CN102175349B - Method for measuring heat flow distribution on opening plane of tower-type solar heat absorber - Google Patents
Method for measuring heat flow distribution on opening plane of tower-type solar heat absorber Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for measuring heat flow distribution on an opening plane of a tower-type solar heat absorber, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: choosing a rectangular region boundary on the opening plane of the heat absorber, wherein the rectangular region boundary comprises a physical boundary of the opening plane of the heat absorber; dividing a rectangular region of the opening plane of the heat absorber into rectangular grids, taking a direction of a horizontal grid line as an X-axis direction, taking a direction from an upper grid line to a lower grid line as a Y-axis direction, and arranging heat-flow meters at grid points on the rectangular region boundary; synchronously measuring and acquiring heat-flow density values of the rectangular region boundary by the heat-flow meters through a data acquisition instrument, and rebuilding the heat flow distribution on the opening plane of the heat absorber by interpolation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of measuring heat flux distribution on the solar energy tower type heat dump plane of the opening.
Background technology
In solar energy tower type light and heat collection system, heat dump generally is placed on the top of solar tower, and solar tower is numerous heliostats on the one side ground, and these heliostats can form the optically focused field from the motion tracking sun, all the receiving plane of incident sunshine reflection to heat dump.Certainly, the heat dump that also has is to place on the ground, is installed in the large-scale secondary counter light microscopic of cat head the sunshine that converges that comes the Self-concentration field, again the secondary reflection opening of heat dump earthward.
The heat dump opening is a natural interface of solar energy tower type light and heat collection system capacity stream, it is the outlet of optically focused field energy stream, it also is the entrance of heat dump energy flow, thereby being necessary to measure and characterize heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening, this is all very important to the optical property of estimating the optically focused field and the heat absorption efficiency of analyzing heat dump.
Yet the characteristics of solar energy tower type optically focused are the high concentration ratios on the heat dump receiving plane, high condensing thermal current density, and the condensation high temperature of association, thereby bring difficulty for measurement and the sign of heat flow density on the heat dump plane of the opening.
The energy flux density of measuring on the heat dump plane of the opening is distributed with three major types, and the first kind is direct method, and Equations of The Second Kind is indirect method, and the 3rd class is the mixing method that direct method combines with indirect method.
Direct method is some heat flow meters of column-row arrangement at regular intervals on the heat dump plane of the opening, records the heat flow density value of array sample point on the heat dump plane of the opening; Perhaps by translation or rotating mechanism, drive the high temperature resistant rod member that the linear array heat flow meter is installed, skim over from the heat dump plane of the opening fast, and obtain on the heat dump plane of the opening each heat flow meter through the heat flow density measured value of position with certain sample frequency.Pair array formula heat flow meter mensuration, each heat flow meter will be exposed in the high strength hot-fluid in the long time, therefore need to be cooled with circulating water; And for linear array heat flow meter swipe mensuration, the linear array heat flow meter trace time is short, can not be cooled with circulating water.Because the heat flow density of heat dump opening changes very littlely in the short time, so linear array heat flow meter swipe mensuration is reasonably, compares array heat flow meter mensuration and uses more general.Referring to document " Anon-water-cooled heat flux measurement system under concentrated solar radiationconditions " (Jesus Ballestrin.Solar Energy, the 73rd volume, the 3rd phase 159-168 in 2002) the linear array heat flow meter swipe mensuration in.
The indirect method of measurement need to be used mobile lambert's target, CCD camera and reference thermal flowmeter, be that driving mechanism drives the parallel heat dump plane of the opening that scanned of lambert's target, the light spot image acquisition system is being controlled the CCD camera and is constantly being taken light spot image on the good lambert's target of diffuse effect.The gray-scale value of each pixel of light spot image is corresponding to the heat flow density value at respective point place on the heat dump plane of the opening.Diffusing characteristic diffuser according to lambert's target, heat flow density value on the heat dump plane of the opening should be directly proportional with the gradation of image value that the light spot image acquisition system obtains, and this scale-up factor is determined by the reference thermal flowmeter that is arranged in certain fixed position on the heat dump plane of the opening.Because the reference thermal flowmeter will be in the high hot-fluid irradiation of heat dump plane of the opening for a long time, must cool off with recirculated water, to keep it in stable operating temperature range.Certainly, the light spot image that collects is except doing the linear calibration of heat flow density by the reference thermal flowmeter, in order to obtain more accurately heat flux distribution measurement result, also need to do other correction, such as the error of reference thermal flowmeter, the temperature drift of reference thermal flowmeter and the non-linear individual features of CCD itself etc.
The heat dump very little to bore can use square lambert's target that can cover the heat dump opening, and lambert's target moves quickly into the heat dump aperture position, and short stay after CCD collected by camera one frame light spot image is complete, is removed fast again.Referring to document " A non-water-cooled heat flux measurement system under concentrated solarradiation conditions " (Jesus Ballestrin.Solar Energy, the 73rd volume, the 3rd phase 159-168 in 2002) the experiment lambert's target in.
The heat dump larger to opening for weight and the distortion that alleviates lambert's target, selected tabular lambert's target of strip.During heat flux distribution on measuring the heat absorption plane of the opening, bar shaped lambert target is under the drive of driving mechanism, be parallel to the heat dump plane of the opening and scan to another side from one side of heat dump opening, during light spot image on the light spot image acquisition system continuous acquisition multiframe lambert target.Afterwards, process by the light spot image on the synthetic complete heat dump plane of the opening of these sequence images by light spot image.Referring to the mobile lambert's target heat flux distribution measuring system that relates in the document " Calibration corrections of solar tower flux density measurements " (the people .Energy such as Steffen Ulmer, the 29th volume .925-933 in 2004).
The advantage of the direct method of measurement of heat flux distribution is real-time and accurate, but the spatial resolution that institute's calorimetric current density distributes is not high.And the spatial resolution of the heat dump plane of the opening heat flux distribution that the indirect method of measurement records is high.For this reason, the method that European patent EP 1538429A2 introduces is, linear array heat flow meter swipe mensuration and lambert's target indirect method of measurement are combined, and becomes the measurement integral body of heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening, and this is the third hybrid measurement method.The hybrid measurement method, accurately characteristics of direct method of measurement measured value (heat flow density value) had both been utilized, the high characteristics (spatial resolution of the heat flux distribution of surveying depends on the resolution of CCD) of lambert's target indirect method of measurement spatial resolution have also been utilized, two kinds of methods are used simultaneously, reliability that also can mutually verification measurement result.Document " Hybrid heat flux measurement system for solar centralreceiver evaluation " (J.Ballestrin, R.Monterreal.Energy, the 29th volume .915-924 in 2004) has also been introduced this patent.
Yet to the solar energy tower type condensing thermal power generation system more than the MW class, the opening size of heat dump is all more than 5 meters.Such as present first commercialization solar tower-type thermal power station in the world, be positioned at the PS10 of Spain Seville, general power is 11MWe, the opening size of the cavity type heat absorber of cat head is 11 meters wide 11 meters high.To particularly difficulty of heat flux distribution measurement mechanism be installed at the plane of the opening of large-scale heat dump, need stand the test of high temperature, high heat flux and large-sized gravity deformation etc.No matter existing heat dump plane of the opening heat flux distribution measuring method is the direct method of measurement, or the indirect method of measurement, all can not satisfy the demand.
In order to overcome measurement difficulty as above, and reduce heat dump opening heat flux distribution measuring process to the impact of the normal operation of heat dump, US Patent No. 20090250052 has provided another new indirect measurement method, the method is only for heat-absorbent surface external heat dump or dull and stereotyped heat dump, reflector plate high temperature resistant some and that have a good diffusing characteristic diffuser is arranged on the heat-absorbent surface of heat dump regularly or randomly, form discrete lambert's target, and obtain the heat flow density value at heat-absorbent surface up-sampling point place with CCD camera and reference thermal flowmeter, and then the mode by interpolation obtains the heat flux distribution figure on the heat-absorbent surface of heat dump.In this patent, in order to alleviate discrete lambert's target to the blocking of heat-absorbent surface, require the area of total reflecting piece to be no more than 1% of the heat-absorbent surface total area.In this patent, point out, can in the coating of reflecting piece, add microscale spherical ceramic particles etc., to improve reflectivity; Also can add wavelength coating selectively in reflecting piece, to regulate reflecting piece reflectivity and heat absorption rate.
But the method that patent US20090250052 introduces obviously is not suitable for and comprises other heat dumps of cavity type heat absorber.In addition, this kind heat flux distribution measuring method is particularly harsh to the requirement of reflecting piece, and unlike the direct method of introducing previously and indirect method, this patented method there be limited evidence currently of has the people to use.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art, for opening size at the Salar light-gathering heat dump more than 2 meters, the heat dump of especially large opening size, provide a kind of simply, transient heat flow distributes on the measurement ﹠ characterization heat dump plane of the opening fast method, and need not in the plane of the opening of heat dump, to gather heat flow density.The present invention had both avoided high temperature and the high heat flux of heat dump plane of the opening middle section, also can not produce the incident hot-fluid of heat dump opening and block.When solar radiation energy was assembled to the heat dump opening simultaneously in whole optically focused field or part optically focused field, the incident heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening was estimated in the measurement that the present invention can be real-time.
The present invention utilizes the characteristics of solar energy tower type optically focused, namely when heliostats a large amount of in the optically focused field is assembled sunshine to the heat dump plane of the opening simultaneously, a little less than the incident heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening is the strong edge of central authorities, present and connect rotund oval gaussian distribution characteristic, therefore can be according to the character of binary Gaussian distribution density function, on border around the heat dump opening, enclose heat flow meter according to layout one, pass through again the measured value of heat flow density on the heat dump opening border, by the heat flux distribution on the interpolation reconstruction heat dump plane of the opening.
The present invention adopts the method for directly measuring on heat dump opening border, the position of the heat flow meter that the border is arranged around the heat dump opening is fixed; Interior zone at the heat dump plane of the opening, there is not direct heat flow density measured value, need to predict estimation by the mode of border interpolation reconstruction, therefore the invention belongs to the category of indirect measurement method, but completely different in the heat flux distribution indirect method of measurement of prior art again.
According to monograph " net―function theory and application thereof " (Qiu Peizhang, Chen Qihong, Shanghai science tech publishing house, in July, 2004) explanation in, binary Gaussian distribution density function determined by its square boundary functional value fully, namely be limited in the rectangular area binary Gaussian distribution density function can be by the functional value on its zone boundary accurate interpolation reconstruction.Note binary Gaussian distribution density function is f (x, y), and then the mathematical principle of the interpolation reconstruction of f (x, y) on the rectangular area is as follows:
If P1, P2, P3 and P4 are 4 angle points of square boundary,
And
Border P1P2 is parallel with the X coordinate axis with P4P3, and border P2P3 is parallel with the Y coordinate axis with P1P4; Q=(x, y) be current point in the rectangular area, Q2 and Q4 are respectively the directions X subpoint of Q on border, rectangular area P2P3 and P1P4, Q1 and Q3 are respectively the Y-direction subpoint of Q on border, rectangular area P1P2 and P4P3, and A1, A2, A3 and A4 are the areas of 4 sub-rectangular areas corresponding with current some Q.Make S (x, y)=ln (f (x, y)), then f (x, y)=f (Q) can determine at 8 interior zone boundary points by comprising 4 border angle points fully, namely
In the formula:
As seen, if the rectangular area of X-Y plane is regarded as the plane of the opening of heat dump in the solar energy tower type light and heat collection system, at P1, P2, P3, P4 and Q1, Q2, Q3, these 8 zone boundary location arrangements heat flow meters of Q4, then the heat flow density value at Q point place just can estimate by calculating formula (1) in the heat dump plane of the opening.
Heat flux distribution measuring method of the present invention is as follows:
1. arrange a circle heat flow meter on the border, rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening.Choose the rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening, comprise the open area of heat dump, the rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening is divided into rectangular node, borderline net point position, rectangular area is exactly the position of each heat flow meter.Nonuniformity according to heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening preferably adopts grid heterogeneous, and namely the grid of middle section is close, and the grid of fringe region is dredged.If rectangular node is fine and closely woven, then can guarantee the measurement result high spatial resolution, but the quantity of heat flow meter will increase, the cost of measuring like this will increase, thus need to be between the quantity of heat flow meter and total measurement cost in the actual measurement balance-seeking.
2. carry out the real-time measurement estimation of heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening.Each heat flow meter synchronously gathers the borderline heat flow density value in rectangular area by data collecting instrument with certain frequency, and be transferred to PC, data processing software on the PC generates the number table of heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening in real time, and draws out heat flux distribution figure.And then also can analyze the light gathering efficiency of current optically focused field, perhaps calculate energy input current on the heat absorption plane of the opening.Heat flux distribution can obtain in two steps on the heat dump plane of the opening, and the first step is the measured value according to the borderline heat flow density in rectangular area, obtains the heat flow density value on each net point in the heat dump open area by calculating formula (1) interpolation; Second step is that further the number table of heat flux distribution on the interpolation refinement heat dump plane of the opening shows heat flux distribution figure with higher spatial resolution.The method of the interpolation of second step has a lot, such as bilinear interpolation, and bicubic interpolation, and other two-dimensional interpolation methods commonly used.
The present invention has following features:
The first, measure in real time the heat flux distribution of estimating on the heat dump plane of the opening by a circle heat flow meter of arranging around the heat dump plane of the opening, and then can also estimate in real time the spotlight effect of optically focused field and the heat absorption efficiency of heat dump.
The second, heat flux distribution measuring method of the present invention, its basic assumption are that the heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening is near the density function of certain binary Gaussian distribution in solar energy tower type light and heat collection system.
The 3rd, heat flux distribution measuring method of the present invention has been avoided effectively in the central area of the high temperature high heat flux of heat dump plane of the opening, directly measures some locational heat flow density values, thereby has reduced the difficulty that heat flux distribution is measured.
The 4th, heat flux distribution measuring method of the present invention, mainly for the heat dump of large opening size, more than 2 meters, this moment, advantage was more outstanding such as opening size.
The 5th, heat flux distribution measuring method of the present invention, simple, fast and easy, and measuring condition also easily satisfies.
The present invention not only can be used for the real-time measurement of the heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening of solar energy tower type light and heat collection system, and the measurement that also is applicable to the heat flux distribution on the focal plane of the point focusing condensers such as disc type solar energy condenser, solar furnace is estimated.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the measurement scheme of heat dump plane of the opening heat flux distribution, among the figure: the position reference point on the Y coordinate mark of signal wire, 6 data collecting instruments, 7PC machine, 8 communications and the data line of the border, rectangular area of the thing physical boundary of 1 heat dump plane of the opening, 2 heat dump plane of the openings, the interpolation grid point on the 3 heat dump plane of the openings, 4 heat flow meters, 5 heat flow meters, the X coordinate mark of each interpolation grid point on the 9 heat dump plane of the openings, each interpolation grid point on the 10 heat dump plane of the openings, the physical boundary of 11 heat dump plane of the openings.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
The embodiment of the invention is that an opening size is the 2mx2m cavity type heat absorber.As shown in Figure 1, arrange (M+N) x2=44 heat flow meter 4, here M=N=11 on the border, rectangular area 2 of the periphery of the physical boundary 1 of heat dump plane of the opening; Left and right horizontal is corresponding respectively for these heat flow meters 4, and is vertical corresponding up and down, naturally determined the interpolation grid point 3 on the heat dump plane of the opening.The signal wire 5 of each heat flow meter links to each other with data collecting instrument 6, and data collecting instrument 6 is connected with data line by communication and is connected PC, and software or the calculation procedure that the heat flux distribution data are processed is installed on the PC.In Fig. 1, also show X coordinate mark 9 and the Y coordinate mark 10 of each interpolation grid point 3 on the heat dump plane of the opening.The X-Y coordinate of the position reference point of the physical boundary 1 of heat dump plane of the opening (lower-left angle point) 11 is designated as (x
*, y
*), the X-Y coordinate of each heat flow meter 4 on the heat dump plane of the opening and (x
*, y
*) poor, represent the relative position of each heat flow meter on the heat dump plane of the opening.
Be arranged in the heat flow density value that 44 heat flow meters on the border, rectangular area 2 of periphery of heat dump plane of the opening physical boundary 1 collect current correspondence position in real time, mode by border, rectangular area interpolation reconstruction estimates the heat flow density value on each interpolation grid point 3 on the heat dump plane of the opening thus, and then can also interpolation, obtain on the heat dump plane of the opening the more heat flux distribution of high spatial resolution.
Wherein, by the borderline heat flow density measured value in the rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening, the detailed process of the heat flow density value on the Interpolate estimation heat dump plane of the opening on each interpolation grid point provides below.
1. concrete numerical value such as the following table of the X coordinate of each interpolation grid point 3 on the heat dump plane of the opening and Y coordinate,
2. record (heat flow density) reading of borderline each heat flow meter in rectangular area of current time heat dump plane of the opening, be designated as
{f
k}
k＝1，2，3，…，2(M+N)＝{f(x
0，y
0)，f(x
0，y
1)，…f(x
0，y
N)，f(x
M，y
0)，f(x
M，y
1)，…f(x
M，y
N)，
f(x
1，y
0)，f(x
2，y
0)，…，f(x
M-1，y
0)，f(x
1，y
N)，f(x
2，y
N)，…f(x
M-1，y
N)}
3. to the rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening borderline heat flow density measured value { f
k}
K=1,2,3 ..., 2 (M+N)Take the logarithm, namely
{S
k＝ln(f
k)}
k＝1，2，3，…，2(M+N)＝
{S(x
0，y
0)，S(x
0，y
1)，…S(x
0，y
N)，S(x
M，y
0)，S(x
M，y
1)，…S(x
M，y
N)，
S(x
1，y
0)，S(x
2，y
0)，…，S(x
M-1，y
0)，S(x
1，y
N)，S(x
2，y
N)，…S(x
M-1，y
N)}＝
{ln(f(x
0，y
0))，ln(f(x
0，y
1))，…ln(f(x
0，y
N))，
ln(f(x
M，y
0))，ln(f(x
M，y
1)，)…ln(f(x
M，y
N))，
ln(f(x
1，y
0))，ln(f(x
2，y
0))，…，ln(f(x
M-1，y
0))，
ln(f(x
1，y
N))，ln(f(x
2，y
N))，…ln(f(x
M-1，y
N))}
4. using formula (1) repeatedly,
f(x
i，y
j)＝exp(F
1(x
i，y
j)+F
2(x
i，y
j)-F
3(x
i，y
j))，i＝1，2，…，M-1＝10，j＝1，2，…，N-1＝10。
Wherein
5. 2., 3., 4. above is to measure the core procedure of estimating heat flux distribution on the heat dump plane of the opening by border, rectangular area interpolation reconstruction mode.And then can also to adopt bilinear interpolation that the heat flow density value interpolation on each interpolation grid point on the heat dump plane of the opening is refine to X-Y direction up-sampling interval all be on the net point of 0.01m, to improve the computer memory resolution of heat dump plane of the opening heat flux distribution.
6. on the time interval is 0.1 second time series, repeat 2., 3., 4. and 5., realize that just the real-time measurement of heat flux distribution is estimated on the heat dump plane of the opening.
Claims (1)
1. the measuring method of heat flux distribution on the solar energy tower type heat dump plane of the opening, described measuring method is: select border, a rectangular area at the heat dump plane of the opening, border, described rectangular area comprises the physical boundary of heat dump plane of the opening; The rectangular area of heat dump plane of the opening is divided into rectangular node, and the direction of water intaking plain net ruling is X-direction, and the mesh lines direction is Y direction about getting, and borderline net point is arranged heat flow meter in the rectangular area; Heat flow meter synchronously measures and gathers the borderline heat flow density value in described rectangular area by data collecting instrument with certain frequency, by the heat flux distribution on the interpolation reconstruction heat dump plane of the opening,
It is characterized in that, the step of rebuilding heat flux distribution on the described heat dump plane of the opening is: at first according to the measured value of the borderline heat flow density in rectangular area, obtain the heat flow density value on each net point in the heat dump open area by calculating formula (1) interpolation; Then the number of heat flux distribution is shown on the further interpolation refinement heat dump plane of the opening, shows heat flux distribution with higher spatial resolution:
In the formula: the current net point in Q=(x, y) the expression heat dump plane of the opening, f (x, y) is heat flow density function on the heat dump plane of the opening, S (x, y)=ln (f (x, y)); P
1, P
2, P
3And P
44 angle points on border, rectangular area,
And
Q
1, Q
2, Q
3And Q
4The rectangular area borderline net point corresponding with current net point Q=(x, y),
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| TWI583944B (en) * | 2014-06-03 | 2017-05-21 | Denso Corp | Heat flow distribution measuring device |
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| CN105841369B (en) * | 2016-04-08 | 2018-01-19 | 华电电力科学研究院 | The control method that a kind of tower type solar heliostat field focuses on |
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| US4555764A (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1985-11-26 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Net energy transfer measurement methods, apparatus and systems with solar energy and control applications |
| CN1287133C (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2006-11-29 | 张念东 | Automatic control split-stream sampling difference reading type heat value meter |
| US8360051B2 (en) * | 2007-11-12 | 2013-01-29 | Brightsource Industries (Israel) Ltd. | Solar receiver with energy flux measurement and control |
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