CN102131480B - 后部全关节置换 - Google Patents
后部全关节置换 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102131480B CN102131480B CN200880019129.XA CN200880019129A CN102131480B CN 102131480 B CN102131480 B CN 102131480B CN 200880019129 A CN200880019129 A CN 200880019129A CN 102131480 B CN102131480 B CN 102131480B
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Abstract
用于在上下椎骨之间植入的假体系统包括上关节部件。上关节部件包括上接触面和上接合面。系统进一步包括下关节部件。下关节部件包括下接触面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置以活动连接上接合面以形成接合关节。接合关节适于植入在上下椎骨间的盘间隙内,允许上下椎骨相对于彼此活动。系统进一步包括从上或下关节部件之一和盘间隙向后延伸的桥连部件。桥连部件具有与上或下关节部件之一相对的远端。桥连部件的远端包括适于接收紧固件的连接部件。
Description
背景技术
有时,患者背疼的原因可能并不清楚。疼痛可能的原因中有椎间盘或关联的关节面的疾病、退化或损伤。椎间盘关节成形术是治疗脊椎关节以减少疼痛同时保持关节内的活动的方式之一。可选的治疗集中于关节面,所述关节面可以被去除并被置换以假体装置。目前,对于治疗包括椎间盘和关联的关节面在内的全脊椎关节,几乎没有选择。由于其尺寸,现有的椎间盘盘关节成形术器械通常涉及前部的外科手术方法。除了具有高的侵入性外,前部的外科手术方法还不容许外科医生容易地接近并修复或置换病痛的关节面。因此,需要保持活动的关节置换系统,其通过采用侵入性低的方法代替椎间盘和相关的关节面的全部或部分机能而治疗全脊椎关节。
发明内容
在一种实施方式中,用于在上下椎骨之间植入的假体系统包括上关节部件。上关节部件包括上接触面和上接合面。系统进一步包括下关节部件。下关节部件包括下接触面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置来活动连接上接合面以形成接合关节。接合关节适于植入在上下椎骨间的盘间隙内,允许上下椎骨相对于彼此活动。系统进一步包括从上或下关节部件之一和从盘间隙向后延伸的桥连部件。桥连部件具有与上或下关节部件之一相对的远端。桥连部件的远端包括适于接收紧固件的连接部件。
在另一实施方式中,用于在上下椎骨之间植入的假体系统包括上关节部件,所述上关节部件具有上接触面和上接合面。系统进一步具有下关节部件,所述下关节部件包括下接触面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置来活动连接上接合面以形成接合关节。接合关节被配置用于植入在上下椎骨间的盘间隙内,允许上下椎骨相对于彼此活动。下关节部件进一步包括第一缓冲器,所述第一缓冲器与下接合面间隔开并置于下接合面前面,并且适于接触上关节部件以防止接合关节错位。
在另一实施方式中,用于在上下椎骨之间植入的假体系统包括上前关节部件,所述上前关节部件具有适于连接上椎骨的上表面和上接合面。系统进一步包括下前关节部件,所述下前关节部件具有适于连接下椎骨的下表面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置以活动连接上接合面以形成接合关节,所述接合关节允许上下椎骨相对于彼此活动。接合关节被置于上下椎骨间的盘间隙内。系统进一步包括上桥连部件和下桥连部件,所述上桥连部件从上前关节部件向后且从盘间隙向后延伸,所述下桥连部件从下前关节部件向后且从盘间隙向后延伸。系统还包括位于上或下桥之一中的连接部件,其适于接收紧固件并且将紧固件导向相应的上或下椎骨。
在仍然是另一实施方式中,外科手术方法包括从上下椎骨间去除至少一部分天生的椎间盘以形成盘间隙并且从上或下椎骨中去除至少一个关节突的一部分。方法还包括通过放置第一脊椎关节成形术装置的上部件与第一脊椎关节成形术装置的下部件接合连接并且将第一脊椎关节成形术装置的关节插入到盘间隙中而组装第一脊椎关节成形术装置的关节。该外科手术方法进一步包括定位下部件的后延伸部到盘间隙外面并且用骨紧固件将下部件的后延伸部连接到下椎骨。在下部件前端的第一缓冲部件限制了第一脊椎关节成形术装置的关节的错位。
另外的和可选的特征、优点、应用和实施方式被阐述在下面的说明书、附图和权利要求中或者从下面的说明书、附图和权利要求中看将是明显的。
在一些例证性方面,本文公开的保持活动的假体装置可包括下面专利申请中公开的一个或多个特征,所述专利申请通过引用以其全部内容并入本文:
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,602,发明名称为“Spinal Arthroplasty Device and Method(脊椎关节成形术装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,603,发明名称为“Dual Articulating Spinal Device and Method(双接合脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,780,发明名称为“Split Spinal Device and Method(分割脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,904,发明名称为“Interconnected Spinal Device and Method(互连脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,700,发明名称为“Support Structure Device and Method(支撑结构装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,783,发明名称为“Mobile Bearing Spinal Device and Method(产生活动的脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,781,发明名称为“Centrally Articulating Spinal Device and Method(中心接合的脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2005年1月7日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/031,903,发明名称为“Posterior Spinal Device and Method(后脊椎装置和方法)”;
在2006年1月30日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/342,961,发明名称为“Prosthetic Device for Spinal Joint Reconstruction(用于脊椎关节再造的假体装置)”;
在2006年1月30日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/343,159,发明名称为“Posterior Joint Replacement Device(后关节置换装置)”;和
在2006年7月27日提交的美国实用新型专利申请序号11/494,311,发明名称为“Prosthetic Device for Spinal Joint Reconstruction(用于脊椎关节再造的假体装置)”。
附图说明
图1是健康的人脊柱的腰椎区域的矢状面图。
图2是单个脊椎关节的矢状面图。
图3是根据本公开内容的一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的侧视图。
图4是图3的保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图5是图3的保持活动的假体装置的俯视图。
图6是图3的保持活动的假体装置的主视图。
图7是图3的保持活动的假体装置的后视图。
图8是在弯曲活动中图3装置的侧视图。
图9是在伸展活动中图3装置的侧视图。
图10是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图11是图10的保持活动的假体装置的侧视图。
图12是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的侧视图。
图13是被植入脊椎关节中的图10的保持活动的假体装置的侧视图。
图14是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图15-17是根据本公开内容的其它实施方式保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图18-21是根据本公开内容的其它实施方式保持活动的假体装置的分解图。
图22A是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图22B是图22A的保持活动的假体装置的一方面的底部透视图。
图23-25是根据本公开内容的其它实施方式保持活动的假体装置的透视图。
图26A是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的一部分。
图26B是图26A的保持活动的假体装置的横截面图。
图27A是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的一部分。
图27B是图27A的保持活动的假体装置的横截面图。
图28A是根据本公开内容的另一种实施方式保持活动的假体装置的一部分。
图28B是图27A的保持活动的假体装置的横截面图。
具体实施方式
本公开内容一般涉及脊椎外科手术的系统和方法,并且,更具体地,在一些实施方式中,涉及用于后部植入的脊椎关节成形术系统和方法。为了促进理解本发明原理,现在将参考附图中图解的实施方式或实施例,并且将使用具体的语言对其进行描述。然而应当理解并没有意欲对本发明的范围进行限制。正如本公开内容所述领域的普通技术人员通常所想到的,所述实施方式中任何改变和进一步的改进,以及本文所述的发明原理的任何进一步的应用被考虑。
首先参考图1,显示的是脊柱10的矢状面图,图解了分别由天生椎间盘D1、D2、D3分开的系列椎骨V1、V2、V3、V4。尽管该图解通常描述脊柱的腰椎部分,但是应当理解本公开内容的装置、系统和方法也可被应用于脊柱的所有区域,包括胸和颈区域。
现在参考图2,脊柱10的脊椎关节12包括相邻的脊椎V1、V2,椎间盘D1在其间延伸。脊椎V1包括大体圆柱形的椎体部分14、下关节突16和下终板18。脊椎V2包括大体圆柱形的椎体部分20、上关节突22和上终板24。为了参考目的,纵轴19延伸穿过圆柱形椎体部分14、20的中心。椎弓根(pedicle)25在椎体部分20和上关节突22之间延伸。下关节突16和上关节突22形成关节面或关节突关节26。关节面26具有流体填充的囊和软骨,以给关节突16、22提供接合表面。椎间盘D1和关节面26都允许相邻骨表面之间的活动,允许全脊椎关节12正常程度的弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转活动。因为椎间盘D1和/或关节面26由于变老、损伤、疾病或其它因素而损坏,所有或部分的椎间盘、关节面和/或关节突16、22可被去除并且被置换以假体装置,所述假体装置可保持脊椎关节12中的活动。尽管没有详细描述,但是第二左右对称假体装置也可被用于代替一部分椎间盘D1的机能和与关节面26相对的第二关节面的机能。
现在参考图3-7,在一种实施方式中,假体装置30可保持脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置30包括上关节部件32和下关节部件34。上关节部件32包括接合面36,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。下关节部件34包括接合面38,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。当组装时,接合面36可连接接合面38以产生球窝式前关节。
“球”形表面被理解为包括任何具有均匀曲率半径的弯曲表面并且可指球形帽和球的部分。在可选实施方式中,非球形弯曲表面可作为接合面发挥作用以对假体装置的活动范围给予特定限制。在仍然是另一可选实施方式中,关节可用具有凸形的上接合面和具有凹接合面的下接合面倒转。
上关节部件32可进一步包括缓冲器或活动限制器40、42,其在该实施方式中为凹进肩部。下关节部件34包括缓冲器或活动限制器44、46,其在该实施方式中为上突延伸部,与接合面38隔开。正如下面更详细的描述,活动限制器对40、44和活动限制器对42、46可用于将弯曲/伸展活动限制在期望的范围,防止或限制由接合面36、38形成的关节错位。活动限制器可被设定形状以提供更大或更小的弯曲/伸展活动范围。例如,活动限制器44上的表面与接合面38成一定角度可允许比活动限制器表面与轴19平行时更大的弯曲活动。
上关节部件32可进一步包括外接触表面48,用于与脊椎终板18连接,并且下关节部件34可包括外接触表面50,用于与脊椎终板24连接。
上关节部件32可进一步包括上龙骨突52,所述上龙骨突52延伸自外接触面48并且包括细长部分53和细长部分54。细长部分54可高于细长部分53,以在椎体14外壁的硬骨皮质中提供具有更大稳定性的假体装置30。在该实施方式中,凸起的龙骨突部分54具有尖锐且底切的前缘56,以促使在椎体14和终板18中强力地切出通道并且有助于防止装置30磨损椎体14。在该实施方式中,凸起的龙骨突部分54大约占上龙骨突52长度的三分之一并且延伸到上关节部件后边缘以提供另外的稳定性。在可选实施方式中,上龙骨突可更长或更短以实现期望的稳定性。下关节部件34可包括延伸自外接触面50的下龙骨突58。
在可选实施方式中,龙骨突的宽度可以变化。例如,龙骨突的下部可以比龙骨突的上部窄。在其它实施方式中,龙骨突可以逐渐变细或者具有起伏的波浪形。在仍然是另一可选实施方式中,龙骨突可被穿孔或者是多孔的,以促进骨向内生长。
上关节部件32可进一步包括后突起60,其从外接触面48的后边缘向上延伸。在该实施方式中,突起60可大体垂直于接触面48或者相对于接触面48成小锐角。突起60可与上龙骨突52的后端整体成形或者另外地邻接上龙骨突52的后端。正如下面更详细的描述,后突起60可作为挡块以防止装置30向椎间盘间隙前面插入得太远。突起60的位置可在外科手术期间用荧光透视法或其它可视方法进行监视,以确定植入的进程,以及确认装置30何时已经完全被植入——其中后突起60接触椎体14的后壁。因为后突起60的位置可相对于由接合面36、38形成的关节的旋转中心固定,所以后突起60的位置可作为旋转中心位置的指示器。在外科医生已经确定旋转中心的期望位置后,可以选择上关节部件32,以便当后突起60靠着椎体14的后壁定位时,旋转中心被移动到期望的预定位置。
假体装置30可进一步包括桥连部件62,其从下关节部件34向后延伸。当被安装时,桥连部件62可进一步从椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙向后延伸并且沿着椎弓根25的至少一部分延伸至远端64。在可选实施方式中,全部或部分的椎弓根25可被去除,使边缘具有很少或没有来自天然结构的支撑。
桥62的远端64可包括连接部件66,其在该实施方式中为用于接收紧固件68的通道。在该实施方式中,紧固件68是骨螺钉,然而在可选实施方式中,紧固件如钉子、U形钉或其它机械或化学的紧固件可以是合适的。连接部件66的定向允许紧固件68椎弓根外(extrapedicularly)插入,以便螺钉穿过与椎弓根限定的中心轴成斜角或斜交的通道。可以拧紧固件68穿过椎弓根25的部分并且进入椎体20。椎弓根外固定术(extrapedicular fixation)可以是进入椎弓根的任何固定术,其不沿着通道向下顺着椎弓根大致后-前限定的中心轴。在该实施方式中,螺钉穿过椎弓根的上壁并且可实现强的皮质固定。在所有实施方式中,紧固件可至少部分被凹进以便不干扰关节、软组织和神经结构。
当被安装时,桥62和紧固件68可限制装置30的过量移动,尤其在弯曲/伸展活动期间。此外,桥62可将负荷分布在下椎骨V2上,减少下关节部件34下沉进入椎体20的可能。
连接部件66进一步包括锁紧夹70,锁紧夹70在该实施方式中为可弹性变形的C型结构,其将紧固件68保持在适当位置,阻挡紧固件68任何向后的脱离,尤其在关节12活动时。应当理解,在可选实施方式中,锁紧夹可以是帽、夹子、粘合剂或其它合适的机械或化学系统,用于限制紧固件68的移动。
关节部件32、34和桥连部件62的尺寸和形状可由后部外科手术方法的约束而限制。例如,前关节部件32、34可被配置以覆盖最大脊椎终板面积,以便分散负荷并且减少下沉,同时仍适合穿过后部外科手术暴露处、安全三角(Kambin’s triangle)和其它神经元。为了达到最大的表面覆盖,前关节部件32、34的材料可分别从接合面36、38向前延伸。桥连部件62的宽度也被最小化以穿过安全三角并且与神经元共存。
在可选实施方式中,上和下关节部件可被提供以不同高度。例如,上部件的高度可通过制备具有增厚接触面的部件而增加。同样,可以加入材料以增加下部件的总高度。提供各种可选高度的部件可允许外科医生在关节内产生适当的张力,以便促进骨生长进入上和下部件并且实现期望的活动范围。在仍然是其它可选实施方式中,上和下关节部件的高度可沿着部件的长度增加或减少以产生期望的脊柱前凸和脊柱后凸。改变上下接触面之间所形成的角度的能力可允许外科医生解决患者解剖学之间或者脊柱水平之间的变化,如在腰骶关节(L5-S1)。允许外科医生基于脊柱水平或患者解剖学改变假体装置的高度、角度和性能可确保患者更好的适应和更好的预后。
假体装置30可由任何合适的生物相容性材料制成,包括金属诸如钴-铬合金、钛合金、镍钛合金和/或不锈钢合金。陶瓷材料如铝氧化物或氧化铝、锆氧化物或氧化锆、颗粒金刚石压块和/或热解碳可能也适合。还可使用聚合物材料,包括聚芳醚酮(PAEK)家族的任何成员如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、碳增强的PEEK或聚醚酮酮(PEKK);聚砜;聚醚酰亚胺;聚酰亚胺;超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE);和/或交联UHMWPE。构成假体装置30的各种部件可由不同材料制成,因此允许金属上金属、陶瓷上金属、聚合物上金属、陶瓷上陶瓷、聚合物上陶瓷或聚合物上聚合物的结构。
包括接触表面48、50;龙骨突52、58;和桥62在内的假体装置30的骨接触表面可包括提高植入假体固定性的特征或涂层。例如,表面可诸如通过化学蚀刻、喷玻璃珠、砂纸打磨、磨光、使成锯齿状和/或金刚石切割而变粗糙。假体装置30的全部或部分骨接触面也可被涂布有生物相容性和骨传导性材料如羟基磷灰石(HA)、磷酸三钙(TCP)和/或碳酸钙以促进骨生长和固定。可选地,可以使用骨诱导涂层,如来自转化生长因子(TGF)β超家族的蛋白质,或骨形成蛋白如BMP2或BMP7。其它合适的特征可包括刺突、脊和/或其它表面纹理。
假体装置30可被安装在椎骨V1、V2之间,如下所述。假体装置30可采用与已知的TLIF(经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(transforaminal lumbarinterbody fusion))或PLIF(后部腰椎椎体间融合术(posterior lumbarinterbody fusion))方法类似的后部经椎间孔入路(posteriortransforaminal approach)植入患者中。PLIF型入路一般更内侧并且依赖于横向根和硬膜更多的收缩以进入椎间盘间隙。这些结构之间的间隙被称为安全三角(Kambin’s triangle)。TLIF入路一般地更倾斜,需要发出根更少的收缩,并且更少硬膜流血同时横向结构更少的收缩。采用远外侧入路——发出神经根(exiting nerve root)位置上方和安全三角外部——进入椎间间隙也是可能的。在一些情况中经由远外侧进入椎间间隙而不用切除关节面是可能的。而且,穿过腰肌的直接外侧入路是已知的。这种入路完全避开了后神经元。本公开内容的实施方式可采用这些常规入路中任一种或其组合。
根据这些入路中至少一种,可在患者后背中进行切口,如中线切口,并且一些或全部的患病椎间盘D1和周围组织可经由椎间孔去除。椎骨V2的上终板24可被铣削、粗锉或另外地切除以匹配下关节部件34的外接触面50的轮廓,以便使终板24上的应力分布正常化,和/或在骨向内生长之前提供初始的固定。椎骨V2的终板24的精制可导致变平的表面或者表面轮廓如口袋、凹槽或其它可匹配外接触面50上相应特征的轮廓。椎骨V1的下终板18可类似地被精制以接收上关节部件32至发出神经根和背根神经节所容许的程度。取决于关节面26是否被置换,天生的关节面和相应的关节突16、22可被修整以给桥连部件62制造空间。
假体装置30然后可通过手术产生的开口分段插入。即,包括上和下关节部件32、34在内的假体装置30的部件可穿过椎间孔被安装并且被置于锥体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙中。假体装置30的部件可被完全分开,或者它们中两个或多个可在穿过椎间孔插入前通过布或本领域熟知的其它材料捆扎或封装在一起。在可保留天生椎间盘外环至少一部分的情况中,可插入下关节部件,以便它邻接该环的相应部分。
终板18、24可被铣削、凿刻或另外地精制以分别接收龙骨突52、58。可选地,全部或部分的龙骨突可自行在终板中切出通道。例如,当上关节部件32被植入时,前细长部分52可沿着预切的通道或者当它被驱动进入终板18时可自己形成通道。前缘56可进一步切割椎体14周边的较硬皮质骨。采用荧光透视法或者其它可视化方法作为导引,可驱动上关节部件32直至后突起60接触椎骨14的后壁,限制了进一步的插入。具有龙骨突58的下关节部件34可以类似的方式驱动进入终板24和椎体20。在该实施方式中,上关节部件32通过摩擦装配被保持在合适的位置,至少在一开始是如此。在可选实施方式中,紧固件如骨螺钉、U形钉、粘合剂或其它机械或化学紧固件可被用于将上关节部件保持在合适的位置。
随着上和下关节部件32、34的植入,接合面36可被放置与接合面38关节连接。由接合面36、38形成的关节的旋转中心可被定位在纵向穿过椎骨V1、V2之间的椎间盘间隙的中心轴19后侧。因为后突起60充当挡块以防止上关节部件32的过插入,所以旋转中心的最终位置可通过选择上关节部件而预先确定。
桥62可从下关节部件34向后延伸并且从椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙向后延伸。紧固件68可被插入穿过连接部件66,穿过椎弓根25的一部分并且进入椎体20。在该实施方式中,紧固件68相对于椎弓根的轴成斜角钻进椎弓根25,因此与轴19成斜角地驱动进入椎体20。紧固件68的角度可在关节12向后活动期间起到限制紧固件退出骨头的作用。可进一步通过锁紧夹70限制退出,所述锁紧夹将紧固件68夹到桥62的远端。
第二假体装置——未显示但与假体装置30相同或类似——可以与上述基本相同的方式通过左右对称相对TLIF或PLIF型入路插入。插入后,第二假体装置可与假体装置30一致地并且以基本类似的方式运行以提供下述的活动范围。
当安装时,由接合面36、38产生的前球窝型关节可相对稳定并且自动居中。接合面的球形表面允许全范围的活动,包括弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转活动。由接合面36、38产生的前关节和紧固件68允许假体装置30抵抗剪切力,尤其前-后力。上关节部件32相对于下关节部件34的移动可通过接合面38在接合面36内的位移而限制。在纵轴19周围的旋转活动可由左右对称的假体装置对提供的联合约束而限制。龙骨突52、58可进一步起到抵抗单个部件32、34的剪切和旋转运动。
关节面26限制脊椎关节12中弯曲/伸展活动的机能可通过活动限制器40、42、44、46至少部分恢复。例如,如图8所示,当脊椎关节12弯曲时,活动限制器40、44可接触以防止进一步的弯曲活动和/或防止接合面36、38的错位。如图9所示,当脊椎关节12伸展时,活动限制器42、46可接触以防止进一步的伸展活动和/或防止接合面36、38的错位。弯曲/伸展活动可进一步被桥62限制,所述桥62通过紧固件68保持与椎弓根25和/或椎体20接触。
一般地,简单的、位于前部的球窝式关节——其被具有相同或相似曲率半径的各部件严密限制——可允许弯曲-伸展、侧弯和扭转活动,同时抵抗剪切力并且限制平移。改变球和窝部件的形状或球和窝部件之间的余隙也将允许附加的活动程度。
现在参考图10和11,在该实施方式中,假体装置80可保持脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置80包括上关节部件82和下关节部件84。上关节部件82包括接合面86,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。下关节部件84包括接合面88,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。当组装时,接合面86可连接接合面88以产生球窝式前关节。
如上所述,“球”形表面被理解包括任何具有均匀曲率半径的弯曲表面并且可指球形帽和球的部分。在可选实施方式中,非球形弯曲表面可作为接合面发挥作用以对假体装置的活动范围给予特定限制。在仍然是另一可选实施方式中,关节可用具有凸形的上接合面和具有凹关节面的下接合面倒转。
上关节部件82可进一步包括外接触表面90,用于与脊椎终板18连接,并且下关节部件34可包括外接触表面92,用于与脊椎终板24连接。
上关节部件82可进一步包括上龙骨突94,所述上龙骨突94延伸自外接触面90并且包括细长部分96和细长部分98。细长部分98可高于细长部分93,以在椎体14外壁的硬骨皮质中提供具有更大稳定性的假体装置80。在该实施方式中,凸起的龙骨突部分98具有尖锐且底切的前缘100,以促使在椎体14和终板18中切出通道并且有助于防止装置80磨损椎体14。在该实施方式中,凸起的龙骨突部分98大约占上龙骨突94长度的三分之一并且延伸到上关节部件82后边缘以提供另外的稳定性。在可选实施方式中,上龙骨突可更长或更短。下关节部件84可包括延伸自外接触面98的下龙骨突102。
上关节部件82可进一步包括后突起104,其从外接触面90的后边缘向上延伸。在该实施方式中,突起104可大致垂直于接触面90或者相对于接触面90成小锐角。突起104可与上龙骨突94的后端整体成形或者另外地邻接上龙骨突94的后端。正如下面更详细的描述,后突起104可作为挡块以防止装置80向椎间盘间隙前面插入得太远。突起104的位置可在外科手术期间用荧光透视法或其它可视方法进行监视,以确定植入的进程,以及确认装置80何时已经完全被植入——其中后突起104接触椎体14的后壁。因为后突起104的位置可相对于由接合面86、88形成的关节的旋转中心固定,所以后突起104的位置可作为旋转中心位置的指示器。在外科医生已经确定旋转中心的期望位置后,可以选择上关节部件82,以便当后突起104相对于椎体14的后壁定位时,旋转中心被移动到期望的预定位置。
假体装置80可进一步包括下桥连部件106,其从下关节部件84向后延伸。当被安装时,下桥连部件106可进一步从椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙向后延伸并且沿着椎弓根25的至少一部分延伸。
在该实施方式中,下后关节部件108可延伸自下桥106。后关节部件108可包括柱110,所述柱110具有桥端112和尾端114。柱110可被配置大体在沿着脊柱的方向上延伸。
柱110的桥端112可连接到下桥106。柱110可向上延伸,从而柱60的尾端114可被置于比下桥106高的位置。尾端114可包括活动挡块116,其被配置以限制上和下关节部件82、84的接合范围。在该实施方式中,柱110可包括在桥端112和尾端114之间延伸的直线部分。在一种示例性实施方式中,柱110可包括与接合面88的曲率同心的弯曲段。
假体装置80可进一步包括上桥连部件118,其从上关节部件82向后延伸。当被安装时,上桥连部件118可进一步从椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙向后延伸。桥连部件106、118,但尤其是下桥106可以是“特制(super)”或人造椎弓根,其可补充或代替天生的椎弓根。
上后关节部件120延伸自上桥118。上后关节部件120包括一对臂122,其被配置成C型,适于接收下后关节部件108的柱110。臂122的一部分形成活动挡板124,其被配置以与柱110上的活动挡板116协作。因此,当上和下后关节部件108、120如图10和11组装时,活动挡板124和活动挡板116进行协作以限制假体装置80的接合范围。上桥连部件118可进一步包括活动限制器125,其在该实施方式中为三角延伸部,其限制柱110向后活动。
连接部件126——其在该实施方式中为整体成型的管,用于接收紧固件128——可在柱110中的开口130之间延伸,穿过下桥连部件106。在该实施方式中,紧固件128是骨螺钉,然而在可选实施方式中,紧固件如钉子、U形钉或其它机械或化学的紧固件可以是合适的。可以拧紧固件128,成斜角地穿过椎弓根25的部分并且进入椎体20。当被安装时,下桥106和紧固件128可限制装置80的过量移动,尤其在弯曲/伸展活动期间。此外,下桥106可将负荷分布在下椎骨V2上,减少下关节部件84下沉进入椎体20的可能。
假体装置80的部件可由上面所列的装置30的材料的任何一种制成。假体装置80可以类似于上述装置30的方式植入,然而在该实施方式中,部件可在植入前预先装配,从而柱110被插入穿过臂122并且被允许平移。如装置30一样,假体装置80可与类似或相同的左右对称装置配对。
当安装时(图13),由接合面86、88产生的前球窝型关节可相对稳定并且自动居中。接合面的球形表面允许全范围的活动,包括弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转活动。同时,由接合面86、88产生的前关节;由上和下后关节部件108、120产生的后关节;和紧固件68允许假体装置抵抗剪切力,尤其前-后力。上关节部件32相对于下关节部件34的移动可通过接合面38在接合面36内的位移而限制,并且进一步被后关节部件108、120限制。在纵轴19周围的旋转活动可由后关节部件108、120以及左右对称假体装置对提供的联合约束而限制。龙骨突94、102可进一步起到抵抗单个部件82、84的剪切和旋转活动的作用。
关节面26限制脊椎关节12中弯曲/伸展活动的机能可通过后关节部件108、120至少部分恢复。例如,当装置80处于完全弯曲时,前关节附加的弯曲和错位可通过活动挡板124和活动挡板116的协作而限制。当装置80处于完全伸展时,前关节附加的弯曲和错位可通过活动限制器125与柱110的协作以及通过上桥连部件118与连接部件126的协作而限制。弯曲/伸展活动可进一步被下桥106限制,所述下桥106通过紧固件128保持与椎弓根25和/或椎体20接触。
现在参考图12,在该实施方式中,假体装置140可基本上类似于假体装置80,然而在该实施方式中,龙骨突142可包括延伸部分146和延伸部分148。延伸部分148可高于延伸部分146并且可包括底切部分150以允许在植入期间椎体14的攻击性切割。
现在参考图14,在该实施方式中假体装置160可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置160包括上关节部件162和下关节部件164。上关节部件162包括接合面166,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。下关节部件164包括接合面168,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。当组装时,接合面166可连接接合面168以产生球窝式前关节。如该实施方式中所示,球窝式前关节的旋转中心位于几何中线后部。当安装时,这种后部定位的旋转中心可在脊椎关节12中产生更自然的动力学。
如上所述,“球”形表面被理解包括任何具有均匀曲率半径的弯曲表面并且可指球形帽和球的部分。在可选实施方式中,非球形弯曲表面可作为接合面发挥作用以对假体装置的活动范围给予特定限制。在仍然是另一可选实施方式中,关节可用具有凸形的上接合面和具有凹关节面的下接合面倒转。
上关节部件162可进一步包括外接触面170,用于与脊椎终板18连接,并且下关节部件34可包括外接触表面172,用于与脊椎终板24连接。
上关节部件162可进一步包括上龙骨突174,所述上龙骨突174延伸自外接触面170。在该实施方式中,龙骨突174的更大部分可在中线169前部延伸而不是在后部延伸。龙骨突174的这种前部定向可增强在关节12中活动期间上关节部件的向上移动,并且可适于抵抗其它不期望的过量活动,所述过量活动会由于球窝式关节的旋转中心的后部定位而在装置160的前部产生。在可选实施方式中,上龙骨突可更长或更短。下关节部件164可包括延伸自外接触面172的下龙骨突176。
假体装置160的部件可由上面所列的装置30的材料的任何一种制成。假体装置160可以类似于上述装置30的方式植入,然而在该实施方式中,整个装置160可被定位在椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙内。如装置30一样,假体装置80可与类似或相同的左右对称装置配对。
当安装时,由接合面166、168产生的前球窝型关节可相对稳定并且自动居中。接合面的球形表面允许全范围的活动,包括弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转活动。因为该实施方式缺少基本上延伸自椎间盘间隙的后部部件,所以天生的关节面26可被保留并且可被本领域熟知的其它系统代替或增大。在纵轴19周围的旋转活动可由左右对称的假体装置对提供的联合约束而限制。龙骨突174、176可进一步起到抵抗单个部件162、164的剪切和旋转活动的作用。
现在参考图15,在该实施方式中,假体装置180可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置180包括上关节部件182和下关节部件184。装置180可基本上类似于装置160,除了上关节部件182包括龙骨突系统186外,所述龙骨突系统186包括一系列锯齿形突出部分,用于锚定到脊椎终板18中。类似的龙骨突系统188延伸自下关节部件184。锯齿形突出部分的峰和宽度可以相同或者可沿着龙骨突系统的长度变化。
现在参考图16,在该实施方式中,假体装置190可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置190包括上关节部件192和下关节部件194。除了下述差别外,装置190可基本上类似于装置160。在该实施方式中,假体装置190可进一步包括桥连部件196,其从下关节部件194后部延伸。当被安装时,桥连部件196可进一步从椎体14、20之间的椎间盘间隙后路延伸并且沿着椎弓根25的至少一部分延伸至远端198。在可选实施方式中,全部或部分的椎弓根25可被去除,使边缘具有很少或没有来自天然结构的支撑。
桥196的远端198可包括连接部件200,其在该实施方式中为用于接收紧固件202的通道。在该实施方式中,紧固件202是骨螺钉,然而在可选实施方式中,紧固件如钉子、U形钉或其它机械或化学的紧固件可以是合适的。连接部件200的定向允许紧固件202椎弓根外插入,以便螺钉穿过与椎弓根限定的中心轴成斜角或斜交的通道。可以拧紧固件202,穿过椎弓根25的部分并且进入椎体20。椎弓根外固定术可以是进入椎弓根的任何固定术,其不沿着通道向下顺着椎弓根大体后-前限定的中心轴。在该实施方式中,螺钉穿过椎弓根的上壁并且可实现坚固的皮质固定。在所有实施方式中,紧固件可至少部分被做成凹进的,以便不干扰关节、软组织和神经结构。
当被安装时,桥196和紧固件202可限制装置190的过量移动,尤其在弯曲/伸展活动期间。此外,桥196可将负荷分布在下椎骨V2上,减少下关节部件194下沉进入椎体20的可能。如上所述,连接部件可包括锁紧夹或其它合适的机械或化学系统,用于限制紧固件202的移动和脱离。
上关节部件192还可包括连接部件,其类似于装置30的后突起60,一般从上关节部件192的上表面向上延伸。连接部件192包括贯穿通道206,其被设计大小适于接收紧固件208。连接部件192当上关节部件192插入到椎间盘间隙时可作为插入挡块,并且作为用于将紧固件208导入椎体14中的入口点。
当被安装时,紧固件208可限制上关节部件192向后迁移和/或错位并且也可限制装置190的过量活动,尤其在弯曲/伸展活动期间。锁紧夹或其它锁紧装置可被用于防止紧固件208脱离。在可选实施方式中,连接部件的尺寸和形状可以被改变。例如,连接部件可以是U形凹口,其仍被设定大小适于接收紧固件,或者可包括多个通道以接收U形钉或多个紧固件。
现在参考图17,在该实施方式中,假体装置210可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置210包括上关节部件212和下关节部件214。装置210可基本上类似于装置190,除了在该实施方式中可省略上关节部件紧固件之外。与上关节部件192类似,上关节部件212可包括具有贯穿通道218的连接部件216。在该实施方式中,上紧固件的省略可适于消除在由上和下关节部件形成的前关节中多余的约束。此外,没有被紧固件占居的通道218可允许骨向内生长,允许上关节部件212随着时间而固定到椎骨V1上。
现在参考图18,在该实施方式中,假体装置220可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置220包括上关节部件222和下关节部件224。装置220可基本上类似于装置190并且可进一步包括装置190未详细显示的特征。
上关节部件222包括接合面226,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。下关节部件224包括接合面228,其可以是平滑的、凹的,并且形状是大致球形的。当组装时,接合面226可连接接合面228以产生球窝式前关节。突出部分230可延伸自接合面226。在该实施方式中突出部分230呈拱形或者“木马”形,其中相比前后尺寸上的长度而言在侧面尺寸上具有更窄的宽度。凹口或槽232可延伸进入接合面228中。槽232的长度可大致在前/后方向上延伸,其中槽的长度大于槽的宽度。在该实施方式中槽232的底部是弯曲的,以便大体匹配突出部分230的形状。在可选实施方式中,槽的底部可以是平的。突出部分230被设定大小以与槽232协作,允许在前关节中弯曲/伸展活动,同时抵抗在前关节中的剪切力和扭转活动。
在可选实施方式中,突出部分和槽可被设定形状以允许在前关节中其它类型的活动。例如,比突出部分宽的槽可允许接合面之间一定的扭转或平移。更似圆柱形的突出部分(参见图21)可允许扭转活动,限制前/后平移和关节错位。
如该实施方式中更详细的描述,下关节部件224可进一步包括接收锁紧夹(未显示)的限制槽234,如上面对图3的描述,以便防止骨紧固件从骨退出。
现在参考图19,在该实施方式中,假体装置240可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置240包括上关节部件242和下关节部件244。装置220可基本上类似于装置190,具有下述差别。
上关节部件222包括凹口246,其可以呈拱形并且位于第一球形接合关节后面。下关节部件224包括拱形突出部分248,其也位于第一球形接合关节后面并且被设定大小以适于装配在凹口246内。随着装置240的组装,突出部分248被插入凹口246内部以抵抗错位并且抵抗不期望的活动。这种配置适于抵抗前/后和侧向的剪切力并且抵抗扭转,同时允许弯曲/伸展活动上的自由。此外,突出部分和凹口之间的配合越紧,侧弯将被限制得越多。
图20描绘了装置250,其可基本上类似于装置240,然而在该实施方式中,突出部分254被插入到凹口252中,其中突出部分和凹口位于第一球形接合关节的前面。这种配置适于抵抗前/后和侧向的剪切力并且抵抗扭转,同时允许弯曲/伸展活动上的自由。此外,突出部分和凹口之间的配合越紧,侧弯将被限制得越多。
现在参考图21,假体装置260可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置260包括上关节部件262和下关节部件264。装置260可基本上类似于装置220,然而延伸自上关节部件262的接合面的突出部分266可以是圆柱形并且被设定大小以适于被容纳到位于下关节部件264的下接合面内的匹配圆柱形开口中。该实施方式可抵抗剪切力和错位,同时允许扭转活动。
现在参考图22A&B,假体装置270可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置270包括上关节部件272和下关节部件274。装置270可基本上类似于装置240,具有将要描述的差别。在该实施方式中一对缓冲器276延伸自下关节部件274,一个延伸到接合关节的前侧并且另一个延伸到接合关节的后侧。缓冲器276通常是圆柱形,但是在可选实施方式中可以是球形、半球形或任何其它合适的形状,以提供阻尼。一对凹口278延伸到上关节部件272中。如所示,凹口可比缓冲器276宽,以允许更大的扭转活动范围和更大的侧弯。
当被装配时,缓冲器276可延伸到各自的凹口278中并且用于阻尼或缓冲在上和下关节部件272、274之间的活动。尽管缓冲器可由像凸起部分248、254一样的刚性材料制成,但是在该实施方式中,缓冲器由弹性材料或任何其它有回弹力的材料制成,其可在关节部件之间提供阻尼,尤其在弯曲/伸展活动期间。在可选实施方式中,机械弹簧或其它机械阻尼器可被提供在上和下关节部件之间。
现在参考图23-24,假体装置280可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置280包括上关节部件282和下关节部件284。装置280可基本上类似于装置160,然而在该实施方式中,连接臂286延伸自上关节部件282。连接臂286可由刚性材料如金属或聚合物制成。在可选实施方式中,连接臂的柔性可被允许。连接臂286包括安装环288,用于连接到长杆290,所述长杆290可由刚性材料如钛制成或由柔性更大的材料如PEEK制成。在图23的实施方式中,杆290在一对多轴向骨螺钉292、294之间延伸。因此,应当理解,假体装置280可以与本领域熟知的任何杆和螺钉系统一起使用,以提供脊椎关节上附加的约束。如图24中所示,隔离物296可在连接臂286的安装环288之间延伸。间隔物296可起到保持连接臂286和多轴向螺钉292之间期望距离的作用。间隔物296可以是可变形的并且弹性的,从而安装环288可在某种活动如弯曲/伸展下压缩间隔物。可选地,间隔物可以是相对刚性的,在安装环和多轴向螺钉之间产生固定的间隔。
现在参考图25,在该实施方式中,假体装置300可保持在脊椎关节12中的活动。假体装置300包括上关节部件302和下关节部件304。装置300可基本上类似于装置280,然而在该实施方式中,连接臂306延伸自下关节部件304。在该实施方式中,隔离物308在连接臂306和多轴向螺钉310之间延伸。
现在参考图26A和26B,在该实施方式中,假体装置310包括上关节部件(未显示)和下关节部件312。装置300可基本上类似于装置190,具有将要进行解释的差别。在该实施方式中,凸的下接合面部件314与下关节部件312是分开的。垫圈316在下接合面部件314和下关节部件312之间延伸以向下接合面提供缓冲作用。在该实施方式中,下接合面部件包括伸出部分318,其被设定大小以适于装配在垫圈316中的凹口320内以便连接接合表面部件和垫圈。垫圈316进一步被设定大小以适于装配在下关节部件312中的凹口322内。垫圈可由弹性且可变形的材料如弹性体制成,以便在弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转期间提供缓冲作用。可选地,制备垫圈的材料可以是相对刚性的并且选择其负荷承受特性和耐磨特性。在一种实施方式中,聚氨酯可以是合适的材料。接合面部件可相对于垫圈旋转或可以被固定。类似地,垫圈可相对于下关节部件旋转或可以是固定的。垫圈316允许接合面部件314相对于下关节部件312移动,同时对接合面部件的活动提供一定的约束。随着垫圈材料回弹性增加,对接合面部件活动的约束可减少。
现在参考图27A和27B,在该实施方式中假体装置可包括下关节部件330。在该实施方式中,接合面部件332延伸穿过垫圈334并且与下关节部件330形成接触。垫圈334包括开口336,以接收并固定接合面部件332的伸出部分338。接合面部件332可在垫圈内旋转并且可沿着外周由垫圈缓冲。如上所述,在弯曲/伸展、侧弯和旋转活动期间,这种垫圈也向接合面部件提供缓冲作用,同时限制接合面部件的一些活动。
现在参考图28A和28B,在该实施方式中垫圈340在接合面部件342和下关节部件344之间延伸。在该实施方式中,接合面部件342没有接触下关节部件344,相反被垫圈340完全缓冲。垫圈340具有侧壁346,其沿着接合面部件342的外周延伸并且其可充当下关节部件344和上关节部件348之间的缓冲器。
术语“上(upper)”和“下(lower)”在一些实施方式中被用于描述实施方式的部件的位置。尽管上一般被用于描述朝向顶点的位置并且下被用于描述朝向尾部或底部的位置,但是,如本文所用,上和下仅仅被用作所图解的实施方式的部件相对位置的修饰语。用于描述所图解的实施方式的被标记为上或下的部件并不意欲限制与患者解剖学相关的装置的方位或者方法的应用,或者限制任何装置或方法权利要求的范围。
尽管所述施方式一般涉及前关节部件、桥和后关节部件的整体成形,但是应当理解,在可选实施方式中,部件可以是组合的以适应不同患者解剖学并且有利于最小侵入性的植入。
尽管只有几种例证性实施方式在上面被详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将容易理解在例证性实施方式中进行许多改变是可能的,而本质上没有脱离本公开内容的新教导和优点。因此,所有这样的改变和可选实施方式被意欲包括在所附权利要求所限定的发明范围内。本领域技术人员也应当意识到,这样的改变和等效结构或方法没有脱离本公开内容的精神和范围,并且他们可在其中进行各种改变、置换和变化,而不脱离本公开内容的精神和范围。应当理解,所有的空间基准,如“水平”、“垂直”、“顶部”、“上”、“下”、“底部”、“左”和“右”仅仅是为了例证性目的,并且可在本公开内容的范围内进行改变,在权利要求书中,方法和功能语句意欲覆盖本文所述的进行所述功能的结构,并且不但覆盖结构等效物而且覆盖等效的结构。
Claims (10)
1.一种假体系统,用于在上下椎骨之间植入,所述系统包括:
上关节部件,其包括上接触面和上接合面;
下关节部件,其包括下接触面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置以活动连接所述上接合面以形成接合关节,其中所述接合关节适于植入在上下椎骨间的盘间隙内,允许上下椎骨相对于彼此活动;和
桥连部件,其从上或下关节部件之一和从盘间隙向后延伸,所述桥连部件具有与上或下关节部件之一相对的远端,其中所述桥连部件的所述远端包括适于接收紧固件的连接部件,并且,在所述假体系统被安装时,所述桥连部件沿着所述上下椎骨之一的椎弓根的至少一部分延伸至所述远端。
2.权利要求1的假体系统,其进一步包括第一缓冲器,所述第一缓冲器被置于所述下接合面前部,并且适于接触所述上关节部件,以在所述接合关节的弯曲活动期间防止所述接合关节错位。
3.权利要求2的假体系统,其进一步包括第二缓冲器,所述第二缓冲器被置于所述下接合面后部,并且适于接触所述上关节部件,以在所述接合关节的伸展活动期间防止所述接合关节错位。
4.权利要求1的假体系统,其进一步包括龙骨突,所述龙骨突延伸自所述上接触面,所述龙骨突包括具有第一高度的第一细长部分和具有第二高度的第二细长部分,其中所述第二高度大于所述第一高度。
5.权利要求4的假体系统,其中所述龙骨突延伸到上或下表面任一个的后边缘。
6.一种假体系统,用于在上下椎骨之间植入,所述系统包括:
上前关节部件,所述上前关节部件包括适于连接上椎骨的上表面和上接合面;
下前关节部件,所述下前关节部件包括适于连接所述下椎骨的下表面和下接合面,所述下接合面被配置以活动连接所述上接合面以形成接合关节,所述接合关节允许所述上下椎骨相对于彼此活动,其中所述接合关节被置于所述上下椎骨间的盘间隙内;
上桥连部件,所述上桥连部件从所述上前关节部件向后且从所述盘间隙向后延伸,所述上桥连部件具有与所述上前关节部件相对的远端,其中在安装所述假体系统时,所述上桥连部件沿着所述上椎骨的椎弓根的至少一部分延伸至所述上桥连部件的所述远端;
下桥连部件,所述下桥连部件从所述下前关节部件向后且从所述盘间隙向后延伸,所述下桥连部件具有与所述下前关节部件相对的远端,其中在安装所述假体系统时,所述下桥连部件沿着所述下椎骨的椎弓根的至少一部分延伸至所述下桥连部件的所述远端;和
上或下桥之一中的连接部件,其适于接收紧固件并且将所述紧固件导向相应的上或下椎骨。
7.权利要求6的假体系统,其中所述连接部件在所述下桥中。
8.权利要求6的假体系统,其进一步包括:
上后关节部件,其延伸自所述上桥连部件的远端;和
下后关节部件,其延伸自所述下桥连部件的远端;
其中所述下后关节部件延伸穿过所述上后关节部件以形成后关节。
9.权利要求8的假体系统,其中所述上后关节部件包括一对臂,其形成接收所述下后关节部件的开口。
10.权利要求6的假体系统,其进一步包括龙骨突,所述龙骨突延伸自所述上表面,所述龙骨突包括具有第一高度的第一细长部分和具有第二高度的第二细长部分,其中所述第二高度大于所述第一高度。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US75708407A | 2007-06-20 | 2007-06-20 | |
| US11/839,821 | 2007-08-16 | ||
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| PCT/US2008/065504 WO2008151115A2 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-06-02 | Posterior total joint replacement |
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| JP (1) | JP2011504377A (zh) |
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| CN (2) | CN103908359A (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE536837T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2008259888B2 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2008151115A2 (zh) |
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- 2008-06-02 AT AT08756608T patent/ATE536837T1/de active
- 2008-06-02 KR KR1020097027661A patent/KR20100032868A/ko not_active Withdrawn
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| JP2011504377A (ja) | 2011-02-10 |
| US8864832B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
| US20080300685A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
| US10631995B2 (en) | 2020-04-28 |
| EP2170224A2 (en) | 2010-04-07 |
| US20180008426A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
| CN103908359A (zh) | 2014-07-09 |
| CN102131480A (zh) | 2011-07-20 |
| US20240197492A1 (en) | 2024-06-20 |
| KR20100032868A (ko) | 2010-03-26 |
| US20150005884A1 (en) | 2015-01-01 |
| AU2008259888B2 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
| US11918479B2 (en) | 2024-03-05 |
| US20200246156A1 (en) | 2020-08-06 |
| WO2008151115A3 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
| US9770338B2 (en) | 2017-09-26 |
| ATE536837T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
| EP2170224B1 (en) | 2011-12-14 |
| AU2008259888A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
| WO2008151115A2 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
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