CN116464518A - Multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group, expansion turbine and reaction type speed type expander - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group, an expansion turbine and a reaction type speed type expansion machine, wherein the multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group comprises: the split cavity is provided with an air inlet and is used for collecting and receiving working media; the valve body units are connected with the shunt cavity, each valve body unit is provided with different preset opening and closing pressure intervals, and the opening and closing pressure interval of any one valve body unit is intersected with the opening and closing pressure interval of at least one other valve body unit or has the same endpoint value, so that at least one other valve body unit is necessarily opened when any one valve body unit is closed. The invention also provides an expansion turbine with the valve group, a reaction type speed type expansion machine using the expansion turbine, and application of the expansion machine. The valve group can carry out self-adaptive flow distribution according to the pressure of working medium at the air inlet, and is added into an expander, a compressor and other equipment or systems, so that the problems of underexpansion, overexpansion and other working condition matching in the prior art can be solved.

Description

A multi-working condition self-adaptive valve group, an expansion steam turbine and a reactionary speed type expander

technical field

The invention relates to the field of fluid expansion, in particular to a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group, an expansion steam turbine and a reactionary speed type expander.

Background technique

In power cycle systems such as thermal power generation and refrigeration heat pumps, there is a depressurization process. In the thermal power generation cycle system, the pressure of the working medium is reduced through expansion components (turbine or expander) and external output power; in the refrigeration heat pump cycle system, the pressure of the working medium is reduced through expansion components (expansion valve, capillary tube, ejector or expander, etc.).

In reverse cycle systems such as refrigeration and heat pumps, expansion components are used to reduce the pressure of the working fluid. Expansion valves and capillaries can be used as expansion components of the reverse circulation system. After the working fluid passes through the expansion valve or capillary, the expansion work generated during the expansion process is dissipated. The dissipation of energy seriously affects the energy efficiency of the system. With further research, people began to introduce ejectors and expanders into the reverse cycle system to replace the previous dissipative expansion components such as expansion valves and capillaries. In general, ejectors are easier to design than expanders because ejectors are relatively simple and have no moving parts. However, the introduction of ejectors requires more modifications to the structure of the circulation system, and a large number of studies have shown that the utilization efficiency of ejectors for the expansion work of the system is relatively low. Although some optimized designs and improvements have been made to the structure of the injector and the operating performance of the injector in the system in some subsequent studies, the efficiency improvement of the circulation system by using the injector is limited. The use of the expander can more effectively recover and utilize the expansion work in the system, thereby further improving the efficiency of the system.

In the positive cycle system of thermal power generation, due to the instability of the external environment of the system, the working conditions of the system will fluctuate unstablely; in the reverse cycle system of refrigeration heat pump, because the temperature and supply of the system heat source fluid will fluctuate during the operation of the system, the working conditions of the system will also change during the actual operation process. When the operating condition of the system changes, the operating condition of the equipment in the system changes accordingly, and the operating condition of the expander applied in the system changes.

When the operating condition of the expander changes, the operating condition of the expander deviates from the design condition. At this time, the phenomenon of over-expansion and under-expansion will occur after the expansion of the working medium in the expander:

1) When the working medium is over-expanded, the pressure of the working medium after expansion in the expander is lower than the ambient pressure at the outlet of the expansion channel. At this time, the working fluid generates a shock wave at the outlet of the expansion channel, and the pressure of the working fluid suddenly jumps to be equal to the pressure at the outlet of the expansion channel. This process is called the sudden compression of the working fluid. The sudden compression of the working medium is an irreversible process, in which the energy of the working medium is dissipated.

2) When under-expansion occurs in the expander, the pressure of the working medium after expansion in the expander is higher than the ambient pressure at the outlet of the expansion channel, and the working medium cannot fully expand in the expansion channel at this time. The working fluid expands freely in the environment at the outlet of the runner. During the process of free expansion of the working fluid, the pressure of the working fluid gradually decreases to be equal to the ambient pressure at the outlet of the expansion channel. The free expansion of the working fluid is also an irreversible process, and the pressure drop of the working fluid cannot effectively increase the flow rate of the working fluid. After free expansion, the pressure of the working medium decreases, the flow rate remains unchanged, and the energy of the working medium is lost.

Therefore, under variable working conditions, the over-expansion and under-expansion of the working medium in the expander of the circulation system will cause the energy loss of the working medium and reduce the efficiency of the power circulation system.

Contents of the invention

The invention provides a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group, an expansion steam turbine and a reactionary speed expander. By designing a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group, the self-adaptive shunting is performed according to the pressure of the working medium at the inlet, and the valve group is installed in an expander, a compressor, and other equipment or systems, which can solve the matching problems of under-expansion, over-expansion and other working conditions in the prior art.

In the first aspect of the present invention, a multi-working condition adaptive valve group is provided, which has:

The distribution cavity has an air inlet and is used to collect and receive working fluid;

A plurality of valve body units are all connected to the distribution chamber, and each of the valve body units has a different preset opening and closing pressure range, and the opening and closing pressure range of any one of the valve body units intersects with the opening and closing pressure range of at least one other valve body unit or has the same endpoint value, so that if any one of the valve body units is closed, at least one of the other valve body units must be opened.

Further, the distribution cavity is a hollow sphere or a hemispherical structure, or the cross section is arc-shaped or square.

Further, the valve body unit includes:

seat;

a valve intake channel formed at one end of the valve seat;

a valve exhaust channel, formed at the other end of the valve seat, and communicated with the expansion channel;

The valve plate is arranged in the valve seat by a spring, and under the action of an external force, the valve plate can completely move to the end of the valve seat and close the valve intake channel or the valve exhaust channel;

The valve plate channel is arranged on the valve plate. When the valve plate is not completely sealed and close to the end of the valve seat, the working fluid flows through the valve intake channel, the valve plate channel and the valve exhaust channel in sequence;

The valve end cover is connected with the valve seat as a whole;

Wherein, the valve plate passage is completely misaligned with the valve intake passage and the valve exhaust passage, so that the valve intake passage or the valve exhaust passage is closed without ventilation;

Wherein, one end of the spring is embedded in the valve seat, and the other end is fixed to the valve plate.

In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expansion steam turbine with the above-mentioned multi-working-condition adaptive valve group, which has:

a wheel body having a wheel shaft channel and capable of rotating around the wheel shaft channel;

The wheel body end cover is connected with one end of the wheel body as a whole;

Multi-working condition adaptive valve group, at least one group of multi-working condition adaptive valve group is arranged in the wheel body, and the air inlet of the split chamber is connected to the wheel shaft channel;

An expansion channel is formed in the wheel body, the exhaust end of each valve body unit is independently connected to an expansion channel, the exhaust end of each expansion channel extends to the outer peripheral side of the wheel body, and the bending direction of all the expansion channels is the same;

Wherein, the working medium expands in the expansion channel and sprays out to the outer periphery of the wheel to generate a single-reaction force, so that the wheel body rotates.

Further, the direction in which the working fluid is ejected from the expansion channel is close to the tangential direction of the nozzle of the expansion channel on the outer peripheral side of the wheel.

Further, the number of the multi-working-condition adaptive valve groups is one group, and they are distributed on the wheel body at equal intervals in the circumferential direction.

Further, the distribution cavity of each valve body unit is independently communicated with the wheel shaft channel through the wheel air intake channel formed on the wheel body.

In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a reaction-type speed expander having the above-mentioned expansion turbine,

It includes an expander casing and a right end cover of the expander, a generator and the expansion steam turbine are arranged in the expander casing, and the right end cover of the expander is assembled at the end of the expander casing;

The right end cover of the expander has a support shaft extending toward the center of the expander casing into the wheel shaft passage, the support shaft is slidingly connected to the inner side of the wheel shaft passage through a first sliding bearing and a second sliding bearing, and an annular passage is formed between the first sliding bearing and the second sliding bearing, and the wheel air intake passage of each valve body unit communicates with the annular passage;

A support shaft channel is provided inside the support shaft from the outer end to the inside, and a shaft side channel is provided laterally on the support shaft, one end of the shaft side channel communicates with the support shaft channel, and the other end communicates with the annular channel;

Wherein, one end of the wheel body extends inwardly to form a wheel body connecting portion, the wheel body connecting portion is slidingly connected to the support shaft through the second sliding bearing, and the outer peripheral side of the wheel body connecting portion is at least partially connected to the inner peripheral side of the rotor of the generator through a key;

A gap space is formed between the wheel body and the inner wall of the expander box, and the working fluid expanded in the expansion channel is sprayed into the gap space and generates a reaction force to make the wheel body rotate, and drive the rotor to rotate to generate electricity, and the working fluid in the gap space is discharged through the expander exhaust channel on the expander box body;

The outer peripheral side of the wheel body connecting portion is at least partly slidably connected to the expander casing through a third sliding bearing, and one end of the third sliding bearing at least relatively closes the gap space.

In a fourth aspect of the present invention, an application of a reactionary speed expander is provided, which is applied to a positive cycle system of thermal power generation, including an evaporator connected to the expander and forming a circulation loop, a condenser, and a compressor or a pump; the outlet end of the compressor or pump is connected to the inlet end of the evaporator so that the high-pressure working medium absorbs heat in the evaporator to reach a high-temperature and high-pressure state; the outlet end of the evaporator is connected to the expander so that the high-temperature and high-pressure fluid enters the expander; is cooled to a liquid, and the outlet end of the condenser is connected with the compressor or pump to realize pressurization of the liquid working medium.

In a fifth aspect of the present invention, another application of a reactionary speed type expander is provided, which is applied to the reverse cycle system of refrigeration and heat pump, including an evaporator connected to a compressor and forming a circulation loop, a condenser and the expander; the outlet of the expander is connected to the inlet of the evaporator so that the low-temperature and low-pressure working medium absorbs heat and evaporates into a gaseous state in the evaporator; the gaseous working medium passing through the outlet of the evaporator enters the compressor and is compressed into a high-temperature and high-pressure state; the outlet of the compressor is connected to the inlet of the condenser so that the high-temperature and high-pressure working medium is cooled to a liquid state; the liquid working medium passing through the outlet of the condenser enters the expander to expand and perform work.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. The present invention discloses a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group. For the working fluid entering the flow cavity of the valve group, the corresponding valve body unit can be adaptively opened according to the pressure of the working fluid, which is suitable for variable working conditions or multi-working conditions where the working conditions of the working fluid change. Installing a valve group in the expander can solve the problems of under-expansion and over-expansion.

2. The present invention also discloses an expansion steam turbine with the above-mentioned multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group. By dividing the working medium at the inlet port according to the pressure, the working medium of different working conditions enters the appropriate expansion flow channel respectively after the flow is divided to perform expansion and work, so that the wheel body rotates.

3. The present invention also discloses a reactionary speed type expander with the above-mentioned expansion turbine. By dividing the working medium entering the expander, the working medium in different working conditions enters the appropriate expansion channel to perform expansion work, which can reduce the dissipation of expansion work during the expansion process and improve the recovery and utilization of expansion work.

4. The present invention provides two typical application systems of the above-mentioned reactionary speed type expander. Since the expander can adapt to the operation of the variable working conditions of the working medium, it can further reduce the negative impact caused by the over-expansion and under-expansion of the working medium in the system, thereby effectively improving the energy utilization rate of the system and improving the cycle efficiency of the system.

Description of drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the accompanying drawings that are required in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Apparently, the drawings in the following description are only exemplary, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other implementation drawings according to the provided drawings without creative work.

Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram in which the cross-section of the split chamber of the multi-working condition adaptive valve group is square in the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram in which the cross-section of the distribution cavity of the multi-working condition adaptive valve group in the embodiment of the present invention is arc-shaped;

Fig. 3 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a multi-working condition adaptive valve group in an embodiment of the present invention;

4 is a schematic structural view of a valve body unit in an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 5 is the structural representation of expansion steam turbine in the embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 6 is a structural schematic diagram of a reactionary speed type expander in an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 7 is a structural schematic diagram of an expansion steam turbine in a reactionary velocity type expander in an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of an expander applied in a positive circulation system for thermal power generation in an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of an expander applied in a refrigeration and heat pump reverse cycle system in an embodiment of the present invention;

Labels in the figure:

1-expander left end cover, 2-expander left end cover screw, 3-expander left end cover gasket, 4-terminal board protective shell, 5-terminal board screw, 6-terminal board, 7-terminal post, 8-epoxy resin sealant, 9-terminal board sealing gasket, 10-expander box body, 11-expander right end cover sealing gasket;

12-right end cover of expander, 12-1-support shaft, 12-2-support shaft channel, 12-3-shaft side channel, 13-wheel body, 13-1-valve body unit, 13-1-1-valve seat, 13-1-2-valve end cover, 13-1-3-spring, 13-1-4-valve plate channel, 13-1-5-valve exhaust channel, 13-1-6-valve intake channel, 13-1-7-valve Sheet, 13-2-wheel intake channel, 13-3-expansion channel, 13-4-distribution chamber, 13-5-wheel shaft channel, 13-6-wheel connection, 13-7 diversion channel;

14-wheel body end cover, 15-right end cover screw of expander, 16-first sliding bearing, 17-second sliding bearing, 18-generator stator, 19-generator rotor, 20-connection key, 21-generator coil, 22-third sliding bearing, c-16-22-ring channel, 24-gap space, 25-exhaust channel of expander;

In the positive cycle system of thermal power generation: A-1-evaporator, A-2-condenser, A-3-compressor or pump, A-4-expander;

In refrigeration and heat pump reverse cycle systems: B-1-evaporator, B-2-condenser, B-3-compressor, B-4 expander.

Detailed ways

The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

In the first aspect of the present invention, in order to solve the problems of under-expansion and over-expansion in the expander, a multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve group can be installed in the expander, and the working fluid entering the valve group can adaptively open the corresponding valve body unit according to the pressure of the working fluid, so that the problems of under-expansion and over-expansion can be solved.

As shown in Figure 1-3, a multi-working condition adaptive valve group has:

The distribution cavity 13-4 has an air inlet and is used to collect and receive working fluid.

A plurality of valve body units 13-1 are all connected to the distribution cavity 13-4, and each of the valve body units 13-1 has a different preset opening and closing pressure range, and the opening and closing pressure range of any one of the valve body units 13-1 intersects or has the same endpoint value as that of at least one other valve body unit 13-1, so that if any one of the valve body units 13-1 is closed, at least one other valve body unit 13-1 must be opened.

Wherein, the distribution cavity 13-4 is a hollow sphere or hemispherical structure, as shown in FIG. 3 , or the cross section is arc-shaped or square. The distribution cavity 13-4 communicates with the valve body unit 13-1 through the distribution channel 13-7, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .

The structure of the valve body unit 13-1 is shown in Figure 4, including:

Valve seat 13-1-1;

The valve intake channel 13-1-6 is formed at one end of the valve seat 13-1-1;

The valve exhaust channel 13-1-5 is formed at the other end of the valve seat 13-1-1 and communicates with the expansion channel 13-3;

The valve plate 13-1-7 is set in the valve seat 13-1-1 by a spring 13-1-3, and the valve plate 13-1-7 can completely move to the end of the valve seat 13-1-1 under the action of an external force and close the valve intake channel 13-1-6 or the valve exhaust channel 13-1-5;

The valve plate channel 13-1-4 is arranged on the valve plate 13-1-7. When the valve plate 13-1-7 is not completely sealed against the end of the valve seat 13-1-1, the working medium flows through the valve intake channel 13-1-6, the valve plate channel 13-1-4 and the valve exhaust channel 13-1-5 in sequence;

The valve end cover 13-1-2 is connected as a whole with the valve seat 13-1-1;

Wherein, the valve plate passage 13-1-4 is completely misaligned with the valve intake passage 13-1-6 and the valve exhaust passage 13-1-5, so that the valve intake passage 13-1-6 or the valve exhaust passage 13-1-5 are closed without ventilation;

Wherein, one end of the spring 13-1-3 is embedded in the valve seat 13-1-1, and the other end is fixed to the valve plate 13-1-7.

In the multi-working condition self-adaptive valve group provided by the present invention, after the working fluid enters the split chamber of the valve group, since each valve body unit has a different preset opening and closing pressure range, the valve body unit that is compatible with the pressure of the working fluid is opened, and the working fluid flows through the valve inlet channel 13-1-6, the valve plate channel 13-1-4 and the valve exhaust channel 13-1-5 to expand in the expansion channel 13-3 to perform work. The valve group is also applicable to the change of the working condition of the working medium. With the change of the working condition of the working medium, the valve body unit corresponding to the pressure of the working medium is opened, and the working medium flows into the expansion channel to do work. Therefore, adding this valve group to the expander or compressor can solve the problems of under-expansion and over-expansion.

It should be noted that the working medium entering the valve body unit can be gas or liquid, and the structures such as air inlets in the text are only structural names, which do not mean that the present invention is only applicable to gas environments.

When the valve body unit actually works during expansion, there are two working processes (first define the end face of the valve seat with the valve inlet channel as the lower end face of the valve seat, and define the positive direction of the valve plate movement process as the valve plate moves from the lower end of the valve seat to the upper end of the valve seat):

(1) When the valve body unit is in the initial closed state, the valve plate is located on the lower end surface of the valve seat (the valve plate is located at the intake passage of the valve). The opening process of the valve body unit is that the valve plate moves from the lower section of the valve seat to the upper end surface of the valve seat. At this time, the upper end surface of the valve seat acts as a lift limiter for the valve body unit. When the pressure of the intake working fluid gradually increases and reaches the minimum value of the adaptable pressure of a certain expansion channel, the valve body unit at the inlet of the expansion channel starts to open, the valve piece leaves the valve seat, and the valve piece moves in the positive direction under the combined action of external forces such as gas thrust and spring force (the valve body unit opens). When the pressure of the intake working fluid further increases and reaches the maximum adaptable pressure of the expansion channel, the valve plate stays on the upper end surface of the valve seat to close the valve exhaust channel, and the valve body unit is closed;

(2) When the valve body unit is initially closed, the valve plate is located on the upper end surface (the valve plate is located at the exhaust passage of the valve). The valve plate moves in the negative direction during the opening process of the valve body unit. At this time, the lower end surface of the valve seat acts as a lift limiter for the valve body unit. When the pressure of the intake working fluid gradually decreases and reaches the maximum pressure suitable for a certain expansion channel, the valve body unit at the inlet of the expansion channel starts to open, the valve plate leaves the valve seat, and the valve plate moves in the negative direction under the combined action of external forces such as gas thrust and spring force. When the pressure of the intake working fluid further decreases and reaches the minimum value of the adaptable pressure of the expansion channel, the valve plate stays on the lower end surface of the valve seat to close the intake channel of the valve body, and the valve body closes.

In the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expansion steam turbine having the above-mentioned multi-working condition adaptive valve group, as shown in Figure 5, the expansion steam turbine has:

The wheel body 13 has a wheel shaft channel 13-5, and can rotate around the wheel shaft channel 13-5;

The wheel body end cover 14 is connected with one end of the wheel body 13 as a whole;

Multi-working condition adaptive valve group, at least one group of multi-working condition adaptive valve group is arranged in the wheel body 13, and the air inlet of the split flow chamber 13-4 is connected to the wheel shaft channel 13-5;

The expansion channel 13-3 is formed in the wheel body 13, the exhaust end of each valve body unit 13-1 is independently connected to an expansion channel 13-3, the exhaust end of each expansion channel 13-3 extends to the outer peripheral side of the wheel body 13, and the bending direction of all the expansion channels 13-3 is the same;

Wherein, the working fluid expands in the expansion channel 13 - 3 and sprays out toward the outer peripheral side of the wheel body 13 to generate a single reaction force, so that the wheel body 13 rotates.

In the expansion turbine, the direction in which the working medium is ejected from the expansion channel 13-3 is close to the tangential direction of the nozzle of the expansion channel 13-3 on the outer peripheral side of the wheel body 13, so as to increase the speed of the wheel body 13 as much as possible.

Wherein, the split chamber 13-4 of each valve body unit 13-1 is independently connected to the wheel body shaft passage 13-5 through the wheel body inlet passage 13-2 formed on the wheel body 13, and the working medium entering through the wheel body shaft passage 13-5 can flow into all the valve body units 13-1 at the same time for split flow and expansion work. In addition, the working fluid entering the valve body unit 13-1 split chamber does not affect each other, so as to improve the expansion work efficiency.

In a preferred embodiment, the number of the multi-working-condition adaptive valve groups is 3, and they are symmetrically distributed on the wheel body 13 .

The working process of the expansion steam turbine provided by the present invention is as follows: the working medium enters all multi-working-condition self-adaptive valve groups from the wheel shaft channel 13-5 and the wheel body intake channel 13-2, and the valve group divides the working medium in the split chamber.

In a third aspect of the present invention, a reactionary speed expander having the above-mentioned expansion turbine is disclosed, as shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7, Figure 7 is a sectional view of the expansion turbine at B-B in the reactionary speed expander, including a support shaft.

The reactionary speed type expander includes an expander casing 10 and an expander right end cover 12, a generator and the expansion steam turbine are arranged in the expander casing 10, and the expander right end cover 12 is assembled at the end of the expander casing 10;

The right end cover 12 of the expander has a support shaft 12-1 extending toward the center of the expander casing 10 into the wheel shaft channel 13-5, the support shaft 12-1 is slidingly connected to the inner side of the wheel shaft channel 13-5 through a first sliding bearing 16 and a second sliding bearing 22, and an annular channel c-16-22 is formed between the first sliding bearing 16 and the second sliding bearing 22, and the wheel intake channel 13-2 of each valve body unit 13-1 is connected to The annular channel c-16-22 is connected;

A support shaft channel 12-2 is provided inside the support shaft 12-1 from the outer end to the inside, and a shaft side channel 12-3 is arranged laterally on the support shaft 12-1, one end of the shaft side channel 12-3 communicates with the support shaft channel 12-2, and the other end communicates with the annular channel c-16-22;

Wherein, one end of the wheel body 13 extends inwardly to form a wheel body connecting portion 13-6, the wheel body connecting portion 13-6 is slidingly connected to the support shaft 12-1 through the second sliding bearing 22, and the outer peripheral side of the wheel body connecting portion 13-6 is at least partially bonded to the inner peripheral side of the rotor 19 of the generator;

A gap space 24 is formed between the wheel body 13 and the inner wall of the expander casing 10, and the working fluid expanded in the expansion channel 13-3 is sprayed into the gap space 24 and generates a reaction force to make the wheel body 13 rotate, and drive the rotor 19 to rotate to generate electricity, and the working fluid in the gap space 24 is discharged through the expander exhaust channel 25 on the expander casing 10;

The outer peripheral side of the wheel connecting portion 13 - 6 is at least partly slidably connected with the expander casing 10 through a third sliding bearing 17 , and one end of the third sliding bearing 17 at least relatively closes the gap space 24 .

The reactionary speed type expander provided by the present invention divides the flow according to the working conditions of the working medium at the inlet of the expander, and after the flow is divided, the working medium of different working conditions enters the appropriate expansion channel to perform expansion work, which can reduce the dissipation of expansion work during the expansion process and improve the recovery and utilization of expansion work.

Wherein, the right end cover 12 of the expander is installed on the case body 10 of the expander through the screw 15 of the right end cover of the expander and the sealing gasket 11 of the right end cover of the expander. A support shaft 12-1 is provided on the right end cover 12 of the expander, and a shaft-side channel 12-3 is provided on the support shaft 12-1. The number of shaft-side channels 12-3 on the support shaft 12-1 is the same as that of the valve body units 13-1, and are distributed at equal intervals in the circumferential direction, so that the working medium at the air inlet of the expander can flow into each valve body unit.

The expander also includes an expander left end cover 1, an expander left end cover screw 2, and an expander left end cover gasket 3, which are combined with the expander right end cover 12 to form a sealed cavity. In the expander, a generator stator 18, a connecting key 20 and a generator coil 21 are also installed, and the rotor 19 is bonded together with the wheel body connecting portion 13-6 of the expansion turbine through the connecting key 20.

Since the inside of the expander is a high-pressure sealed environment, it is necessary to lead the wiring on the generator coil 21 to the outside of the expander during the process of outputting the electric energy in the expander. The wiring board 6 should meet the strength requirements in the process of leading out wires. The wiring board 6 designed in the present invention is made of steel, and the connection between the wiring board 6 and the expander casing 10 is sealed with a sealing gasket 9 , fixed on the expander casing 10 by the wiring board screws 5 , and a wiring board protective shell 4 is provided outside. The terminal board 6 is provided with a terminal post 7, and the terminal post 7 and the terminal board 6 are separated by an epoxy resin sealant 8, which not only ensures the insulation isolation between the terminal board 6 and the terminal post 7, but also ensures the sealing and strength requirements of the joint.

The inside of the expander is divided into two cavities by the third sliding bearing 17 , one cavity is provided with an expansion steam turbine, and the other cavity is provided with a generator part. Since the expansion turbine rotates with the working fluid in the environment, the working fluid will flow irregularly. The irregular flow of working fluid will produce resistance to the rotation of the expansion turbine. Therefore, the smaller the space in the cavity of the expansion turbine, the less unstable the flow of the working fluid, and the smaller the impact on the rotation of the expansion turbine. Therefore, the space of the cavity of the expansion turbine should be as small as possible, so as to reduce the interference of the expansion turbine to the generator part during the working process.

The working process of the expander is:

First of all, in the expander in system operation, the working fluid of different working conditions enters from the air inlet of the expander and first passes through the support shaft channel 12-2 on the right end cover of the expander; then enters the wheel body inlet channel 13-2 of the expansion turbine from the shaft side channel 12-3, the annular channel c-16-22; and then the valve body unit 13-1 at the inlet port of the expansion channel that is suitable for the inlet working condition is opened, and the working medium enters the expansion channel 13-3 through the channel of the valve body unit for expansion, and the expansion is completed Afterwards, it is discharged from the exhaust passage 25 of the expander through the gap space 24 .

Wherein, when the working medium expands in the expansion channel, the expansion work during the expansion process of the working medium acts on the reactionary expansion turbine of the expander. Part of the expansion work of the working medium is converted into the kinetic energy of the expansion turbine of the expander. During the expansion process, the working medium expands at a faster rate, and the process of increasing speed and spraying into the gap space produces a reaction force, which increases the rotational speed and kinetic energy of the expansion turbine. The expansion turbine of the expander is connected to the rotor of the generator through a key, so that the torque of the expansion turbine of the expander is transmitted to the rotor of the generator. Through the above design, the expansion work is converted into kinetic energy, and then the kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy for output and utilization.

In the fourth aspect of the present invention, based on the above-mentioned reaction-type speed-type expander, the present invention provides an application of a reaction-type speed-type expander, which is applied to a positive cycle system of thermal power generation, as shown in FIG. 8 , including an evaporator A-1 connected to the expander A-4 and forming a circulation loop, a condenser A-2 and a compressor or pump A-3; the outlet end of the compressor or pump A-3 is connected to the inlet end of the evaporator A-1 so that the high-pressure working medium absorbs heat in the evaporator A-1 to reach a high temperature and high pressure state; The outlet of the condenser A-1 is connected to the expander A-4 so that the high-temperature and high-pressure fluid enters the expander; the low-temperature and low-pressure working fluid after the work of the expander A-4 enters the condenser A-2 to be cooled into a liquid, and the outlet of the condenser A-2 is connected to the compressor or the pump A-3 to realize pressurization of the liquid working fluid.

The application system is a positive cycle thermal power generation system, and the expander outputs electric energy to the outside.

In the fifth aspect of the present invention, based on the above-mentioned reaction-type speed-type expander, the present invention provides another application of the reaction-type speed-type expander, which is applied to the reverse cycle system of refrigeration and heat pump, as shown in FIG. 9 , including an evaporator B-1 connected to a compressor B-3 and forming a circulation loop, a condenser B-2 and the expander B-4; the outlet of the expander B-4 is connected to the inlet of the evaporator B-1 so that the low-temperature and low-pressure working medium absorbs heat and evaporates into a gaseous state in the evaporator B-1; The gaseous working medium at the outlet of the condenser B-1 enters the compressor B-3 and is compressed into a high-temperature and high-pressure state; the outlet of the compressor B-3 is connected to the inlet of the condenser B-2 so that the high-temperature and high-pressure working medium is cooled to a liquid state; the liquid working medium passing through the outlet of the condenser B-2 enters the expander B-4 to expand and perform work.

The application system is a reverse cycle refrigeration and heat pump system. While the expander is used in the system to play an expansion role, the expansion work generated during the expansion process of the working medium is recycled.

The above embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application, and the protection scope of the present application is defined by the claims. Those skilled in the art may make various modifications or equivalent replacements to the present application within the spirit and protection scope of the present application, and such modifications or equivalent replacements shall also be deemed to fall within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. A multi-working condition self-adaptive valve group, characterized in that, possesses: The distribution chamber (13-4) has an air inlet and is used for collecting and receiving working fluid; A plurality of valve body units (13-1) are all connected to the distribution cavity (13-4), and each of the valve body units (13-1) has a different preset opening and closing pressure range, and the opening and closing pressure range of any one of the valve body units (13-1) intersects with the opening and closing pressure range of at least one other valve body unit (13-1) or has the same endpoint value, so that any one of the valve body units (13-1) is closed, then there must be at least one other valve body unit ( 13-1) Turn on. 2. A multi-working condition adaptive valve group according to claim 1, characterized in that, The distribution chamber (13-4) is a hollow sphere or a hemisphere, or has an arc or square cross section. 3. A multi-working condition adaptive valve group according to claim 1, characterized in that, The valve body unit (13-1) includes: Valve seat (13-1-1); A valve intake channel (13-1-6), formed at one end of the valve seat (13-1-1); A valve exhaust channel (13-1-5), formed at the other end of the valve seat (13-1-1), and communicated with the expansion channel (13-3); The valve plate (13-1-7) is arranged in the valve seat (13-1-1) by a spring (13-1-3), and the valve plate (13-1-7) can completely move to the end of the valve seat (13-1-1) under the action of an external force and close the valve inlet channel (13-1-6) or the valve exhaust channel (13-1-5); The valve plate channel (13-1-4) is arranged on the valve plate (13-1-7), and when the valve plate (13-1-7) is not completely sealed against the end of the valve seat (13-1-1), the working medium flows through the valve intake channel (13-1-6), the valve plate channel (13-1-4) and the valve exhaust channel (13-1-5) in sequence; The valve end cover (13-1-2) is connected as a whole with the valve seat (13-1-1); Wherein, the valve plate passage (13-1-4) is completely misaligned with the valve intake passage (13-1-6) and the valve exhaust passage (13-1-5), so that the valve intake passage (13-1-6) or the valve exhaust passage (13-1-5) is closed without ventilation; Wherein, one end of the spring (13-1-3) is embedded in the valve seat (13-1-1), and the other end is fixed to the valve plate (13-1-7). 4. An expansion steam turbine with the multi-working-condition adaptive valve group described in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, possesses: The wheel body (13) has a wheel shaft channel (13-5), and can rotate around the wheel shaft channel (13-5); The wheel body end cover (14) is connected as a whole with one end of the wheel body (13); Multi-working condition adaptive valve group, at least one group of multi-working condition adaptive valve group is arranged in the wheel body (13), and the air inlet of the split chamber (13-4) is connected to the wheel shaft channel (13-5); An expansion channel (13-3) is formed in the wheel body (13), the exhaust end of each valve body unit (13-1) is independently connected to an expansion channel (13-3), the exhaust end of each expansion channel (13-3) extends to the outer peripheral side of the wheel body (13), and all the expansion channels (13-3) have the same bending direction; Wherein, the working medium expands in the expansion channel (13-3) and sprays out to the outer peripheral side of the wheel body (13) to generate a single-reaction force, so that the wheel body (13) rotates. 5. The expansion steam turbine according to claim 4, characterized in that, The direction in which the working fluid is ejected from the expansion channel (13-3) is close to the tangential direction of the outlet of the expansion channel (13-3) on the outer peripheral side of the wheel body (13). 6. The expansion steam turbine according to claim 4, characterized in that, The number of the multi-working condition adaptive valve groups is 3 groups, which are distributed on the wheel body (13) at equal intervals in the circumferential direction. 7. The expansion steam turbine according to any one of claims 4-6, characterized in that, The distribution cavity (13-4) of each valve body unit (13-1) is independently communicated with the wheel body shaft channel (13-5) through the wheel body air intake channel (13-2) formed on the wheel body (13). 8. A reactionary speed type expander with the expansion steam turbine described in any one of claims 4-7, characterized in that, It includes an expander casing (10) and an expander right end cover (12), a generator and the expansion steam turbine are arranged in the expander casing (10), and the expander right end cover (12) is assembled at the end of the expander casing (10); The expander right end cover (12) has a support shaft (12-1) extending toward the center of the expander casing (10) into the wheel shaft channel (13-5), the support shaft (12-1) is slidingly connected to the inside of the wheel shaft channel (13-5) through a first sliding bearing (16) and a second sliding bearing (22), and an annular channel (c-16-22) is formed between the first sliding bearing (16) and the second sliding bearing (22) , the wheel intake channel (13-2) of each valve body unit (13-1) communicates with the annular channel (c-16-22); A support shaft passage (12-2) is arranged inside the support shaft (12-1) from the outer end to the inside, and a shaft side passage (12-3) is arranged laterally on the support shaft (12-1), one end of the shaft side passage (12-3) communicates with the support shaft passage (12-2), and the other end communicates with the annular passage (c-16-22); Wherein, one end of the wheel body (13) extends inwardly to form a wheel body connecting portion (13-6), the wheel body connecting portion (13-6) is slidingly connected to the support shaft (12-1) through the second sliding bearing (22), and the outer peripheral side of the wheel body connecting portion (13-6) is at least partially connected to the inner peripheral side of the rotor (19) of the generator through a key; A gap space (24) is formed between the wheel body (13) and the inner wall of the expander case (10), and the working medium expanded in the expansion channel (13-3) is sprayed into the gap space (24) and generates a reaction force to make the wheel body (13) rotate, and drive the rotor (19) to rotate to generate electricity, and the working medium in the gap space (24) is discharged through the expander exhaust channel (25) on the expander case (10); The outer peripheral side of the wheel connecting portion (13-6) is at least partially connected to the expander casing (10) by a third sliding bearing (17), and at least one end of the third sliding bearing (17) relatively closes the gap space (24). 9. An application of a reactionary speed type expander as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that, it is applied to a positive cycle system for thermal power generation, comprising an evaporator (A-1) connected to the expander (A-4) and forming a circulation loop, a condenser (A-2) and a compressor or a pump (A-3); The outlet end of the compressor or pump (A-3) is connected to the inlet end of the evaporator (A-1) so that the high-pressure working medium absorbs heat in the evaporator (A-1) to reach a high temperature and high pressure state; The outlet end of the evaporator (A-1) is connected to the expander (A-4) so that the high-temperature and high-pressure fluid enters the expander; The low-temperature and low-pressure working fluid after the work done by the expander (A-4) enters the condenser (A-2) and is cooled to liquid, and the outlet end of the condenser (A-2) is connected with the compressor or pump (A-3) to realize pressurization of the liquid working medium. 10. An application of a reactionary speed type expander as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that it is applied to refrigeration and heat pump reverse cycle systems, comprising an evaporator (B-1) connected to a compressor (B-3) and forming a circulation loop, a condenser (B-2) and the expander (B-4); The outlet of the expander (B-4) is connected to the inlet of the evaporator (B-1) so that the low-temperature and low-pressure working medium absorbs heat and evaporates into a gaseous state in the evaporator (B-1); The gaseous working medium at the outlet of the evaporator (B-1) enters the compressor (B-3) and is compressed into a state of high temperature and high pressure; The outlet of the compressor (B-3) is connected to the inlet of the condenser (B-2) so that the high temperature and high pressure working medium is cooled to a liquid state; The liquid working medium at the outlet of the condenser (B-2) enters the expander (B-4) to expand and perform work.