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CN110352284A - 一种用于连续油管钻井装置的旋转钻头 - Google Patents

一种用于连续油管钻井装置的旋转钻头 Download PDF

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CN110352284A
CN110352284A CN201780084037.9A CN201780084037A CN110352284A CN 110352284 A CN110352284 A CN 110352284A CN 201780084037 A CN201780084037 A CN 201780084037A CN 110352284 A CN110352284 A CN 110352284A
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tubing
injector
drill bit
coiled tubing
movement
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CN110352284B (zh
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S·P·瑟
S·L·福克斯
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Minnesota Crc Ltd
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/22—Handling reeled pipe or rod units, e.g. flexible drilling pipes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H75/00—Storing webs, tapes, or filamentary material, e.g. on reels
    • B65H75/02—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks
    • B65H75/34—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables
    • B65H75/38—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables involving the use of a core or former internal to, and supporting, a stored package of material
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    • B65H75/42—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables involving the use of a core or former internal to, and supporting, a stored package of material mobile or transportable attached to, or forming part of, mobile tools, machines or vehicles
    • B65H75/425—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables involving the use of a core or former internal to, and supporting, a stored package of material mobile or transportable attached to, or forming part of, mobile tools, machines or vehicles attached to, or forming part of a vehicle, e.g. truck, trailer, vessel
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    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H75/00—Storing webs, tapes, or filamentary material, e.g. on reels
    • B65H75/02—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks
    • B65H75/34—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables
    • B65H75/38—Cores, formers, supports, or holders for coiled, wound, or folded material, e.g. reels, spindles, bobbins, cop tubes, cans, mandrels or chucks specially adapted or mounted for storing and repeatedly paying-out and re-storing lengths of material provided for particular purposes, e.g. anchored hoses, power cables involving the use of a core or former internal to, and supporting, a stored package of material
    • B65H75/44—Constructional details
    • B65H75/4402—Guiding arrangements to control paying-out and re-storing of the material
    • B65H75/4405—Traversing devices; means for orderly arranging the material on the drum
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B15/00—Supports for the drilling machine, e.g. derricks or masts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/24—Guiding or centralising devices for drilling rods or pipes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B3/00—Rotary drilling
    • E21B3/02—Surface drives for rotary drilling
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B3/00—Rotary drilling
    • E21B3/02—Surface drives for rotary drilling
    • E21B3/022—Top drives
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B3/00—Rotary drilling
    • E21B3/02—Surface drives for rotary drilling
    • E21B3/04—Rotary tables
    • E21B3/045—Rotary tables movably mounted on the drilling structure or platform
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/02—Drilling rigs characterised by means for land transport with their own drive, e.g. skid mounting or wheel mounting
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/02—Drilling rigs characterised by means for land transport with their own drive, e.g. skid mounting or wheel mounting
    • E21B7/023—Drilling rigs characterised by means for land transport with their own drive, e.g. skid mounting or wheel mounting the mast being foldable or telescopically retractable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
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Abstract

一种具有旋转钻头的移动式连续油管钻井装置，该装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转桅杆，该桅杆上安装有位于连续油管盘架下方的喷射器，该喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴，其中旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上，以便可在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动，旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。

Description

一种用于连续油管钻井装置的旋转钻头
相关申请
本申请要求2017年1月18日提交的澳大利亚临时专利申请2017900143和2017年5月30日提交的国际专利申请PCT/AU2017/050508的巴黎公约优先权。所述两个申请的内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种主要用于矿物勘探的连续油管钻井装置用旋转钻头，所述钻井装置为不需要连续油管围绕其纵轴旋转以便钻井装置操作的类型。
背景技术
历史上，矿物勘探使用在一端附接有钻头的旋转钻柱(为一系列连接的刚性的管段)，用于钻出地下孔，以便定位有价值的矿床。随着旋转的钻头钻入地下以形成井眼，增加另外的管段以便钻得更深；而随着钻头从井眼中抽出，发生相反的情况。在钻孔期间添加和移除这些管段以组装和拆卸钻柱消耗大量的时间和能量(并因此消耗成本)。
已经开发出连续油管作为使用钻柱的替代方案(尽管通常用于石油工业而不是用于矿物勘探)，连续油管通常是可以几乎无限长度使用的韧性金属。连续油管的使用包括将管从承载这种油管的盘架上拆卷，通常是利用位于井眼上方并靠近井眼的喷射器(injector)，所述喷射器负责提升和降低所述油管。盘架通常水平地远离喷射器和井眼定位，并且在盘架和喷射器之间使用弯曲引导管(通常称为“鹅颈管”)以引导所述油管从盘架穿过所述装置到达喷射器。在美国专利公开2013/0341001A1的图6中可以看到这样的示例。
在大多数连续油管钻井中，位于油管底部的井底钻具组件(BHA)通常包括一个泥浆马达，它为钻头提供动力并使其旋转(已知连续油管不围绕其纵轴旋转)，泥浆马达由从表面泵送通过所述连续油管的钻井液的运动提供动力。在其他形式的连续油管钻井中，已经开发出地上装置以允许连续油管围绕其纵轴旋转。当然，需要相当大且复杂的地上装置能够旋转整盘架的连续油管以实现油管的这种旋转，但本发明不涉及这种类型的旋转连续油管钻井。
然而，在即使“非旋转”连续油管钻孔装置的正常操作循环中，仍然经常需要使用旋转钻柱并由此向井眼下插入和连接多个管段的传统类型钻井。通常，这种需要发生在井眼开钻时，例如在通过风化层的钻井过程中。此外，应当理解，即使使用连续油管钻井装置，仍然需要安装套管，这通常需要能够将多个套管套筒插入并旋转到井眼中并随后通过套管套筒沿着井眼注入水泥等，以便随后通过井眼壁与套管套筒外部之间从井眼向上返回。
迄今为止的连续油管钻孔通常需要使用与传统旋转钻头相关的另外的流体处理设备，例如用于使用传统钻柱钻孔的设备，以便能够为井底钻具组件提供扭矩和钻井液。本发明的一个目的是在非旋转连续油管钻井装置中避免使用这种另外的流体处理设备。
在描述发明内容之前，必须理解，在整个说明书中，将使用诸如“水平”和“竖直”、“上”和“下”、以及“之前”和“之后”的术语。应该理解的是，这些和其他类似的方位型描述术语是相对于操作钻机的取向，该操作钻机大体位于地平面上相当平坦的(并因而水平的)表面上，并且相对于卷上盘架和从盘架上拆卷以及向下进入井眼和从井眼向上出来的垂直油管通道。然而，这些术语并非意在产生操作限制，或者要求装置的各部件完全水平或完全竖直。
最后，还需要指出的是，包括对本发明背景的讨论用以解释本发明的背景。不应将其看作是承认所提及的任何材料在本申请的优先权日期已公布，已知或是公知常识的一部分。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种具有旋转钻头的移动式连续油管钻井装置，该装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转的桅杆，该桅杆上安装有一个位于连续油管盘架下方的喷射器，该喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴，其中旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上，以便可在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动，旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头(swivel)和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。
在另一种形式中，本发明提供了一种移动式连续油管钻井装置，所述装置包括在移动式平台上的非旋转的桅杆，所述桅杆上安装有喷射器、具有与之关联的油管放卷(pay-off)点的连续油管盘架、和油管控制系统，所述喷射器限定了连续油管的操作轴，其中：
所述油管控制系统位于所述盘架和喷射器之间，且包括临近油管放卷点的油管台座，用于在油管放卷期间对油管施加相反的弯曲；和
盘架安装为用于水平(x,y)移动，使得可以在油管放卷期间保持油管放卷点大体高于喷射器，并且还可以朝向或者远离所述油管台座运动；
该装置还包括一个旋转钻头，该旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上，以便可在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动，该旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管分段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接连续油管和所连接的管分段之间提供流体连通。
在进一步描述本发明时，将提及两种操作模式。第一种模式是连续油管钻井模式，其中连续油管沿井眼向下插入，并且沿着油管向下流动的流体为井底钻具组件提供动力。第二种模式是传统的旋转钻柱模式，其中连续油管连接到旋转钻头的顶部旋转接头并且不移动超过所述顶部旋转接头，而管分段连接到旋转钻头的底部心轴形成用于井底钻具组件的旋转钻柱。使用本发明允许，利用相对简单的装置，相对简单地在两种操作模式之间转换。
在第一操作模式期间，可以安装盘架以进行水平(x，y)运动，使得在油管放卷期间，油管放卷点可以大体保持在喷射器上方但远离喷射器的操作轴，所述操作轴由油管纵轴通过喷射器的路径来限定。
与此相反且相对于在第一模式期间在从井眼抽出油管时所发生的油管复卷(re-coiling)，已知从下方进入喷射器的油管已经被拉直并因此不具有被拆卷的连续油管呈现的弯曲，预想到在油管收卷期间装置不必利用油管台座并且油管收起点(复卷期间实质上与拆卷期间的油管放卷点相同的点)实际上操作上尽可能接近沿着喷射器操作轴的点并因此在喷射器的正上方。在收卷期间，应该理解，需要对油管施加的唯一的弯曲事件是由复卷本身产生的弯曲。
因此，还可以将盘架安装用于水平(x,y)移动，使得可以在油管的收卷期间保持油管收起点在沿着喷射器的操作轴的一个点处处于喷射器正上方。
油管控制系统可以包括在油管台座之后和喷射器之前的可调节的油管调直器，油管调直器是可调节的，使得它可以啮合进入或离开喷射器的油管并用于或多或少(或不)向进入或离开喷射器的油管提供力。例如，在一种形式中，可调节的油管调直器与进入喷射器的油管(在放卷期间)啮合，但不与离开调直器的油管(在收卷期间)啮合，原因将在下面给出。
油管台座可以相对于桅杆被固定，使得在油管放卷期间保持油管放卷点大体高于喷射器的盘架移动也将盘架的油管放卷点定位在邻近油管台座，以便油管与油管台座啮合。在这方面，这种与油管台座的啮合在放卷期间在油管中施加相反的弯曲(这种弯曲与已经存在于被盘绕在盘架上的连续油管中的油管弯曲是“相反的”)，在优选的形式中，这发生在油管经过可调节的油管调直器和喷射器之前。
仍然涉及第一种操作模式，已经发现在与油管放卷点紧密相邻的位置处对油管施加这种相反的弯曲使得油管上的应力最小化(并因此增加油管的使用寿命)同时合理地将油管与喷射器以及可调节的油管调直器(如果存在的话)精确对准。实际上，尽管要求可调节的油管调直器是可调节的并且被称为调直器，但实际上，由于以上述方式布置油管台座，已经发现，在采用可调节的油管调直器的情况下只对油管施加了最小的更多应力，并且于是倾向于实际上只需最小的调整和最小的调直。
另外，已经发现，在紧密相邻油管放卷点的位置处对油管施加相反的弯曲，在进入喷射器和井眼之前减少了在油管中保留的任何残余塑性弯曲，有助于避免随后的在井眼的控制和方向方面的困难。
与在放卷期间油管与油管支座的这种啮合形成对比，在油管的收卷期间，优选通过使盘架远离油管台座移动(并且与之脱离啮合)来避免这种啮合，使得如上所述，收起点大体保持在喷射器上方，在沿喷射器操作轴的点处。另外，在收卷过程中，油管理想地不被可调节的调直器啮合。通过这种方式，除了随着油管复卷回到盘架上而发生的油管弯曲之外，在收卷期间(通过可调节的调直器或油管台座)不发生另外的弯曲事件。
在一种形式中，油管台座可以是细长的台座梁，大体垂直地固定于桅杆，具有上端和下端，且上端是操作期间位于邻近油管放卷点的端部。在这种形式中，在油管的放卷期间，拆卷的油管与台座梁的上端啮合并理想地被沿着台座梁引导到喷射器(或可调节的调直器，如果存在的话)。优选地，所述细长的台座梁是基本上直的和细长的台座梁，其具有沿其的通道，该通道能够从盘架接收并沿其引导油管。
关于第二种操作模式，是一种旋转钻柱模式，其中连续油管连接到旋转钻头的顶部旋转接头并且不移动超过其，而多个管段连接到旋转钻头的底部心轴，在其下方形成旋转钻柱，在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供的流体连通允许通过所述连续油管提供钻井液用于钻井，而不是必须提供替代的流体处理设备和替代的流体源。通过将旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上，旋转钻头可以在第一操作模式期间移动到连续油管的路径之外，并且可以移回到用于该第二操作模式的操作位置。
旋转钻头的枢转安装可以通过任何合适的方式来实现，例如通过使用细长臂，细长臂在一端安装到喷射器用于进行枢转运动，而另一端安装到旋转钻头的相对两侧，以便使钻头摆动进入和离开位置。钻头进入和离开位置的移动也可以通过任何合适的方式实现，例如通过液压油缸等。
因此本发明提供了一种操作具有旋转钻头的移动式连续油管钻井装置的方法，所述装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转的桅杆，该桅杆上安装有一个位于连续油管盘架下方的喷射器，该喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴，其中旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上并在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动，旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。
因此，本发明还提供了一种操作移动式连续油管钻井装置的方法，所述装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转的桅杆，该桅杆上安装有喷射器、具有与之关联的油管放卷点的连续油管盘架、和在盘架和喷射器之间的油管控制系统，所述喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴，其中盘架安装为用于水平(x,y)移动且油管控制系统包括邻近油管放卷点的油管台座，所述装置还包括可枢转安装在喷射器上的旋转钻头，旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述方法包括：
在油管放卷期间，通过盘架的水平(x，y)运动将油管放卷点保持大体在喷射器上方并邻近油管台座；
在油管放卷期间，通过邻近放卷点的油管与油管台座的啮合向油管施加相反的弯曲；
在油管的收卷期间，通过盘架的水平(x，y)移动保持油管收起点高于喷射器并远离油管台座；和
使旋转钻头在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴成一直线的操作位置之间移动，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。
关于移动式平台和桅杆非旋转的要求，在优选的形式中，桅杆安装在移动式平台上，使其在其中盘架在喷射器上方的直立钻井位置和较低的运输状态之间是可移动的，但也是不可旋转的。
关于桅杆安装为不可旋转，设计了利用连续油管的一些钻机，以允许盘架围绕下入井眼的油管的垂直轴旋转。该类型的装置具有与本发明所涉及类型的装置(具有非旋转桅杆的装置)不同的设计要求。
此外，桅杆在盘架位于喷射器上方的竖直钻井位置和降低的运输位置之间的可移动性有助于装置的移动性，允许通过传统形式的公路或铁路进行运输。此外，平台本身的移动性当然可以通过任何已知的和期望的用于在陆地上移动的装置来提供，例如通过连续轨道推进系统或传统的基于轮的推进系统，而可以在移动平台上另外提供的辅助钻井设备可包括任何流体泵，空气压缩机，氮气吹扫系统，柴油发动机，液压泵和阀门，以及合适的控制和操作系统，包括根据需要的远程控制系统。
在另一个优选形式中，盘架不仅安装在桅杆上用于在钻井期间进行水平(x，y)移动，而且优选盘架也安装在桅杆上用于垂直(z)移动。这种垂直移动可以由包括例如伸缩式构造的桅杆提供。
盘架的这种垂直移动对于在井眼中位于油管底部处的钻头(例如)提供与井眼底部接触或脱离接触的相对小的垂直运动来说是有利的，或者仅对于从第一操作模式转换到第二操作模式时使连续油管连接旋转钻头的顶部旋转接头来说是有利的。这优于必须通过旋转盘架来提供这种移动，避免通过旋转盘架来提供这种移动可以进一步减少施加在油管上的应力，从而进一步增加油管的使用寿命。
下面描述盘架及其安装，这对于第一操作模式尤其相关，如上所述，盘架安装在桅杆上以进行水平(x，y)移动，使得可以在在放卷期间保持油管放卷点大体在喷射器上方，并且优选地，在油管的收卷期间在喷射器的正上方。在这方面，以及确定在x轴方向上的移动为盘架朝向和远离桅杆的移动，以及在y轴方向上的移动为盘架沿其自身纵轴的移动，优选地通过借助枢转臂将盘架安装在桅杆上提供X轴方向的移动，所述枢转臂受控制枢转以朝向和远离桅杆。
因此这种枢转移动使整个盘架朝向和远离桅杆移动(根据需要，在钻井之前、期间或之后)并由此朝向和远离如上所述的油管台座。以这种方式安装盘架由此实质上提供了盘架的纵轴朝向和远离油管台座的移动，以及盘架上的连续油管朝向和远离油管台座的移动，并因此提供了油管放卷点朝向和远离油管台座的移动。实际上，在钻井期间，这种移动允许在将放卷点的油管随着油管从盘架拆卷以及随着在盘架上的盘绕油管的直径减小而被连续地推向并抵靠油管台座。
Y轴方向移动是盘架沿着其自身纵轴的移动，同样是为了随着油管从盘架拆卷而保持油管的放卷点邻接油管台座。在这方面，应当理解，随着盘架绕其纵轴旋转以及随着油管拆卷，油管的放卷点将沿着盘架的纵轴移动。由于盘架适于提供盘架沿其纵轴的连续可调节性，盘架可以响应于放卷点在y轴方向上移动而在y轴方向上移动，从而根据需要保持放卷点邻近油管台座并且还保持在该点处的油管与油管支座啮合，以向其施加必要的相反弯曲。
附图说明
已经简要描述了与本发明有关的一般概念，现在将描述根据本发明的移动式连续油管钻井装置的优选实施方案。然而，应该理解，以下描述不是限制以上描述的一般性。
在附图中：
图1是根据本发明优选实施方案的移动式连续油管钻井装置的俯视透视图，处于其钻井位置展开；
图2是处于运输位置的图1装置侧视图；
图3(a)和3(b)是图1装置的桅杆和盘架在油管放卷模式(图3(a))和油管收卷模式(图3(b))时的示意性侧视图；
图4(a)和4(b)是与处于油管放卷模式(图3(a))下的图1装置一起使用的优选的盘架安装构造的示意性俯视图；
图5(a)和5(b)是可枢转安装在喷射器上的旋转钻头的一个实施方案的透视图和侧视图，处于适合与图1至图4的装置一起使用，示出了其远离操作轴的缩回位置的旋转钻头(在钻井装置的第一操作模式中)；
图6是类似于图5(a)的透视图，但示出了与操作轴成一直线的处于操作位置的旋转钻头(在钻井装置的第二操作模式中)；和
图7是图5(a)的旋转钻头的剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1中示出的是处于其竖直钻井位置的移动式连续油管钻井装置10，而图2示出了处于其降低的运输位置的相同装置10。装置10通常包括安装在移动式平台14上的桅杆12，其安装方式使得在竖立的钻井位置时桅杆不可绕垂直轴旋转。该装置还包括一个连续油管盘架16、喷射器18(带有喷射器导向辊19)和细长油管台座20形式的管道控制系统。从下面的描述中可以更好地理解，图1中的点A是盘架上的一个点，并且是油管放卷点和油管收卷点(后面称为A')的大体位置。
上面提到的垂直轴在图1中被指定为所确定的x-y-z坐标系中的z轴，x轴(或x轴方向)是油管放卷点A(并且因此也是盘架16)朝向和远离油管台座20的运动方向。y轴(或y轴方向)则是油管放卷点A(且同样也是盘架16)沿着盘架16的纵轴的运动方向。应当理解，对油管的放卷和收卷的描述是指装置的第一操作模式，利用连续油管作为主要的钻井手段。
在这个实施方案中，通过连续的轨道推进系统15提供平台14的运移性，为了便于说明，在图1和图2中省略了在移动式平台上提供的许多辅助钻井设备(例如流体泵，空气压缩机，氮气吹扫系统，柴油发动机，液压泵和阀，以及适合的控制和操作系统)。另外，在该实施方案中，盘架16安装在桅杆12上，用于通过具有伸缩构造(未示出)的桅杆12进行垂直(z)移动。
如上所述，盘架16的这种垂直运动对于为位于井眼中油管底部的钻头(例如)与井眼底部进行接触和脱离提供相对小的垂直运动来说是有利的。这优于必须通过旋转盘架16来升高或降低钻头来提供这种移动，避免通过旋转盘架来提供这种移动可以进一步减少施加在油管上的应力，从而进一步增加油管的使用寿命。
装置10的桅杆12还在喷射器18的下面包括枢转安装的、可回缩的旋转钻头22(只部分示出)，其可用于在第二操作模式下用传统的旋转钻柱钻井。在该第二模式中，装置10可用于为井眼安装套管等，或用于连接和断开底部钻具组合的不同元件，或仅使用旋转钻柱钻井，使用通过连续油管提供的流体，这将在以下参考图5(a)，5(b)，6和7更详细地描述。
现在参考图3a和3b，可以看到盘架16安装为用于水平(x，y)移动，x轴方向为横跨页面的左右方向，y轴方向为垂直于页面平面，这样，在油管30的放卷期间，油管放卷点A可以被大体保持在喷射器18上方但远离喷射器的操作轴，由油管30的纵轴通过喷射器18的路径限定操作轴。
在该实施方案中，装置10的油管控制系统还包括在油管台座20之后和喷射器18之前的可调节油管调直器32，油管调直器32是可调节的，使得它可以啮合进入或离开喷射器18的油管30并用于向进入或离开喷射器18的油管30提供更多或更少(或没有)的力。在该实施方案中，可调节的油管调直器32在图3(a)中示出为与进入喷射器18的油管30啮合(在放卷期间)，但是在图3(b)中示出为不与离开喷射器18的油管30啮合(收卷期间)，原因将在下面给出。可调节的调直器32是单个液压动力辊，其配置成啮合油管以抵靠在固定的台座上。
油管台座20显示为相对于桅杆12固定，使得用以在油管30的放卷期间将油管30的放卷点A保持在大体在喷射器18上方的盘架16的移动也使油管放卷点定位为邻近油管台座20，以便油管30与油管台座20啮合。如上所述，这种与油管台座20的啮合在放卷期间对油管30施加相反的弯曲(这种弯曲与由于连续油管盘绕在盘架16上已经存在于油管30中的弯曲是“相反”的弯曲)，在该实施方案中，施加相反的弯曲发生在油管30穿过可调节的油管调直器32和喷射器18之前。
油管台座20是细长的台座梁，通常垂直固定于桅杆12，具有上端20a和下端20b且上端20a是操作期间位于盘架16的油管放卷点A上方的端部。在油管30的放卷期间，展开的油管30与台座梁啮合并被沿着台座梁引导到可调节的调直器32，然后到喷射器18。细长的台座梁是基本上直的和细长的，且具有沿着所述细长的台座梁的通道36，通道36可以从盘架16接受并沿其引导油管30。
如上所述，已经发现在紧邻油管放卷点A的位置处对油管30施加这种相反的弯曲使得油管30上的应力最小化(并由此增加油管30的使用寿命)，同时适当地使油管30与可调节的油管调直器32和喷射器18精确对准。还发现施加相反弯曲在油管30进入井眼之前减小保留在油管30中的任何残余塑性弯曲，有助于避免随后对井眼的控制和方向方面的困难。
与此相反并参见图3b，其示出了当油管30被从井眼(未示出)中抽出时油管30的复卷，从下方进入喷射器18的油管30当然已经被拉直，并且因此，不具有与被拆卷的连续油管30所呈现的相同的弯曲(图3(a))。在该阶段中，在油管收卷期间装置10不利用油管台座20，并且使油管收卷点A'(在复卷期间是与拆卷期间的油管放卷点A基本上相同的点)在操作上尽可能靠近沿着喷射器的操作轴的点，并且由此在喷射器18的正上方。
参考图4(a)和4(b)，如上所述，盘架16被安装在桅杆12上，用于水平(x，y)移动，使得可以在油管30的放卷期间保持油管放卷点A大体在喷射器18上方并且使得可以在油管30的收卷期间保持油管收起点A’在喷射器18的正上方。
在这方面，以及确定在x轴方向上的移动为盘架朝向和远离桅杆的移动(页面上的左右方向)，以及在y轴方向上的移动为盘架沿其自身纵轴(图4(a)和4(b)中的轴Y-Y)的移动，通过将盘架16借助枢转臂40安装在桅杆12上来提供X轴方向移动，所述枢转臂受控制以朝向和远离桅杆12枢转。
因此这种枢转移动使整个盘架16朝向和远离桅杆12移动(根据需要，在钻井之前、期间或之后)并由此朝向和远离油管台座20移动。用这样的方式安装盘架16提供了盘架16朝向和远离油管台座20的在纵轴Y-Y方向的移动，以及在盘架16上的连续油管30a,30b朝向和远离油管台座20的在纵轴Y-Y方向的移动，以及由此油管的放卷点A朝向和远离油管台座20的在纵轴Y-Y方向的移动。
实际上，在钻井期间，这种移动允许随着油管30a,30b从盘架16拆卷以及随着在盘架16上的盘绕油管30a,30b的直径减小(如从图4(a)所示的盘架16满载油管30a到图4(b)所示的油管30b几乎完全从盘架16退绕所示出的)而将在放卷点A处的油管30a.30b连续地推向并抵靠油管台座。
在这方面，应当理解，油管30a,30b的放卷点A会随着盘架绕其纵轴Y-Y旋转以及随着油管30a,30b拆卷而沿着盘架16的纵轴Y-Y移动。由于盘架16适于提供盘架16沿其纵轴Y-Y的连续可调节性，盘架可以响应于在y轴方向上移动的放卷点而在y轴方向上移动，从而根据需要保持放卷点A邻近油管台座20并且还保持在该点处的油管30a,30b与油管支座20啮合，以向其施加必要的相反弯曲。
图5(a)，5(b)，6和7示出了可枢转地安装在喷射器18上的旋转钻头22的实施方案，其适合与图1至图4的装置一起使用，示出了处于远离操作轴的缩回位置(图5(a)和5(b))(在钻井装置的第一操作模式中，如上所述)以及处于与操作轴成一直线的其操作位置(图6和7)(在钻孔设备的第二操作模式中，如现在将描述的)的旋转钻头。
图5(a)示出了使用在一端52处安装在喷射器18上用于枢转运动而在相对侧的另一端54处安装到旋转钻头22的细长臂50，以便允许钻头22在图5(a)和5(b)的缩回位置和图6的操作位置之间的移动。
图5(b)还示出了通过安装在喷射器18和钻头22之间的液压油缸56实现钻头22在缩回位置和操作位置之间的移动。
图6和7中所示的第二操作模式是旋转钻柱模式，其中连续油管30c连接到旋转钻头22的顶部旋转接头60并且不比其移动更多，同时管段(未示出)连接于钻头22的底部心轴62，在其下方形成旋转钻柱。在这方面，旋转接头60是固定的并且自身不旋转，其底部被接收在主轴64的上部63内，接收方式使得允许旋转接头60在所述上部63内轴向移动且允许主轴64相对于旋转接头60旋转，同时在其间保持适当的流体/空气密封。
当然，主轴64由通过齿轮与之连接的液压马达65提供动力，为底部心轴62提供旋转。主轴64可以是浮动的，以允许其轴向移动，例如在将钻杆旋拧到心轴62上时。
在操作期间在所连接的连续油管30和所连接的管段(未示出)之间提供流体连通，以允许通过连续油管30、通过顶部旋转接头60的孔、通过空心驱动轴64、并通过底部心轴62的孔提供用于钻井的钻井液，由此不需要提供替代的流体处理设备或替代的流体源。通过将旋转钻头22可枢转地安装在喷射器18上，旋转钻头22可以在第一操作模式期间移动到连续油管30的路径之外，并且可以移回到用于该第二操作模式的操作位置。
最后，可以对本文中所述的构造进行其他变化和修改，这些变化和修改也在本发明的范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种具有旋转钻头的移动式连续油管钻井装置，该装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转桅杆，该桅杆上安装有位于连续油管盘架下方的喷射器，该喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴；其中旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上，以便可在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动；旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，包括细长臂，所述细长臂在一端安装在所述喷射器上用于枢转运动，在另一端安装在所述旋转钻头的相对侧，以便允许所述钻头在所述缩回位置和所述操作位置之间移动。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的装置，其中钻头在缩回位置和操作位置之间的移动是通过安装在喷射器和钻头之间的液压油缸实现的。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的装置，其中顶部旋转接头被固定，使得其底部部分被接收在主轴的上部部分内，以允许旋转接头在所述上部部分内轴向移动且允许主轴相对于所述旋转接头旋转。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装置，其中所述主轴是浮动的，以在管段连接于底部心轴时，允许主轴的轴向移动。
6.根据权利要求1到5中任一项所述的装置，所述连续油管盘架具有与之关联的油管放卷点，以及油管控制系统，其中：
所述油管控制系统位于所述盘架和喷射器之间，且包括邻近油管放卷点的油管台座，用于在油管放卷期间对油管施加相反的弯曲；和
盘架安装为用于水平(x,y)移动，使得在油管放卷期间油管放卷点能够保持大体高于所述喷射器，并且还能够朝向或远离所述油管台座移动。
7.根据权利要求1到6中任一项所述的装置，其中盘架安装为用于水平(x，y)移动，使得在油管放卷期间，油管放卷点能够保持大体在喷射器上方但远离喷射器的操作轴。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置，其中盘架安装为用于水平(x，y)移动，使得在油管收卷期间，油管收起点能够在沿着喷射器的操作轴的点处保持在喷射器正上方。
9.根据权利要求1到8中任一项所述的装置，其中油管控制系统还包括在油管台座之后且在喷射器之前的可调节的油管调直器。
10.一种操作具有旋转钻头的移动式连续油管钻井装置的方法，所述装置包括位于移动式平台上的非旋转桅杆，该桅杆上安装有位于连续油管盘架下方的喷射器，该喷射器限定了用于连续油管的操作轴，其中旋转钻头可枢转地安装在喷射器上并在远离操作轴的缩回位置和与操作轴线成一直线的操作位置之间移动，旋转钻头包括用于非旋转连接于连续油管的顶部旋转接头和用于旋转连接于管段的底部心轴，所述顶部旋转接头和底部心轴在操作期间在所连接的连续油管和所连接的管段之间提供流体连通。
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