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CN110906990B - Structure and measurement method of differential pressure flow temperature sensor based on Venturi tube - Google Patents

Structure and measurement method of differential pressure flow temperature sensor based on Venturi tube Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110906990B
CN110906990B CN201911113546.7A CN201911113546A CN110906990B CN 110906990 B CN110906990 B CN 110906990B CN 201911113546 A CN201911113546 A CN 201911113546A CN 110906990 B CN110906990 B CN 110906990B
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pressure
venturi tube
differential pressure
temperature sensor
temperature
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CN110906990A (en
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李宗龙
姚维照
李金松
刘明
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Tianjin Aviation Mechanical and Electrical Co Ltd
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Tianjin Aviation Mechanical and Electrical Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/05Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects
    • G01F1/34Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure
    • G01F1/36Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow by using mechanical effects by measuring pressure or differential pressure the pressure or differential pressure being created by the use of flow constriction
    • G01F1/40Details of construction of the flow constriction devices
    • G01F1/44Venturi tubes
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01FMEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F15/00Details of, or accessories for, apparatus of groups G01F1/00 - G01F13/00 insofar as such details or appliances are not adapted to particular types of such apparatus
    • G01F15/02Compensating or correcting for variations in pressure, density or temperature
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L19/00Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
    • G01L19/04Means for compensating for effects of changes of temperature, i.e. other than electric compensation

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种基于文丘里管的差压式流量温度传感器结构及测量方法,是一种改进型的流量温度传感器。提供一种流量温度传感器结构,传感器可同时测量管路内空气的温度、压力和流量,产品结构紧凑,与管路有良好的匹配性、安装方便;各部件连接紧固,可靠性高;采用了温度补偿,测量精度高;将流量测量转换成了温度和压力的测量,从而极大地增强了流量测量的可行性,拓展了流量温度传感器的使用范围。

Figure 201911113546

The invention provides a structure and a measurement method of a differential pressure flow temperature sensor based on a venturi tube, which is an improved flow temperature sensor. Provide a flow temperature sensor structure, the sensor can measure the temperature, pressure and flow of the air in the pipeline at the same time, the product structure is compact, has good matching with the pipeline, and is easy to install; the connection of each component is tight, and the reliability is high; Temperature compensation is adopted, and the measurement accuracy is high; the flow measurement is converted into the measurement of temperature and pressure, which greatly enhances the feasibility of flow measurement and expands the use range of the flow temperature sensor.

Figure 201911113546

Description

Differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on Venturi tube and measuring method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of sensors, is used for measuring gas temperature and flow, and particularly relates to a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a Venturi tube and a measuring method.
Background
Along with the development of aviation industry, in order to make the environment of pilots and various airborne equipment more suitable, stricter requirements are provided for the temperature and air pressure in each cabin of an airplane, and the temperature and air pressure are controlled by the air supply temperature and the air supply flow in the pipeline of the airplane, so that the flow temperature sensor which has the advantages of wide range, high reliability, high precision, good matching with the pipeline is urgently needed, and the development prospect is good.
The flowmeter for calculating the flow according to the pressure difference generated by the throttling element arranged in the pipeline and the geometric dimension of the throat is a differential pressure type flow sensor, has the advantages of simple structure, good repeatability, high standardization degree and the like, and is a flowmeter with the widest application range and the longest use history. The Venturi tube is also widely applied to flow measurement due to the advantages of good measurement stability and simple installation requirement.
The traditional Venturi tube flow sensor has the defects of low measurement precision, small range ratio, large pressure loss, large volume, higher field installation requirement and the like, and the application of the traditional Venturi tube flow sensor in aviation is greatly limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a Venturi tube and a measuring method, provides a flow temperature sensor structure which is compact, high in precision and reliability and well matched with a pipeline, and improves the stability and operability of air flow measurement.
In one aspect, the invention provides a differential pressure type flow and temperature sensor structure based on a venturi tube, which comprises a temperature measuring module and a pressure measuring module.
The temperature measuring module is arranged on the Venturi tube and used for measuring the temperature of the medium flowing through the Venturi tube;
the pressure measurement module comprises a first pressure leading pipe, a second pressure leading pipe, a cavity, a differential pressure core body, an absolute pressure core body, a differential pressure printed circuit board component and an absolute pressure printed circuit board component.
One end of the first pressure guide pipe is communicated with an inlet of the Venturi tube and used for introducing a medium, and the other end of the first pressure guide pipe is communicated with a cavity of the pressure measurement module; one end of the differential pressure core body and one end of the absolute pressure core body are respectively communicated with the cavity; one end of the second pressure guide pipe is communicated with the other end of the differential pressure core body, and the other end of the second pressure guide pipe is communicated with the throat of the Venturi tube; the absolute pressure core body and the differential pressure core body are respectively used for measuring the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and a throat;
the differential pressure printed circuit board component and the absolute pressure printed circuit board component are respectively connected with the differential pressure core body and the absolute pressure core body; the differential pressure printed circuit board component is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the differential pressure core body; the absolute pressure printed circuit board component is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the absolute pressure core body.
Furthermore, the contact part of the inlet of the Venturi tube and the throat is in smooth transition, and the contour line of the outer surface of the transition area is a quadratic function curve, so that the vortex is avoided when the medium circulates, and the measurement precision is improved.
Furthermore, the pressure measurement module of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure comprises a first shell, and the first shell covers the cavity, the differential pressure core body, the absolute pressure core body, the differential pressure printed circuit board component and the absolute pressure printed circuit board component and is used for protecting the covered components.
Further, the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure comprises a second shell, the second shell coats the temperature measuring module and the pressure measuring module, and the venturi tube penetrates through the second shell.
Further, the temperature measurement module is installed at the inlet of the venturi tube in a threaded mode, and the temperature measurement module is fixedly connected with the venturi tube through a fuse.
Further, the pressure measurement module is installed at the throat of the Venturi tube through a screw and used for reducing the structural volume of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor.
Furthermore, one end of the first pressure leading pipe is communicated with the cavity through flame brazing, the other end of the first pressure leading pipe is communicated with the flat nozzle through flame brazing, and the flat nozzle is communicated with the Venturi tube.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for measuring a differential pressure type flow rate temperature sensor based on a venturi tube, which adopts the structure of the differential pressure type flow rate temperature sensor as described above, and the method includes:
the temperature measuring module measures the temperature of a medium in the Venturi tube and outputs a temperature value;
the pressure measuring module measures the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat and outputs a pressure value and a pressure difference value;
calculating the flow rate of the medium according to the measured temperature value, pressure value and pressure difference value, wherein the calculation formula is as follows,
Figure BDA0002273438510000021
in the formula:
Figure BDA0002273438510000022
is a compression ratio of Venturi tube, wherein P1Is the pressure at the inlet of the venturi tube, P2The pressure difference between the inlet of the Venturi tube and the throat; p1、P2In kPa;
t1is the venturi inlet temperature in units;
S2the cross section area of the throat of the Venturi tube is in mm2
Beta is the contraction ratio of the Venturi tube, namely the ratio of the diameter size of the throat to the diameter size of the inlet;
and C is a medium outflow coefficient.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the flow temperature sensor structure is provided, the sensor can simultaneously measure the temperature, the pressure and the flow of the air in the pipeline, the product structure is compact, the good matching performance with the pipeline is realized, and the installation is convenient; all parts are connected and fastened, so that the reliability is high; temperature compensation is adopted, and the measurement precision is high; the flow measurement is converted into the measurement of temperature and pressure, so that the feasibility of flow measurement is greatly enhanced, and the application range of the flow temperature sensor is expanded.
Specifically, the temperature measuring module and the pressure measuring module are integrated on the Venturi tube to form a compact layout structure; the temperature measuring module is arranged on the Venturi tube through threads, and a probe of the temperature measuring module extends to the central position of the Venturi tube, so that the temperature can be accurately measured;
the pressure measuring module is arranged on the Venturi tube through a screw and is provided with two pressure introducing ports, and the two pressure introducing ports are respectively connected with the inlet and the throat of the Venturi tube through a first pressure introducing pipe and a second pressure introducing pipe, so that the pressure measurement at the inlet of the Venturi tube and the measurement of the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat can be realized;
one end of the first pressure guide pipe and one end of the second pressure guide pipe are connected with the venturi pipe through threads, and the other end of the first pressure guide pipe and the other end of the second pressure guide pipe are connected with the pressure measurement module through welding, so that good air tightness and reliability are kept;
the pressure measurement module can realize accurate temperature compensation and accurate pressure measurement by sensing the temperature of the measured airflow.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a first schematic diagram of a venturi-based differential pressure flow temperature sensor configuration;
FIG. 2 is a second schematic diagram of a venturi-based differential pressure flow temperature sensor configuration;
FIG. 3 is a first schematic diagram of a venturi in a venturi-based differential pressure flow temperature sensor configuration;
FIG. 4 is a second schematic diagram of a venturi tube in a venturi tube based differential pressure flow temperature sensor configuration;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the connection of the pressure-inducing tube in a venturi-based differential flow temperature sensor configuration;
FIG. 6 is a first schematic diagram of a pressure measurement module of a venturi-based differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure;
FIG. 7 is a second schematic diagram of a pressure measurement module of a venturi-based differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure;
description of reference numerals:
wherein: 1-Venturi tube, 2-bolt, 3-pressure measuring module, 4-first pressure guiding tube, 5-temperature measuring module, 6-second pressure guiding tube, 7-second shell, 8-electric connector, 9-temperature measuring module mounting threaded port, 10-throat pressure taking port, 11-inlet pressure taking port, 12-pressure measuring module safety hole, 13-temperature measuring module safety hole, 14-flat nozzle, 15-outer sleeve nut, 16-first shell, 17-absolute pressure printed circuit board component, 18-differential pressure printed circuit board component, 19-absolute pressure core, 20-differential pressure core and 21-cavity.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is explained in detail by combining the drawings and the specific embodiment.
Example 1
FIG. 1 is a first schematic diagram of a venturi-based differential pressure flow temperature sensor configuration with arrows indicating the air flow direction. As shown in fig. 1, the venturi tube 1 is connected in series in the environmental control pipeline, so that the air flow in the environmental control pipeline can pass through the venturi tube, and the air flow rate is detected. The pressure measurement module 3 is arranged on the mounting surface of the Venturi tube 1 through two mounting bolts 2, and the pressure measurement module 3 is arranged above the throat of the Venturi tube 1 and used for reducing the structural volume of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor. The pressure measurement module 3 is provided with two pressure leading ports, the two pressure leading ports are respectively connected with a venturi tube inlet pressure tapping port 11 and a throat pressure tapping port 10 through a first pressure leading pipe 4 and a second pressure leading pipe 6, and the measurement of the inlet pressure of the venturi tube and the measurement of the pressure difference of the inlet and the throat can be realized. The pressure measurement module can realize accurate temperature compensation and can accurately measure pressure by sensing the temperature of the measured airflow. Meanwhile, the pressure measurement module 3 is made of stainless steel materials in contact with the medium, so that the corrosion risk of corrosive materials in the measured medium on the pressure measurement module 3 can be avoided.
The temperature measurement module 5 is installed at the inlet of the Venturi tube 1 through threads, and the temperature measurement module 5 is fixedly connected with the Venturi tube 1 through a fuse. For measuring the temperature of the medium flowing through the venturi tube 1.
Fig. 2 is a second schematic diagram of a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a venturi tube, as shown in fig. 2, the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure includes a second housing 7, the second housing 7 is mounted on the venturi tube 1 through screws, the second housing 7 covers the temperature measuring module 5 and the pressure measuring module 3, so as to achieve the effect of isolation protection, and the venturi tube 1 is inserted into the second housing 7. The electrical connector 8 is mounted on the second housing 7.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a venturi tube in a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on the venturi tube, as shown in fig. 3, a temperature measurement module mounting threaded port 9 is arranged on the venturi tube 1 for mounting a temperature measurement module 5, an inlet pressure tapping port 11 and a throat pressure tapping port 10 are arranged for connecting a first pressure tapping pipe 4 and a second pressure tapping pipe 6, and the pressure of the inlet and the throat is transmitted to the pressure measurement module 3 through the first pressure tapping pipe 4 and the second pressure tapping pipe 6. The contact part of the entrance of the Venturi tube and the throat is in smooth transition, and the contour line of the outer surface of the transition area is a quadratic function curve, so that vortex is prevented from occurring when the medium circulates, and the measurement precision is improved.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a venturi tube in a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on the venturi tube, as shown in fig. 4, a pressure measurement module safety hole 12 and a temperature measurement module safety hole 13 are arranged on the venturi tube 1, safety holes are also designed on the temperature measurement module 5 and the pressure measurement module 3, the pressure measurement module safety hole 12 and the temperature measurement module safety hole 13 on the venturi tube 1 are respectively connected and fixed with the pressure measurement module 3 and the safety holes on the temperature measurement module 5 through stainless steel wires, and anti-loosening measures are added, so that the reliability of products is improved.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of pressure-leading pipe communication in a differential pressure type flow rate temperature sensor structure based on a venturi tube, as shown in fig. 5, a first pressure-leading pipe 4 and a second pressure-leading pipe 6 are connected with a flat nozzle 14, and the flat nozzle 14 is pressed with a pressure-leading nozzle of the venturi tube 1 through a casing nut 15, so that pressure transmission of a measuring medium is ensured.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a pressure measurement module of a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a venturi tube, and as shown in fig. 6, the pressure measurement module 3 of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure includes a first housing 16, and the first housing 16 covers a cavity 21, a differential pressure core 20, an absolute pressure core 19, a differential pressure printed circuit board component 18, and an absolute pressure printed circuit board component 17 for protecting the covered components.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a pressure measurement module of a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a venturi tube, wherein the pressure measurement module 3 comprises a cavity 21, a differential pressure core 20, an absolute pressure core 19, a differential pressure printed circuit board component 18 and an absolute pressure printed circuit board component 17.
One end of the first pressure leading pipe 4 is communicated with the flat nozzle 14 through flame brazing, the flat nozzle 14 is communicated with the Venturi tube 1 and used for leading in a medium, and the other end of the first pressure leading pipe 4 is communicated with the cavity 21 of the pressure measuring module 3 through flame brazing and used for transmitting the pressure of the medium. Flame brazing can maintain both good gas tightness and high strength connections. One ends of the differential pressure core body 20 and the absolute pressure core body 19 are respectively communicated with the cavity 21; one end of the second pressure guide pipe 6 is communicated with the other end of the differential pressure core body 20, and the other end of the second pressure guide pipe 6 is communicated with the throat of the Venturi tube 1; the absolute pressure core body 19 and the differential pressure core body 20 are respectively used for measuring the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and a throat;
the differential pressure printed circuit board component 18 and the absolute pressure printed circuit board component 17 are respectively connected with a differential pressure core body 20 and an absolute pressure core body 19; the differential pressure printed circuit board component 18 is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the differential pressure core 20; the absolute pressure printed circuit board component 17 is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the absolute pressure core 19.
Example 2
There is provided a measuring method of a differential pressure type flow temperature sensor based on a venturi tube, using the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure as described above, the method comprising:
the temperature measuring module measures the temperature of a medium in the Venturi tube and outputs a temperature value;
the pressure measuring module measures the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat and outputs a pressure value and a pressure difference value;
calculating the flow rate of the medium according to the measured temperature value, pressure value and pressure difference value, wherein the calculation formula is as follows,
Figure BDA0002273438510000061
in the formula:
Figure BDA0002273438510000062
is a compression ratio of Venturi tube, wherein P1Is the pressure at the inlet of the venturi tube, P2The pressure difference between the inlet of the Venturi tube and the throat; p1、P2In kPa;
t1is the venturi inlet temperature in units;
S2the cross section area of the throat of the Venturi tube is in mm2
Beta is the contraction ratio of the Venturi tube, namely the ratio of the diameter size of the throat to the diameter size of the inlet;
and C is a medium outflow coefficient.
The invention has been verified in a plurality of practical engineering applications, the temperature and flow measurement is stable, reliable and accurate, and the measurement precision is obviously improved compared with the traditional Venturi type flowmeter.
The invention provides a compact flow temperature sensor structure with high precision, high reliability and good matching with a pipeline, wherein a temperature measuring module is arranged on a Venturi tube by adopting threads and is fixed by a fuse, so that the temperature of a medium flowing through the Venturi tube can be measured; the pressure measurement module is installed on the installation surface of the Venturi tube by bolts and is installed at the upper part of the throat of the Venturi tube, so that the installation is compact; the pressure measuring module is provided with two pressure introducing ports which are respectively connected with the inlet and the throat of the Venturi tube through connecting pipes, so that the pressure measurement at the inlet of the Venturi tube and the differential pressure measurement at the inlet and the throat can be realized; through the measured temperature parameter and the pressure parameter, the air flow passing through the Venturi tube can be calculated through a flow calculation formula. The connecting pipe fitting is connected with the pressure measuring module through flame brazing, connected with the flat pipe nozzle and the Venturi tube through the outer sleeve nut, and fixed with the outer sleeve nut through a fuse. The pressure measurement module can realize accurate temperature compensation by sensing the temperature of the measured airflow, and can accurately measure pressure, thereby improving the flow measurement precision.

Claims (8)

1. A differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure based on a Venturi tube is characterized by comprising a temperature measuring module and a pressure measuring module;
the temperature measuring module is arranged on the Venturi tube and used for measuring the temperature of the medium flowing through the Venturi tube;
the pressure measurement module comprises a first pressure leading pipe, a second pressure leading pipe, a cavity, a differential pressure core body, an absolute pressure core body, a differential pressure printed circuit board component and an absolute pressure printed circuit board component;
one end of the first pressure guiding pipe is communicated with an inlet of the Venturi tube and is used for guiding the pressure at the medium inlet, and the other end of the first pressure guiding pipe is communicated with the cavity; one end of the absolute pressure core body and one end of the differential pressure core body are respectively communicated with the cavity; one end of the second pressure guide pipe is communicated with the other end of the differential pressure core body, and the other end of the second pressure guide pipe is communicated with the throat of the Venturi tube; the absolute pressure core body and the differential pressure core body are respectively used for measuring the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and a throat;
the differential pressure printed circuit board component and the absolute pressure printed circuit board component are respectively connected with the differential pressure core body and the absolute pressure core body through leads; the differential pressure printed circuit board component is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the differential pressure core body; the absolute pressure printed circuit board component is used for carrying out temperature compensation, signal conditioning and U/I conversion on a detection signal of the absolute pressure core body.
2. The differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure according to claim 1, wherein the connecting part between the inlet of the venturi tube and the throat is in smooth transition, and the contour line of the outer surface of the transition region is a quadratic function curve, so that the smooth transition can avoid vortex generation during medium circulation, and the measurement precision is improved.
3. The differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure according to claim 1, wherein the pressure measurement module of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure comprises a first housing, and the first housing covers the cavity, the differential pressure core body, the absolute pressure core body, the differential pressure printed circuit board component and the absolute pressure printed circuit board component to form a sealing structure, so that the covered components can be protected.
4. The differential pressure flow temperature sensor structure of claim 1, further comprising a second housing encasing the temperature measurement module and the pressure measurement module, the venturi tube passing through the second housing.
5. The differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure according to claim 1, wherein the temperature measuring module is installed at the medium flow inlet of the venturi tube in a threaded manner, the probe of the temperature measuring module extends to the central position of the venturi tube, so that temperature sensing is faster and more accurate, and the temperature measuring module is fixedly connected with the venturi tube through a fuse.
6. The differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pressure measurement module is installed above the throat of the venturi tube by a screw, and the installation plate and the venturi tube are an integrated structure for reducing the volume of the differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure.
7. The differential pressure type flow temperature sensor structure according to claim 1, wherein one end of the first pressure introduction pipe is communicated with the cavity through flame brazing, the other end of the first pressure introduction pipe is communicated with a flat nozzle through flame brazing, and the flat nozzle is communicated with the venturi tube.
8. A measuring method of a differential pressure type flow rate temperature sensor based on a Venturi tube, which adopts the differential pressure type flow rate temperature sensor structure according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the method comprises,
the temperature measuring module measures the temperature of a medium in the Venturi tube and outputs a temperature value;
the pressure measuring module measures the pressure of a medium at an inlet and the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat and outputs a pressure value and a pressure difference value;
calculating the flow rate of the medium according to the measured temperature value, pressure value and pressure difference value, wherein the calculation formula is as follows,
Figure FDA0002814718110000021
in the formula:
Figure FDA0002814718110000022
is a compression ratio of Venturi tube, wherein P1Is the inlet of a venturi tubePressure of (P)2The pressure difference between the inlet of the Venturi tube and the throat; p1、P2In kPa; g represents the flow rate of the medium;
t1is the venturi inlet temperature in units;
S2the cross section area of the throat of the Venturi tube is in mm2
Beta is the contraction ratio of the Venturi tube, namely the ratio of the diameter size of the throat to the diameter size of the inlet;
and C is a medium outflow coefficient.
CN201911113546.7A 2019-11-14 2019-11-14 Structure and measurement method of differential pressure flow temperature sensor based on Venturi tube Active CN110906990B (en)

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CN114046830B (en) * 2021-11-10 2024-03-08 海默科技(集团)股份有限公司 Flow meter metering parameter detection system
CN113932857B (en) * 2021-11-10 2024-04-05 海默科技(集团)股份有限公司 Multiphase flow flowmeter based on gamma rays
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