CN110724643B - 一株具有防病促生功能的橘灰青霉及其菌剂和应用 - Google Patents
一株具有防病促生功能的橘灰青霉及其菌剂和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110724643B CN110724643B CN201911129054.7A CN201911129054A CN110724643B CN 110724643 B CN110724643 B CN 110724643B CN 201911129054 A CN201911129054 A CN 201911129054A CN 110724643 B CN110724643 B CN 110724643B
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- penicillium citrinum
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Abstract
本发明涉及一株具有促生作用和广谱防病效果的橘灰青霉菌株及其菌剂,所述橘灰青霉为橘灰青霉(Penicillium aurantiogriseum)44M‑3,已保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号:CCTCC NO:M 2019768。利用橘灰青霉菌株制备成高孢粉菌剂,使用时将高孢粉用0.05%(v/v)吐温80无菌水重悬,不同浓度的孢子悬浮液蘸根或灌根处理植株根部。本发明的橘灰青霉对多种作物上的病原真菌均有良好抑制作用;橘灰青霉高孢粉悬浮液对玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草根部和植株的生长均有促进作用;同时该菌剂具备良好的生物安全性,且生物制剂不会产生抗药性、农药残留、环境污染等化学农药常见问题,对人畜健康、环境友好,符合生态农业,绿色环保的需求。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一株能够防治多种病害且具有促生作用的橘灰青霉及其应用,属于微生物技术领域。
背景技术
我国对农作物的病害防治长期依赖化学农药,导致农药过量使用,可能会造成环境污染和食品农药残留,给人类健康带来潜在危害。使用对人体和生态环境无害的微生物制剂及其代谢产物,可以减少化学农药施用,已成为世界范围内的发展方向。生物农药因其具有环境友好、对人畜安全、长效、无残留等优点,在控制病害的发生与蔓延上备受青睐。
目前研究较多的生防微生物是芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、酵母菌、链霉菌和木霉等。关于青霉菌作为生防菌防治植物病害的报道较少,研究发现淡紫拟青霉菌菌株对棉花枯萎病的发生及蔓延具有一定控制作用;淡紫拟青霉菌株NH-PL-03的胞内、外多糖对尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝生长及孢子萌发均有明显抑制作用。
关于橘灰青霉的报道,主要是将其作为发酵菌株,有研究发现橘灰青霉是豆酱发酵过程中产脂肪酶的优势菌株和产生α-淀粉酶的优势种群,尚未有对橘灰青霉促生防病效果及其应用进行系统研究的报道。
发明内容
本发明提供一株具有促生作用和广谱防病效果的橘灰青霉菌株及其菌剂和应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明所采用的技术方案是:
一株具有防病促生功能的橘灰青霉,所述的橘灰青霉为橘灰青霉(Penicilliumaurantiogriseum)44M-3,已保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏地址:武汉大学保藏中心,保藏编号:CCTCC NO:M 2019768,保藏日期:2019年09月30日。
一种利用橘灰青霉菌株制备高孢粉菌剂的方法,包括以下步骤:
将橘灰青霉接种于PDA培养基上,在25℃、8h光照/16h黑暗的恒温培养箱中光暗交替培养5-7d,用0.05%(v/v)吐温80无菌水洗脱孢子,形成孢子悬浮液,将PDB培养液分装到300mL的三角瓶中,每瓶分装200mL,每瓶接5mL孢子悬浮液,180r/min,28℃摇床培养4d,作为固体发酵培养的种子液,备用;
称取1500g小麦,蒸馏水浸泡8h后,捞出控水,分装到真菌培养袋中,每袋100g,121℃,灭菌30min;每袋接种10mL种子液,平铺使麦子均匀浸润种子液,置于28℃黑暗恒温培养箱中培养7-10d;
待固体发酵培养基充分产孢时,将固体发酵物平铺到铺有一层无菌纸的搪瓷盘中,盖上一层无菌纸,放置在阳光可照射的玻璃窗前晾5-7d,晾干后,用BFQ100真菌孢子分离器收集孢子粉,形成高孢粉菌剂,高孢粉菌剂中橘灰青霉的孢子含量为1.96×109CFU/g。
所述的PDA培养基:去皮马铃薯200g,切块后放入蒸馏水中煮10min,然后过6层纱布过滤,在滤液中加葡萄糖20g,琼脂15~20g,加蒸馏水定容至1000mL,121℃灭菌30min;
PDB培养液为:去皮马铃薯200g,切块后放入蒸馏水中煮10min,然后过6层纱布过滤,在滤液中加葡萄糖20g,加蒸馏水定容至1000mL,121℃灭菌30min。
所述的高孢粉菌剂的使用方法,将高孢粉用0.05%(v/v)吐温80无菌水重悬,并使用血球计数板计数调整孢子浓度,不同浓度的孢子悬浮液蘸根或灌根处理植株根部。
一种用于橘灰青霉菌株产抑菌活性物质的培养液,该培养液配方为:
蔗糖30g,蛋白胨5g,KCl 0.5g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01g,蒸馏水1000mL。
一种所述的橘灰青霉在抑制小麦、烟草、芝麻、地黄和桂花病害的病原菌生长方面的应用。
一种所述的橘灰青霉在促进玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草生长方面的应用。
一种所述的橘灰青霉在防治芝麻枯萎病方面的应用。
一种所述的橘灰青霉防治芝麻枯萎病的方法,用0.05%(v/v)吐温80配制橘灰青霉菌株的孢子悬浮液,其中孢子浓度为1×107CFU/mL;在芝麻幼苗期时使用孢子悬浮液对芝麻进行灌根处理。
本发明的有益效果:
1.本发明提供一种促生能力强且防病谱广的青霉生物制剂,通过形态鉴定以及序列进化分析,鉴定该青菌为橘灰青霉(Penicillium aurantiogriseum)。
2.本发明的橘灰青霉对多种作物上的病原真菌均有良好的抑制作用。试验表明:对芝麻、烟草、小麦、桂花、地黄多种作物上的病原真菌均有良好的抑菌作用,平均抑菌率达59%。其中对串珠霉的抑菌率最高(75.00%),其次依次为禾谷丝核菌(69.34%)、尖孢镰刀菌(来自芝麻,63.67%)和球黑孢(63.64%),说明该橘灰青霉分离菌具有广谱抑菌活性。
3.本发明制备得到的橘灰青霉的高孢粉菌剂,孢子含量达109CFU/g;其高孢粉悬浮液对玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草根部和植株的生长均有促进作用。
4.采用本发明的橘灰青霉菌株得到的孢子悬浮液,能够有效降低枯萎病的发病率,对芝麻枯萎病的防效可达85.25%,与枯萎病防治常用化学农药多菌灵1000X稀释液的防效相当。
5.本发明的橘灰青霉菌株可溶解多种难溶无机磷,分泌嗜铁素和IAA,IAA产量可达29.3μg/mL,可分泌蛋白酶、纤维素酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶。
6.本发明筛选的橘灰青霉挑战接种玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草后,6种作物均能正常生长,根部和植株均无任何发病症状,表明其对作物没有致病性,具备良好的生物安全性,且生物制剂不会产生抗药性、农药残留、环境污染等化学农药常见问题,对人畜健康、环境友好,符合生态农业,绿色环保的需求。
附图说明
图1为菌株44M-3与14种病原真菌平板共培养的试验结果,图中CK表示对照。
图2为菌株44M-3对芝麻枯萎病的防治效果图。
图3为菌株44M-3IAA产量测定结果图。
图4为菌株44M-3发酵培养液的碳氮源优化图。
图5为菌株44M-3形态特征和显微特征图,其中“+”表示平板正面,“-”表示平板反面,A和B为分生孢子梗,C为分生孢子。
图6为菌株44M-3的β-tubulin和Calmodulin序列的系统发育进化树,其中A图为β-tubulin序列的进化树,B图为Calmodulin序列的进化树;A中Eupenicillium osmophilum为外群;B中Eupenicillium sinaicum为外群;括号中的编号代表菌株在NCBI的登录号。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细说明。
实验材料:
菌株来源:橘灰青霉44M-3,分离自河南省三门峡市渑池县峪峒村的土壤样品。
该橘灰青霉为橘灰青霉(Penicillium aurantiogriseum)44M-3,已保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏地址:武汉大学保藏中心,保藏编号:CCTCC NO:M 2019768,保藏日期:2019年09月30日。
孟加拉红培养基:蛋白胨5g,葡萄糖10g,KH2PO4 1g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g,1/3000(w/v)孟加拉红溶液100mL,氯霉素0.1g,琼脂15~20g,蒸馏水1000mL,pH 7.2±0.2。
查氏琼脂(CA):查氏浓缩液10mL,K2HPO4 1g,蔗糖30g,琼脂17.5g,蒸馏水1000mL。
查氏酵母膏琼脂(CYA):K2HPO4 1g,查氏浓缩液10mL,酵母抽提物5g,蔗糖30g,琼脂15g,蒸馏水1000mL。
麦芽汁琼脂(MEA):麦芽提取物(Malt Extract)20g,蛋白胨1g,葡萄糖20g,琼脂15g,蒸馏水1000mL。
25%甘油硝酸盐琼脂(G25N):K2HPO4 0.75g,查氏浓缩液7.5mL,酵母抽提物3.7g,甘油(分析纯)250g,琼脂12g,蒸馏水750mL。
查氏浓缩液:NaNO3 30g,KCl 5g,MgSO4·7H2O 5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.1g,ZnSO4·7H2O0.1g,CuSO4·5H2O 0.05g,蒸馏水100mL。
PDA培养基:去皮马铃薯200g,切块后放入蒸馏水中煮10min,然后过6层纱布过滤,在滤液中加葡萄糖20g,琼脂15~20g,加蒸馏水定容至1000mL,121℃灭菌30min。PDB培养液为不加琼脂的PDA。
溶磷能力检测培养基:葡萄糖10g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3g,(NH4)2SO4 0.5g,NaCl 0.2g,KCl 0.2g,MnSO4 0.03g,FeSO4·7H20 0.01g,酵母膏0.5g,磷源5g,蒸馏水1000mL。分别以Ca3(PO4)2、Zn3(PO4)2和羟基磷灰石为磷源,制备3种溶磷能力检测培养基,3种溶磷检测培养基pH 7.0±0.2,121℃,灭菌30min。将菌株44M-3点接于3种溶磷能力检测培养基上,观察是否产生透明圈,产生透明圈即为可溶解。
几丁质酶检测培养基:胶体几丁质5.0g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01g,KH2PO4 0.3g,K2HPO4 0.7g,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.001g,琼脂20g,蒸馏水1000mL,pH 7.2-7.4。检测:将菌株44M-3点接于几丁质酶检测培养基上,28℃放置5d,观察有无透明圈,若产生透明圈,即产生几丁质酶。
羧甲基纤维素酶检测培养基:羧甲基纤维素钠5.0g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1g,(NH4)2SO40.5g,K2HPO4 0.25g,琼脂20g,蒸馏水1000mL。检测:将菌株44M-3点接于羧甲基纤维素培养基上,28℃培养5d,用1mg/mL刚果红染色20min,再用1mol/L NaCl浸泡15min,用水洗去表面附着的刚果红,观察周围是否产生透明圈,若产生透明圈,即产生纤维素酶。
酪蛋白酶检测培养基:A液:脱脂奶粉5g,蒸馏水50mL;B液:琼脂1.5g,蒸馏水50mL。将A液和B液分开灭菌,待冷却到45-50℃,将两液混合倒平板,即为酪蛋白平板,将平板倒置过夜,使表面水干后备用。检测:将菌株44M-3点接于酪蛋白培养基上,28℃培养5d,观察有无透明圈产生,产生透明圈,即产生蛋白酶。
β-1,3-葡聚糖酶检测培养基:昆布多糖0.005g,NaNO3 3.0g,KH2PO4 1.0g,KCl0.5g,MgSO4 0.5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01g,刚果红0.04g,琼脂20g,蒸馏水1000mL,自然pH。检测:将菌株44M-3点接于β-1,3-葡聚糖酶培养基上,28℃培养5d,若昆布多糖水解,则红色消失,平板上将出现无色水解区。
嗜铁素检测培养基:
配制检测液(A):60.5mg铬天青S加入到50mL去离子水中,与10mL铁溶液(1mMFeCl3·6H2O 0.027g、10mM HCl 8.33μL)混合,边搅拌,边将混合液缓慢加入到CTAB溶液(72.9mg HDTMA加入40mL水)中;同时配制混合液(B):750mL水,15g琼脂,30.24g Pipes(1,4-Piperazinediethanesulfonic acid),12g 50%的NaOH溶液(w/w)。121℃,灭菌15min。边搅拌,边将A沿玻璃内壁缓慢加入B中,避免起泡。
嗜铁素检测:取10mL检测培养基倒平板,待平板凝固后,沿中线切开,去除一半的检测培养基,加入5mL PDA培养基,凝固后,将菌株44M-3接种于PDA生长培养基上,尽可能靠近两培养基的中线位置,观察检测培养基是否有颜色变化。
实施例1、菌株44M-3的分离方法
青霉44M-3分离自河南省三门峡市渑池县峪峒村的土壤样品。
分离方法:将土壤样品室温晾干后,研磨过筛,称取10g研磨过筛的土壤样品,加入90mL无菌水充分振荡获得土壤悬浮液,即为土壤样品的10-1的稀释液,然后将土壤悬浮液摇匀后梯度稀释至10-2、10-3、10-4和10-5,取100μL不同梯度的稀释液涂布于孟加拉红培养基上,于28℃恒温培养箱中倒置培养48h,至菌落长出,挑取单菌落在PDA培养基上培养5d,挑取菌落边缘的菌丝块,转接到新的PDA平板上,重复转接3次,得到分离株的纯培养物。
实施例2、菌株44M-3对5种植物上14种病原真菌的抑制效果
平板共培养法:将菌株44M-3接种到PDA培养基平板上培养8-10d,待44M-3产生大量分生孢子,用0.05%(v/v)吐温80溶液洗脱孢子,制备孢子悬浮液(2×107CFU/mL);
用44M-3的孢子悬浮液涂布PDA平板,在28℃培养12h后,用6mm直径的打孔器打菌饼,转接到新的PDA平板上距边缘0.5mm的对称位置,在平板中央接种病原菌,病原菌分别为芝麻上的6种病原菌,尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、索氏平脐蠕孢、菜豆壳球孢、立枯丝核菌、多主棒孢和球黑孢,烟草上的4株病原菌,串珠霉、疫霉、尖孢镰刀菌和链格孢,小麦纹枯病原菌禾谷丝核菌,桂花叶枯病原菌葡萄座腔菌,地黄轮纹病原菌草茎点霉。接种44M-3和14种病原菌后,置于28℃,进行暗培养,待对照将长满皿时,测定抑菌圈大小和病原菌菌落直径,计算抑菌率。
抑菌率(%)=(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)*100/(对照菌落直径-菌饼直径)
由表1和图1可知,在平板共培养试验中,菌株44M-3对供试的14种病原菌均具有良好的抑菌活性,抑菌圈宽度均在10mm以上,对14种病原菌的平均抑菌率达到59%,其中对串珠霉的抑菌率最高(75.00%),其次依次为禾谷丝核菌(69.34%)、尖孢镰刀菌(芝麻)(63.87%)和球黑孢(63.64%)。说明该分离菌44M-3具有广谱抑菌活性。
表1菌株44M-3平板共培养的抑菌活性
实施例3、菌株44M-3高孢粉的制备
将橘灰青霉接种于PDA培养基上,在25℃、8h光照/16h黑暗的恒温培养箱中光暗交替培养5-7d,用0.05%(v/v)的吐温80无菌水洗脱孢子,形成孢子悬浮液;将PDB分装到300mL三角瓶中,每瓶200mL,每瓶接5mL孢子悬浮液,180r/min,28℃摇床培养4d,作为固体发酵培养的种子液。
称取1500g麦子,蒸馏水浸泡8h后,捞出控水,分装到真菌培养袋中,每袋100g,121℃,灭菌30min。每袋接种10mL种子液,平铺使麦子均匀浸润种子液,置于30℃黑暗恒温培养箱中培养7-10d。待固体发酵培养基充分产孢时,将固体发酵物平铺到铺有一层无菌纸的搪瓷盘中,盖上一层无菌纸,放置在阳光可照射的玻璃窗前晾5-7d,晾干后,用BFQ100真菌孢子分离器收集孢子粉,形成高孢粉,即菌剂,高孢粉中橘灰青霉的孢子含量为1.96×109CFU/g。
实施例4、菌株44M-3对六种作物的促生作用
用0.05%(v/v)吐温80将高孢粉稀释至2×107CFU/mL,得到孢子悬浮液,备用。将玉米(郑单958)、小麦(周麦18)、棉花(鲁棉研28)、黄瓜(新研四号)、芝麻(郑芝13)和烟草(中烟100)种子用2%NaClO消毒15-20min,无菌蒸馏水冲洗3遍,平铺到无菌滤纸上晾干。将灭菌土:蛭石以3:1装入营养钵,将消毒过的种子点播到营养钵中,每穴12-18粒,将营养钵置于30℃、16h光照,28℃、8h黑暗的恒温培养箱中光暗交替培养。按照玉米和芝麻7株/盆,小麦10株/盆,棉花6株/盆,黄瓜7株/盆,烟草3株/盆定苗,每种作物处理和对照各3盆。
于出苗2-3d,用44M-3的孢子悬浮液对玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻和黄瓜进行第一次灌根处理(30mL/盆),以0.05%(v/v)吐温80处理为对照,第一次处理后3d,按照第一次的方法,进行第二次灌根处理,第二次处理后7d,分别测量玉米和小麦的生物量,同时对棉花、芝麻和黄瓜进行第三次处理,第三次处理后7d,测量棉花、黄瓜和芝麻苗的生物量。烟草前期生长较慢,出苗后25d第一次处理,之后每7d处理1次,共处理3次,3次处理完成后7d,测量生物量,生物量包括根长、株高、根部与地上部的干重和湿重。干重处理用105℃杀青30min后,然后80℃烘干至恒重,称量。
由表2可知,菌株44M-3的孢子悬浮液对玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草根部和植株的生长均有促进作用(表2)。其对玉米植株的湿重和干重的增长贡献最大,分别使玉米植株湿重和干重增长了16.75%和10.65%;对小麦根长和植株湿重的增长贡献最大,增长率分别为4.76%和4.22%;对棉花株高和根湿重的增长贡献最大,增长率分别为11.89%和9.71%;对芝麻根湿重的增长贡献最大,使芝麻根湿重增加了9.93%;对黄瓜根湿重和干重的增长贡献最大,分别增长了23.53%和11.72%;对烟草各生物量的增长贡献都很大,对烟草根部干重和植株干重增长率均在35%以上。
表2菌株44M-3对六种作物生物量的影响
实施例5、橘灰青霉44M-3对枯萎病的防治效果
(1)幼苗培育
以芝麻枯萎病为对象,进行防治。将芝麻种子(桠麻16HJDP03)用2%NaClO消毒15-20min,无菌蒸馏水冲洗3遍,平铺到无菌滤纸上晾干。将灭菌土和草炭土按3:1装盆,将消毒过的芝麻种子进行点播,每盆12粒,将其置于30℃、16h光照/28℃、8h黑暗的恒温培养箱中光暗交替培养,出苗5d后定苗,每盆7株。
(2)接菌处理
待幼苗长至两叶一心期时(种植7d),分别用A、B、D、D处理液对青霉44M-3组、芽孢杆菌制剂组(生物制剂对照)、多菌灵组(化学药剂对照)和空白对照组的芝麻进行灌根处理,每处理3盆,每盆灌根30mL,第一次处理后5d,用A、B、D、D处理液进行第二次处理,第二次处理3d后,将四组处理的芝麻拔出,在病原菌孢悬液E中蘸根后种回,再用20mL E灌根处理,9h后,用A、B、C、D处理液对44M-3组、芽孢杆菌制剂组、多菌灵组和空白对照组芝麻进行第三次处理,接种病原菌8d时,统计发病率和病情指数,计算防治效果。在前两次处理中,对多菌灵组芝麻的处理与空白对照组相同,第三次处理时,多菌灵组使用多菌灵1000X稀释液进行处理。此方法中生防菌44M-3按预防作用使用,而多菌灵与生产中一致,按治疗作用使用。
处理液分别为:
A.用0.05%吐温80配制菌株44M-3的孢子悬浮液,孢子浓度为1×107CFU/mL;
B.用0.05%吐温80配制枯草芽孢杆菌制剂稀释液,菌悬液浓度为1×107CFU/mL(制剂为宁国市百立德生物科技有限公司生产,制剂商品名为10亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂);
C.用0.05%吐温80配制多菌灵50%可湿性粉剂1000X稀释液(多菌灵50%可湿性粉剂产自江苏蓝丰生物化工股份有限公司);
D.0.05%吐温80;
E.用0.05%吐温80配制的病原菌尖孢镰刀菌强致病菌株8F27的孢子悬浮液(1×107CFU/mL)。
芝麻枯萎病分级标准:
0级:长势良好未表现症状;
1级:叶片自下而上轻度萎蔫,似缺水状,早晚尚能恢复;
2级:病株叶片萎蔫,不能再恢复正常;
3级:整株萎蔫,不能恢复正常,茎基部维管束变为黄褐色,全株死亡。
病情指数=Σ(各级病株数×对应各级级值)/(调查总株数×发病最高级级值)×100发病率=发病植株数/处理总株数×100%
相对防效=(对照组病情指数-处理组病情指数)/对照组病情指数×100%
盆栽试验表明(表3和图2),菌株44M-3的菌悬液能有效防治苗期枯萎病。在接种病原菌8d时,44M-3处理组发病率明显降低,该菌对枯萎病的相对防效为85.25%,显著优于生物制剂枯草芽孢杆菌,且与药剂对照多菌灵1000X稀释液的防效相当。
表3菌株44M-3对枯萎病的防治效果
实施例6、橘灰青霉44M-3的促生和防病机理
(1)溶磷能力
由表4可知,该菌在3种以无机难溶磷为磷源的培养基平板上均可产生透明圈,表明其可将这三种无机难溶磷进行溶解利用,依据溶磷圈和菌落直径的比值可知,该菌对三种难溶磷的溶解能力从强至弱依次为磷酸锌、磷酸钙和羟基磷灰石。其在无磷源的培养基上生长7d,菌落直径可达13.98mm,表明该菌在磷缺乏胁迫下也具备强的适应能力。
表4菌株44M-3对无机难溶磷的利用能力
(2)嗜铁素
在嗜铁素检测平板上,菌株长至中线1d后,即产生粉色的变色区,径向长度为8mm,待长至中线7d后,粉色区域的径向长度可达27.5mm,表明该菌有强的嗜铁素分泌能力。
(3)IAA产生
IAA测定参考Patten and Glick(2002)的方法进行,IAA用75%的乙醇溶解,使浓度为10mg/mL;分别用75%的乙醇稀释为0μg/mL(即75%的乙醇)、10μg/mL、100μg/mL、1mg/mL、10mg/mL 5个浓度,分别取不同浓度的IAA 10μL,加入990μL的PDB培养液和4mLSalkowski试剂,摇匀,室温避光反应10min,用分光光度计测量(535nm)吸光值,绘制标准曲线。
菌株44M-3培养7d产生大量分生孢子,用0.05%吐温80洗脱孢子,用血球计数板调整孢子浓度为1×108CFU/mL,按1%接种到PDB培养液中,28℃,180r/min摇床培养6d,在2-6d,每天取菌液,以5500g的离心力离心10min,取1mL上清,与4mL Salkowski试剂(150mL浓H2SO4,250mL蒸馏水,7.5mL 0.5M的FeCl3·6H2O)混合,室温放置20min,用分光光度计测量(535nm)吸光值,依据标准曲线计算IAA的浓度。
IAA标准曲线:
以IAA的浓度为自变量,535nm处吸光值为因变量,进行回归分析,IAA的浓度与吸光值之间有较高的线性相关关系,即IAA浓度与吸光值之间呈极高的正相关关系,R2为0.9995(图3),回归曲线为y=0.0099x+0.0099。
依据标准方程和不同发酵时间样品的吸光值,计算得到不同时间点样品中IAA的浓度,在发酵2-4d时,IAA浓度呈线性增长,4d时可达29.3μg/mL,之后增速变缓,6d时IAA浓度趋于稳定(图4)。
(4)酶分泌
该菌在几丁质酶检测平板上生长未产生透明圈,在其他三种酶分泌检测平板上,均产生透明圈(表5),表明该菌在皿内可分泌纤维素酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶,且纤维素酶分泌能力最强,其次分别为β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶。
表5菌株44M-3的水解酶分泌能力
实施例7、菌株44M-3的生物安全性评价
用0.05%吐温80将高孢粉稀释至2×107CFU/mL,备用。将玉米(郑单958)、小麦(周麦18)、棉花(鲁棉研28)、黄瓜(新研四号)、芝麻(郑芝13)和烟草(中烟100)种子用2%NaClO消毒15-20min,用无菌蒸馏水冲洗3遍,平铺到无菌滤纸上晾干。将灭菌土:蛭石以3:1装入营养钵,将消毒过的种子点播到营养钵中,每穴12-18粒,将营养钵置于30℃、16h光照/28℃、8h黑暗的恒温培养箱中培养。种植5d后定苗,玉米和芝麻7株/盆,小麦10株/盆,棉花6株/盆,黄瓜7株/盆,烟草3株/盆。出苗7d时,进行挑战接种,即将幼苗小心拔出,用手术刀切去1mm主根或须根后,浸入44M-3的孢子悬浮液中进行蘸根处理,种回后,再用30mL/盆44M-3的孢悬液灌根处理,处理7d后第二次灌根处理,之后继续培养20d,观察作物生长是否正常,以0.05%吐温80处理为对照。
结果发现,处理后培养20d,6种作物玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草均可正常生长,与对照相比,未表现任何生长异常,表明该菌对这6种作物并不致病。
实施例8、菌株44M-3发酵培养基优化
前期研究发现,在查氏酵母膏琼脂培养基(CYA)的配方中去掉NaNO3和K2HPO4后,44M-3对芝麻病原尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性明显提高,以不加NaNO3和K2HPO4的CYA液体培养基为基础培养基,分别以3%的葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖、果糖、麦芽糖、淀粉、丙三醇、甘露醇、山梨醇替换基础培养基中的碳源,以不加碳源为对照,进行培养基碳源优化。得到最佳碳源后,再分别以0.5%的酵母膏、酵母粉、牛肉膏、鱼粉、蛋白胨、黄豆粉、NaNO3、(NH4)2HPO4、KNO3、NH4NO3和(NH4)2SO4替换基础培养基中的氮源,以不加氮源为对照。每瓶100mL基础培养基,按1%接种44M-3的孢子悬浮液(2×108CFU/mL),160r/min,27℃摇床培养6d,取滤液过0.22μm滤膜除菌,制备5×稀释滤液的PDA平板,在平板中央接种芝麻病原尖孢镰刀菌,以加2mL无菌水的PDA平板为对照,在28℃培养7d后,十字交叉法测量菌落直径,计算抑菌率。
由图4可知,44M-3可利用9种碳源产生抑菌活性物质,其中以葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源时,对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,两者无显著差异,以蔗糖为碳源时,抑菌活性更稳定,选取蔗糖为发酵产抑菌活性物质的最优碳源。以蔗糖为碳源,进行氮源优化,结果表明,在无氮源情况下,菌株生长很差,且滤液无抑菌活性,在选取的11种氮源中,以NaNO3和KNO3为氮源时,其发酵滤液无抑菌活性,44M-3可利用另外9种氮源产生抑菌活性物质,其中蛋白胨作为氮源时,发酵滤液的抑菌活性最强,从结果也可看出,氨态氮源比硝态氮源更适宜菌株发酵产抑菌活性物质。氮源对菌株是否产生抑菌活性物质的影响更大。
依据碳氮源优化,确定最佳产抑菌活性物质的培养液配方为:
蔗糖30g,蛋白胨5g,KCl 0.5g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.01g,蒸馏水1000mL。
优化前使用PDB培养液进行发酵,发酵滤液对14种病原真菌的平均抑菌率为34.23%,优化后,平均抑菌率达到了80.39%(表6),与优化前相比,发酵滤液的抑菌率提高46.16个百分点。
表6优化前后该菌的发酵滤液对14种病原真菌的抑菌作用
实施例9、菌株44M-3的形态鉴定
将44M-3的孢子悬浮液均匀涂布到PDA平板上,28℃培养箱黑暗培养7d后,用0.05%吐温80制备孢子悬浮液,用牙签蘸孢子悬浮液,穿刺接种到形态鉴定培养基上,将4种培养平板置于25℃培养箱中,16h光照、8h黑暗光暗交替培养7d,同时将CYA置于5℃和37℃培养7d,观察并记录44M-3在四种形态培养基上的培养特征,并用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,在显微镜下观察青霉在CYA培养基上的显微形态。
由表7和图5可知:
菌株44M-3在CYA培养基上25℃生长7d,直径为34.82mm,中心黄色平坦,向外为白色凸起菌丝与黄色平坦菌丝交替出现,呈同心轮纹状,无渗出液,无可溶性色素,反面为黄色和褐色交替的同心轮纹。
菌株44M-3在MEA培养基上25℃生长7d,直径为23.04mm,中心白色凸起,其他部位平坦,质地绒状,分生孢子较多,分生孢子面蓝绿色,无渗出液,产浅褐色可溶性色素,反面淡黄色。
菌株44M-3在G25N培养基上25℃生长7d,直径为24.52mm,中心土黄色,质地颗粒状,平坦,边缘白色,质地绒状,呈同心轮纹状,无渗出液,可溶性色素缺乏,反面浅黄褐色。
菌株44M-3在CA培养基上25℃生长7d,直径为18.45mm,菌落中心凸起,产生少量分生孢子,孢子面微绿色,反面近透明,无渗出液,可溶性色素缺乏。
菌株44M-3在CYA培养基上5℃生长7d,直径为4.63mm,中心凸起,正面和反面均为白色,未产孢。
菌株44M-3在CYA培养基上37℃生长7d,直径为4.36mm,整个菌落白色凸起,反面红褐色,未产孢。
菌株44M-3帚状枝三轮生,分生孢子呈球形、近球形至椭圆形。
表7 44M-3在四种形态培养基上的生长速率
实施例10、菌株44M-3的分子生物学鉴定
CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)法提取菌丝基因组DNA,以基因组DNA为模板,分别以β-tubulin序列的特异性引物Bt2a:5'–GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC–3'和Bt2b:5'–ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC–3',以及Calmodulin序列的特异性引物CMD5:5'–CCGAGTACAAGGARGCCTTC–3'和CMD6:5'–CCGATRGAGGTCATRACGTGG–3'进行PCR扩增,扩增体系为2x Taq Master Mix 12.5μL,上游引物(10μmol/L)和下游引物(10μmol/L)各1μL,DNA模板1μL,补ddH2O到25μL。
PCR扩增条件为94℃5min;94℃45s,55℃45s,72℃1min,35个循环;72℃7min。PCR产物用2%的琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳,用凝胶回收试剂盒回收产物。将回收产物连接到PMD-19T-vector上,转化感受态(DH5α)细胞,感受态细胞经37℃,160r/min摇至菌液混浊,进行菌液PCR扩增,用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物,选取电泳结果为阳性的菌液,送上海生工生物科技有限公司进行测序,每个样品送三个克隆的菌液。
将测序公司返回的序列,在GenBank中进行Blast同源序列检索,选取同源性较高的菌株作为参比对象,采用Bioedit 5.0和MEGA 7.0软件进行序列编辑和多序列比对,用邻接法构建系统发育树。
44M-3的β-tubulin和Calmodulin经生工测序,分别返回465bp的β-tubulin序列和497bp的Calmodulin序列,在NCBI上Blast结果发现,44M-3的β-tubulin和Calmodulin序列均与Penicillium aurantiogriseum、Penicillium viridicatum和Penicillium freii相似性很高。44M-3的β-tubulin序列在NCBI上Blast后,与P.aurantiogriseum、P.viridicatum和P.freii的相似性分别为98.92%、98.28%和98.24%,在β-tubulin的系统发育树上,44M-3与P.aurantiogriseum聚在同一分支,且自举验证支持率达到96(图6A)。
其Calmodulin序列在NCBI上Blast后,与P.aurantiogriseum、P.viridicatum和P.freii的相似性分别为99.80%、98.59%和98.59%,在Calmodulin的系统发育树上,44M-3也与P.aurantiogriseum聚在同一分支,且自举验证支持率达到96(图6B)。自举验证率在66-95可能是一个亚种或变种,95以上可判断为同一种。依据β-tubulin和Calmodulin序列的进化发育分析,结合鉴定培养基上的形态特征,鉴定44M-3为橘灰青霉P.aurantiogriseum。44M-3的β-tubulin和Calmodulin序列已上传至NCBI数据库,序列登录号分别为MN325973和MN325971。
Claims (7)
1.一株具有防病促生功能的橘灰青霉,其特征在于,所述的橘灰青霉为橘灰青霉(Penicillium aurantiogriseum)44M-3,已保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏地址:武汉大学保藏中心,保藏编号:CCTCC NO:M 2019768,保藏日期:2019年09月30日。
2.一种利用权利要求1所述的橘灰青霉制备高孢粉菌剂的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
将橘灰青霉接种于PDA培养基上,在25℃、8 h光照/16 h黑暗的恒温培养箱中光暗交替培养5-7 d,用0.05%(v/v)吐温80无菌水洗脱孢子,形成孢子悬浮液,将PDB培养液分装到300 mL的三角瓶中,每瓶分装200 mL,每瓶接5 mL孢子悬浮液,180 r/min,28℃摇床培养4d,作为固体发酵培养的种子液,备用;
称取1500 g小麦,蒸馏水浸泡8 h后,捞出控水,分装到真菌培养袋中,每袋100 g,121℃,灭菌30 min;每袋接种10 mL种子液,平铺使麦子均匀浸润种子液,置于28℃黑暗恒温培养箱中培养7-10 d;
待固体发酵培养基充分产孢时,将固体发酵物平铺到铺有一层无菌纸的搪瓷盘中,盖上一层无菌纸,放置在阳光可照射的玻璃窗前晾5-7 d,晾干后,用BFQ100真菌孢子分离器收集孢子粉,形成高孢粉菌剂,高孢粉菌剂中橘灰青霉的孢子含量为1.96×109 CFU/g;
所述的PDA培养基:去皮马铃薯200 g,切块后放入蒸馏水中煮10 min,然后过6层纱布过滤,在滤液中加葡萄糖20 g,琼脂15~20 g,加蒸馏水定容至1000 mL,121℃灭菌30 min;
PDB培养液为:去皮马铃薯200 g,切块后放入蒸馏水中煮10 min,然后过6层纱布过滤,在滤液中加葡萄糖20 g,加蒸馏水定容至1000 mL,121℃灭菌30 min。
3.一种如权利要求2所述的高孢粉菌剂的使用方法,其特征在于,高孢粉用0.05%(v/v)吐温80无菌水重悬,并使用血球计数板计数调整孢子浓度,不同浓度的孢子悬浮液蘸根或灌根处理植株根部。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的橘灰青霉在抑制小麦、烟草、芝麻、地黄和桂花病害的病原菌生长方面的应用。
5.一种如权利要求1所述的橘灰青霉在促进玉米、小麦、棉花、芝麻、黄瓜和烟草生长方面的应用。
6.一种如权利要求1所述的橘灰青霉在防治芝麻枯萎病方面的应用。
7.一种如权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于:用0.05%(v/v)吐温80配制橘灰青霉菌株的孢子悬浮液,其中孢子浓度为1×107 CFU/mL;在芝麻幼苗期时使用孢子悬浮液对芝麻进行灌根处理。
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