CN119973645B - A complete set of long and fine hole processing machine tool and processing method thereof - Google Patents
A complete set of long and fine hole processing machine tool and processing method thereofInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种成套长精孔加工机床及其加工方法，涉及航天领域长精孔加工技术领域，具体涉及一种成套长精孔加工机床及其加工方法，包括：加工平台、刀具、夹持机构和试刀块，夹持机构设置于加工平台用于固定待加工工件，刀具包括两个设置于加工平台两侧，试刀块对应零件待加工位置可拆卸的设置于加工平台。其好处在于：本加工方法通过试刀块与精确测孔系统，提前校准刀具，保障长精孔加工精度，将偏差严控在极小范围；双侧刀具分步加工，降低对机床行程要求；适用于四轴、三轴加回转工作台等多种机床，显著提升机床适用性。
The present invention discloses a complete set of long and fine hole processing machine tools and a processing method thereof, and relates to the technical field of long and fine hole processing in the aerospace field, and specifically to a complete set of long and fine hole processing machine tools and a processing method thereof, including: a processing platform, a tool, a clamping mechanism and a test tool block, the clamping mechanism is arranged on the processing platform for fixing the workpiece to be processed, the tool includes two tools arranged on both sides of the processing platform, and the test tool block is detachably arranged on the processing platform corresponding to the position of the part to be processed. The advantages are: this processing method uses the test tool block and the precise hole measuring system to calibrate the tool in advance, ensure the long and fine hole processing accuracy, and strictly control the deviation within a very small range; the double-sided tool is processed in steps to reduce the requirements for the machine tool stroke; it is suitable for a variety of machine tools such as four-axis, three-axis plus rotary table, and significantly improves the applicability of the machine tool.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of long fine hole machining in the field of aerospace, in particular to a complete long fine hole machining machine tool and a machining method thereof.
Background
In the field of aerospace, integration of parts and structural simplification have become a remarkable development trend. With the continuous progress of the technology, the size of the single part is larger and larger, which not only puts higher standards on the processing requirements of the part, but also greatly increases the processing difficulty. Taking aircraft manufacturing as an example, hinge holes on the aircraft are used as key connecting parts, and the machining precision directly influences the overall performance and the safety and reliability of the aircraft. When a plurality of parts are integrated into a single part and a plurality of groups of hinge holes are integrated, the strength of the assembled parts is obviously improved, the assembly requirement is reduced, and meanwhile, the precision requirement on the holes reaches an unprecedented height.
Conventional long finishing methods expose a number of problems in facing such complex and high precision machining tasks. On the one hand, because the processing depth of the long fine hole and the aperture ratio are large, the conditions of cutter vibration, deviation and the like are very easy to occur in the processing process, so that the processing precision is difficult to ensure, the stability of the processing precision is poor, and the quality of products in different batches is uneven. On the other hand, for machining such long precision holes, a machine tool is generally required to have a larger stroke size, which clearly increases the manufacturing cost and the occupied area of the machine tool, and limits the versatility and the flexibility of the machining equipment. In addition, some existing machining methods are only suitable for specific types of machine tools, and for different types of machine tools, such as a four-axis machine tool or a three-axis machine tool and a rotary table, the combination lacks effective adaptability, so that the application of the long-finishing hole machining technology in various production environments is further restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a complete long and fine hole machining machine tool and a machining method thereof.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
A complete long fine hole machining machine tool comprises a machining platform, two cutters, a clamping mechanism and a test cutter block, wherein the clamping mechanism is arranged on the machining platform and used for fixing a workpiece to be machined, the two cutters are arranged on two sides of the machining platform, and the test cutter block is detachably arranged on the machining platform corresponding to the part to be machined.
Furthermore, the appearance material of the test block is set to be the same as the part to be processed.
Further, the processing platform is provided with an accurate hole measuring system.
Further, the cutter comprises a cutter handle and a reamer arranged at the front end of the cutter handle.
Further, the reamer comprises multiple models and is detachably arranged at one end of the cutter handle.
Further, the machining method of the whole set of long fine hole machining machine tool comprises the following steps:
s1, after a processing platform is arranged, fixing a part to be processed through a clamping mechanism;
s2, checking the precision of the machine tool and installing a cutter;
s3, mounting two test cutter blocks on two sides of a processing platform and corresponding to positions of parts to be drilled;
s4, finishing a finish hole on one side of the part by using a cutter on one side, and translating the cutter group to the position of a test cutter block for processing to form a comparison hole;
s5, carrying out finish hole machining on the other test cutter block by the cutter at the other side to form a counter-drilled hole;
s6, measuring hole positions and pore diameters of the comparison holes and the counter-drilled holes on the two test cutter blocks through an accurate hole measuring system, and recording data;
S7, adjusting a coordinate system of a tool at one side of the machining process through the measurement data, replacing a test tool block of the counter drilling, continuing the machining of the counter drilling, repeating the step S6, and adjusting deviation to be within a required range;
s8, translating the corrected cutter at one side to the position of the part to finish the hole of the part;
S9, transferring the machined parts to a three-coordinate retest hole site and coaxiality.
And when the cutter is used for machining the refined hole, the cutter also comprises the following steps of drilling a bottom hole by a small drill bit, using a dial gauge to drill a gauge by a machine tool to confirm the hole position and the size of the measured hole, using the drill bit to ream, and finally replacing a reamer conforming to the hole diameter to machine a one-way hole until the one-way hole is qualified.
Further, in step S7, the deviation is adjusted to be within 0.01 mm.
Further, in step S6, a laser tracking measuring instrument is used to measure the coaxiality of the two side holes.
Further, the step S4 and the step S8 perform direct machining after the tool translation, and a test tool is not required.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
The high-precision machining guarantee is that the cutters are arranged on the two sides of the machining platform, and the precision adjustment before machining is performed by utilizing the test cutter blocks, so that the problems that the machining precision of the whole set of long and fine holes is difficult to guarantee and unstable can be effectively solved. In the processing process, the test cutter block is firstly processed, the hole positions and the hole diameters of the contrast hole and the counter-drilled hole processed on the test cutter block are measured through the accurate hole measuring system, and the coordinate system of the processing cutter is adjusted according to the measured data, so that the extremely high precision requirement can be met when the parts are processed. The mode of trial cutting before machining can discover and correct problems such as cutter deflection and vibration possibly occurring in the machining process in advance, greatly improves the stability of the machining precision of the long fine hole, and enables the machined long fine hole to meet the strict requirements of the aerospace field on high-precision parts.
The machine tool stroke optimization is realized by creatively adopting a mode of respectively machining cutters at two sides, and long precision holes can be machined without the need of the machine tool with an excessive stroke size. Compared with the traditional processing method, the requirement on the stroke size of the machine tool is obviously reduced. In the machining process, after the machining of the fine hole on one side of the part is finished by the one-side cutter, the one-side cutter is translated to the position of the test cutter block for machining, and the other-side test cutter block is machined by the other-side cutter in the same way. The machine tool has the advantages that the manufacturing cost of the machine tool is reduced, the occupied area of equipment is reduced, the high-precision machining of long fine holes can be realized on some machine tools with limited strokes, and the universality of machining equipment is improved.
The complete set of long and fine hole machining tool and the machining method thereof have extremely high machine tool applicability. The scheme can be applied to machining long and fine holes no matter the four-axis machine tool or the combination of the three-axis machine tool and the rotary table. The reason is that the core design of the scheme, such as the arrangement mode of the cutter, the application of the test cutter block and the planning of the processing steps, is not dependent on the complex structure or the special function of the specific machine tool. In contrast, through reasonable processing flow design, the advantages of different types of machine tools are fully exerted, the high-efficiency and high-precision processing of the long fine holes can be realized on various machine tool equipment, and greater flexibility is provided for aerospace component manufacturing enterprises in equipment model selection and processing technology selection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of the tool of the present invention.
The marks in the figure:
1-a processing platform, 2-a cutter, 3-a clamping mechanism, 4-a test cutter block, 5-a cutter handle and 6-a reamer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
In the embodiment, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the whole set of long and fine hole machining machine tool comprises a machining platform, a cutter, a clamping mechanism and a test cutter block, wherein the clamping mechanism is arranged on the machining platform and used for fixing a workpiece to be machined, the cutter comprises two parts arranged on two sides of the machining platform, and the test cutter block is detachably arranged on the machining platform corresponding to the part to be machined.
The long and fine hole machining tool set comprises a machining platform, a cutter, a clamping mechanism and a test cutter block. The processing platform is used as a bearing foundation, has a stable structure and can bear various acting forces in the processing process. The cutters are arranged on two sides of the processing platform in pairs, so that double-side synchronous or step-by-step processing can be realized. The clamping mechanism is arranged on the processing platform and used for firmly fixing a workpiece to be processed, and the structural design of the clamping mechanism can be flexibly adjusted according to the shape of the workpiece. The test knife block can correspond to the part to be processed and is detachably arranged on the processing platform.
Through the arrangement of the cutters at the two sides, a foundation is laid for realizing high-precision machining and reducing the dependence on the machine tool stroke. Before machining, the test cutter blocks are installed, machining tests can be carried out on the test cutter blocks by cutters at two sides, the problems that the cutter possibly has offset, vibration and the like and affects precision are found in advance, and further precision is guaranteed when parts are formally machined. Meanwhile, the double-side cutter layout can reduce the requirement on the whole travel of a machine tool through step-by-step operation during processing, and improves the universality of processing equipment.
Furthermore, the appearance material of the test block is set to be the same as the part to be processed.
The shape of the test knife block is precisely re-carved according to the shape of the part to be machined, and the material is also completely the same as the part to be machined. For example, if the part to be processed is made of aluminum alloy, the test blade block is also made of aluminum alloy with the same brand.
Because the appearance material of the test block is consistent with the part to be processed, the working condition of the cutter for cutting the test block is very similar to that for cutting the part in the test process. Therefore, the actual precision condition of the cutter during processing the part can be reflected more accurately by measuring and analyzing the contrast hole and the counter-drilled hole formed after the test cutter block is processed, so that a more reliable data basis is provided for the subsequent adjustment of the cutter coordinate system, and the part processing precision is effectively ensured.
Further, the processing platform is provided with an accurate hole measuring system.
The processing platform is integrated with an accurate hole measuring system, and the system is composed of a high-precision sensor, a data acquisition device, analysis software and the like. The sensor can collect relevant data of a processing hole on the test knife block or the part in real time, the data collection device is responsible for arranging and transmitting the data acquired by the sensor, and the analysis software is used for carrying out advanced treatment and analysis on the data.
The accurate hole measuring system can rapidly and accurately measure the hole positions and the hole diameters of the reference hole and the counter-drilled hole after the test cutter block is machined. According to the measurement data, an operator can accurately adjust the coordinate system of the machining tool, so that the tool can be accurately positioned when the part is machined, and the problem that machining precision is difficult to guarantee is effectively solved. Meanwhile, the system ensures that high-precision machining can be realized on different types of machine tools (such as four-axis and three-axis rotary table machine tools) based on accurate measurement data, and improves the applicability of the machine tools.
Further, the cutter comprises a cutter handle and a reamer arranged at the front end of the cutter handle.
The cutter consists of a cutter handle and a reamer, wherein the cutter handle is used for being connected with a main shaft of a machine tool to transmit power and motion. The reamer is arranged at the front end of the cutter handle and directly participates in the finish machining of a part, and the cutting edge of the reamer is specially designed to meet the machining requirements of different precision and surface quality.
In the processing process, the stable cutter handle ensures the stability of the reamer during high-speed rotation and cutting, reduces cutter vibration, and is crucial for guaranteeing the machining precision of a long finish hole. Meanwhile, different types of machine tools have certain differences in the mounting and connecting modes of the cutters, but due to the universal design of the cutter handles, the cutter handle can be adapted to various machine tools, and the high-precision long and fine hole machining can be realized on various machine tools by combining a cutter testing system and a precise hole measuring system, so that the applicability of the machine tools is improved.
Further, the reamer comprises multiple models and is detachably arranged at one end of the cutter handle.
The reamer is designed into a plurality of different models, and each model corresponds to different apertures, cutting edge shapes and precision grades. The reamer is detachably arranged at one end of the cutter handle through a specific connecting structure, so that the reamer can be conveniently and quickly replaced according to actual processing requirements.
The adaptive reamer can be flexibly selected in the face of long finish hole machining tasks with different aperture requirements. In the test knife stage, a reamer of a proper model can be replaced in time according to the measurement result so as to achieve the optimal machining precision. The characteristic enables the long finish hole machining requirements to be met on the same machine tool equipment, so that the guarantee capability of machining precision is improved, and the applicability of the machine tool to different machining tasks is improved.
Example two
A machining method of a complete set of long fine hole machining machine tool comprises the following steps:
s1, after a processing platform is arranged, fixing a part to be processed through a clamping mechanism;
s2, checking the precision of the machine tool and installing a cutter;
s3, mounting two test cutter blocks on two sides of a processing platform and corresponding to positions of parts to be drilled;
s4, finishing a finish hole on one side of the part by using a cutter on one side, and translating the cutter group to the position of a test cutter block for processing to form a comparison hole;
s5, carrying out finish hole machining on the other test cutter block by the cutter at the other side to form a counter-drilled hole;
s6, measuring hole positions and pore diameters of the comparison holes and the counter-drilled holes on the two test cutter blocks through an accurate hole measuring system, and recording data;
S7, adjusting a coordinate system of a tool at one side of the machining process through the measurement data, replacing a test tool block of the counter drilling, continuing the machining of the counter drilling, repeating the step S6, and adjusting deviation to be within a required range;
s8, translating the corrected cutter at one side to the position of the part to finish the hole of the part;
S9, transferring the machined parts to a three-coordinate retest hole site and coaxiality.
The whole machining method is developed around each structure of the whole set of long and fine hole machining machine tool, and relates to the cooperative operation of a machining platform, a cutter, a test cutter block, a clamping mechanism, an accurate hole measuring system and the like.
According to the processing steps, firstly fixing the part, performing trial processing by using a trial cutter block, then measuring and adjusting a cutter coordinate system by using an accurate hole measuring system, and finally performing part processing. The orderly flow ensures the stability of the processing precision by finding and adjusting problems in advance of the test knife. Meanwhile, the double-side cutters are processed step by step and the test cutter blocks are used, so that the dependence on the travel of the machine tool is reduced, different types of machine tools can realize high-precision processing of long precision holes according to the process, and the applicability of the machine tool is improved.
And when the cutter is used for machining the refined hole, the cutter also comprises the following steps of drilling a bottom hole by a small drill bit, using a dial gauge to drill a gauge by a machine tool to confirm the hole position and the size of the measured hole, using the drill bit to ream, and finally replacing a reamer conforming to the hole diameter to machine a one-way hole until the one-way hole is qualified.
In the process of processing the fine holes by the cutter, the method relates to drills and reamers with different specifications and dial gauges for metering. The dial indicator is arranged at a specific position of the machine tool, and can accurately measure the hole position and the aperture.
Firstly, using a small drill bit to drill a bottom hole, then using a dial indicator to confirm the hole position and measure the hole size, then using the drill bit to ream, and finally using a reamer to finish machining. The series of fine operations gradually improve the precision of the holes, and effectively ensure the machining precision of the long fine holes. On different types of machine tools, the precision machining flow can be utilized to realize high-precision long-precision finish hole machining by utilizing the basic measurement and tool replacement functions of the machine tool, and the applicability of the machine tool is enhanced.
Further, in step S7, the deviation is adjusted to be within 0.01 mm.
In the adjustment link of the tool coordinate system, the tool coordinate system is adjusted by a machine tool control system by utilizing the data measured by the accurate hole measuring system. The control system has high-precision coordinate operation and adjustment functions.
And the accurate hole measuring system is used for acquiring measurement data after the test cutter block is processed, and the machine tool control system is used for accurately adjusting the deviation to be within 0.01 mm. The high-precision adjustment greatly ensures the precision of subsequent part processing and solves the problem that the processing precision is difficult to ensure. Meanwhile, the adjustment process can be realized on different types of machine tools through corresponding control systems, and the applicability of the machine tools is improved.
Further, in step S6, a laser tracking measuring instrument is used to measure the coaxiality of the two side holes.
When measuring the coaxiality of the holes at the two sides, a laser tracking measuring instrument is used. The instrument consists of a laser emission device, a tracking device and a data processing device, and can perform non-contact measurement on a machined hole.
The laser tracking measuring instrument measures the coaxiality of the contrast hole and the counter-drilled hole on the test block, and has high precision and convenient measurement. The tool coordinate system is adjusted according to the measurement result, so that the coaxiality precision of holes during part machining can be effectively ensured, and the machining precision problem is solved. Moreover, the instrument can be matched with different types of machine tools for use, so that the applicability of the machine tools in long finish hole machining is improved.
Further, the step S4 and the step S8 perform direct machining after the tool translation, and a test tool is not required.
After the test cutter block machining is completed and the cutter coordinate system is accurately adjusted, the cutter translates to the position of the part for direct machining. The machine tool is provided with an accurate tool translation positioning mechanism, so that the tool can be ensured to accurately reach the part machining position after being translated.
Because the state and the coordinate system of the cutter are fully adjusted in the processing stage of the test cutter block, the part is directly processed after the cutter translates, the processing time is shortened, and the processing efficiency is improved. Meanwhile, the direct processing mode based on the test knife can be realized on different types of machine tools through accurate translation and positioning of the knife, so that the processing precision is ensured, and the applicability of the machine tools is improved.
The specific implementation steps are as follows:
early preparation
And debugging a processing platform, namely carefully adjusting parameters such as levelness, flatness and the like of the processing platform according to the size and shape characteristics of the part to be processed. The high-precision level gauge is used for measurement, so that the deviation of the processing platform in the horizontal direction is controlled within a very small range and is generally not more than +/-0.05 mm, and a stable foundation is provided for subsequent processing.
The clamping mechanism is arranged, namely a high-precision hydraulic clamp is arranged on the processing platform, and the clamp is adaptively adjusted according to the shape and the size of the part. For example, for aircraft parts with complex curved surfaces, the positions and pressures of a plurality of adjustable clamping points on the hydraulic clamp can be adjusted to realize uniform and firm clamping of the parts, and the parts are prevented from displacement or shaking in the processing process.
And (3) detecting the precision of the machine tool, namely comprehensively checking key precision indexes such as the positioning precision, the repeated positioning precision, the straightness and the like of the machine tool by using a professional detection tool such as a laser interferometer. The positioning precision of the machine tool is required to reach +/-0.01 mm, the repeated positioning precision is within +/-0.005 mm, and the straightness error is not more than +/-0.003 mm so as to meet the high-precision machining requirement of a long precision hole.
Selecting and installing a cutter, namely selecting a proper cutter handle and a proper reamer from various types of cutters according to the aperture and depth of a long and fine hole to be machined and the machining process requirement. For example, for the long refined hole with the diameter of 15mm and the depth of 80mm, an adaptive cutter handle and a reamer with the diameter of 15mm are selected, and the reamer is firmly arranged at the front end of the cutter handle, so that the concentricity deviation of reamer installation is ensured to be less than +/-0.002 mm.
Test block installation and debugging
Preparing two test knife blocks with the shapes and the materials completely consistent with the parts to be processed, wherein the test knife blocks are also made of the same grade of aluminum alloy if the parts to be processed are made of the aluminum alloy.
And (3) mounting the test cutter blocks, namely mounting the two test cutter blocks on two sides of the processing platform respectively by utilizing a high-precision positioning device, and ensuring that the mounting positions of the test cutter blocks accurately correspond to the positions of the parts to be drilled, wherein the position precision is controlled within +/-0.01 mm.
Finish machining of one side of part
Bottom hole drilling, namely, performing bottom hole drilling operation by using a small drill bit, wherein the diameter of the small drill bit is generally 1/3-1/2 of the final aperture. For example, for a final bore diameter of 15mm, a small drill bit of 5mm diameter is selected.
And measuring the hole position and the aperture, namely immediately using a dial gauge to perform the marking confirmation on the hole position after the bottom hole is drilled, measuring the size of the hole, and ensuring that the deviation of the hole position is within +/-0.01 mm and the deviation of the aperture is within +/-0.02 mm.
And (3) reaming, namely selecting a proper drill bit to perform reaming, and expanding the diameter of the hole to be close to the final aperture.
And (3) reaming and finishing, namely replacing a reamer conforming to the aperture, and finishing the unidirectional hole until the unidirectional hole is machined to a qualified size.
And (3) processing the test cutter block, namely after finishing the finish hole processing on one side of the part, translating the group of cutters to the position of the test cutter block, and processing the test cutter block according to the same processing steps to form a comparison hole.
Processing of test knife block on the other side
And the other side cutter performs finish hole machining on the other test cutter block, and the machining steps are completely the same as those of the finish hole machining on one side of the part, so that counter drilling is formed. In the processing process, various processing parameters are strictly controlled, and parameters such as the size precision and the position precision of the back drilling hole are ensured to meet the requirements.
Test block measurement and tool adjustment
And measuring the hole position and the aperture by using an accurate hole measuring system and adopting a laser measuring technology, wherein the hole position and the aperture are measured on the comparison holes and the counter-drilled holes on the two test cutter blocks, and the measuring precision can reach +/-0.005 mm. And simultaneously, the coaxiality of the two side holes is measured by using a laser tracking measuring instrument, so that the coaxiality error is ensured to be within +/-0.01 mm.
And adjusting a coordinate system of the tool at the post-processing side by a machine tool control system according to the measured data, so that the processing position of the tool can accurately correspond to the position to be processed of the part. After the adjustment is finished, the test cutter block of the counter bore is replaced, the counter bore is continuously machined, the counter bore is measured again, the cutter coordinate system is further finely adjusted according to the measurement result, and the process is repeated until the deviation is adjusted to be within 0.01 mm.
Finish machining of other side of part
And the corrected cutter at one side translates to the position of the part, and the other side fine hole is directly machined on the part. The machining process follows the steps of drilling a bottom hole, measuring a hole position and a hole diameter, reaming and reaming, and ensures that the precision of the machined finish hole meets the design requirement.
Retest and acceptance of parts
And (3) retesting the part, namely transferring the part to a three-coordinate measuring instrument after the part is machined, and retesting the hole site and the coaxiality. The measurement precision of the three-coordinate measuring instrument can reach +/-0.003 mm, and the machining quality of the part can be comprehensively and accurately estimated.
And checking and accepting, namely finishing the processing of the part if the repeated measurement result meets the design requirement, entering the next working procedure, and if the repeated measurement result does not meet the design requirement, analyzing the reasons in detail, such as cutter abrasion, machine tool vibration and the like, and correspondingly adjusting and reworking until the quality of the part meets the checking and accepting standard.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
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