Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the application, various aspects of the application will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description is merely illustrative of exemplary embodiments of the application and is not intended to limit the scope of the application in any way. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the specification. The expression "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It should be noted that in the present specification, the expressions of first, second, third, etc. are only used to distinguish one feature from another feature, and do not represent any limitation on the feature. Accordingly, a first lens discussed below may also be referred to as a second lens or a third lens without departing from the teachings of the present application.
In the drawings, the thickness, size, and shape of the lenses have been slightly exaggerated for convenience of explanation. In particular, the spherical or aspherical shape shown in the drawings is shown by way of example. That is, the shape of the spherical or aspherical surface is not limited to the shape of the spherical or aspherical surface shown in the drawings. The figures are merely examples and are not drawn to scale.
Herein, the paraxial region refers to a region near the optical axis. If the lens surface is convex and the convex position is not defined, it means that the lens surface is convex at least in the paraxial region, and if the lens surface is concave and the concave position is not defined, it means that the lens surface is concave at least in the paraxial region. The surface of each lens closest to the object is referred to as the object side of the lens, and the surface of each lens closest to the imaging plane is referred to as the image side of the lens.
It will be further understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "having," "containing," and/or "including," when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Furthermore, when a statement such as "at least one of the following" appears after a list of features that are listed, the entire listed feature is modified instead of modifying a separate element in the list. Furthermore, when describing embodiments of the application, use of "may" means "one or more embodiments of the application. Also, the term "exemplary" is intended to refer to an example or illustration.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other. The application will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings in connection with embodiments.
The features, principles, and other aspects of the present application are described in detail below.
The image pickup lens according to the exemplary embodiment of the present application may include five lenses having optical power, which are a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens, respectively. The five lenses are arranged in order from the object side to the image side along the optical axis. Any two adjacent lenses in the first lens to the fifth lens can have a spacing distance.
In an exemplary embodiment, the first lens may have positive or negative power, the second lens may have positive or negative power, the object side may be concave at the paraxial region and convex at the paraxial region, the third lens may have positive or negative power, the fourth lens may have positive or negative power, and the fifth lens may have negative power.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the application can satisfy TTL/ImgH less than or equal to 1.4, wherein TTL is the distance between the object side surface of the first lens and the imaging surface of the imaging lens on the optical axis, and ImgH is half of the diagonal length of the effective pixel area on the imaging surface of the imaging lens. The TTL/ImgH is less than or equal to 1.4, which is favorable for avoiding the too small image height and realizing the miniaturization of the system.
Alternatively, the object side surface of the second lens may be aspherical. In an exemplary embodiment, the object-side surface of the second lens may be concave in the paraxial region and convex in the distal region such that the object-side surface of the second lens has a negative curvature in the paraxial region and a positive curvature in the distal region. In the present application, a point at which the curvature on the object-side surface of the second lens transitions from a negative value to a positive value may be referred to as a critical point of the object-side surface of the second lens. At this critical point, the curvature is zero.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy 3.5< Yc21/T12<4.5, where Yc21 is a perpendicular distance from a critical point of an object side surface of the second lens to an optical axis, and T12 is a separation distance of the first lens and the second lens on the optical axis. More specifically, yc21 and T12 may further satisfy 3.6< Yc21/T12<4.3. Satisfying 3.5< Yc21/T12<4.5, and being beneficial to effectively correcting off-axis aberration while reducing processing difficulty and processing cost.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy f/R3. Ltoreq. -0.5, where f is the total effective focal length of the imaging lens, and R3 is the radius of curvature of the object side surface of the second lens. More specifically, f and R3 may further satisfy-1.0.ltoreq.f/R3.ltoreq.0.5. Satisfies f/R3 less than or equal to-0.5, is favorable for controlling the angle of the principal ray, and ensures that the optical system better matches with the chip CRA.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy f/(CT2+CT3) >7.0, where f is the total effective focal length of the imaging lens, CT2 is the center thickness of the second lens, and CT3 is the center thickness of the third lens. More specifically, f, CT2 and CT3 may further satisfy 7.5< f/(CT2+CT3) <10. Satisfies f/(CT2+CT3) >7.0, can effectively improve the degree of freedom of lens surface variation, and can enhance the capability of the imaging lens for correcting field curvature and astigmatism.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy 5.0< EPD/T23<7.5, where EPD is an entrance pupil diameter of the imaging lens and T23 is a separation distance of the second lens and the third lens on the optical axis. More specifically, EPD and T23 may further satisfy 5.5< EPD/T23<7.4. Satisfies 5.0< EPD/T23<7.5, is favorable for realizing system miniaturization, ensures that the camera lens is better suitable for continuously developed portable electronic products, can also ensure the light quantity and relative illuminance of the lens, and strengthens the imaging effect in dark environment.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy 0.8< (DT 41-DT 32)/ET 34<1.5, where DT41 is the maximum effective radius of the object side of the fourth lens, DT32 is the maximum effective radius of the image side of the third lens, and ET34 is the separation distance on the optical axis of the edge of the third lens to the edge of the fourth lens. More specifically, DT41, DT32, and ET34 may further satisfy 0.8< (DT 41-DT 32)/ET 34<1.3. Satisfying 0.8< (DT 41-DT 32)/ET 34<1.5 is beneficial to reducing the processing difficulty and the processing cost, and simultaneously, the off-axis aberration can be effectively reduced by controlling the maximum effective radius of the lens.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy 0<f/R9 +.0.5, where f is the total effective focal length of the imaging lens and R9 is the radius of curvature of the object side of the fifth lens. More specifically, f and R9 may further satisfy 0.1< f/R9.ltoreq.0.5. Meets 0<f/R9 less than or equal to 0.5, can ensure that the lens maintains the ultra-thin characteristic, improves the aberration correcting capability of the system, and can obtain better manufacturability.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy-2.5 < f5/R10< -1.5, where f5 is an effective focal length of the fifth lens and R10 is a radius of curvature of an image side surface of the fifth lens. More specifically, f5 and R10 may further satisfy-2.5 < f5/R10< -1.9. Satisfying-2.5 < f5/R10< -1.5, the deflection angle of the fifth lens can be ensured to be in a reasonable range, the sensitivity of the system can be effectively controlled, and the method is beneficial to reducing the inclination angle at the edge of the image side surface of the fifth lens and eliminating the ghost image risk.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application can satisfy 1.9.ltoreq.DT 41/T34<2.5, where DT41 is the maximum effective radius of the object side surface of the fourth lens and T34 is the separation distance of the third lens and the fourth lens on the optical axis. Satisfies the condition that DT41/T34 is less than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.5, is beneficial to reducing the assembly difficulty of the system and improving the capability of correcting off-axis aberration of the optical camera system, thereby realizing higher image quality.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy |T45+SAG51| <0.3mm, wherein T45 is a distance between the fourth lens and the fifth lens on the optical axis, and SAG51 is a distance between an intersection point of the object side surface of the fifth lens and the optical axis and an effective radius vertex of the object side surface of the fifth lens on the optical axis. Satisfying |T45+SAG51| <0.3mm, the system can obtain enough spacing distance and higher freedom degree of lens surface change, so that the capability of correcting astigmatism and field curvature of the optical imaging lens is improved.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy 2.0< f/f1-f/f5<3.0, where f is the total effective focal length of the imaging lens, f1 is the effective focal length of the first lens, and f5 is the effective focal length of the fifth lens. More specifically, f1 and f5 may further satisfy 2.1< f/f1-f/f5<2.9. The system has the advantages that the system size can be effectively shortened when the system meets 2.0< f/f1-f/f5<3.0, the ultra-thin characteristic is kept, meanwhile, the excessive concentration of the system focal power is avoided, and the system can correct aberration better by matching with other lenses.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application may satisfy-0.7 < f/f2<0.1, where f is the total effective focal length of the imaging lens and f2 is the effective focal length of the second lens. Satisfies-0.7 < f/f2<0.1, is favorable for adjusting the light focusing position, thereby improving the light converging capability of the system, shortening the total length of the lens and being favorable for improving chromatic aberration.
In an exemplary embodiment, the imaging lens according to the present application further includes a diaphragm disposed between the object side and the first lens. Optionally, the above-mentioned image pickup lens may further include a filter for correcting color deviation and/or a protective glass for protecting a photosensitive element located on the imaging surface.
The imaging lens according to the above embodiment of the present application may employ a plurality of lenses, for example, five lenses as described above. Through reasonable distribution of focal power, surface type, center thickness of each lens, axial spacing among each lens and the like, incident light rays can be effectively converged, the total length of the imaging lens is reduced, the processability of the imaging lens is improved, the structure of each lens is more compact, the imaging lens is more beneficial to production and processing, and the imaging lens has higher practicability. With the above configuration, the imaging lens according to the exemplary embodiment of the present application can have characteristics such as a large image plane, ultra-thin, good imaging quality, and the like.
In an embodiment of the present application, at least one of the mirrors of each lens is an aspherical mirror, i.e., at least one of the object side surface of the first lens to the image side surface of the fifth lens is an aspherical mirror. The aspherical lens is characterized in that the curvature is continuously changed from the center of the lens to the periphery of the lens. Unlike a spherical lens having a constant curvature from the center of the lens to the periphery of the lens, an aspherical lens has a better radius of curvature characteristic, and has advantages of improving distortion aberration and improving astigmatic aberration. By adopting the aspherical lens, aberration occurring at the time of imaging can be eliminated as much as possible, thereby improving imaging quality. Optionally, at least one of an object side surface and an image side surface of each of the first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, and the fifth lens is an aspherical mirror surface. Optionally, the object side surface and the image side surface of each of the first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens and the fifth lens are aspherical mirror surfaces.
However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the number of lenses making up the imaging lens can be varied to achieve the various results and advantages described in this specification without departing from the scope of the application as claimed. For example, although the description has been made by taking five lenses as an example in the embodiment, the imaging lens is not limited to include five lenses. The camera lens may also include other numbers of lenses, if desired.
Specific examples of the imaging lens applicable to the above-described embodiments are further described below with reference to the drawings.
Example 1
An imaging lens according to embodiment 1 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 1 to 2D. Fig. 1 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 1 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 1, the camera lens sequentially comprises a diaphragm STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, an optical filter E6 and an imaging surface S13 from the object side to the image side.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
Table 1 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 1, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm).
TABLE 1
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.63mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 78.4 °.
In embodiment 1, the object side surface and the image side surface of any one of the first lens E1 to the fifth lens E5 are aspherical, and the surface profile x of each aspherical lens can be defined by, but not limited to, the following aspherical formula:
where x is the distance vector height of the aspherical surface at a position h in the optical axis direction from the apex of the aspherical surface, c is the paraxial curvature of the aspherical surface, c=1/R (i.e., paraxial curvature c is the reciprocal of the radius of curvature R in table 1 above), k is a conic coefficient, and Ai is the correction coefficient of the i-th order of the aspherical surface. The following Table 2 shows the higher order coefficients A 4、A6、A8、A10、A12、A14、A16、A18 and A 20 that can be used for each of the aspherical mirrors S1-S10 in example 1.
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-1.3177E-02 |
2.4539E-02 |
-1.2598E-01 |
3.8235E-01 |
-8.3165E-01 |
1.1542E+00 |
-9.6880E-01 |
4.4239E-01 |
-8.4846E-02 |
| S2 |
-9.5643E-03 |
-1.6109E-01 |
8.4587E-01 |
-2.5680E+00 |
4.7608E+00 |
-5.4907E+00 |
3.8322E+00 |
-1.4768E+00 |
2.3955E-01 |
| S3 |
-4.3630E-02 |
1.7737E-01 |
-4.4952E-01 |
1.2253E+00 |
-2.2016E+00 |
2.4270E+00 |
-1.5696E+00 |
5.5150E-01 |
-8.3357E-02 |
| S4 |
1.1540E-02 |
1.0873E-01 |
-9.9301E-02 |
4.9530E-01 |
-1.8673E+00 |
4.0349E+00 |
-4.8722E+00 |
3.1099E+00 |
-8.0804E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.3786E-01 |
-1.3452E-01 |
9.2673E-01 |
-3.4188E+00 |
7.5338E+00 |
-1.0287E+01 |
8.5007E+00 |
-3.8819E+00 |
7.5775E-01 |
| S6 |
-1.2338E-01 |
-7.2690E-03 |
1.1703E-01 |
-3.4517E-01 |
5.3868E-01 |
-4.7564E-01 |
2.3208E-01 |
-5.1961E-02 |
3.0093E-03 |
| S7 |
-1.9067E-02 |
-2.4258E-03 |
-2.0769E-02 |
3.6341E-02 |
-3.3587E-02 |
1.6657E-02 |
-4.5942E-03 |
6.7841E-04 |
-4.2095E-05 |
| S8 |
-2.2936E-03 |
7.6514E-03 |
-1.2924E-02 |
1.8156E-02 |
-1.3852E-02 |
5.4119E-03 |
-1.1183E-03 |
1.1678E-04 |
-4.8390E-06 |
| S9 |
-2.7582E-01 |
1.7507E-01 |
-6.4802E-02 |
1.5678E-02 |
-2.5167E-03 |
2.6559E-04 |
-1.7737E-05 |
6.8085E-07 |
-1.1469E-08 |
| S10 |
-1.1474E-01 |
6.2048E-02 |
-2.1277E-02 |
4.8123E-03 |
-7.2307E-04 |
7.0549E-05 |
-4.2598E-06 |
1.4415E-07 |
-2.0910E-09 |
TABLE 2
Fig. 2A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 1, which indicates a convergent focus deviation of light rays of different wavelengths after passing through the lens. Fig. 2B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 1, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 2C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 1, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 2D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 1, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 2A to 2D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 1 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 2
An imaging lens according to embodiment 2 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 3 to 4D. In this embodiment and the following embodiments, descriptions of portions similar to embodiment 1 will be omitted for brevity. Fig. 3 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 2 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 3, the camera lens sequentially comprises a diaphragm STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, an optical filter E6 and an imaging surface S13 from the object side to the image side.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S4 thereof is convex. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.59mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 76.3 °.
Table 3 shows a basic parameter table of the imaging lens of embodiment 2, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 4 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 2, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 3 Table 3
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-8.9327E-03 |
-6.2771E-03 |
-1.7556E-02 |
1.6283E-01 |
-5.6240E-01 |
9.6232E-01 |
-9.0339E-01 |
4.4243E-01 |
-8.9507E-02 |
| S2 |
-1.3673E-02 |
-6.3906E-02 |
2.9996E-01 |
-8.1198E-01 |
1.3612E+00 |
-1.4483E+00 |
9.4287E-01 |
-3.3877E-01 |
4.9847E-02 |
| S3 |
-5.3867E-02 |
1.6626E-01 |
-2.8919E-02 |
-5.7799E-01 |
1.7524E+00 |
-2.6788E+00 |
2.3270E+00 |
-1.0729E+00 |
2.0197E-01 |
| S4 |
3.2392E-02 |
7.4155E-02 |
1.9032E-01 |
-7.9551E-01 |
1.4014E+00 |
-1.0699E+00 |
-1.3609E-02 |
5.1607E-01 |
-2.0611E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.6676E-01 |
1.5459E-01 |
-7.0059E-01 |
1.7362E+00 |
-2.2249E+00 |
5.6912E-01 |
1.9239E+00 |
-2.1945E+00 |
7.5054E-01 |
| S6 |
-1.1074E-01 |
-6.8008E-02 |
3.4300E-01 |
-9.2485E-01 |
1.4501E+00 |
-1.3397E+00 |
6.9947E-01 |
-1.7823E-01 |
1.5214E-02 |
| S7 |
-4.8088E-03 |
-4.8631E-02 |
7.9244E-02 |
-7.4190E-02 |
4.2149E-02 |
-1.5968E-02 |
3.8361E-03 |
-5.0600E-04 |
2.7238E-05 |
| S8 |
-9.8586E-03 |
-7.4640E-03 |
1.8483E-02 |
2.5452E-03 |
-1.2634E-02 |
6.8999E-03 |
-1.6939E-03 |
2.0250E-04 |
-9.6032E-06 |
| S9 |
-3.8369E-01 |
2.8739E-01 |
-1.2575E-01 |
3.6040E-02 |
-6.8641E-03 |
8.5980E-04 |
-6.8108E-05 |
3.0968E-06 |
-6.1672E-08 |
| S10 |
-1.4751E-01 |
9.1552E-02 |
-3.5162E-02 |
8.7207E-03 |
-1.4231E-03 |
1.5004E-04 |
-9.7572E-06 |
3.5489E-07 |
-5.5327E-09 |
TABLE 4 Table 4
Fig. 4A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 2, which indicates a convergent focus deviation of light rays of different wavelengths after passing through the lens. Fig. 4B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 2, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 4C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 2, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 4D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 2, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 4A to 4D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 2 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 3
An imaging lens according to embodiment 3 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 5 to 6D. Fig. 5 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 3 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 5, the camera lens sequentially comprises a diaphragm STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6 and an imaging surface S13 from the object side to the image side.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.68mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 77.3 °.
Table 5 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 3, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 6 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 3, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 5
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-1.5900E-02 |
5.5078E-02 |
-2.7617E-01 |
7.9562E-01 |
-1.4678E+00 |
1.7023E+00 |
-1.2047E+00 |
4.7298E-01 |
-7.9214E-02 |
| S2 |
-1.5677E-02 |
-5.3845E-02 |
2.8235E-01 |
-8.2131E-01 |
1.4701E+00 |
-1.6696E+00 |
1.1648E+00 |
-4.5251E-01 |
7.4112E-02 |
| S3 |
-3.7189E-02 |
2.0913E-01 |
-5.8084E-01 |
1.3585E+00 |
-2.0393E+00 |
1.8244E+00 |
-8.8322E-01 |
1.8511E-01 |
-5.1146E-03 |
| S4 |
2.8224E-02 |
2.6777E-02 |
3.7782E-01 |
-1.5773E+00 |
3.4640E+00 |
-4.4390E+00 |
3.3055E+00 |
-1.2929E+00 |
2.0178E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.2517E-01 |
-7.9488E-02 |
5.6060E-01 |
-2.0517E+00 |
4.3024E+00 |
-5.4807E+00 |
4.1535E+00 |
-1.7082E+00 |
2.9584E-01 |
| S6 |
-8.5266E-02 |
-1.1394E-01 |
4.7096E-01 |
-1.1118E+00 |
1.5763E+00 |
-1.3619E+00 |
6.9587E-01 |
-1.8859E-01 |
2.0499E-02 |
| S7 |
-3.2265E-03 |
-7.4900E-02 |
1.1811E-01 |
-1.0814E-01 |
6.1106E-02 |
-2.2891E-02 |
5.4633E-03 |
-7.2869E-04 |
4.0378E-05 |
| S8 |
-1.7330E-02 |
9.5662E-03 |
-2.0572E-02 |
4.1304E-02 |
-3.3912E-02 |
1.3978E-02 |
-3.1193E-03 |
3.6260E-04 |
-1.7316E-05 |
| S9 |
-3.7102E-01 |
2.7661E-01 |
-1.1922E-01 |
3.3371E-02 |
-6.1783E-03 |
7.4984E-04 |
-5.7390E-05 |
2.5148E-06 |
-4.8147E-08 |
| S10 |
-1.4239E-01 |
8.7754E-02 |
-3.2635E-02 |
7.8758E-03 |
-1.2649E-03 |
1.3363E-04 |
-8.8943E-06 |
3.3772E-07 |
-5.5754E-09 |
TABLE 6
Fig. 6A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 3, which indicates a convergent focus deviation of light rays of different wavelengths after passing through the lens. Fig. 6B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 3, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 6C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 3, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 6D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 3, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 6A to 6D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 3 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 4
An imaging lens according to embodiment 4 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 7 to 8D. Fig. 7 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 4 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 7, the camera lens sequentially comprises a diaphragm STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6 and an imaging surface S13 from the object side to the image side.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is concave. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.71mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 82.0 °.
Table 7 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 4, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 8 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 4, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 7
TABLE 8
Fig. 8A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 4, which indicates a convergent focus deviation after light rays of different wavelengths pass through the lens. Fig. 8B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 4, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 8C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 4, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 8D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 4, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 8A to 8D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 4 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 5
An imaging lens according to embodiment 5 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 9 to 10D. Fig. 9 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 5 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 9, the camera lens sequentially includes, from the object side to the image side, a stop STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6, and an imaging surface S13.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S8 thereof is concave. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.85mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 81.7 °.
Table 9 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 5, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 10 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 5, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 9
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-1.1813E-02 |
9.0217E-03 |
-7.2035E-02 |
2.2222E-01 |
-4.6492E-01 |
6.0151E-01 |
-4.6999E-01 |
2.0085E-01 |
-3.6183E-02 |
| S2 |
-1.9610E-02 |
-6.2307E-02 |
3.2861E-01 |
-9.8708E-01 |
1.8121E+00 |
-2.0797E+00 |
1.4479E+00 |
-5.5738E-01 |
9.0282E-02 |
| S3 |
-3.7828E-02 |
1.7783E-01 |
-4.3483E-01 |
1.2052E+00 |
-2.3384E+00 |
2.8573E+00 |
-2.0941E+00 |
8.4624E-01 |
-1.4641E-01 |
| S4 |
1.9868E-02 |
1.3990E-01 |
-3.2627E-01 |
1.1190E+00 |
-2.7252E+00 |
4.2386E+00 |
-3.9886E+00 |
2.0809E+00 |
-4.5764E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.1048E-01 |
-1.5536E-01 |
1.1714E+00 |
-4.6700E+00 |
1.1136E+01 |
-1.6438E+01 |
1.4705E+01 |
-7.3028E+00 |
1.5502E+00 |
| S6 |
-1.2788E-01 |
5.5901E-02 |
-7.9241E-02 |
1.3778E-01 |
-2.0982E-01 |
2.2373E-01 |
-1.4643E-01 |
5.3592E-02 |
-8.2321E-03 |
| S7 |
-6.1197E-03 |
-2.9664E-02 |
3.1225E-02 |
-1.7766E-02 |
4.1617E-03 |
-1.3416E-04 |
-1.0185E-04 |
1.6312E-05 |
-7.6901E-07 |
| S8 |
-1.1856E-02 |
-1.9554E-02 |
3.6347E-02 |
-2.4328E-02 |
8.2340E-03 |
-1.5811E-03 |
1.7608E-04 |
-1.0660E-05 |
2.7251E-07 |
| S9 |
-2.0961E-01 |
1.0729E-01 |
-3.0229E-02 |
5.4193E-03 |
-6.3947E-04 |
4.9499E-05 |
-2.4195E-06 |
6.7671E-08 |
-8.2376E-10 |
| S10 |
-7.6820E-02 |
3.4743E-02 |
-9.8038E-03 |
1.7331E-03 |
-1.8804E-04 |
1.1761E-05 |
-3.5950E-07 |
2.1060E-09 |
8.9070E-11 |
Table 10
Fig. 10A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 5, which indicates a convergent focus deviation after light rays of different wavelengths pass through the lens. Fig. 10B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 5, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 10C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 5, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 10D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 5, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 10A to 10D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 5 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 6
An imaging lens according to embodiment 6 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 11 to 12D. Fig. 11 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 6 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 11, the camera lens sequentially includes, from the object side to the image side, a stop STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6, and an imaging surface S13.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.58mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 82.1 °.
Table 11 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 6, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 12 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 6, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 11
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-1.0707E-02 |
3.0995E-03 |
-6.5484E-02 |
2.8436E-01 |
-7.5581E-01 |
1.1648E+00 |
-1.0402E+00 |
4.9598E-01 |
-9.8359E-02 |
| S2 |
-2.1229E-02 |
-5.8485E-02 |
3.2745E-01 |
-1.0220E+00 |
1.9594E+00 |
-2.3610E+00 |
1.7348E+00 |
-7.0790E-01 |
1.2148E-01 |
| S3 |
-4.5015E-02 |
1.6070E-01 |
-3.2048E-01 |
8.0201E-01 |
-1.3207E+00 |
1.2127E+00 |
-5.1405E-01 |
2.9772E-02 |
2.6951E-02 |
| S4 |
5.3662E-04 |
1.3607E-01 |
-1.4643E-01 |
6.2649E-01 |
-2.2160E+00 |
4.7281E+00 |
-5.7514E+00 |
3.7268E+00 |
-9.8933E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.4148E-01 |
-1.4929E-01 |
1.0526E+00 |
-4.0192E+00 |
9.1824E+00 |
-1.2959E+01 |
1.1025E+01 |
-5.1580E+00 |
1.0264E+00 |
| S6 |
-1.1714E-01 |
-7.7459E-02 |
4.1242E-01 |
-1.1360E+00 |
1.8335E+00 |
-1.7735E+00 |
1.0025E+00 |
-2.9743E-01 |
3.5065E-02 |
| S7 |
4.1037E-03 |
-6.3640E-02 |
9.5373E-02 |
-8.7531E-02 |
4.9288E-02 |
-1.8844E-02 |
4.6793E-03 |
-6.4884E-04 |
3.7093E-05 |
| S8 |
5.0349E-03 |
-2.4859E-02 |
3.5557E-02 |
-7.8376E-03 |
-1.0151E-02 |
7.0817E-03 |
-1.8939E-03 |
2.3770E-04 |
-1.1662E-05 |
| S9 |
-3.8474E-01 |
2.8793E-01 |
-1.2556E-01 |
3.5727E-02 |
-6.7276E-03 |
8.3022E-04 |
-6.4600E-05 |
2.8779E-06 |
-5.6016E-08 |
| S10 |
-1.5182E-01 |
9.4474E-02 |
-3.6430E-02 |
9.0288E-03 |
-1.4582E-03 |
1.4965E-04 |
-9.2189E-06 |
3.0401E-07 |
-3.9939E-09 |
Table 12
Fig. 12A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 6, which indicates a convergent focus deviation of light rays of different wavelengths after passing through the lens. Fig. 12B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 6, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 12C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 6, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 12D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 6, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 12A to 12D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 6 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 7
An imaging lens according to embodiment 7 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 13 to 14D. Fig. 13 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 7 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 13, the camera lens sequentially includes, from the object side to the image side, a stop STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6, and an imaging surface S13.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S4 thereof is convex. The third lens element E3 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is concave and an image-side surface S8 thereof is convex. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.39mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 82.5 °.
Table 13 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 7, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 14 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 7, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 13
TABLE 14
Fig. 14A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 7, which indicates a convergent focus deviation of light rays of different wavelengths after passing through the lens. Fig. 14B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 7, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 14C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 7, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 14D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 7, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 14A to 14D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 7 can achieve good imaging quality.
Example 8
An imaging lens according to embodiment 8 of the present application is described below with reference to fig. 15 to 16D. Fig. 15 shows a schematic configuration diagram of an imaging lens according to embodiment 8 of the present application.
As shown in fig. 15, the camera lens sequentially includes, from the object side to the image side, a stop STO, a first lens E1, a second lens E2, a third lens E3, a fourth lens E4, a fifth lens E5, a filter E6, and an imaging surface S13.
The first lens element E1 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S1 thereof is convex, and an image-side surface S2 thereof is concave. The second lens element E2 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S3 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S4 thereof is concave. The third lens element E3 has positive refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S5 thereof is concave, and an image-side surface S6 thereof is convex. The fourth lens element E4 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S7 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S8 thereof is concave. The fifth lens element E5 has negative refractive power, wherein an object-side surface S9 thereof is convex and an image-side surface S10 thereof is concave. The filter E6 has an object side surface S11 and an image side surface S12. Light from the object sequentially passes through the respective surfaces S1 to S12 and is finally imaged on the imaging surface S13.
In this example, the total effective focal length f of the imaging lens is 4.78mm, and the maximum field angle FOV of the imaging lens is 79.0 °.
Table 15 shows a basic parameter table of an imaging lens of embodiment 8, in which the units of radius of curvature, thickness/distance, and focal length are all millimeters (mm). Table 16 shows the higher order coefficients that can be used for each of the aspherical mirror surfaces in example 8, wherein each of the aspherical surface types can be defined by the formula (1) given in example 1 above.
TABLE 15
| Face number |
A4 |
A6 |
A8 |
A10 |
A12 |
A14 |
A16 |
A18 |
A20 |
| S1 |
-1.2031E-02 |
1.4627E-03 |
-6.3156E-02 |
2.4308E-01 |
-5.7354E-01 |
8.0194E-01 |
-6.6397E-01 |
2.9801E-01 |
-5.6259E-02 |
| S2 |
-2.2030E-02 |
-8.0890E-02 |
5.0715E-01 |
-1.7158E+00 |
3.5612E+00 |
-4.6145E+00 |
3.6209E+00 |
-1.5693E+00 |
2.8663E-01 |
| S3 |
-5.4956E-02 |
1.7222E-01 |
-2.0260E-01 |
3.3537E-01 |
-5.0275E-01 |
4.1474E-01 |
-8.3161E-02 |
-8.3275E-02 |
3.5795E-02 |
| S4 |
-5.5218E-03 |
1.2928E-01 |
2.0560E-01 |
-1.3655E+00 |
3.8358E+00 |
-6.2258E+00 |
5.9071E+00 |
-2.9851E+00 |
6.2233E-01 |
| S5 |
-1.6118E-01 |
2.7631E-01 |
-1.5841E+00 |
5.8690E+00 |
-1.3672E+01 |
1.9774E+01 |
-1.7188E+01 |
8.1950E+00 |
-1.6299E+00 |
| S6 |
-1.4267E-01 |
1.0647E-01 |
-2.5762E-01 |
4.6845E-01 |
-5.5421E-01 |
4.2004E-01 |
-1.9874E-01 |
5.7966E-02 |
-8.2456E-03 |
| S7 |
-1.5453E-03 |
-5.0322E-02 |
4.2714E-02 |
-2.8212E-02 |
1.1475E-02 |
-4.1686E-03 |
1.3632E-03 |
-2.5633E-04 |
1.8683E-05 |
| S8 |
-3.5349E-02 |
2.1915E-03 |
1.4399E-02 |
-1.2455E-02 |
4.5373E-03 |
-8.6825E-04 |
9.1109E-05 |
-4.9218E-06 |
1.0517E-07 |
| S9 |
-2.6855E-01 |
1.6937E-01 |
-6.2149E-02 |
1.4861E-02 |
-2.3495E-03 |
2.4259E-04 |
-1.5697E-05 |
5.7651E-07 |
-9.1532E-09 |
| S10 |
-1.3869E-01 |
6.8143E-02 |
-1.7830E-02 |
1.6001E-03 |
3.0276E-04 |
-1.0167E-04 |
1.1946E-05 |
-6.6401E-07 |
1.4543E-08 |
Table 16
Fig. 16A shows an on-axis chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 8, which indicates a convergent focus deviation after light rays of different wavelengths pass through the lens. Fig. 16B shows an astigmatism curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 8, which represents meridional image plane curvature and sagittal image plane curvature. Fig. 16C shows a distortion curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 8, which represents distortion magnitude values corresponding to different image heights. Fig. 16D shows a magnification chromatic aberration curve of the imaging lens of embodiment 8, which represents the deviation of different image heights on the imaging plane after light passes through the lens. As can be seen from fig. 16A to 16D, the imaging lens provided in embodiment 8 can achieve good imaging quality.
In summary, examples 1 to 8 each satisfy the relationship shown in table 17.
| Condition/example |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
| TTL/ImgH |
1.35 |
1.38 |
1.38 |
1.32 |
1.27 |
1.23 |
1.36 |
1.29 |
| Yc21/T12 |
4.25 |
3.78 |
4.20 |
3.65 |
3.89 |
4.02 |
3.93 |
4.09 |
| f/R3 |
-0.58 |
-0.85 |
-0.67 |
-0.61 |
-0.71 |
-0.52 |
-0.95 |
-0.69 |
| f/(CT2+CT3) |
8.44 |
8.29 |
8.67 |
8.94 |
7.65 |
8.48 |
9.41 |
7.94 |
| EPD/T23 |
5.56 |
7.30 |
6.21 |
6.81 |
6.57 |
5.94 |
6.27 |
7.32 |
| (DT41-DT32)/ET34 |
0.92 |
0.89 |
1.01 |
0.91 |
1.28 |
1.25 |
1.12 |
1.21 |
| f/R9 |
0.28 |
0.27 |
0.25 |
0.26 |
0.41 |
0.25 |
0.18 |
0.44 |
| f5/R10 |
-2.04 |
-2.02 |
-2.01 |
-2.01 |
-2.20 |
-2.00 |
-1.97 |
-2.40 |
| DT41/T34 |
2.25 |
1.96 |
2.10 |
1.98 |
2.33 |
2.35 |
2.35 |
1.99 |
| |T45+SAG51|(mm) |
0.05 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.00 |
0.21 |
0.14 |
0.10 |
| f/f1-f/f5 |
2.72 |
2.81 |
2.79 |
2.83 |
2.54 |
2.80 |
2.31 |
2.20 |
| f/f2 |
-0.48 |
-0.58 |
-0.54 |
-0.55 |
-0.60 |
-0.52 |
0.02 |
-0.64 |
TABLE 17
The application also provides an imaging device, wherein the electronic photosensitive element can be a photosensitive coupling element (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor element (CMOS). The imaging device may be a stand alone imaging device such as a digital camera or an imaging module integrated on a mobile electronic device such as a cell phone. The imaging device is equipped with the above-described imaging lens.
The above description is only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present application and of the principles of the technology employed. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the scope of the application referred to in the present application is not limited to the specific combinations of the technical features described above, but also covers other technical features formed by any combination of the technical features described above or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. Such as the above-mentioned features and the technical features disclosed in the present application (but not limited to) having similar functions are replaced with each other.