的具体预选值的最大体积Vopt。
发明详述
定义
除非另有说明,“一”或“一个”表示一个或更多。
“微米粒子”是指具有1微米-1000微米的最大特征尺寸的粒子,或者在一些实施方式中,该范围如特别说明的是1微米-100微米。
“纳米粒子”是指具有小于1微米的最大特征尺寸的粒子。
“扁球形粒子”表示具有基本上球形形状,长宽比γ大于1的粒子。对于长宽比γ的定义,参照下文。
“生物可降解的”是指在生理基质中能够溶解或降解的材料,或者在生理条件下能够被生理学酶和/或在化学条件下被降解的生物相容性聚合物材料。
综述
通过引用将其全部引入本文的以下研究文章和专利文献对理解本发明公开的内容有益:
1)P.Decuzzi and M.Ferrari.The adhesive strength ofnon-spherical particles mediated by specific interactions,Biomaterials 27(2006)5307-5314;
2)P.Decuzzi et al.A Theoretical Model for the Marginationof Particles within Blood Vessels,Annals of BiomedicalEngineering 33(2005)179-190;
3)P.Decuzzi et al.The Effective Dispersion of NanovectorsWithin the Tumor Microvasculature,Annals of BiomedicalEngineering 34(2006)633-641;
4)P.Decuzzi et al.The Adhesion of MicrofabricatedParticles on Vascular Endothelium:Parametric Analysis,Annalsof Biomedical Engineering 32(2004)793-802;
5)属于Ferrari的,在2007年8月8日提交的美国专利申请号11/836,004;
6)属于Decuzzi和Ferrari的,在2006年9月27日提交的PCT申请号PCT/US2006/03986。
发明人已经认识到具有扁球形的粒子能够比球形粒子更牢固地附着至内皮细胞。因此,本发明的实施方式提供了包含扁球形粒子的组合物,所述扁球形粒子包含活性试剂,例如治疗剂或成像剂,以及通过将这种组合物施用至受试者(例如哺乳动物,优选人)用于治疗或监视生理状况(例如疾病)的方法。与施用具有其他形状的粒子,例如球形粒子相比,施用扁球形粒子可以降低用于治疗或监视生理状况的活性试剂的有效量。尽管组合物也可以含有不具有扁球形的其他粒子,但优选地,扁球形粒子构成组合物中粒子总数量的至少20%、或至少30%、或至少40%、至少50%、或至少60%、或至少70%、或至少80%、或至少90%。在一些实施方式中,基本上组合物中所有的粒子都是扁球形粒子。
在一些实施方式中,所述扁球形粒子的平均长宽比基本上等于对于扁球形粒子的平均体积的附着增强或最大长宽比γopt。下文讨论了对扁球形粒子的给定体积的附着最大长宽比γopt的确定。
同时,所述扁球形粒子的平均长宽比可以使得粒子的最大特征尺寸a(其是球形的较长轴长度的一半)基本上小于在所述组合物靶向的机体位点处的毛细血管的平均直径r。优选地,粒子的最大特征尺寸小于所靶向机体位点处的平均毛细血管直径的至少2倍或至少4倍。根据以下等式关联球形粒子的体积V、最大特征尺寸和长宽比: 从该等式中,可以容易地确定满足粒子的最大特征尺寸和所靶向机体位点处的毛细血管的平均直径之间的上述关系的γmax。当γmax小于粒子的平均体积γopt时,可以使用具有基本上等于γmax的平均长宽比的粒子。
可以通过扁球形粒子监视或治疗的生理状况可以是任何状况,其需要靶向递送。例如,所述生理状况可以是疾病,例如癌症或炎症。
本发明人也已经发现了具有特定形状的微米粒子或纳米粒子具有可以增强或最大化所述粒子对特定靶位点的附着的体积。同时,发明人已经发现具有特定体积的微米粒子或纳米粒子具有可以增强或最大化所述粒子对特定靶位点的附着的体积。
因此,本发明的实施方式提供制作或设计能够具有对靶位点的细胞增强附着的微米粒子或纳米粒子的方法。根据一个实施方式,可以(A)选择通过一个或多个形状参数定义的形状,(B)选择具有在其上有一种或多种第一部分的表面的靶位点;(C)选择与第一部分互补的第二部分,(D)确定最大化对靶位点的附着的体积,其基于(i)所选的形状,(ii)第一部分和第二部分相互作用的参数,和(iii)第一部分在靶位点表面上的表面密度;以及(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上所选的形状和基本上确定的体积;以及随后(E)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面上。根据其他实施方式,可以(A)选择体积;(B)选择具有在其上有一种或多种第一部分的表面的靶位点;(C)选择与第一部分互补的第二部分;(D)通过一个和多个形状参数确定最大化对靶位点的附着的形状,其基于(i)所选的体积,(ii)第一部分和第二部分相互作用的参数,和(iii)第一部分在靶位点表面上的表面密度;(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上确定的形状和基本上所选的体积;以及随后(E)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面上。基于希望递送至靶位点的活性试剂的靶装载,可以选择粒子的具体体积。
在许多实施方式中,所选的靶位点是血管位点,例如共择的(coopted)的血管、新生血管或再正常化的(renormalized)的血管,并且第一部分是所述血管位点上的分子受体。例如对于共择的血管,第一部分是血管生成素2(angiopoietin 2);对于新生血管,第一部分是血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子或内皮标志物(例如αvβ3整合素);对于再正常化的血管,第一部分是癌胚抗原相关细胞附着分子1(CEACAM1)、内皮素-B受体(ET-B)、血管内皮生长因子抑试剂gravin/AKAP12、蛋白激酶A和蛋白激酶C的脚手架蛋白。
可以使用本领域技术人员已知的方法测定第一部分上的表面密度。例如,当第一部分是分子受体时,可以使用放射标记的单克隆抗体在体内测定它们的表面密度,所述单克隆抗体与如对于Panes J.,et al.Am.J.Physiol.1995;269(6Pt2):H1955-64中讨论的细胞内粘附分子1受体的受体互补(complimentary)。备选地,可以使用荧光标记的单克隆抗体测定表面密度,所述单克隆抗体与所述受体互补。这类荧光标记的单克隆抗体例如是如美国专利号4,520,110所公开的用藻红蛋白标记的抗体。
可选择第二部分使其与第一部分互补,即第二部分能够与第一部分结合。例如,对于靶血管位点上的分子受体,第二部分是能够与受体结合的抗体、适体或配体。
所述粒子与靶位点的最大附着力对应于最大无量纲附着概率 其中AC是微米粒子或纳米粒子与靶位点之间的相互作用的面积;λ是第一部分和第二部分之间的键合的特征长度,例如配体-受体键合,f是每一对第一部分/第二部分的力,例如配体-受体对;kB是玻尔兹曼常数;T是以开尔文(Kelvins)表示的靶位点的绝对温度。因此,附着最大体积(volume)是对于p~a具有对于最大预选形状的体积;而附着最大形状是对于Pa具有对于最大预选体积的形状。
如下公开内容示例说明了测定球形微米粒子或纳米粒子的附着最大体积和附着最大形状,然而应当理解对于非球形粒子也可以使用相似的方法。
球形粒子
图1示例说明了附着于靶位点的、具有配体表面密度m1的球形粒子,靶位点是具有受体分子的表面密度mr的内皮底物。
对于这样的球形粒子,选择粒子的一种或多种形状参数是指选择特定的长宽比γ=a/b,其中a和b是球形粒子的2个不同的轴长度的一半,如笛卡儿坐标中描述的 其中z是旋转对称的轴。球形粒子的体积如下与长宽比相关联:
对于球形粒子的相互作用的面积AC可以估算为πr0 2,其中r0是位于靶位点表面的分离距离(separation distance)h0处的球形粒子的环形部分的直径,其中h0是最大距离,在此处第一部分和第二部分之间仍能够发生特异性键合,第一部分例如是一种或多种分子受体,而第二部分例如是一种或多种配体。如下估算πr0 2:
其中δeq是微米粒子或纳米粒子与靶位点(例如内皮底物)表面之间的分离距离。图1示例说明了参数AC、r0、δeq和h0。
每单位配体-受体键合的力f可以表示为总去除(dislodging)力Fdis和相互作用面积AC之间的比乘以第一部分(例如分子受体)的表面密度mr,即f=Fdis/(mrAC)。
总去除力Fdis包括2个部分:一部分涉及沿着含有靶位点的血管中流动方向的阻力(drag force)F,而另一部分涉及血流在粒子上施加的转力矩T,参见图1。对于球形粒子,总去除力Fdis可以如下描述:
Fdis=F+2T/r0=6πa(aγ-1+δeq)μSFS+8πa3μSTS/r0,
其中μ是动态血液粘度,而S是血剪切率(blood shear rate),FS和TS是系数,其可以通过内插在Pozrikidis C.The motion ofparticles in the Hele-Shaw cell.J.Fluid.Mech.1994;261:199-222中公开的数字结果来对于球形和其他非球形粒子估算,该文章通过引用将其全部并入本文。因此,对于球形粒子,FS和TS如下描述:
FS=1+(1.736-0.138γ+0.128γ2+0.09γ3)e-γ;
TS=1+(-20.50+46.50γ-35.10γ2+8.95γ3)e-γ。
对于球形粒子,无量纲附着概率如下描述:
图2显示了作为体积V的函数的无量纲附着概率对于球形粒子的长宽比γ(=1、3、5、7和9)的几个预选值的图形,其中mr=1014m2;μS=1Pa;λ=10-10m;h0=10-8m;δeq=5×10-9m。对应于最大的体积值是对于γ特定的预选值的附着最大体积Vopt。
图3显示了作为球形粒子的长宽比γ的函数的无量纲附着概率对于体积V的几个预选值(范围是0.1-1μm3,步长为0.1μm3)的图形,其中S=0.5Pa;λ=10-10m;h0=10-8m。对应于最大的长宽比值是对于V特定的预选值的附着最大长宽比γopt。
例如,对于血液粘度μ,可使用10-3Pa s的平均值用于人,或者备选地从使用玻璃毛细管粘度计测定的血浆粘度、血细胞比容以及平均壁剪切率来实验方式地测定血液粘度的值,如Weaver J.P.et al.Clin.Sci.36:1-10,1969和Dammers R.,et al.J.Appl.Physiol.94:485-489,2003所公开,两者都通过引用将其全文并入本文,同时可使用超声系统在体内非侵入地评估血液剪切率S,如Dammers R.,etal.J.Appl.Physiol.94:485-489,2003所述。表1提供了对于人的所选血管,血share rate的典型数值
表1
| 血管 | μS,Pa |
| 主动脉 | 2.5 |
| 动脉 | 5 |
| 小动脉 | 7.5 |
| 毛细血管 | 10 |
| 小静脉 | 0.2 |
| 静脉 | 0.5 |
| 大静脉 | 1 |
h0,最大距离,在此处仍可以发生第一部分(例如分子受体)和第二部分(例如配体)之间的特异键合,并被例如第二部分的链接体部分长度的改变所控制。
λ,第一部分和第二部分之间键合的特征长度,其取决于靶表面上的第一部分和所选的第二部分。例如,当第一部分是分子受体时,第二部分是配体,λ如Dembo,M.,D.C.Torney,K.Saxaman,andD.Hammer.1988.The reaction-limited kinetics ofmembrane-to-surface adhesion and detachment.Proc.R.Soc.Lond.B.234:55-83所定义,通过引用将其全部并入本文。对于典型的受体-配体对,λ是大约1
δeq,微米粒子或纳米粒子和靶位点(例如图1中的内皮底物)表面之间的分离距离,其可通过使用例如数字或图形方法关于δ解如下等式获得:
在上述等式中,A是Hamacker常数,其使用如下公式估算:
其中ε1、ε2和ε3分别是粒子、内皮细胞和血液(血浆)的液体成分的静(DC)介电常数;、ε1(iv)、ε2(iv)和ε3(iv)分别是粒子、内皮细胞和血液(血浆)的液体成分的数值介电函数;v1=2πkBT/h,h是普朗克常数。介电函数和常数可使用如下公开的介电光谱来估算,C.Prodan,F.Mayo,J.R.Claycomb,and J.H.Miller,Jr.,M.J.Benedik,Low-frequency,low-field dielectricspectroscopy of living cell suspensions,Journal of AppliedPhysics-April1,2004-Volume 95,Issue 7,pp.3754-3756,通过引用将其内容全部并入本文。液体中的Hamaker常数的典型值是大约10-20Joules,参见例如Israelachvili,J.1992,Intermolecularand Surface Forces,2nd ed.Academic Press,New York。
ρ∞是血液的离子浓度。血液的粒子浓度的典型值是大约150mM,参加例如Ganong,W.F.Review of Medical Physiology,21st ed.NewYork:Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical PublishingDivision,2003。
κ-1是德拜(Debye)长度,即移动电荷载体(例如电子)可扫描出的电场之上的长度。通常,在电解质(例如血液)中,德拜长度使用如下公式测定:
其中ε0是真空电容率,εr是电解质的介电常数,kB是玻耳兹曼常数,T是绝对温度,e是电子上的电荷,I是电解质的粒子强度,NA是阿伏加德罗常数。对于血液,德拜长度是大约0.8nm。
Γ是每单位面积聚合物链的数量。Γ=s-2,其中s是纳米粒子表面上2个邻近链之间的平均分离距离s。分离距离s取决于纳米粒子表面上功能基团的尺寸和与功能基团缀合的聚合物链的尺寸(分子量)。可通过细胞荧光测定术(citofluorimetric exams)估算分离距离s,参见例如Jacob N.Israelachvili,Intermolecular and SurfaceForces,Second Edition:With Applications to Colloidal andBiological Systems,Academic Press;II Edition,1992。
Rg是聚合物(例如配体)的回旋直径。Rg与形成聚合物链的聚合物重复单位的数量N以及重复单位的有效长度l相关联。也取决于聚合物的溶剂。对于理想的溶液,即其中聚合物重复单位之间的相互作用(吸引排斥)是可忽略不计的溶液, 对于“好的”溶剂,即具有片段之间的斥力的溶剂,Rg=1N3/5;对于“坏的”溶剂,即具有重复单位之间的吸引相互作用的溶剂,Rg=1N1/3,参见例如Jacob N.Israelachvili,Intermolecular and Surface Force,:WithApplications to Colloidal and Biological Systems,AcademicPress;Second Edition,1992。血液(血浆)的液体成分是液体溶液,而水是PEG聚合物的好的溶剂。
zv和zc分别是粒子表面上和靶表面上的静电表面电势。可使用来自Malvern Instruments,Worcestershire United Kingdom的ZetasizerTMNano系列设备估算εv和εc。
制作
在确定对于预选形状的附着最大体积之后,可以制作体积基本上是附着最大体积而形状基本上由一种或多种预选的形状参数确定的粒子。相似地,在确定对于预选体积的附着最大形状参数之后,可以制作体积基本上是预选体积而形状基本上由附着最大形状参数确定的粒子。随后用第二部分修饰制作的粒子。
对于体积,术语“基本上”是指体积与如特定的制作方法允许的预选的或确定的体积接近。因此制作的体积在预选的体积或确定的体积的±30%或±20%或±10%或±5%或±3%之内。
对于形状,术语“基本上”是指形状与如特定的制作方法允许的预选的或确定的形状接近。例如对于球形粒子,制作的长宽比在预选的体积或确定的体积的±30%或±20%或±10%或±5%或±3%或±1%之内。
可通过多种方法中的任何方法来制作所述粒子。在一些实施方式中,如在van Dillen T.,van Blaaderen A.,Polman A.Ion beamshaping of colloidal assemblies.Mater.Today 2004:40-6中详述的制作所述粒子,通过引用将其全部并入本文。该技术可用于将球形二氧化硅粒子转化为扁球形和椭球形。
在一些实施方式中,将所述粒子制作成以稳定的非球形形状存在的气泡或液滴,如在Subramaniam A.B.,Abkarian M.,Mahadevan L.,Stone H.A.Nonspherical bubbles.Nature 2005;438:930中详述的,通过引用将其全部并入本文。
在一些实施方式中,使用在非湿润模板中的粒子复制(particlereplication in non-wetting templates(PRINT))技术来制作所述粒子,例如在Rolland J.P.,Maynor B.W.,Euliss L.E.,ExnerA.E.,Denison G.M.,DeSimone J.Direct fabrication andharvesting of monodisperse,shape specific nano-biomaterials.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2005;127:10096-100中详述的,通过引用将其全部并入本文。该技术非常通用和灵活,并使得粒子的制作同时控制形状、尺寸、组成、载物(cargo)和表面结构。
在一些实施方式中,通过由顶至下微米制作或纳米制作方法来制作所述粒子,例如光刻(photolithography)、电子束光刻、X-射线光刻、深度紫外光刻或纳米压印光刻制备的粒子。使用所述由顶至下制作法的潜在优势是这些方法提供尺寸一致的粒子的放大的生产。
在制作之后,第二部分(例如配体)可放置在所述粒子的表面上。例如,配体可化学连接至所述粒子的表面上的合适反应性基团。蛋白质配体可分别在有效形成硫醚或酰胺键的条件下连接至氨基或硫醇基反应性基团。用于将抗体或其它聚合物结合试剂连接至无机或聚合物支持物的方法如在Taylor,R.,Ed.,Protein ImmobilizationFundamentals and Applications,pp.109110(1991)中详述的。优选地,以在靶位点上第二部分的表面密度大于第一部分的表面密度的方式放置第二部分。
在一些实施方式中,制作的粒子具有如所述粒子的体积和形状所定义的主体以及该主体内的一个或多个贮存器,其中可装载一种或多种活性试剂。
在一些实施方案中,所述粒子具有一个或多个连接贮存器和表面的通道。在一些实施方案中,贮存器和通道是一级粒子的主体内的孔。在这种情况下,一级粒子含有多孔或纳米多孔材料。优选地,控制多孔或纳米多孔材料的孔以获得下一级粒子的期望的装载和期望的释放率。具有可控制的孔尺寸的纳米多孔材料为氧化物材料,例如氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化钛或氧化铁。纳米多孔氧化物粒子(也称为溶胶凝胶粒子)的制作,在例如Paik J.A.et.al.J.Mater.Res.,Vol.17,Aug 2002.The nanoporous material with controllable pore sizemay be also nanoporous silicon中详细描述,通过引用将其全部并入本文。具有可控制的孔尺寸的纳米多孔材料也可为纳米多孔硅。关于纳米多孔硅粒子的制作的细节,参考Cohen M.H.et.al.Biomedical Microdevices 5:3,253-259,2003。
在一些实施方案中,一级粒子完全没有通道。所述粒子含有,例如,生物可降解的材料。例如,所述粒子由金属组成,例如铁、钛、金、银、铂、铜、及其合金和氧化物。所述生物可降解的材料也是生物可降解的聚合物,例如聚原酸酯、聚酸酐、聚酰胺、聚氰基丙烯酸烷基酯、聚磷腈以及聚酯。生物可降解的聚合物的实例在,例如,U.S.Pat.Nos.4,933,185,4,888,176和5,010,167中详细描述。这种生物可降解的聚合物的特定实例包括聚(乳酸)、聚羟基乙酸、聚己内酯、聚羟基丁酸、聚(N-棕榈酰-反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸酯)和聚(DTH碳酸盐)。
在一些实施方式中,所述制作的粒子是活性试剂本身。
装载活性试剂
在一些实施方式中,本发明的方法还包括用活性试剂装载粒子。特定的装载技术取决于所述粒子的组成。例如,将从纳米多孔材料制作的粒子浸泡在含携载液和活性试剂的溶液中,其通过毛细管作用进入前级粒子的孔。所述携载液为生物无害的并相对于活性试剂为中性的液体。携载液的实例为磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)或去离子水。为最大化活性试剂的装载,例如使用具有活性试剂的饱和浓度的溶液。
在引入粒子之前将含活性试剂的溶液脱气。然后,在密封小室内将粒子浸入脱气的溶液中。将粒子置于降低的压力下以保证将留存的空气从粒子中的孔驱逐出来。然后将粒子完全浸没于溶液中并将密封小室中的压力提高至稍高于大气压以保证溶液进入粒子的孔。然后用滤器截获粒子并使用下述三种方法中的一种干燥。
为除去任何留存于浸泡的粒子的贮存器中的空气,将小室中的压力降低然后提高至稍高于大气压。
在把溶液灌入粒子的孔中之后,通过以下三种方法中的一种或多种实现干燥。在真空小室中于降低的压力下通过蒸发、或者通过将一股暖空气或惰性气体(例如氮气)吹过收集于滤网上的表面粒子、或通过冷冻干燥将水除去。在冷冻干燥的情况下,将平的换热器放置于收集有前级粒子的滤器的良好热接触位置,例如直接置于其下。将温度范围为-20℃到-60℃的制冷液(例如氟利昂),或冷的液体(例如液氮)通过换热器的流入口和排出口以使保留于孔内的任何水冻结。然后将压力降低直到所有水升华。
活性试剂
活性试剂为治疗性化合物或成像部分。活性试剂为任何适当试剂。在一些实施方式中,所述活性试剂被制作成粒子。在一些实施方式中,所述活性试剂是从将其并入的粒子中释放的试剂。活性试剂的选择取决于应用。
治疗剂为任何在受试者,例如哺乳动物或人类中的靶向的位点产生期望的生物效应的生理上或药理上的活性物质。治疗剂为无限制的任何无机或有机化合物,包括任何已鉴定或未鉴定的肽、蛋白质、核酸和小分子。治疗剂以多种形式存在,例如未改变的分子,分子复合物,药学可接受的盐,例如盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、硫酸盐、月桂酸盐、棕榈酸盐、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硼酸盐、醋酸盐、马来酸盐、酒石酸盐、油酸盐、水杨酸盐等等。对于酸性治疗剂,使用金属的盐,胺或有机阳离子,例如,季铵。药物的衍生物,例如碱、酯和酰胺也用作治疗剂。以其水溶性衍生物、或其碱衍生物的形式使用非水溶性的治疗剂,在两者之中任一种情况下,其或通过其递送,由酶转化、由身体pH水解、或通过其他代谢过程使其达到最初的治疗上的活性形式。
治疗剂为天然的或通过合成或重组方法制备的化疗试剂、免疫抑试剂、细胞因子、细胞毒性试剂、溶核化合物、放射性同位素、受体、以及药物前体活化酶、或其任何组合。
受典型的多药抗性影响的药物,例如长春花生物碱类(例如,长春碱和长春新碱)、蒽环类(例如,多柔比星和柔红霉素)、RNA转录抑试剂(例如,放线菌素-D)以及微管稳定药物(例如,紫杉醇)作为治疗剂具有特定用途。
癌症化疗试剂为优选的治疗剂。可用的癌症化疗药物包括氮芥、亚硝基脲、次乙亚胺、烷基磺酸盐、四嗪、铂化合物、嘧啶类似物、嘌呤类似物、抗代谢药、叶酸类似物、蒽环类、紫杉烷类、长春花生物碱类、拓扑异构酶抑试剂和激素试剂。化疗药物的实例是放线菌素-D、爱克兰、阿糖胞苷、阿那曲唑、天冬酰胺酶、BiCNU、比卡鲁胺、博莱霉素、白消安、卡培他滨、卡铂、碳铂(Carboplatinum)、卡莫司汀、CCNU、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、CPT-11、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine)、阿糖胞苷(Cytosine arabinoside)、环磷酰胺、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素D、柔红霉素、右雷佐生、多西他赛、多柔比星、DTIC、表阿霉素、次乙亚胺、依托泊苷、氟尿苷、氟达拉滨、氟脲嘧啶、氟他胺、福莫司汀、吉西他滨、赫赛汀、六甲铵、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊立替康、洛莫司汀、氮芥、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、甲氨喋呤、丝裂霉素、米托坦、米托蒽醌、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、帕米膦酸、喷司他丁、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、利妥昔单抗、类固醇、链佐星、STI-571、链佐星、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、四嗪、硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、拓优得、拓扑替康、曲奥舒凡、三甲曲沙、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞滨、VP-16和希罗达。
可用的癌症化疗药物也包括烷基化试剂,例如塞替派和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐例如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶例如苯佐替哌(Benzodopa)、卡波醌、美妥替哌(Meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(Uredopa);次乙亚胺和甲基蜜胺(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺、三亚乙基蜜胺,三亚乙基磷酰胺、三亚乙基硫代磷酸胺和三羟甲蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);氮芥例如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、环磷酰胺、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、氮芥、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新氮芥、胆甾醇对苯乙酸氮芥、泼尼莫司汀、曲磷胺、尿嘧啶氮芥;硝基脲例如Cannustine、氯脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀和雷莫司汀;抗生素例如阿克拉霉素、放线菌素、Authramycin、重氮丝氨酸、博莱霉素、放线菌素C、加利车霉素、Carabicin、洋红霉素、嗜癌菌素、Chromoinycins、放线菌素C、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮基-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星、表阿霉素、依索比星、依达比星、麻西罗霉素、丝裂霉素、霉酚酸、诺加霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、紫菜霉素(Potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑霉素、链佐星、杀结核菌素、乌本美司、净司他丁和佐柔比星;抗代谢药例如甲氨喋呤和5-氟脲嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物例如二甲叶酸、甲氨喋呤、蝶罗呤和三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物例如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤和硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物例如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-阿扎胞苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、二脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨、氟尿苷和5-FU;雄激素例如卡鲁睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、Rnepitiostane和睾内酯;抗肾上腺药物例如氨鲁米特、米托担和曲洛司坦;叶酸补充物例如亚叶酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基酮戊酸;安吖啶;Bestrabucil;比生群;依达曲沙;Defofamine;秋水仙胺;地吖醌;Elfornithine;依利醋铵;依托格鲁;硝酸镓、羟基脲、香菇多糖、氯尼达明、米托胍腙、米托蒽醌、莫哌达醇、硝氨丙吖啶;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;PSK;雷佐生;西佐喃(Sizofrran);锗螺胺;替奴佐酸;三亚胺醌;2,2’,2”-三氯三乙胺;乌拉坦;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露醇氮芥、二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;Gacytosine;阿拉伯糖苷(“Ara-C”);环磷酰胺;噻替哌;紫杉烷,例如紫杉醇(TAXOLBristol-Myers Squibb Oncology,Princeton,NJ)和多西紫杉醇(TAXOTERE,Rhone-Poulenc Rorer,Antony,France);苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯基嘌呤;甲氨喋呤;铂类似物例如顺铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊苷(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;丝裂霉素C;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;诺维本;Novantrone;替尼泊甙;柔红霉素;氨基喋呤;希罗达;伊班膦酸;CPT-11;拓扑异构酶抑试剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);视黄酸;Esperamicins、卡培他滨和以上任何一种的药学可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。也包括作用以调节或抑制激素对肿瘤的作用的抗激素试剂,例如抗雌激素药物包括例如他莫昔芬、雷洛西芬、芳香化酶抑制4(5)-咪唑、4羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬、雷洛西芬、奥那司酮和托瑞米芬(法乐通);和抗雄激素药物例如氟他胺、尼鲁米特、比卡鲁胺、亮丙瑞林、和戈舍瑞林;和以上任何一种上述物质的药学可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
细胞因子也作为治疗剂使用。所述细胞因子的实例是淋巴因子、单核因子以及传统的多肽激素。细胞因子中包括的有生长激素例如人类生长激素、N-甲硫氨酰人生长激素以及牛生长激素;甲状旁腺激素;甲状腺素;胰岛素;胰岛素原;松驰素;松驰素原;糖蛋白激素例如促卵泡激素(FSH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和黄体生成素(LH);肝细胞生长因子;成纤维细胞生长因子;催乳素;胎盘催乳素;肿瘤坏死因子-α和-β;缪勒管抑制物质;鼠促性腺激素相关肽;抑制素;激活素;血管内皮生长因子;整合素;血小板生成素(TPO);神经生长因子例如NGF-β;血小板生长因子;转化生长因子(TGF)例如TGF-α和TGF-β;胰岛素样生长因子-I和-II;促红细胞生成素(EPO);成骨因子;干扰素例如干扰素-α、-β和-γ;集落刺激因子(CSF)例如巨噬细胞-CSF(M-CSF);粒细胞-巨噬细胞-CSF(GM-CSF);以及粒细胞-CSF(GCSF);白细胞介素(IL)例如IL-1、IL-1a、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-11、IL-12、IL-15;肿瘤坏死因子例如TNF-α或TNF-β;以及其他多肽因子包括LIF和kit配体(KL)。如此处所用,术语细胞因子包括源于天然或来自重组细胞培养和天然序列细胞因子的生物活性等同物的蛋白质。
成像剂为提供关于动物(例如哺乳动物或人)的体内靶向的位点的成像信息的任何物质。成像剂包括磁性材料,例如氧化铁用以磁共振成像。对于光学成像,活性试剂为,例如,半导体纳米晶体或量子点。对于光学相干断层扫描成像,成像剂为金属,例如,金或银、纳米笼状粒子。成像剂也可为超声造影剂,例如微米气泡或纳米气泡或者氧化铁微米粒子或纳米粒子。
组合物
也提供了包含多种所述粒子的组合物。这种组合物可以是用于施用治疗剂或成像剂至受试者的上述粒子的悬浮液。为形成所述悬浮液,可将粒子以所选的浓度悬浮于液体基质内。最优的浓度取决于粒子的特征(例如溶解特性)、治疗性应用的类型和施用的模式。例如,用于口服施用的组合物可以相对地粘稠,并从而可包含高浓度(例如>50%)的所述粒子。用于推注注射的溶液优选地包含所述粒子的相对浓缩的悬浮液(例如10-50%),但不浓缩到其具有略高于盐水的粘度(以最小化对大内径针的需要)。用于连续静脉内输注的溶液通常含有相对低浓度(例如2-10%的悬浮液)的粒子,这是因为要施用相对大体积的液体。
将所述粒子悬浮于任何合适的液体载体中。合适的药学载体是在所使用剂量和浓度下对受者无毒的,并且与制剂中其他成分相容的载体。合适的载体的实例包括但不局限于水、盐水、林格氏溶液、葡萄糖溶液和5%人血清白蛋白。在可注射制剂中使用的悬浮液优选地与受试者的血液等渗。通常,所述载体含有小量的添加剂,例如增强等渗性和化学稳定性的物质,例如缓冲剂和防腐剂,以及低分子量(小于大约10个残基)的多肽、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类(包括葡萄糖或葡聚糖),螯合剂(例如EDTA),或其他赋形剂。
在施用至受试者前,通过合适的灭菌方法对粒子的悬浮液灭菌。从热稳定材料制作的粒子可以加热灭菌,例如使用高压灭菌。从非热稳定材料制作的粒子可以通过商购可得的灭菌滤器,例如0.2μm滤器来灭菌。当然,可以仅在粒子小于灭菌滤器的孔时,使用过滤方法。
通过任何合适的施用方法,将所述粒子施用至需要治疗性干预的受试者。由主治医师确定用于特定应用的具体方法。所述粒子通过以下途径中的一种施用:局部、胃肠外、吸入、口服、阴道和肛门。血管内施用包括静脉内(i.v.)、肌肉内(i.m.)和皮下(s.c.)注射,是特别优选的。
血管内施用为局部或全身。通过使用导管系统,例如CAT-扫描导管,采用局部血管内递送将所述粒子送达已知病灶的附近。常规注射,例如推注i.v.注射或连续/滴流补给的i.v.输液一般为全身的。优选地,将所述粒子注射如血流,并使其循环并定位至其靶位点。
尽管上文指出了特定的优选实施方式,但应当理解本发明不被限制于此。本领域技术人员可以想到对所公开的实施方式进行多种修改,并且这些修改意在本发明的范围内。
本说明书中引用所有的文献、专利申请和专利通过引用将其全部并入本文。
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Claims (41)
1.治疗或监视生理状况的方法,包括对有此需要的受试者施用包含扁球形粒子的组合物,所述扁球形粒子包含有效量的至少一种活性试剂。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述至少一种活性试剂包含治疗剂。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述至少一种活性试剂包含成像剂。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔材料。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔氧化物材料。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔二氧化硅。
7.权利要求4的方法,其中所述纳米多孔材料是纳米多孔硅。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粒子包含生物可降解材料。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述粒子包含放置于所述粒子表面上的至少一种识别部分。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中所述受试者是哺乳动物。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中所述受试者是人。
12.包含扃球形粒子的组合物,所述扁球形粒子包含至少一种活性试剂。
13.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述至少一种活性试剂包含治疗剂。
14.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述至少一种活性试剂包含成像剂。
15.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔材料。
16.权利要求15的组合物,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔氧化物材料。
17.权利要求16的组合物,其中所述粒子包含纳米多孔二氧化硅。
18.权利要求15的组合物,其中所述纳米多孔材料是纳米多孔硅。
19.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述粒子包含生物可降解材料。
20.权利要求12的组合物,其中所述粒子包含放置于所述粒子表面上的至少一种识别部分。
21.方法,其包括
(A)选择具有表面的靶位点,所述表面具有一种或多种第一部分;
(B)选择与第一部分互补的第二部分;
(C)选择通过一种或多种形状参数定义的形状;
(D)确定最大化对靶位点的附着的体积,基于(i)所选的一种或多种形状参数;(ii)第一部分和第二部分之间相互作用的一种或多种参数;和(iii)第一部分在靶位点上的表面密度;以及
(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上所选的形状和基本上确定的体积;以及
(F)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述靶位点是在血管内的位点。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中所述靶位点是血管发生位点。
24.权利要求21的方法,其中所述第一部分包含在所述靶位点的表面上表达的受体。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中所述第二部分包含与所述受体互补的配体、适体或抗体。
26.权利要求21的方法,其中所述制作包括通过由顶至下技术的制作。
27.权利要求21的方法,其中所述粒子是球形粒子,并且一种或多种形状参数是球形长宽比。
28.根据权利要求21的方法制作的粒子。
29.包含大量根据权利要求21的方法制作的粒子的组合物。
30.权利要求29的组合物,其包含含有所述大量物质的悬浮液。
31.方法,其包括
(A)选择具有表面的靶位点,所述表面具有一种或多种第一部分;
(B)选择体积;
(C)选择与所述第一部分互补的第二部分;
(D)确定最大化对靶位点的附着的形状,基于(i)所选的体积;(ii)第一部分和第二部分之间相互作用的参数;和(iii)第一部分在靶位点上的表面密度;
(E)制作粒子,其具有基本上确定的形状和基本上所选的体积;以及
(F)将第二部分放置在粒子的表面。
32.权利要求31的方法,其中(B)包括选择活性试剂的靶装载和基于所述靶装载确定体积,并且其中所述方法还包括将活性试剂装载入粒子。
33.权利要求31的方法,其中所述活性试剂是治疗剂或成像剂。
34.权利要求31的方法,其中所述靶位点是在血管内的位点。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中所述靶位点是血管发生位点。
36.权利要求34的方法,其中所述第一部分包含在所述靶位点的表面上表达的受体。
37.权利要求36的方法,其中所述第二部分包含与所述受体互补的第二部分。
38.权利要求31的方法,其中所述制作包括通过由顶至下技术的制作。
39.权利要求31的方法,其中所述粒子是球形粒子,并且其中所述确定附着最大形状包括确定附着最大球形长宽比。
40.根据权利要求31的方法制作的粒子。
41.包含大量根据权利要求31的方法制作的粒子的组合物。
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