CN101839640B - Self-heating smelting furnace - Google Patents
Self-heating smelting furnace Download PDFInfo
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- CN101839640B CN101839640B CN2010101263824A CN201010126382A CN101839640B CN 101839640 B CN101839640 B CN 101839640B CN 2010101263824 A CN2010101263824 A CN 2010101263824A CN 201010126382 A CN201010126382 A CN 201010126382A CN 101839640 B CN101839640 B CN 101839640B
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- water jacket
- slag notch
- heater
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- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009867 copper metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007499 fusion processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a self-heating smelting furnace, which comprises a furnace body, a furnace cover and a dentiform water jacket. The furnace body comprises a furnace shell and refractory brick layers arranged in the furnace shell; the furnace cover is used for sealing an opening at the top end of the furnace body; the dentiform water jacket is arranged in the furnace body and comprises a jacket body and a cooling medium channel; the cooling medium channel is formed in the jacket body and is provided with a cooling medium inlet for supplying cooling media and a cooling medium outlet for discharging the cooling media; and the surface of the inner side of the jacket body is a dentiform surface. According to the self-heating smelting furnace, the surface of the inner side of the dentiform water jacket is the dentiform surface, so refractory bricks of the smelting furnace can be matched in a groove so as to improve the combination performance of the dentiform water jacket and the refractory bricks and reduce gaps between the dentiform water jacket and the refractory bricks; and in addition, due to large contact area and good contact uniformity, the self-heating smelting furnace has excellent cooling effect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of self-heating smelting furnace, relate in particular to a kind of self-heating smelting furnace with profile of tooth water jacket.
Background technology
In the pyrometallurgical smelting field,, in body of heater, be typically provided with cooling copper tube or cooling jacket for smelting furnace is cooled off.The contact-making surface of cooling copper tube and refractory brick is little, and cooling effect is poor.The tradition water jacket is generally flat, and promptly the interior outer surface of water jacket is the plane.In the time of in water jacket is installed to body of heater, have the slit between the inner surface of water jacket and the refractory brick, binding ability is poor; Contact area is little, the contact lack of homogeneity, thus reduced cooling effect; Especially the body of heater around the molten bath of smelting furnace bottom because temperature is very high, therefore needs cooling effect better; Above-mentioned traditional water jacket can't satisfy the cooling requirement, thereby has reduced the life-span of refractory brick, has increased maintenance cost.
In addition; The products export of traditional smelting furnace and the outside of slag notch are damaged owing to need open repeatedly and seal easily; Life-span is short, need products export and slag notch be changed fully in the time of maintenance, operating difficulties and since the long operating efficiency that causes of repair time reduce.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is intended to solve at least one of technical problem that exists in the prior art.For this reason, one object of the present invention is to propose the better self-heating smelting furnace of a kind of cooling effect.
Self-heating smelting furnace according to the present invention comprises body of heater, and said body of heater comprises furnace shell and the fire brick layer that is arranged in the furnace shell, and the bottom of body of heater is respectively equipped with slag notch and products export; Bell, said bell have exhanst gas outlet and spray gun jack and are installed in the open top of body of heater, are used for the top end opening of closed furnace body; With the profile of tooth water jacket; Said profile of tooth water jacket is arranged in the body of heater; Said profile of tooth water jacket comprises body and coolant guiding channel; Said coolant guiding channel is formed in the said body and has the cooling medium outlet that is used to supply with the cooling medium inlet of cooling medium and is used to discharge cooling medium, and the inner surface of said body is a toothed surface.
According to self-heating smelting furnace of the present invention; (when being installed in the smelting furnace towards the inboard surface of smelting furnace) is toothed surface because the inner surface of the body of profile of tooth water jacket; Promptly on the inner surface of body, be formed with convexity and groove; Thereby the refractory brick of smelting furnace can be engaged in the groove, has improved the binding ability of profile of tooth water jacket and refractory brick thus, has reduced the slit between profile of tooth water jacket and the refractory brick; Contact area is big, the contact good uniformity, thereby makes self-heating smelting furnace have favorable cooling effect.
In addition, also have following additional technical feature according to self-heating smelting furnace of the present invention:
Said slag notch comprises inboard slag notch and outside slag notch; Said outside slag notch is by being positioned at radially outermost flange; Constitute at the outside slag notch fire brick layer of innermost layer radially and the outside slag notch water jacket between flange and fire brick layer, and said inboard slag notch by the inboard slag notch water jacket that is positioned at radial outer be positioned at radially the inboard of the internal layer fire brick layer of slagging tap and constitute.
Said outside slag notch fire brick layer and said outside slag notch water jacket are respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards the body of heater the inside gradually, and said inboard slag notch fire brick layer is the wedge shape that external diameter reduces towards the body of heater the inside gradually.
Outside slag notch fire brick layer and outside slag notch water jacket wedgewise can guarantee that the active force that the outside is executed can not pass to inboard slag notch water jacket and inboard slag notch fire brick layer, makes the life-span of inboard slag notch longer.In addition, adopt the double-body bike slag notch, can guarantee when smelting furnace is worked, the outside slag notch that only needs to be burnt out is changed, and need not change whole slag notch, and maintenance is convenient.
Said products export comprises inboard products export and external product outlet; Said external product outlet is by being positioned at radially outermost flange; Fire brick layer and the outlet of the external product between flange and fire brick layer water jacket at innermost layer radially constitute, and said inboard products export the fire brick layer of internal layer constitutes with being positioned at radially by the inboard products export water jacket that is positioned at radial outer.
Said external product outlet fire brick layer and said external product outlet water jacket are respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards the body of heater the inside gradually, and said inboard products export fire brick layer is the wedge shape that external diameter reduces towards the body of heater the inside gradually.
External product outlet fire brick layer and external product outlet water jacket wedgewise can guarantee that the active force that the outside is executed can not pass to inboard products export water jacket and inboard products export fire brick layer, makes the life-span of inboard products export longer.In addition, adopt the double-body bike products export, can guarantee when smelting furnace is worked, the external product outlet that only needs to be burnt out is changed, and need not change the entire product outlet, and maintenance is convenient.
Said profile of tooth water jacket is arranged in the bottom of body of heater, and said self-heating smelting furnace further comprises the par cover in the top that is arranged on body of heater.
Because the temperature in molten bath, body of heater bottom is higher than the temperature of upper of furnace body; And the fire resistance of par cover than the fire resistance of profile of tooth water jacket a little less than, cost is lower, therefore; The profile of tooth water jacket is arranged in the bottom of body of heater; And par is set in the top of body of heater, like this, can further reduce the manufacturing cost of body of heater.
A part of sidewall on the top of body of heater outward-dipping and with the angle of horizontal plane greater than 65 degree, so that the dross that produces in the fusion process in the cleaning body of heater.
The inner surface of said body and outer surface are arcwall face.
Inner surface and outer surface through with body form arcwall face; When the body of heater of smelting furnace is circle, can further increase the contact area of profile of tooth water jacket and refractory brick, reduce the slit between profile of tooth water jacket and the refractory brick; Improved the contact uniformity; Improve cooling effect, in other words, improved the applicability of profile of tooth water jacket.
Said coolant guiding channel comprises first passage, second channel and interface channel; The lower end that the lower end of wherein said first passage and second channel are logical is crossed interface channel and is communicated with, and said cooling medium inlet is formed on the first passage and the outlet of said cooling medium is formed on the second channel.
Said communication passage has the communication passage opening that is in communication with the outside, and said first and second passages have the end opening that is in communication with the outside respectively, and said communication passage opening and said end opening all are formed with internal thread and cooperate with sealing bolt.
End opening and communication passage opening through coolant guiding channel is set can process coolant guiding channel through boring easily in body, when stopping up in the coolant guiding channel, the dismounting sealing bolt can be dredged.Through communication passage is set, can easily a part of coolant guiding channel be used as access road, and another part coolant guiding channel is used as exit passageway, access road and exit passageway are communicated with through interface channel.
Additional aspect of the present invention and advantage part in the following description provide, and part will become obviously from the following description, or recognize through practice of the present invention.
Description of drawings
Above-mentioned and/or additional aspect of the present invention and advantage obviously with are easily understood becoming the description of embodiment from combining figs, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the structural representation according to the self-heating smelting furnace of the embodiment of the invention; With
Fig. 2 is the cutaway view of the products export of self-heating smelting furnace shown in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the cutaway view of the slag notch of self-heating smelting furnace shown in Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is that the master who is used for the profile of tooth water jacket of Fig. 1 self-heating smelting furnace looks sketch map;
Fig. 5 be along Fig. 5 center line A-A dissect be rotated counterclockwise 90 the degree after cutaway view; With
Fig. 6 is the cutaway view along the line B-B among Fig. 5.
The specific embodiment
Describe embodiments of the invention below in detail, the example of said embodiment is shown in the drawings, and wherein identical from start to finish or similar label is represented identical or similar elements or the element with identical or similar functions.Be exemplary through the embodiment that is described with reference to the drawings below, only be used to explain the present invention, and can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention.
In description of the invention; Term " inboard ", " outside ", " vertically ", " laterally ", " on ", D score, " top ", " end ", etc. orientation or the position relation of indication for based on orientation shown in the drawings or position relation; Only be for the ease of describing the present invention rather than requiring the present invention therefore can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention with specific azimuth configuration and operation.In description of the invention, be example with the self-heating smelting furnace that is used for copper metallurgy, still, it will be appreciated that, be not limited to be used for the self-heating smelting furnace of copper metallurgy according to the water jacket of the embodiment of the invention.
According to Fig. 1-Fig. 3 a kind of self-heating smelting furnace according to the embodiment of the invention is described below.
Self-heating smelting furnace according to the embodiment of the invention comprises body of heater 1, bell 2 and profile of tooth water jacket 12.
Body of heater 1 comprises furnace shell 11 and the fire brick layer 14 that is arranged in the furnace shell 11, and furnace shell 1 for example is the metal furnace shell, and refractory masses is built into by refractory brick 14, thereby in body of heater 1, forms burner hearth.The lower area of burner hearth (zone among Fig. 1 below the dotted line) is molten bath R.In an example of the present invention, a part of sidewall on the top of body of heater 1 outward-dipping and with the angle of horizontal plane greater than 65 degree, so that the dross that produces in the fusion process in the cleaning body of heater 1.
Be respectively equipped with the products export 15 and slag notch 16 that is communicated with the molten bath in the bottom of body of heater 1, wherein the height of slag notch 16 is higher than the height of products export 15, is respectively applied for and discharges melting product and smelting slag.As shown in Figure 4, products export 15 can center on the body of heater circumference with slag notch 16, and the number of products export 15 and slag notch 16 can be provided with according to actual needs.
As shown in Figure 2; Products export 15 comprises external product outlet 151 and inboard products export 152; External product outlet 151 is by being positioned at radially outermost flange 1511; External product outlet fire brick layer 1512 and the outlet of the external product between flange 1511 and fire brick layer 1512 water jacket 1513 at innermost layer radially constitute, and inboard products export 152 fire brick layer 1522 of internal layer constitutes with being positioned at radially by the inboard products export water jacket that is positioned at radial outer 1521.Wherein, external product outlet fire brick layer 1512 is respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards body of heater 1 the inside gradually with external product outlet water jacket 1513, and the wedge shape that reduces gradually towards body of heater 1 the inside for external diameter of inboard products export fire brick layer 1522.
External product outlet fire brick layer 1512 can guarantee that with external product outlet water jacket 1513 wedgewises the active force that the outside is executed can not pass to inboard products export water jacket 1521 and inboard products export fire brick layer 1522, makes the life-span of inboard products export 152 longer.In addition, adopt the double-body bike products export, because the external product outlet damages easily, the external product outlet 151 that therefore only needs to be burnt out is changed, and need not change entire product outlet 15, and maintenance is convenient.
As shown in Figure 3; Slag notch 16 comprises outside slag notch 161 and inboard slag notch 162; Outside slag notch 161 is by being positioned at radially outermost flange 1611; Outside slag notch fire brick layer 1612 and the outside slag notch water jacket between flange and fire brick layer 1,612 1613 at innermost layer radially constitute, and inboard slag notch 162 by the inboard slag notch water jacket that is positioned at radial outer 1621 be positioned at radially the inboard of the internal layer fire brick layer 1622 of slagging tap and constitute.Wherein, outside slag notch fire brick layer 1612 is respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards body of heater 1 the inside gradually with outside slag notch water jacket 1613, and the wedge shape that reduces gradually towards body of heater 1 the inside for external diameter of inboard slag notch fire brick layer 1622.
Outside slag notch fire brick layer 1612 can guarantee that with outside slag notch water jacket 1613 wedgewises the active force that the outside is executed can not pass to inboard slag notch water jacket 1621 and inboard slag notch fire brick layer 1622, makes the life-span of inboard slag notch 162 longer.In addition, adopt the double-body bike slag notch, because outside slag notch damages easily, the outside slag notch 161 that therefore only needs to be burnt out is changed, and need not change whole slag notch, and maintenance is convenient.
Bell 2 is installed in the open top of body of heater 1, is used for the top end opening of closed furnace body 1.Be formed with spray gun jack 201 on the bell 2, be used to insert the spray gun (not shown), spray gun is used in body of heater 1, spraying into oxygen and fuel.Bell 2 also is formed with exhanst gas outlet 202, is used to discharge the flue gas that produces in the body of heater 1.
For smelting furnace is cooled off, in body of heater 1, be provided with profile of tooth water jacket 12.In an example of the present invention,, therefore par cover 13 is set in the top of body of heater 1, and in the body of heater 1 around the R of molten bath profile of tooth water jacket 12 is set because the temperature of molten bath R is higher than the temperature of upper furnace.The fire resistance of par cover 13 than the fire resistance of profile of tooth water jacket 12 a little less than, cost is lower, therefore setting can further reduce the manufacturing cost of body of heater 1 like this.
The following profile of tooth water jacket 12 of describing body of heater 1 inside with reference to figure 4-6.
Profile of tooth water jacket 12 according to the embodiment of the invention comprises body 120 and coolant guiding channel 121.Coolant guiding channel 121 be formed in the body 120 and have be used for cooling medium for example water supply to cooling mediums inlet 122A and the cooling medium outlet 122B that is used for the water after the heat exchange is discharged body 120 in the body 120; The inner surface of body 120 (among Fig. 4 perpendicular to the surface of the inside on the direction of paper, among Fig. 1 towards the surface of body of heater 1 the inside) is a toothed surface.
As shown in Figure 5, the inner surface of body 120 is a toothed surface, in other words, on vertical (above-below direction among Fig. 5) cutaway view of body 120, on the inner surface of body 120, has alternately formed convexity 125 and groove 126.
As shown in Figure 1, in the time of in profile of tooth water jacket 12 is installed to body of heater 1, particularly; Be installed in around the molten bath R in the body of heater 1, refractory brick 14 can be engaged in the groove 126, thereby the binding ability of refractory brick 14 and profile of tooth water jacket 12 improves; Be the slit minimizing between refractory brick 14 and the profile of tooth water jacket 12, more can closely combine, thereby contact area increase; The contact uniformity is better, thereby has improved cooling effect.
As shown in Figure 6, the inner surface of body 120 (upper surface among Fig. 6) is an arcwall face, and promptly on horizontal (horizontal direction among Fig. 4) cutaway view of body 120, the inner surface of body 120 is curved.In an example of the present invention, also can be arcwall face with the corresponding outer surface of inboard arcwall face, like this; Inner surface and/or outer surface through with body form arcwall face, when the body of heater of smelting furnace is circle, can further increase the contact area of water jacket and refractory brick; Reduce the slit between water jacket and the refractory brick, improved the contact uniformity, improve cooling effect; In other words, improved the applicability of water jacket.
Shown in Figure 4 and 5; In an example of the present invention; Coolant guiding channel 121 comprises first passage 121A, second channel 121B and interface channel 127127; First passage 121A and second channel 121B are communicated with through interface channel 127127, and cooling medium inlet 122A is formed on, and first passage 121A goes up and cooling medium outlet 122B is formed on the second channel 121B.
Coolant guiding channel 121 has the end opening 123 that is in communication with the outside.In addition, the end opening 123 of coolant guiding channel is formed with internal thread, and matches with sealing bolt 123.In the end opening 123 of coolant guiding channel, between body 120 and sealing bolt 128, be provided with sealing ring 129.
End opening 123 and communication passage opening 124 through coolant guiding channel 121 is set can process coolant guiding channel 121 through boring easily in body 120, when stopping up in the coolant guiding channel 121, dismounting sealing bolt 128 can be dredged.And through communication passage 127 is set; Can be easily with a part of coolant guiding channel for example 121A as access road; And another part coolant guiding channel for example 121B is as exit passageway, wherein, access road and exit passageway are through interface channel 127127 connections.
As shown in Figure 4, the coolant guiding channel 121 in the water jacket can in the example depicted in fig. 4, form two coolant guiding channels 121 for a plurality of, and each coolant guiding channel 121 is by two passages, and promptly first passage 121A and second channel 121B constitute.
In an example of the present invention, body 120 can be processed by copper billet.Utilize copper billet to process body, can increase heat transference efficiency, and can in body 120, process coolant guiding channel 123 easily through boring.Certainly, body 120 can also be formed by other the made of can conveniently process and can increase heat transference efficiency.
Although illustrated and described embodiments of the invention; Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that: under the situation that does not break away from principle of the present invention and aim, can carry out multiple variation, modification, replacement and modification to these embodiment, scope of the present invention is limited claim and equivalent thereof.
Claims (8)
1. a self-heating smelting furnace is characterized in that, comprising:
Body of heater, said body of heater comprise furnace shell and the fire brick layer that is arranged in the furnace shell, and the bottom of body of heater is respectively equipped with slag notch and products export;
Bell, said bell have exhanst gas outlet and spray gun jack and are installed in the open top of body of heater, are used for the top end opening of closed furnace body; With
The profile of tooth water jacket; Said profile of tooth water jacket is located in the body of heater; Said profile of tooth water jacket comprises body and coolant guiding channel; Said coolant guiding channel is formed in the body and has the cooling medium outlet that is used to supply with the cooling medium inlet of cooling medium and is used to discharge cooling medium; The inner surface of said body is a toothed surface, and said slag notch comprises inboard slag notch and outside slag notch, and said outside slag notch is by being positioned at radially outermost flange; Constitute at the outside slag notch fire brick layer of innermost layer radially and the outside slag notch water jacket between flange and outside slag notch fire brick layer; And the inboard slag notch fire brick layer of internal layer constitutes said inboard slag notch with being positioned at radially by the inboard slag notch water jacket that is positioned at radial outer, and said outside slag notch fire brick layer and said outside slag notch water jacket are respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards the body of heater the inside gradually, and said inboard slag notch fire brick layer is the wedge shape that external diameter reduces towards the body of heater the inside gradually.
2. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said products export comprises inboard products export and external product outlet; Said external product outlet is by being positioned at radially outermost flange; External product outlet fire brick layer and the external product outlet water jacket between flange and external product outlet fire brick layer at innermost layer radially constitute, and said inboard products export the inboard products export fire brick layer of internal layer constitutes with being positioned at radially by the inboard products export water jacket that is positioned at radial outer.
3. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 2; It is characterized in that; Said external product outlet fire brick layer and said external product outlet water jacket are respectively the wedge shape that external diameter increases towards the body of heater the inside gradually, and said inboard products export fire brick layer is the wedge shape that external diameter reduces towards the body of heater the inside gradually.
4. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said profile of tooth water jacket is located in the bottom of body of heater, and said self-heating smelting furnace further comprises the par cover in the top that is arranged on body of heater.
5. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 1 is characterized in that, a part of sidewall on the top of body of heater outward-dipping and with the angle of horizontal plane greater than 65 degree.
6. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the inner surface of said body and outer surface are arcwall face.
7. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said coolant guiding channel comprises first passage, second channel and interface channel; The lower end that the lower end of wherein said first passage and second channel are logical is crossed interface channel and is communicated with, and said cooling medium inlet is formed on the first passage and the outlet of said cooling medium is formed on the second channel.
8. self-heating smelting furnace according to claim 7; It is characterized in that; Said communication passage has the communication passage opening that is in communication with the outside; Said first and second passages have the end opening that is in communication with the outside respectively, and said communication passage opening and said end opening all are formed with internal thread and cooperate with sealing bolt.
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| CN2010101263824A CN101839640B (en) | 2010-03-15 | 2010-03-15 | Self-heating smelting furnace |
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| CN2010101263824A CN101839640B (en) | 2010-03-15 | 2010-03-15 | Self-heating smelting furnace |
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| CN101839640B true CN101839640B (en) | 2012-03-14 |
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| CN102735052B (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2015-05-06 | 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 | Melting unit |
| CN102401569A (en) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-04-04 | 攀钢集团钛业有限责任公司 | Tap hole of electric furnace |
| CN104215071B (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-01-20 | 攀枝花市仁通钒业有限公司 | Electric furnace outlet plugging device |
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| Title |
|---|
| 潘良玉.顶吹氧气自热熔炼炉.《有色设备》.1996,(第4期),第15-18页. * |
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