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CN102438665B - 吸水性储存层 - Google Patents

吸水性储存层 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102438665B
CN102438665B CN201080022189.4A CN201080022189A CN102438665B CN 102438665 B CN102438665 B CN 102438665B CN 201080022189 A CN201080022189 A CN 201080022189A CN 102438665 B CN102438665 B CN 102438665B
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Prior art keywords
water
polymeric particles
absorbing polymeric
weight
woven fabrics
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CN102438665A (zh
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C·鲍德温
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于卫生用品的改良吸水性储存层,所述吸水性储存层基本上不含纤维素纤维。

Description

吸水性储存层
本发明涉及一种用于卫生用品的改良吸水性储存层,所述吸水性储存层基本上不含纤维素纤维。
吸水性聚合物颗粒的制备及其用于制造卫生用品的用途记载于,例如,专著“ModernSuperabsorbentPolymerTechnology”,F.L.Buchholz和A.T.Graham,Wiley-VCH,1998,特别是记载于第252至258页。所述吸水性聚合物颗粒也被称为超吸水性剂。
目前市面上有售的用即弃尿布通常含有可渗透液体的顶层(A)、不可渗透液体的底层(B)、位于层(A)和(B)之间的吸水性储存层(C)、以及位于层(A)和(C)之间的收集分布层(D)。
吸水性储存层通常由吸水性聚合物颗粒和纤维素纤维的混合物构成,所述吸水性聚合物颗粒被纤维素基质固定。
在过去的数年间,人们趋向于更薄的用即弃尿布。为制备更薄的用即弃尿布,吸水性储存层中纤维素纤维的比例已被进一步降低。此处一个缺点是结果纤维素基质被制造得更薄,并且吸水性储存层中吸水性聚合物颗粒的移动性增加。
特别当需要基本上不含纤维素纤维的吸水性储存层(即,基本上只由吸水性聚合物颗粒构成)时,风险在于吸水性聚合物颗粒将在用即弃尿布中滑动,或甚至完全掉出用即弃尿布。
为解决这个问题,制备出了新的吸水性储存层。例如,WO97/17397A1描述了一种制备吸水性泡沫的方法。使用这种泡沫使得可完全省却使用纤维素纤维。
通过借助于热塑性聚合物(特别是热熔性粘合剂)固定吸水性聚合物颗粒,也可将不含纤维素的卫生用品固定到合适的无纺布底层上,只要这些热塑性聚合物被纺织成为细纤维。这类产品记载于,例如,US2003/0181115、US2004/0167486、US2004/071363、US2005/097025、US2007/156108、US2008/0125735、EP1917940A1、EP1913912A1、EP1913913A2、EP1913914A2、EP1911425A2、EP1911426A2、EP1447067A1、EP1813237A2、EP1813236A2、EP1808152A2、EP1447066A1。生产过程公开于WO2008/155722A2、WO2008/155702A1、WO2008/155711A1、WO2008/155710A1、WO2008/155701A2、WO2008/155699A1。一个缺点是生产过程相对复杂,因为在吸水性聚合物颗粒的存在下纺织粘合纤维是很困难的,并且易于出错。
此外,不含可延展纤维素的卫生用品是已知的,并且US2006/0004336、US2007/0135785和US2005/0137085公开了其生产过程——通过将合适的热塑性聚合物纺丝同时引入吸水性聚合物颗粒。这个过程也很复杂并且易于出错。
本发明的一个目标目的是提供用于卫生用品(特别是用即弃尿布)的改良吸水性储存层。用于改良吸水性储存层,可使用常规的吸水性聚合物颗粒。并且,所述改良吸水性储存层中应基本上不含纤维素纤维,并且吸水性储存层中的吸水性聚合物颗粒无论是在干燥或湿润状态都既不会滑动也不会或掉出。在本申请的上下本中,“不含纤维素纤维”意指在本发明吸水性储存层中的纤维素的含量优选少于30重量%,优先少于20重量%,更优选少于10重量%,最优选少于5重量%。理想地,根本不存在纤维素。
所述目的通过由无纺布底层、吸水性聚合物颗粒和可渗透液体的顶层组成的吸水性储存层而实现,其中所述吸水性聚合物颗粒固定在无纺布底层上。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,可渗透液体的顶层粘合至无纺布底层以形成袋子(pocket)。为此目的,可使用常规粘合剂。然而,可渗透液体的顶层和/或无纺布底层也可全部或部分地由热塑性聚合物构成,可渗透液体的顶层是通过局部熔融而粘合至无纺布底层。合适的无纺布底层可由热塑性纤维(例如聚烯烃、聚酯、聚酰胺)和非热塑性纤维(例如纤维素)的混合物组成。
填充有吸水性聚合物颗粒的袋子的形成使吸水性储存层具有绗缝(quilt)形式。袋子阻止了吸水性聚合物颗粒在吸水性储存层中滑动。
在此实施方案的一种进一步优选变体中,凹陷处(depression)部分地填充有液体导流填充材料,袋子还任选地额外由此材料覆盖。用于此目的可使用的填充材料包括亲水纤维(例如纤维素、粘胶纤维或人造纤维),其可以单独形式或可以与其它纤维(如丙烯或乙酸纤维素)混合物形式。这些纤维也可为由超过一种组分组成并且具有双层或多层或中空的横截面的纤维。这类纤维通常比简单的光滑纤维更好地传导液体。
有利地,由于将可渗透液体的顶层粘合至无纺布底层而在吸水性储存层中形成的凹陷处填充有其它吸水性聚合物颗粒,并且固定至另一个可渗透液的顶层。
图1a和1b示出了第一实施方案的本发明吸水性储存层的横截面,图1c示出了其纵截面,参照数字具有以下含义:
1无纺布底层
2可渗透液体的顶层
3吸水性聚合物颗粒
4粘合
5第二可渗透液体的顶层
6其它的粘合
7机器运转方向。
在本发明的第二实施方案中,使用一种无纺布基质,其优选地具有向上突出的亲水纤维。吸水性聚合物颗粒由无纺布底层与可渗透液体的顶层之间的纤维固定。可渗透液体的顶层优选地粘合至无纺布底层的纤维。向上突出的纤维可由所有已知的聚合物及其混合物构成,然而优选的是聚烯烃、聚酯、聚氨酯、纤维素及其衍生物、聚酰胺。这些纤维也可为由超过一种组分组成并且具有双层或多层或中空的横截面的纤维。
图2示出了第二实施方案的本发明吸水性储存层的横截面,参照数字具有以下含义:
8无纺布底层
9可渗透液体的顶层
10吸水性聚合物颗粒
11方向向上的纤维。
在本发明的第三实施方案中,将一种由可渗透液体的材料构成的柔软基质置于无纺布底层上,将吸水性聚合物颗粒引入基质的腔室内。基质的腔室被可渗透液体的顶层封闭。所述柔软基质优选地粘合至无纺布底层和可渗透液体的顶层。
这个实施方案的一个优点在于可以如此选择所述基质材料,从而可另外促进吸水性储存层中的液体分布。适用于此目的的有压制的亲水纤维(例如纤维素、化学沉淀的纤维素或交联纤维素)、或是开孔的软海绵。对于海绵,优选亲水的类型。基质材料在膨胀(未压制)状态下应具有连续的孔,孔直径优选为0.001-2.0mm、优选为0.01-1.0mm、更优选为0.03-0.5mm、最优选为0.06-0.3mm。
图3a示出第三实施方案的本发明吸水性储存层的顶视图,图3b示出其横截面,参照数字具有以下含义:
12无纺布底层
13可渗透液体的顶层
14吸水性聚合物颗粒
15可渗透液体的基质
在所有的实施方案中,在一个进一步特别优选的变体中,可额外地使用一种水溶性粘合剂以干固定吸水性聚合物颗粒。这种粘合剂,例如,在施用吸水性聚合物颗粒之前施用至无纺布底层。施用可以例如以下方式实现:以点状形式布满整个区域,或是优选地以条状,方向与机器运转方向横向或交叉。水溶性粘合剂可由,例如,聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、淀粉和淀粉衍生物、纤维素和纤维素衍生物、或是聚丙烯酸组成。最优选地,所述水溶性粘合剂含有至少一种聚胺,或由聚胺组成。合适的聚胺为聚乙烯胺、聚乙烯亚胺、聚烯丙胺。特别优选的是聚乙烯胺。当与水分接触时,胺从粘合剂中释放并开始粘合至溶胀的水溶胶,这还导致了在溶胀状态下特定的凝胶层稳定性。
在优选的实施方案中,无纺布底层的网在机器运转方向移动,含有吸水性聚合物颗粒的条或几何图样施用于网上。在本发明的第二实施方案中,用这种方法可获得连续的表面。然而,在全部的三种实施方案中,任何想要的几何形式和图样都是可想到的,例如,在面积方面类似于含有吸水性聚合物颗粒的垫子(cushion)排列的形式。所施用的这种吸水性聚合物颗粒的垫子或堆积(heap)可在面积方面采取任意所需的形状,例如圆形、椭圆形、矩形、正方形、三角形(从上面看)。特别优选的是任意所需的多边形或多边形混合物,其二维的表面可以被没有缺口地覆盖。同样特别优选的施用方式为一个或多个在机器运转方向的条,所述条彼此平行。
对于袋子,将它们疏松地填充是有益的,以使得吸水性聚合物颗粒可以基本上不受阻碍的方式溶胀。
然而,任选地,也可以使用弹性无纺布作为顶层或底层。这种无纺布市售可得。
在所有的实施方案中,无纺布底层以减压的方式固定在合适的机器上,以使待铺的吸水性聚合物颗粒随后可借助于掩蔽物(mask)或其它类似工具铺在底层上,使得这些吸水性聚合物颗粒通过加工过程中存在的吸力而被从下方固定。因此,同样可能暂时固定其它组分。
A.吸水性聚合物颗粒
吸水性聚合物颗粒是通过将单体溶液或悬浮液进行聚合而制备的,并且其通常是水不溶性的。
单体a)优选为水溶性的,即在23℃时水中的溶解度通常至少为1g/100g水、优选至少为5g/100g水、更优选至少为25g/100g水、最优选至少为35g/100g水。
合适的单体a)为,例如,烯键式不饱和羧酸,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸和衣康酸。特别优选的单体是丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸。极特别优选的是丙烯酸。
其它合适的单体a)为,例如,烯键式不饱和磺酸,如苯乙烯磺酸和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)。
杂质可对聚合具有相当大的影响。因此,所用原材料应具有最大纯度。因此,通常有利的是将单体a)专门纯化。合适的纯化方法记载于例如WO2002/055469A1、WO2003/078378A1和WO2004/035514A1。一种合适的单体a)是,例如,根据WO2004/035514A1纯化的丙烯酸,其含有99.8460重量%的丙烯酸、0.0950重量%的乙酸、0.0332重量%的水、0.0203重量%的丙酸、0.0001重量%的糠醛、0.0001重量%的顺丁烯二酸酐、0.0003重量%的二丙烯酸和0.0050重量%的对苯二酚单甲醚。
丙烯酸和/或其盐在单体a)总量中的比例优选为至少50mol%,更优选至少为90mol%,最优选至少为95mol%。
单体a)通常含有阻聚剂——优选对苯二酚单醚——作为储存稳定剂。
单体溶液优选含有最高达250重量ppm、优选至多130ppm重量、更优选至多70重量ppm,优选至少10重量ppm、更优选至少30重量ppm、特别是约50重量ppm的对苯二酚单醚,各自基于未中和的单体a)计。例如,单体溶液可通过使用带有酸基团的烯键式不饱和单体与合适含量的对苯二酚单醚制备。
优选的对苯二酚单醚是对苯二酚单甲醚(MEHQ)和/或α-生育酚(维生素E)。
合适的交联剂b)是带有至少两个适合用于交联的基团的化合物。所述基团为,例如,可以自由基聚合进入聚合物链的烯键式不饱和基团,以及可以与单体a)的酸基团形成共价键的官能团。另外,可以与单体a)的至少两个酸基团形成配位键的多价金属盐也适合用作交联剂b)。
交联剂b)优选为具有至少两个可聚合基团的化合物,所述基团可以自由基聚合进入聚合物网络。合适的交联剂b)为,例如,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、三烯丙基胺、四烯丙基氯化铵、四烯丙氧基乙烷,如EP0530438A1中所述的;二-和三丙烯酸酯,如EP0547847A1、EP0559476A1、EP0632068A1、WO93/21237A1、WO2003/104299A1、WO2003/104300A1、WO2003/104301A1和DE10331450A1中所述的;混合丙烯酸酯,其中除丙烯酸酯基团外还含有其它烯键式不饱和基团,如DE10331456A1和DE10355401A1中所述的;或交联剂混合物,如例如在DE19543368A1、DE19646484A1、WO90/15830A1和WO2002/032962A2中所述的。
优选的交联剂b)是季戊四醇基三烯丙基醚、四烯丙氧基乙烷、亚甲基双甲基丙烯酰胺、15-重乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯和三烯丙基胺。
极特别优选的交联剂b)是多乙氧基化和/或多丙氧基化的甘油,其已经丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸酯化而得到二-或三丙烯酸酯基,如例如WO2003/104301A1中所述的。3-至10-重乙氧基化甘油的二-和/或三丙烯酸酯是特别有利的。极特别优选1-至5-重乙氧基化和/或丙氧基化甘油的二-或三丙烯酸酯。最优选的是3-至5-重乙氧基化和/或丙氧基化甘油的三丙烯酸酯,特别是3-重乙氧基化甘油的三丙烯酸酯。
交联剂b)的量优选为0.05至1.5重量%、更优选0.1至1重量%、最优选0.3至0.6重量%,各自基于单体a)计。随着交联剂含量的增加,离心保留容量(CRC)下降,并且在21.0g/cm2压力下的吸收量经过最大值。
所用引发剂c)可以是在聚合条件下产生自由基的所有化合物,例如热引发剂、氧化还原引发剂、光引发剂。合适的氧化还原引发剂为过硫酸钠/抗坏血酸、过氧化氢/抗坏血酸、过硫酸钠/亚硫酸氢钠和过氧化氢/亚硫酸氢钠。优选使用热引发剂和氧化还原引发剂的混合物,例如过硫酸钠/过氧化氢/抗坏血酸。然而,所用还原组分优选为2-羟基-2-亚磺基乙酸的钠盐、2-羟基-2-磺基乙酸的二钠盐和亚硫酸氢钠的混合物。这种混合物可作为BrüggoliteFF6和BrüggoliteFF7(BrüggemannChemicals;Heilbronn;Germany)获得。
可与带有酸基团的烯键式不饱和单体a)共聚的烯键式不饱和单体d)为,例如,丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、丙烯酸二甲基氨基丙酯、丙烯酸二乙基氨基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸二乙基氨基乙酯。
所用水溶性聚合物e)可为聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、淀粉、淀粉衍生物、改性纤维素(例如甲基纤维素或羟乙基纤维素)、明胶、聚乙二醇或聚丙烯酸,优选淀粉、淀粉衍生物和改性纤维素。
通常,使用单体水溶液。单体溶液中的含水量优选为40至75重量%,更优选为45至70重量%,最优选为50至65%重量。也可以使用单体悬浮液,即具有过量单体a)(例如丙烯酸钠)的单体溶液。随着含水量提高,后续干燥中的能量需求增加;并且随着含水量降低,只能不充分地去除聚合的热量。
为了获得最佳作用,优选的阻聚剂需要溶解氧。因此,可以在聚合之前通过惰化(inertization)——即通入一种惰性气体(优选氮气或二氧化碳)——使单体溶液不含溶解氧。单体溶液的氧含量优选在聚合之前降低到少于1重量ppm,更优选地少于0.5重量ppm,最优选地少于0.1重量ppm。
合适的反应器为,例如,捏和反应器或带式反应器(beltreactor)。在捏和机中,将单体水溶液或悬浮液聚合中所形成的聚合物凝胶连续粉碎,例如通过反向旋转的搅拌器轴,如WO2001/038402A1中所述。在带上的聚合记载于例如DE3825366A1和US6,241,928。带式反应器中的聚合形成聚合物凝胶,其必须在另外的方法步骤中粉碎,例如在挤出机或捏和机中。
为改善干燥特性,还可将通过捏和机获得的粉碎聚合物凝胶另外挤压。
然而,也可使单体水溶液液滴化,以及将所获得的液滴在热载气流中聚合。这使得聚合和干燥的方法步骤可以结合,如WO2008/040715A2和WO2008/052971A1中所述。
所得聚合物凝胶的酸基团通常已经部分地中和。中和优选在单体阶段进行。这通常通过将中和剂以水溶液形式或也可以优选地以固体形式混入而完成。中和程度优选为25至95mol%、更优选为30至80mol%、最优选为40至75mol%;为此可以使用常规的中和剂,优选碱金属氢氧化物、碱金属氧化物、碱金属碳酸盐或碱金属碳酸氢盐以及它们的混合物。也可使用铵盐代替碱金属盐。特别优选的碱金属是钠和钾,而极特别优选的是氢氧化钠、碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠,以及它们的混合物。
然而,也可在聚合之后、在聚合中所形成的聚合物凝胶的阶段进行中和。也可以通过以下方式中和至最高达40mol%、优选10至30mol%、更优选15至25mol%的酸基团:在聚合之前通过向单体溶液中实际加入部分的中和剂并仅在聚合后、在聚合物凝胶阶段设定所需的最终中和程度。当聚合物凝胶在聚合后至少部分地中和时,优选将聚合物凝胶机械粉碎,例如借助于挤出机,在这种情况下可将中和剂喷雾、喷洒或倾倒于其上并然后小心混入。为此,可将获得的凝胶块反复地挤压以均化。
然后将聚合物凝胶优选用带式干燥器干燥,直到残留水分含量优选为0.5至15重量%、更优选为1至10重量%、最优选为2至8重量%,残留水分含量用EDANA(EuropeanDisposablesandNonwovensAssociation)推荐的测试方法No.WSP230.2-05“Moisturecontent”测定。在残留水分含量过高的情况下,经干燥的聚合物凝胶具有过低的玻璃化转变温度Tg,并且对它的进一步处理很困难。在残留水分含量过低的情况下,经干燥的聚合物凝胶太脆,并且在后续的粉碎步骤中,得到不期望的大量的粒度过小的聚合物颗粒(细粉)。干燥之前凝胶的固体含量优选为25至90重量%,更优选为35至70重量%,最优选为40至60重量%。然而,任选地,也可使用流化床干燥器或桨式干燥器用于干燥操作。
之后,将经干燥的聚合物凝胶研磨并分级,用于研磨的装置通常可为单级或多级的辊磨机(优选二级或三级的辊磨机)、销棒粉碎机(pinmill)、锤磨机或振动研磨机。
作为产物部分而移出的聚合物颗粒的平均粒度优选至少为200μm,更优选为250至600μm,极特别为300至500μm。产物部分的平均粒度可借助于EDANA(EuropeanDisposablesandNonwovensAssociation)推荐测试方法No.WSP220.2-05ParticleSizeDistribution”测定,其中筛分部分的质量比例以累积的形式绘图,平均粒度通过图解确定。这里的平均粒度是产生累积50重量%的筛目大小的值。
粒度为至少150μm的颗粒的比例优选为至少90重量%,更优选为至少95重量%,最优选为至少98重量%。
聚合物颗粒粒度过小会降低盐水导流率或凝胶床渗透性(SFC或GBP)。因此,过小聚合物颗粒(细粉)的比例应当很小。
因此,通常将过小的聚合物颗粒去除并循环入该方法中。这优选在聚合之前、聚合期间或者刚刚聚合之后完成,即在聚合物凝胶干燥之前完成。这些过小的聚合物颗粒可以在循环之前或期间用水和/或水性表面活性剂润湿。
也可在稍后方法步骤中去除过小的聚合物颗粒,例如在表面后交联之后或另一个涂覆步骤之后进行。在这种情况下,将经循环的过小聚合物颗粒以另一种方式进行表面后交联或涂覆,例如用热解法二氧化硅进行。
当使用捏和反应器进行聚合时,过小聚合物颗粒优选在聚合过程的最后三分之一期间加入。
当过小聚合物颗粒在非常早的阶段加入(例如实际加入到单体溶液中)时,这会降低所得吸水性聚合物颗粒的离心保留容量(CRC)。然而,这也可以补偿,例如通过调节交联剂b)的用量。
当过小聚合物颗粒在非常晚的阶段加入——例如直到进入桥接在聚合反应器下游的设备中才加入——例如到挤出机中时,只能很困难地将过小聚合物颗粒纳入所得聚合物凝胶中。然而,不充分纳入的、过小的聚合物颗粒在研磨期间从经干燥的聚合物凝胶上再次脱离,因此在分级过程中再次被移除,增加了待循环的过小聚合物颗粒的量。
粒度为至多850μm的颗粒的比例优选为至少90重量%,更优选为至少95重量%,最优选为至少98重量%。
粒度为至多600μm的颗粒的比例优选为至少90重量%,更优选为至少95重量%,最优选为至少98重量%。
聚合物颗粒粒度过大会降低溶胀率。因此,过大聚合物颗粒的比例也应很小。
因此,通常将过大聚合物颗粒去除并将其循环入已干燥的聚合物凝胶的研磨中。
为了进一步改善特性,聚合物颗粒可以进行表面后交联。合适的表面后交联剂是含有可以与聚合物颗粒的至少两个羧酸酯基团形成共价键的基团的化合物。合适的化合物有,例如,多官能胺、多官能酰氨基胺、多官能环氧化物,如EP0083022A2、EP0543303A1和EP0937736A2中所述的;二元醇或多元醇,如DE3314019A1、DE3523617A1和EP0450922A2中所述的;或β-羟烷基酰胺,如DE10204938A1和US6,239,230中所述的。
另外描述作为合适的表面后交联剂的有:环状碳酸酯,记载于DE4020780C1;2-噁唑烷酮及其衍生物,如2-羟基乙基-2-噁唑烷酮,记载于DE19807502A1;二-和多-2-噁唑烷酮,记载于DE19807992C1;2-氧代四氢-1,3-噁嗪及其衍生物,记载于DE19854573A1;N-酰基-2-噁唑烷酮,记载于DE19854574A1;环状脲,记载于DE10204937A1;二环酰胺缩醛,记载于DE10334584A1;氧杂环丁烷和环状脲,记载于EP1199327A2;以及吗啉-2,3-二酮及其衍生物,记载于WO2003/031482A1。
优选的表面后交联剂为碳酸亚乙酯、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、聚酰胺与表氯醇的反应产物、还有丙二醇与1,4-丁二醇的混合物。
极特别优选的表面后交联剂为2-羟基乙基噁唑烷-2-酮、噁唑烷-2-酮和1,3-丙二醇。
此外,也可使用含有另外的可聚合的烯键式不饱和基团的表面后交联剂,如DE3713601A1中所述。
表面后交联剂的量优选为0.001至2重量%、更优选为0.02至1重量%、最优选为0.05至0.2重量%,各自基于聚合物颗粒计。
在本发明的一种优选实施方案中,除了施用表面后交联剂之外,在表面后交联之前、期间或之后还将多价阳离子施用于颗粒表面。
在本发明方法中可使用的多价阳离子有,例如,二价阳离子,如锌、镁、钙、铁和锶的阳离子;三价阳离子,如铝、铁、铬、稀土元素和锰的阳离子;四价阳离子,如钛和锆的阳离子。可能的抗衡离子是氯离子、溴离子、硫酸根、硫酸氢根、碳酸根、碳酸氢根、硝酸根、磷酸根、磷酸氢根、磷酸二氢根和羧酸根(例如乙酸根、酒石酸根、柠檬酸根和乳酸根)。优选硫酸铝、碱式乙酸铝和乳酸铝。除了金属盐外,也可使用聚胺作为多价阳离子。
多价阳离子的用量为,例如,0.001至1.5重量%,优选为0.005至1重量%,更优选为0.02至0.8重量%,各自基于聚合物颗粒计。
表面后交联通常以这种方法进行:将表面后交联剂的溶液喷射到已干燥的聚合物颗粒上。在喷射之后,对经表面后交联剂涂覆的聚合物颗粒进行加热干燥,表面后交联反应可在干燥之前或期间进行。
表面后交联剂溶液的喷射优选在带有移动混合工具的混合器中进行,例如螺杆式混合器、圆盘式混合器和桨式混合器中进行。特别优选的是卧式混合器例如桨式混合器,极特别优选立式混合器。卧式混合器与立式混合器的区别在于混合轴的位置不同,即,卧式混合器具有水平安置的混合轴而立式混合器具有垂直安置的混合轴。合适的混合器有,例如,卧式Pflugschar犁铧式混合器(Gebr.MaschinenbauGmbH;Paderborn;Germany)、Vrieco-Nauta连续混合器(HosokawaMicronBV;Doetinchem;theNetherlands)、ProcessallMixmill混合器(ProcessallIncorporated;Cincinnati;US)和SchugiFlexomix(HosokawaMicronBV;Doetinchem;theNetherlands)。然而,也可在流化床中喷涂表面后交联剂溶液。
表面后交联剂通常以水溶液的形式使用。非水性溶剂的含量和/或溶剂总量可以用于调节表面后交联剂进入聚合物颗粒的渗透深度。
当只使用水作为溶剂时,有利地添加表面活性剂。这改善了润湿性能并且降低了形成团块的倾向。然而,优选使用溶剂混合物,例如异丙醇/水、1,3-丙二醇/水和丙二醇/水,其中混合比率优选为20∶80至40∶60。
热干燥优选在接触式干燥器、更优选桨式干燥器、最优选圆盘式干燥器中进行。合适的干燥器有,例如,HosokawaBepex水平桨式干燥器(HosokawaMicronGmbH;Leingarten;Germany)、HosokawaBepex圆盘式干燥器(HosokawaMicronGmbH;Leingarten;Germany)和Nara桨式干燥器(NARAMachineryEurope;Frechen;Germany)。此外,也可使用流化床干燥器。
干燥可以在混合器自身中实现,通过加热夹套或吹入热空气实现。同样适宜的是下游干燥器,例如柜式干燥器、旋转管式炉或可加热的螺杆。特别有利的是在流化床干燥器中进行混合并干燥。
优选的干燥温度在100至250℃、优选120至220℃、更优选130至210℃、最优选150至200℃范围内。在这个温度下于反应混合器或干燥器中的优选停留时间为优选至少10分钟,更优选至少20分钟,最优选至少30分钟,通常至多为60分钟。
随后,可将经表面后交联的聚合物颗粒再次分级,将过小的和/或过大的聚合物颗粒移出并循环入该方法中。
为了进一步改良特性,可将经表面后交联的聚合物颗粒涂覆或再润湿。
进行任选的再润湿的温度优选为30至80℃,更优选为35至70℃,最优选为40至60℃。当温度过低时,吸水性聚合物颗粒倾向于形成团块;并且,温度过高时,水已显著地蒸发。用于再润湿的水的量优选为1至10重量%,更优选为2至8重量%,最优选为3至5重量%。再润湿增加了聚合物颗粒的机械稳定性,并且降低了它们带静电的倾向。
用于改进溶胀率和盐水导流率或凝胶床渗透性(SFC或GBP)的合适涂料有:例如,无机惰性物质,如水不溶性的金属盐;有机聚合物、阳离子聚合物和二价或多价金属阳离子。用于粉尘粘着的合适涂料为,例如,多元醇。用于抵消聚合物颗粒不期望的结块倾向的合适涂料为,例如,热解法二氧化硅,如Aerosil200;以及表面活性剂,如Span20。
用本发明方法制备的吸水性聚合物颗粒的含湿量优选为0至15重量%、更优选为0.2至10重量%、最优选为0.5至8重量%,含湿量由EDANA(EuropeanDisposablesandNonwovensAssociation)推荐测试方法No.WSP230.2-05“MoistureContent”测定。
用本发明方法制备的吸水性聚合物颗粒的离心保留容量(CRC)通常至少为15g/g,优选至少20g/g,优选为至少22g/g,更优选为至少24g/g,最优选为至少26g/g。吸水性聚合物颗粒的离心保留容量(CRC)通常少于60g/g。离心保留容量(CRC)使用EDANA(EuropeanDisposablesandNonwovensAssociation)推荐测试方法No.WSP241.2-05“CentrifugeRetentionCapacity”测定。
用本发明方法制备的吸水性聚合物颗粒在49.2g/cm2压力下的吸收量通常至少为15g/g,优选至少为20g/g,优先至少为22g/g,更优选至少为24g/g,最优选至少为26g/g。吸水性聚合物颗粒在49.2g/cm2压力下的吸收量通常少于35g/g。在49.2g/cm2压力下的吸收量以类似于EDANA(EuropeanDisposablesandNonwovensAssociation)推荐测试方法No.WSP242.2-05“AbsorptionunderPressure”的方式进行测定,除了确立49.2g/cm2压力代替21.0g/cm2压力。
B.卫生用品
卫生用品,特别是用即弃尿布,由下列组分构成:
(A)一个可渗透液体的上层,
(B)一个不可渗透液体的下层,
(C)一个位于层(A)和层(B)之间的吸水性储存层(核),以及
(D)任选地一个位于层(A)和层(C)之间的收集分布层。
可渗透液体的上层(A)是直接接触皮肤的层。这一层的材料由常规的合成或半合成的纤维(例如聚酯、聚烯烃和人造纤维)构成,或是由常规的天然纤维(例如棉花)构成。对于无纺布材料,纤维应通常用粘合剂(例如聚丙烯酸酯)粘合。优选的材料是聚酯、人造纤维、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。可渗透液体层的实例记载于,例如,WO99/57355A1和EP1023883A2。
不可渗透液体的下层(B)通常由聚乙烯或聚丙烯薄膜构成。然而,它也可由任意其它的形成薄膜的聚合物构成,例如,由聚酯、聚酰胺——特别是可生物降解的聚酯——构成。
本发明的吸水性储存层基本上不含纤维素纤维,或者其具有纤维素纤维的比例优选少于30重量%、优先少于20重量%、更优选少于10重量%、最优选少于5重量%。可用的吸水性聚合物颗粒不受任何限制。然而,优选使用盐水导流率(SFC)为50至150x10-7cm3s/g的吸水性聚合物颗粒,盐水导流率(SFC)可由记载于WO2008/092843A1(第30页,第16至36行)的方法测定。
也可使用凝胶床渗透性(GBP)为10-100达西的吸水性聚合物颗粒。在一种特别的实施方案中,使用凝胶床渗透性(GBP)为100-1000达西的吸水性聚合物颗粒。凝胶床渗透性(GBP)根据US2005/0256757测定。
此外,有利地使用离心保留容量(CRC)至少为33g/g并且在49.2g/cm2(AUL0.7psi)压力下的吸收量至少为12g/g的吸水性聚合物颗粒。
此外,有利地,吸水性聚合物颗粒对于含水体液的吸收率被调整为最适于吸水性储存层的具体需求。为测定吸收率,优选使用文献中记载的涡流测试法(vortextest),例如记载于专著“ModernSuperabsorbentPolymerTechnology”,F.L.Buchholz和A.T.Graham,Wiley-VCH,1998,第156和157页上。吸水性聚合物颗粒的涡流时间(vortextime)应该少于120秒,优选少于80秒,优先少于50秒,更优选少于40秒,最优选少于20秒。
收集分布层(D)通常由纤维素纤维、改性纤维素或合成纤维构成,其作用是迅速吸收水性液体(例如尿液),并将其输送到吸水性层(C)。
对于收集分布层(D),优选使用改性的、更优选化学改性的、最优选化学硬化的纤维素纤维。合适的化学硬化试剂为阳离子改性的淀粉、聚酰胺-表氯醇树脂、聚丙烯酰胺、脲-甲醛树脂、三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂和聚乙烯亚胺树脂。
硬化过程也可通过将化学结构改性(例如通过交联)而实现。交联剂可以通过形成共价键而交联聚合物链。合适的交联剂为,例如,C2-至C8-二醛、具有羧酸基团的C2-至C8-单醛以及C2-至C8-二羧酸。
根据本发明,获得改良的吸水性储存层,也获得含有所述吸水性储存层的卫生用品。将液体储存与液体传导分开,首先可以显著地降低制造储存层的材料消耗,特别是纤维的消耗;其次,获得薄而柔软的卫生用品,它在干燥时和在使用过程中都具有出色的完整性,因为吸水性聚合物颗粒可以被更加有效率而显著地固定。

Claims (6)

1.一种由无纺布底层、吸水性聚合物颗粒和可渗透液体的顶层构成的吸水性储存层,其中吸水性聚合物颗粒固定于无纺布底层上,其中所述无纺布底层具有方向向上的纤维,并且所述吸水性聚合物颗粒存在于纤维的区域中。
2.权利要求1的储存层,其中所述可渗透液体的顶层已被粘合至纤维。
3.权利要求1或2的储存层,其中所述吸水性聚合物颗粒的离心保留容量至少为15g/g。
4.一种由无纺布底层、吸水性聚合物颗粒和可渗透液体的顶层构成的吸水性储存层,其中吸水性聚合物颗粒固定于无纺布底层上,其中在无纺布底层和可渗透液体的顶层之间存在可渗透液体的基质,
其中由可渗透液体的材料构成的柔软基质置于无纺布底层上,将吸水性聚合物颗粒引入基质的腔室内,基质的腔室被可渗透液体的顶层封闭。
5.权利要求4的储存层,其中所述可渗透液体的基质已被粘合至无纺布底层和可渗透液体的顶层。
6.一种含有权利要求1至5中任一项的吸水性储存层的卫生用品。
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EP2432511A2 (de) 2012-03-28
US20150359688A1 (en) 2015-12-17
WO2010133529A3 (de) 2011-03-10
US9585798B2 (en) 2017-03-07
JP2012527267A (ja) 2012-11-08
WO2010133529A2 (de) 2010-11-25
CN102438665A (zh) 2012-05-02

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