CN1217745A - 用于哺乳动物细胞的细胞培养基 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了一种化学上明确的哺乳动物细胞培养基,其支持哺乳动物肝细胞和其它细胞的维持和长期克隆生长。
Description
发明领域
本发明一般涉及用于哺乳动物细胞的细胞培养基。特别地,本发明涉及能够长期扩增和维持哺乳动物肝细胞、肝细胞衍生的细胞系、肝细胞衍生的恶性细胞和其它细胞的细胞种群(cell population)的细胞培养基。
发明背景
众所周知特异性的细胞系在体外可培养于最佳配制的培养基或营养培养基中。开发用于特定目的的这些培养基的一些实例有:用于培养人β-淋巴细胞和恶性细胞的RPMI Media 1640培养基、用于培养羊水细胞的Changs培养基、用于培养小鼠成纤维细胞的培养基199、极限必需培养基(MEM)培养基、用于培养贴壁哺乳动物细胞的“基本”培养基和用于无CO2培养的Leibovitz培养基。这些不同的培养基相互各不相同因为它们含有不同的关键成分,包括精确的氨基酸、维生素、有机盐、痕量元素以及促进培养的细胞最大限度生长的其它有机化合物。
为了培养哺乳动物细胞,化学上明确的培养基通常补充以各种(varius)血清,优选胎牛或新生牛血清和其它不完全明确的生长因子。然而,血清的主要缺陷是其组分可变化较大,因而将未确定的生物成分导入营养培养基中继而助长了生化和细胞事件的变异性。此外,血清昂贵且如果该细胞用于临床目的可导致病人体内危险的免疫反应。
本发明主要涉及用能够长期扩增细胞种群的化学上明确的培养基培养哺乳动物肝细胞。术语“化学上明确的培养基”用于组织培养中是指与含有天然产物如动物血清的培养基相比,为含有已知化学组分的既定量又定性的培养基。
如Grisham,J.W.等在癌症研究22:842(1962)中所报道的,肝再生主要是通过成熟成年肝细胞的细胞分裂而完成,该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。这些细胞或其部分具有高度克隆增殖的能力,如在肝细胞异位移植实验(Jcirtle,R.L.,等.,癌症研究42:3000(1982),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)和转基因小鼠模型(Rhim,J.A.,等,科学263:1149(1994),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)中所显示的。然而,在数个研究中已显示当成熟肝细胞的增殖受到抑制而肝受到刺激再生时,兼性干细胞(faculative stem cell)出现并增殖。见,例如,Thorgeirsson S.S.等.,实验生物医学学会会刊(Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.)204:253(1993),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。这种细胞,有时称为“卵形细胞”,在一定的动物模型或由混合肝细胞和胆管上皮标记(markers)的细胞(“导管肝细胞”)所组成的导管结构中可成熟为肝细胞。见,Gerber,M.A.,等.,美国病理学杂志110:70(1983)和Vandersteenhoven,A.M.,等.,Arch.Pathol.Lab.Med.114:403(1991),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。然而,有关它们的起源和调节其表型转变至肝细胞或导管细胞的控制却知之甚少。
尽管肝细胞在体内具有较高的直接或经兼性干细胞培养而增殖的能力,但决定它们生长潜力及其表型转换的条件还未彻底明白,因为在原代培养中肝细胞的生长仅得到有限的成功。一般情况是这样的,即在一级促分裂原(primary mitogen)影响下原代培养的肝细胞进入一次或两次分裂且然后细胞退化并死亡。此至,各种研究未能开发出既可使肝细胞增殖又可使其存活的培养基。
例如,Berry,N.M.,等,细胞生物学杂志.43:506(1969)该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明,讲授了可根据大小使肝组织解离成其组成的细胞组分的胶原酶灌流技术。后来,Bissell,D.M.,等.,细胞生物学杂志59(3):722(1973)和Bonney,R.J.,等.,体外9:399(1974),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明,描述了第一种用于培养分离的肝细胞从而允许其存活1或2天的方法。Michalopoulos,G.,等.,实验.细胞.研究94(1):70(1975)报道了在胶原凝胶上长期培养肝细胞最长达7至10天,该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。所有上面提及系统的共同特征是这些系统中的肝细胞维持于培养物中而没有任何细胞增殖的迹象。相反,这些系统仅是对非增殖细胞的短期维持培养物。
在肝细胞中起始DNA合成的第一次成功尝试使用了后来新发现的表皮生长因子(EGF),如Richman,R.A.,等.,美国自然科举院院报73:3589(1976),公开此内容在此仅供参考。随后的几年中,数个其它研究小组使用EGF作为肝细胞的促分裂原并报道了EGF的促分裂效应和通过其它因子如,基质如胶原Ⅰ型、锌和脯氨酸对它们的调节。
肝细胞生长因子,也称分散因子(之后称为“HGF”或“HGF/SF”)在二十世纪八十年代晚期被发现、克隆并最终测序。见Michalopoulos,G.,等.,Federation Proceedings 42:1023(1983);Michalopoulous,G.,等.,AACR Proceedings 24:58(1983);Michalopoulos,G.,等.,癌症研究.44(10):4414(1984);和Miyazawa,K.,等.,生化.生物物理.研究通迅.163:967(1989),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。发现HGF/SF为许多肝细胞及上皮细胞的促分裂原。HGF/SF对肝的重要性是由于其为肝经内分泌机制而再生的引发剂的事实。
最近,数个研究显示HGF/SF、表皮生长因子(“EGF”)和转化生长因子α(“TGFα”)通过刺激化学上明确的培养基中有限的肝细胞DNA合成而用作肝细胞的一级促分裂原。见,例如,Michalopoulos,G.K.,Fed.Am.Soc.Exp.Biochem J.4:176(1990),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。后来发现这些生长因子在体内部分肝切除后的肝再生中还起到重要作用。在大鼠中注射HGF/SF、TGFα、或EGF诱导肝中DNA的合成。见,例如,Liu,M.L.,等,肝脏学19:1521(1994),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。
然而,在所有这些系统中,已报道肝细胞仅进入DNA合成和有丝分裂有限的时间,一般为1-3天。经1-2轮DNA合成和细胞分裂后,培养物退化且所有的细胞在约7-10天内死亡。直至现在,还没有记录通过仅添加EGF或HGF,或两者均添加而在细胞培养中肝细胞数量的扩增。然而,在含有这些生长因子的培养物中细胞的复制受到自我限制且死亡肝细胞的数目超过新生肝细胞的数目。在含有其它肝细胞促分裂原如转化生长因子,如TGFα和酸性成纤维细胞生长因子的培养物中细胞的复制同样受到自我限制。
更后来,Mitaka,T.,等.,肝脏学13(1):21(1991);Mitaka,T.,等.,肝脏学16(2):440(1992);Mitaka,T.等.,Virchows Arch B CeuPathol.Incl.Mol.Pathol.62:329(1992);和Mitaka,T.,等;癌症研究53:3145(1993),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明,已报道了添加烟酰胺、地塞米松和EGF至常规的培养基中导致了小肝细胞集落的形成,其以标准大小的实质肝细胞致密培养物出现。在进一步的研究中,Mitaka,T.,等,细胞生理学杂志.157:461(1993),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明,报道了由EGF+HGF、EGF+TGF-α、和HGF+TGF-α的组合诱导的集落的数目与由每种促分裂原单独诱导的集落的数目没有不同。然而,在这些研究中,没有总的细胞种群的显著扩增,没有克隆生长的迹象,且有分化的消失。
直至现在还没有能够支持肝细胞长期增殖、分化和存活的被补料或未被补料的化学上明确的培养基。尽管对于许多目的,使用未确定的补料是满意的,在研究由培养细胞生长、代谢和/或分化所组成的情况下,具有明确的补料是最为理想的。向细胞培养物中导入未明确的成分可导致研究结果及细胞培养物应用的变异性、不可预见性及污染。明确培养基的使用在药物代谢、人工器官开发、细胞移植、基因治疗、和基本的研究细胞领域中特别重要并是优越的。
上述肝细胞在原代培养物中有限的增殖能力阻止了需要长期存活或增殖的长期研究或使用。因而也阻止了肝细胞培养物在细胞移植和基因治疗中的应用。因此,需要有将能够使肝细胞长期增殖和存活的化学上明确的培养基存在的必要。该培养基和肝细胞及其它这样培养的细胞潜在的应用有基因治疗、生物人工器官、细胞移植、药物制备、和药物及化学测试。
如上所述,现有技术没有提供其中的肝细胞通过持续增殖而扩增为细胞种群的肝细胞培养系统,并有存在这样的系统的必要。本发明提供能够持续增殖和长期扩增肝细胞的完全明确的培养基。
发明小结
根据本发明,提供了一种新的化学上明确的细胞培养基。该培养基支持原代肝细胞和肝细胞系、遗传转化的肝细胞和获自致瘤性来源的肝细胞持续的克隆生长,得到细胞种群的扩增。该培养基进一步可使其中培养的细胞的代谢、结构、和分泌功能的完全分化。在这些条件下,肝细胞经历多轮增殖循环。一旦达到铺满,或在特异性基质成分、营养物、和/或生长因子的存在下,这些增殖的细胞停止分裂并维持成熟肝细胞表型几个月或更长时间。
因此提供用于肝细胞持续增殖和存活的培养基是本发明的主要目的。
本发明的另一个目的是提供用于肝细胞持续分化和存活的培养基。
本发明的另一个目的是提供用于随着生长停止而回复至完全分化的肝细胞持续增殖的培养基。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于肝细胞长期扩增并不含有血清以致培养基完全明确的培养基。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于肝细胞在多种基质底物上持续增殖、分化和成活的培养基。
本发明的这些和其它的目的通过一个或更多个下面的实施方案加以完成。
一方面,本发明特征在于,用于哺乳动物肝细胞维持、分化和长期生长的化学上明确的HBM培养基,包括:
(a)设计用于哺乳动物细胞培养的合成贮存基本培养基;和
(b)肝细胞培养促进量的成分,选自烟酰胺、氨基酸、运铁蛋白、激素、地塞米松、痕量金属、和选自D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖和其任何组合简单的碳水化合物的。
在优选的实施方案中,本发明特征在于进一步包括缓冲液、抗生素和清蛋白的HBM培养基。
另一方面,本发明特征在于包括表Ⅰ和表Ⅱ中定义的HGM成分的哺乳动物细胞培养基,其中表Ⅰ的贮存基本培养基包括混合的DMEM从而使D-葡萄糖的终浓度优选为约2.0g/L且D-半乳糖的量优选约2.0g/L。
根据下面优选实施方案和权利要求的描述,本发明其它特征和优势将是显而易见的。
附图简述
图1A-1C为显示其中的大鼠肝细胞培养于这里所述的补充以所述的生长因子的HBM培养基中的研究结果图。所有点代表至少三个独立培养物的平均值和标准误。
图1A显示肝细胞分离后不同时间增殖细胞培养物标记的细胞核(labelednuclei)(BrdU)的百分比。细胞培养于补充以HGF/SF和EGF的HBM中。
图1B显示肝细胞分离后在不同时间的培养物中[3H]胸苷(每分钟衰变)向DNA中的掺入。细胞暴露于HBM中的HGF/SF(◇);HBM中的EGF(○);HBM中的HGF/SF+EGF(△);和仅有HBM的对照(□)。
图1C显示不同天培养于以下培养基中每板细胞的DNA量,包括仅为HBM培养基(对照)(■);HBM中有HGF/SF(△);HBM中有EGF();和HBM中有HGF/SF+EGF(●)。
图2为显示培养于具有指示的生长因子的HBM中每板大鼠肝细胞的第15天DNA图。对照(天数t=0)和第15天代表的细胞培养于无任何生长因子的HBM中。
图3为显示于第15天在补充以HGF/SF和EGF的HBM中于不同的基质上培养的每板大鼠肝细胞DNA合成量(μg/培养)的图。“CC”意为胶原包被的(collagen coated);“ECL”为商业基质;“mCOLLIV”意为小鼠胶原Ⅳ;“CC VITROGEN”意为牛皮肤胶原Ⅰ型;“POLYDLYS”意为多聚D-赖氨酸;“mLAMININ”意为小鼠层粘连蛋白;“hFIBRONECT”意为人纤连蛋白;且“mCOLⅠ意为小鼠胶原Ⅰ。
图4A-4G为在不同条件下培养于这里所述的HBM中的大鼠肝细胞照片。
图4A显示分离后1天在具有HGF/SF和EGF的HBM培养基中的肝细胞,显示典型接近铺满(subconfluent)的非增殖肝细胞。
图4B显示第4天时在HBM培养基中以HGF/SF诱导的肝细胞,显示典型分散的形态。
图4C显示第15天时达到铺满时肝细胞培养物,显示典型形态。
图4D和4E分别为图4A和4C细胞的电镜(election)显微摄影。
图4F和4G为染色肝细胞的显微摄影,其中的肝细胞在第3天以含-lac-Z复制的缺陷逆转录病毒转染并按下述进行β-半乳糖苷酶表达染色且然后于转染后的第1天(图4F)和第10天(图4G)照相。细胞按下述培养于补充以HGF/SF和EGF的HBM培养基中。
图5A和5B为显示不同天维持于在HGF/SF和EGF存在下HBM中的大鼠肝细胞培养物中特异基因表达的Northern印迹照片,如本文所述。溴化乙锭染色后GAPDH表达和28S RNA强度用作内参照。
图6A-6F为如这里所述在HGF/SF和EGF存在下的HBM培养基中培养的增殖大鼠肝细胞的照片和其Northern印迹的照片。
图6A为在第8天盖以Matrigel的增殖肝细胞培养物的相差显微摄影并于第18天进行拍照。粒状细胞质和典型胆管的出现表现为细胞间的亮线。
图6B和6C分别为盖以Matrigel后第10天,第18天时培养细胞的低倍和高倍电镜显微摄影。肝细胞质的典型特征表现为如环绕线粒体的内质网薄片、具有晶体中心的微体、胆管(“C”)(图6B),丰富的线粒体(“M”)和糖原(“G”)(均位于图6C中)。
图6D为显示加入Matrigel后清蛋白mRNA表达增加的Northern印迹照片。清蛋白mRNA在对照培养中于通过胶原酶灌流而从肝分离后且培养之前立即表达。培养的第8天表达最低。添加Matrigel后(标有“+”的泳道)的第3天和第7天,清蛋白mRNA表达增加。GADPH表达用作内参照。
图6E为显示在以Matrigel于第8天处理的培养中和暴露于苯巴比妥(“PB”)2天后(培养第10天)细胞色素ⅡB1 mRNA诱导的Northern印迹。GAPDH的表达用作mRNA上样的内参照。
图6F为添加有Matrigel(于第8天加入培养物中)而培养细胞的Northern印迹照片。细胞角蛋白19,一种由增殖的肝细胞表达的胆管标记物,其由于加入Matrigel而受到抑制并在没有接受Matrigel的对照培养中没受到抑制。用溴化乙锭染色的28S rRNA用作内参照。
图7A-7E显示在培养中大鼠肝细胞导管/腺泡结构形成的研究结果,其中的肝细胞在HGF/SF存在下的HBM中从培养一开始就在两种Ⅰ型胶原凝胶层之间得以保持。
图7A为显示由胶原纤维环绕的导管结构出现的相差显微摄影(100×)。
图7B为以苏木精和曙红染色图7AⅠ型胶原凝胶石蜡切片的显微摄影(100×)。
图7C和7D为环绕图7B中一个导管结构的相同的管腔但位于环绕管腔不同位点的细胞的电子显微镜图片。图7C显示与胆管上皮具有类似形态的细胞,具有长的通过许多桥粒而连接的平行接触,和具有丰富角蛋白的中间纤维。图7D显示更象肝细胞表型的细胞,上有粗面型内质网和线粒体、深染的二级溶酶体和更少的纤丝。
图7E为显示在具有导管/腺泡结构的培养中细胞角蛋白18和19表达增加而清蛋白仅轻微表达的Northern印迹照片。
图8显示在第1、3、5、7、10、12和19天时拍摄的培养于这里所述补充以HGF/SF和EGF的HBM中染色的人肝细胞的照片。
发明详述
本发明提供了这里称为HBM的肝细胞基本培养基,其能够使肝细胞、肝细胞衍生的细胞系如HepG2、胎儿肝上皮细胞和原发肝癌细胞的细胞种群在体外长期扩增、分化和存活。此外,本发明的培养基可用于培养胰岛细胞、肾小管细胞、Ito细胞、小肠上皮细胞、和各种细胞系,包括MRC5、CaCo、和3T3细胞及其它细胞。本发明HBM维持代谢途径和合成功能,即成熟成人肝细胞的分化。此外,当本发明的HBM与特异性的促分裂原和细胞外基质组合物联合时,肝细胞可被驱动转分化成胆管样结构。本发明的HBM可用于培养哺乳动物肝细胞及其它细胞,包括但不限于人、大鼠、狗、猪、小鼠和狒狒来源的细胞。
HBM培养基包括适当水平的必需和非必需氨基酸和大量的离子和痕量元素、缓冲液、维生素、碳水化合物、脂类、蛋白和激素从而作为体外哺乳动物细胞培养的营养培养基而发挥作用。
在其最为广泛的方面,本发明特征在于其本身能够使哺乳动物肝细胞及其它细胞长期存活、分化和生长的化学上明确的基本培养基,HBM。此外,在生长因子如HGF/SF、EGF或TGFα以及其它促分裂原的存在下,培养于补充的HBM中的细胞具有更快的种群扩增和克隆生长。如下面所进一步证实的,本发明的HBM当补充以HGF/SF时导致与某些基质构建体连接的胆管样结构的形成。然而,如上所述,这些生长因子对于原代培养的特定分化模式是不需要的,但如果需要用于特定的目的,的确加快了生长和种群扩增。
本发明的HBM培养基包括用于哺乳动物细胞培养的化学上明确的贮存基本培养基(之后称为“SM”)。该贮存基本培养基可优选用Dulbecc's修饰的Eagle培养基(“DMEM”)作为一种成分而建立,但只要配方在这里提出的标准之内本发明并不受这样的限制。根据本发明可使用的其它明确的基本培养基的实例包括但不限于:Eagle基本培养基(BME)、DMEM/F-12(1∶1的DMEM和F-12体积∶体积);199培养基;F-12(Ham)营养混合物;F-10(Ham)营养混合物;极限基本培养基(MEM),Williams'培养基E;和RPMI 1640,所有这些均可从Gibco-BRL/生物技术公司,Gaithersburg,MD,等(among others)得到。可得到许多这些培养的数种形成,并且对建立HBM特别有用的培养基包括但不限于:DMEM 11966、DMEM 10314、MEM11095、Williams'培养基E12251、Ham F12 11059、MEM-α12561、和199-培养基11151(所有这些均可获自Gibco-BRL/生物技术公司(1995-1996目录))。因此,例如,如果L-精氨酸和/或D-葡萄糖已经以必需的量存在于贮存基本培养基时,那么几乎很少或没有其它的成分将不得不加入作为补充。
根据贮存基本培养基的特定组成,按这里更为详尽的描述将SM补充以D-葡萄糖和/或D-半乳糖、烟酰胺、其它微量营养包括在SM中事先不存在的氨基酸和痕量金属如L-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺、L-精氨酸、L-鸟氨酸、锌、锰、铜和硒、其上结合有元素铁的纯化运铁蛋白或与葡糖酸铁(irongluconate)结合的脱铁运铁蛋白、激素如地塞米松和胰岛素以及pH缓冲液如HEPES(N-[2-羟乙基]哌嗪-N-[2-乙磺酸])。也可任选添加抗生素如青霉素和链霉素、pH指示剂、清蛋白和/或葡聚糖、必需脂肪酸、被选的缓冲液、维生素、等渗剂(osmotic agent)和其它形式的痕量金属。一般地,基本培养基将具有6.5-8.2,优选7.0-7.7,且最优选7.2-7.5的pH范围。酚红是加入以利于pH控制的典型指示剂。SM和向其中的补充物包括本发明的HBM培养基。
那么,如果需要加速生长,HBM培养基可任选补充以一种或更多种生长因子如,HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα。
将简单的碳水化合物D-葡萄糖和/或-半乳糖加入到贮存基本培养基中以包括HBM。如果既用D-葡萄糖又用D-半乳糖,那么它们总浓度的和,如果有的话考虑进去存在于贮存于该贮存基本培养基中D-葡萄糖的量,优选0.8g/L或小于或不大于.01g/L。当仅使用D-葡萄糖或D-半乳糖中的-种时,该浓度优选为5.0-0.1g/L。例如,在这里的实例中,使用的混合DMEM贮存基本培养基含有2.0g/LD-葡萄糖并且没有进一步加入D-葡萄糖。然后加入2.0g/LD-半乳糖作为补充。
已显示另一种HBM成分烟酰胺,维持肝细胞分化、增加细胞色素P450的表达并延长肝细胞在常规培养中存活至10-14天。见,Rosenberg,M.R.,等;体外18:775(1982)和Inoue,C.等.,生物化学.264:(9):4747(1989),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。
运铁蛋白为与细胞膜上运铁蛋白受体相互作用的铁离子结合蛋白。其既用于螯合铁离子又用于运输铁离子。优选用于本发明的运铁蛋白或者为具有30%铁饱和度的全-运铁蛋白(holo-transferrin)或者为完全未饱和(脱铁运铁蛋白)及与葡糖酸铁结合的。
已显示合成的皮质类固醇地塞米松增加EGF-诱导的DNA合成,如Sand,T.-F.,等所报道.,内分泌学报。109:369(1985),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。如在本发明中所使用的,地塞米松可以是任何的皮质醇的衍生物如强的松、强的松龙、皮质醇、氢化可的松及其它衍生物。
葡萄糖的摄入、氨基酸的运输及多个中间代诱途径的维持需要胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子。这些效应帮助维持分化并支持增殖。
在贮存培养基HBM中包括进L-精氨酸或向其中补充以L-精氨酸似乎是重要的因为培养中的肝细胞经尿素循环后趋于丢失其合成精氨酸的能力。缺乏L-精氨酸时,培养中的肝细胞不能存活很长的时间因为它们变得不能够合成L-精氨酸,继而阻止了蛋白的合成。除了D-葡萄糖外使用D-半乳糖对于HBM是优越的因为该组合产生了较两者中单独使用任一物质时的最大生长潜力。
上述的HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα为促分裂原,如下所示,当它们根据本发明联合使用或单独使用时显示出增强的增殖效应。前面列出的可用于补充本发明HBM的促分裂原是非穷举的。然而,应该注意到,这些促分裂原对于培养于HBM中的肝细胞的存活或分化是非必需的。与加入促分裂原的情况相比,培养于HBM中的肝细胞将以更慢的速率增殖。
用于本权利要求培养基中的胰岛素、EGF、HGF和TGFα也可为重组制备、遗传工程或从天然来源纯化的种类。例如,物种可以为人、牛、马、鼠、猪或大鼠。
几种优选的贮存基本培养基-DMEM 11966、DMEM 10314、MEM11095、和Wrlliams'培养基E12251在每1000ml无菌去离子水中含有显示于下表Ⅰ中的成分:
表Ⅰ
贮存基本培养基的组成(mg/L)WILLIAMS'DMEM DMEM MEM 培养基E成分 11966 10314 11095 12251无机盐CaCl2(无水) 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00CuSO4·5H2O -- -- -- 0.000lFe(NO3)3·9H2O 0.10 0.10 -- 0.0001KCl 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00MnCl2·4H2O -- -- -- 0.0001MgSO4·(无水) 97.67 97.67 97.67 97.67NaCl 6,400.00 6,400.00 6,800.00 6,800.00NaHCO3 3,700.00 3,700.00 2,200.00 2,200.00NaH2PO4·H2O 125.00 125.00 140.00 --NaH2PO4 -- -- -- 140.00ZnSO4·7H2O -- -- -- 0.0002其它成分:D-葡萄糖 -- 4,500.00 1,000.00 2,000.00谷胱甘肽 -- -- -- 0.05亚油酸甲酯 -- -- -- 0.03酚红 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00丙酮酸钠 -- -- -- 25.00氨基酸:L-丙氨酸 -- -- -- 90.00L-精氨酸·HCl 84.00 84.00 126.00 --L-精氨酸 -- -- -- 50.00L-天冬酰胺·H2O -- -- -- 20.00L-天冬氨酸 -- -- -- 30.00L-半胱氨酸 -- -- -- 40.00L-胱氨酸 -- 48.00 -- --L-胱氨酸·2HCL 63.00 63.00 31.00 26.10L-谷氨酰胺 584.00 584.00 292.00 --L-谷氨酸 -- -- -- 50.00-甘氨酸 30.00 30.00 -- 50.00L-组氨酸·HCl·H2O42.00 42.00 42.00 --L-组氨酸 -- -- -- 15.00L-异亮氨酸 105.00 105.00 52.00 50.00L-亮氨酸 105.00 105.00 52.00 75.00L-赖氨酸·HCl 146.00 146.00 73.00 87.50L-甲硫氨酸 30.00 30.00 15.00 15.00L-苯丙氨酸 66.00 66.00 32.00 25.00L-脯氨酸 -- -- -- 30.00L-丝氨酸 42.00 42.00 -- 10.00L-苏氨酸 95.00 95.00 48.00 40.00L-色氨酸 16.00 16.00 10.00 10.00L-酪氨酸·2Na·2H2O104.00 104.00 52.00 50.70L-缬氨酸 94.00 94.00 46.00 50.00维生素:抗坏血酸 -- -- -- 2.00生物素 -- -- -- 0.50D-泛酸钙 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00氯化胆碱 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.50表角钙化醇 -- -- -- 0.10叶酸 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00异-肌醇 7.20 7.20 2.00 2.00维生素K3酸式硫酸钠 -- -- -- 0.01烟酰胺 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00吡哆醇HCl -- 4.00 -- --吡哆醛HCl 4.00 -- 1.00 1.00维生素B2 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.10α-维生素E磷酸二钠 -- -- -- 0.01维生素B1-HCl 4.00 4.00 1.00 1.00维生素A醋酸盐 -- -- -- 0.10维生素B12 -- -- -- 0.20
根据本发明优选的实施方案,下表Ⅱ中的补充成分加入到总体积1000ml的表Ⅰ的贮存基本培养基中。列出的优选的量与下述实施例中的量相一致,其中的基本贮存培养基用445ml DMEM 10314和555ml 11966建立以提供2.0g/L的D-葡萄糖浓度从而没有加入额外的D-葡萄糖。应该理解当用其它基本贮存培养基时,加入这些成分的最佳量是可变的。
表Ⅱ
添加至SM用于HBM优选的量 浓度范围单位/L 单位/LD-半乳糖 2.0g 0.01-5.0g*D-葡萄糖 2.0g** 0.01-5.0g*烟酰胺 610.0mg 1-3050mgL-脯氨酸 30.0mg** 1-120mgL-精氨酸 84.0mg** 1-150mgl-鸟氨酸 100mg 1-500mg人-全-运铁蛋白(30%Fe饱和度) 5.0mg 0.1-100mgh-胰岛素 5.0mg 大于10-11M地塞米松 1×10-7M 10-12-10-3MZnCl2 .544mg** 1-3000μgMnSO4 0.025mg** 1-250μgZnSO4·7H2O .750mg** 1-3000μgCuSO4·5H2O 0.20mg** 1-1000μg硒 5.0μg 1-150μgL-谷氨酰胺***(添加至SBM) 5.0mM 2.0-10.0mMHEPES 20.0mM 5-50mM*如果既使用D-半乳糖又使用D-葡萄糖,如果有的话,考虑进去所用
特定贮存基本培养基中的量,其上限为约8.0g/L或更少。当同时使用或
仅使用D-葡萄糖或D-半乳糖中的一种时,下限为约0.01g/L或更大。
例如,在这里的实例中,使用的混合DMEM培养基含有2.0g/LD-葡萄
糖而没有加入其它的量,并且加入2.0g/L的D-半乳糖。**如果事先在SM贮存基本培养基中不存在。***在本发明中L-谷氨酰胺是必需的营养成分。提供了许多具有L-
谷氨酰胺的贮存基本培养基。然而,细胞培养领域的技术人员众所周
知L-谷氨酰胺将通过氧化降解,从而制备后几周内L-谷氨酰胺将
被降解。因此,加入额外的L-谷氨酰胺至所述本发明的HBM培养
基中以补偿此效应。
下表Ⅲ中列出了可任选加入到HBM培养中以最优化用于特定目的和肝细胞及特定细胞系或恶性细胞特定物种来源的细胞生长的物质。又一次,这些量将依据是否特定的成分已存在于所用的贮存基本培养基中而变化。
表Ⅲ
用于HBM的任选添加剂优选的量 浓度范围单位/L 单位/L清蛋白* 2.0g 0-10.0g青霉素** 100U 0-2500U链霉素** 100μg 0-2500μg丙酮酸钠 0.15g 0-2.0gγ-生育酚 0.35mg 0-3.5mgα-生育酚 0.15mg 0-2.5mg维生素D3 0.20mg 0-1.8mg萄聚糖* 2.0g 0-5.0g葡糖酸铁*** 25.0μg 0-100μgLioLeic Acid 1.0g 0-5.0g脱铁-运铁蛋白*** 5.0mg 0-20.0mg视黄醇 0.05mg 0-2.0mg维生素B12 0.15mg 0-2.0mg抗坏血酸 3.0mg 0-10.0mg氯化胆碱 1.5mg 0.2-12.5mg生物素 0.75mg 0.2-15.0mg*葡聚糖可替代清蛋白**可用其它抗生素,如庆大霉素***糖化铁和脱铁-运铁蛋白可替代铁-饱和的全-运铁蛋白所
在需要加快生长的情况下,可将各种生长因子加入到本发明的HBM中。尽管目前HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα是优选的,但应理解也可使用其它生长因子。这些生长因子优选的量一般随所用的特定来源而变化。因此这里列出的量必须限定到此处所用的特定来源。在下面实施例中,HGF/SF优选以40ng/ml加入到HBM中;EGF优选以20ng/ml加入;且TGFα优选以20ng/ml加入。
包括进下面的实施例仅是为了说明的目的且并不意在限制本发明的范围。
实施例
材料和方法材料
来自Charles河(宾夕法尼亚)的雄性Fischer344大鼠用于所有涉及大鼠肝细胞分离的实验。EGF和Matrigel(一种来自EHS小鼠肿瘤的基质成分混合物)获自Collaborative Research(Walthamn,MA)。[3H]胸苷获自ICNRadiochemicals(Irvine,CA)。用于肝细胞分离的胶原酶获自宝灵曼(Indiannapolis,IN)。Vitrogen(Celtrix Labs,Palo Alto,CA)用于建立胶原凝胶。常规试剂获自西格玛化学公司(圣路易斯,MO)。用于这些研究的HGF/SF为Δ5变异体。ECL基质购自Upstate Biotechnology(Lake Placid,NY)。肝细胞的分离和培养
通过改进的Kost,D.P.,等,细胞生理学杂志.147:274(1991)所讲授(该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)的钙两步胶原酶灌注技术(adaptationof the calcium two step collagenase perfusion fechnique)分离大鼠肝细胞。设计所有这样的制品以获取纯肝细胞种群。与许多其它肝细胞培养系统不同,本发明不需要或不使用饲养细胞协同培养或饲养细胞条件的(condistioned)培养基。肝细胞分离后,将细胞悬浮于用于将细胞附着到培养板上的培养基中。该培养基为MEM(GIBCO 12570),其中具有NEAA(GIBCO 11140)、胰岛素5mg/L、和庆大霉素5μg/ml。将肝细胞铺至按下述包被的单层胶原上并让其附着2小时。使用Corning的6-孔簇平板(six-well Cluster plates)(每平板9.8平方厘米)。对于肝细胞将不被诱导增殖或进行分化功能分析的实验,细胞以每平方厘米表面积80,000个肝细胞的密度铺板。对于打算诱导增殖或以外源DNA遗传转导的实验,细胞以每平方厘米表面积1,000或10,000个肝细胞的起始密度铺板。细胞铺板后2小时并且以后每48小时一次以本发明的HBM培养基替代板培养基。在需要更换培养基时加入胸苷、生长因子及其它成分。
通过改进的胶原酶灌注适应技术分离人肝细胞,如Strom,S.C.,等.,国家癌症研究所杂志65(5):771-8(1982)所述,该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。细胞按上述对于大鼠肝细胞的方法进行培养。
按Michalopoulos,G.K.,等所述.,实验细胞.研究.94:70(1975),(该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)制备胶原凝胶。也根据制造商的指定进行以胶原和Matrigel的平板干燥包被(Dry coating)。通过向在贴壁细胞的顶部的0.5ml培养基中直接加入50μl Matrigel溶液而制备Matrigel凝胶。
通过Kost,D.P.,等(1991)所述(上面引用的),用氚化的胸苷向三氯乙酸(TCA)可沉淀的物质中的摄入而测定DNA合成。当必要时,以每ml MEM培养基2mg胶原酶消化胶原凝胶。然后于37℃孵育30分钟。按Kost,D.P.,等(1991)所述(上面引用的),用NaOH然后用TCA处理消化的凝胶以沉淀DNA、RNA和蛋白。HBM培养基的组成
DMEM、HEPES、L-谷氨酰胺、和抗生素购自GIBCO/BRL(Gaithersburg,MD)。ITS混合物(胰岛素、运铁蛋白、硒)购自宝灵曼。所有其它的添加剂为细胞培养级(西格玛)。除非特别指明用于特定的实验,该贮存基本培养基由DMEM 11966和DMEM 10314混合所组成以得到2.0g/L的D-葡萄糖终浓度。在该情况下,将445ml DMEM 10314与555mlDMEM 11966混合以得到此浓度。这些贮存基本培养基的配方列于上表Ⅰ中。然后将得到的混合培养基补充以:纯化的牛清蛋白2.0g/L,D-半乳糖2.0g/L,L-鸟氨酸0.1g/L,L-脯氨酸0.030g/L,烟酰胺0.610g/L,ZnCl20.544mg/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.750mg/L,CuSO4·5H2O 0.20mg/L,MnSO40.025mg/L,谷氨酰胺5.0mM,ITS(重组人-胰岛素5.0mg/L,人运铁蛋白5.0mg/L[30%的二铁离子(diferric iron)饱和,硒5.0μg/L),地塞米松10-7M,和HEPES缓冲液20.0mM。分别加入100U/L和100μg/L的青霉素和链霉素。将混合的基本HBM经0.22-μM低蛋白-结合过滤系统(Corning)过滤除菌,贮存于4℃并在4周内使用。如果需要,每次更换培养基时加入指定浓度的生长因子至新鲜HBM中。逆转录病毒转染和克隆表达的分析
肝细胞起始以104个/cm2铺板并培养于补充以HGF/SF(40ng/ml)和EGF(20ng/ml)的HBM中。68小时后,按Zitvogel,L.H.等.,人类基因治疗.5:1493(1994)(该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)中所述,以含有LTR启动子控制下大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶基因的CRφP-包裹的复制缺陷兼嗜性逆转录病毒的上清(每ml MFG~5×105单位)替代培养基。加入2μg/ml的1,5-二甲基-1,5-二氮十一亚甲基聚甲溴化物(Polybrenl)。18小时后,上清以补充以20ng/ml EGF和40ng/ml HGF/SF的HBM替代。以含有病毒的上清的短暂暴露对肝细胞存活或增殖没有副作用。在所示的时间,细胞以PBS中0.5%的戊二醛的PBS溶液固定10分钟并以X-Gal底物在37℃显色16小时。如图4G和4F中所示,表达大肠杆菌基因的转导细胞染色为阳性。每种成分的适当对照对X-Gal染色为阴性。透射电子显微镜
用于透视电子显微镜的(TEM)的样品于含有2.5%戊二醛和2%甲醛的0.1M的二甲胂酸钠缓冲液(pH7.4)中在培养板上固定1-1.5小时。然后将该平板以0.1M的二甲胂酸钠缓冲液(pH7.4)冲洗2次且以含5%蔗糖的0.1M二甲胂酸钠缓冲液(pH7.4)漂洗2次。将它们置于蔗糖缓冲液中1-7天,以0.1M的二甲胂酸钠缓冲液(pH7.4)漂洗2次,且然后于0.1M二甲胂酸钠缓冲液中1%的OSO4中后固定(postfixed)1小时。然后,再在缓冲液中漂洗该板,且然后将固定和处理过的胶原凝胶以剃须刀片切成薄片。然后将此薄片转移至玻璃标本瓶中,经一系列梯度的乙醇(25-100%)和更替2次1,2-环氧丙烷而脱水,并且以Epon-Araldite树脂(BioTec,TX)浸润。随着胶原凝胶趋于保留1,2-环氧丙烷,在2天内更换几次树脂。将该胶原薄片水平-包埋并于60℃固化过夜。通过Northern印迹对基因表达的分析培养物中总RNA和mRNA的提取
用每孔2.0ml RNA 201 B(BioTec)用未冲洗的细胞培养物中提取总RNA并按制造商的指示进行纯化。RNA浓度和纯度通过常规的分光光度计测定。每泳道20μg RNA的大小分离在变性1%的琼脂糖凝胶上完成并通过毛细管方法转移至尼龙膜(Amersham,Arliagton Heights,IL)。紫外光交联后,将此膜与用Amershan随机引物试剂盒以[α-32P]dCTP标记的特异性cDNA(如图所示)杂交过夜。随后在高度严格的条件下洗膜并对XAR胶片(Eastman Kodak,Rochester,NY)曝光1-3天。RNA杂交带的定量用激光光密度测量来进行。cDNA探针的来源
用于研究基因表达的cDNA探针作为赠物获得且需要时可从以下来源获得:细胞角蛋白8可获自Norman Marceau博士(Laval大学);细胞角蛋白14可获自Dennis Roop博士(Baylor医学院);细胞角蛋白18可获自Robert Oshima博士(LaJolla癌症研究基金会);细胞角蛋白19可获自Andre Royal博士(蒙特利尔大学);TGFα(大鼠)源自David Lee博士(北卡罗莱纳大学,ChapelHill);EGFR(大鼠)源自Sheldon Earp博士(北卡罗莱纳大学,Chapel Hill);αFGF来自美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)(目录号.78222);αFGF-R来自ATCC(目录号.65796);uPA源自Jay Degen博士(Cincinnati大学);细胞色素11B1来自Steve Strom博士(匹兹堡大学);清蛋白cDNA、α甲胎蛋白和转录因子分析由Joe Locker博士(匹兹堡大学)完成。
得到的结果
培养基组分和基质底物对细胞增殖的作用
上面已给出了HBM培养基的充分描述。为了评估不同培养基组分的相对重要性进行了数个实验,其结果列于下表Ⅳ(A、B和C)中。将组分D-葡萄糖、清蛋白、地塞米松、运铁蛋白和硒、烟酰胺、和痕量元素分别从完全HBM培养基组成中去除,如表ⅣA所示。其中列出了培养14天后每次培养的总DNA。正如可容易见到的,地塞米松的去除具有最显著的效应,其次是烟酰胺的去除。在表ⅥB中,将在含有二铁运铁蛋白(铁饱和)的HBM培养基中和铁未饱和的运铁蛋白的HBM培养基中14天后得到的细胞生长进行比较。发现添加含有二铁运铁蛋白的铁(30%饱和度)具有更为有效的促生长效应。添加元素铁(FeSO4,0.1μM)至未饱和的运铁蛋白中未能抵消这种差异。表ⅥC提供了HBM培养基中D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖和L-鸟氨酸的相对效应信息。所有这3种组分均为细胞潜在的能量来源。当全部去除这三种组分时观察到生长的完全停止。仅添加D-葡萄糖恢复大多数反应而仅添加D-半乳糖效果较差。仅添加鸟氨酸具有最小的效应。每升2g浓度的每种清蛋白和D葡萄糖发现是最佳,的尽管其效应在每种情况并无统计上与每升1或3g的差异。完全去除这些组分的效应列于表ⅣA中。
表ⅣA.去除特定的HBM组分对肝细胞生长的影响
μg/孔
零时间DNA 13.90±3.60
补充以下面组分的HBM(具有HGF/SF和EGF)
中第14天时的DNA:
+所有组分 84.90±0.50
-葡萄糖 69.80±2.90
-清蛋白 68.70±0.50
-地塞米松 13.70±0.20
-(运铁蛋白和硒) 63.10±2.00
-烟酰胺 35.20±1.70
-痕量元素 65.00±2.40
-所有组分 20.20±4.30B.铁和运铁蛋白对肝细胞生长的影响
零时间DNA 9.21±1.01
二铁运铁蛋白 70.15±1.21
(铁饱和)
二铁运铁蛋白加上 1.83±0.41
加入的铁(5μM)
铁较少的运铁蛋白 24.84±4.30
铁较少的运铁蛋白加上 1.10±0.90
加入的铁C.葡萄糖、鸟氨酸或半乳糖去除的影响
零时间 11.0±0.4
对照(葡萄糖(Gluc)+鸟氨酸(Orn)+
半乳糖+(Gal)) 59.0±2.5
G1uc.-,0rn.-,Gal.- 10.6±0.8
Gluc.-,Orn.+,Gal.- 14.4±0.9
Gluc.-,Orn.-,Gal.+ 44.2±6.0
Gluc.+,Orn.-,Gal.- 59.0±4.0
Gluc.+,Orn.+,Gal.- 62.7±1.4
Gluc.+,Orn.-,Gal.+ 63.6±0.3.
去除所示的HBM组分并将肝细胞培养于修饰的培养基14天。于第14天测定每次培养微生物的总DNA以评估培养细胞的生长。零时间为细胞分离后立即接种至平板的肝细胞悬液样品。数据表示为三个独立平板的平均值±标准误。在HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα的影响下肝细胞分散性地(diffuselv)进入增殖
图1A和lB显示每μg DNA胞苷的摄入以及在HGF/SF和EGF(分别为40,20ng/ml)存在下培养物中培养的细胞在不同天的BRdU核标记指标,如上所述。正如所见到的,大多数增殖出现于第5-12天。到第15天时培养物铺满且DNA合成减慢。在连续的增殖期内高的核标记指标表示增殖的细胞直接来自成熟的肝细胞。
生长因子HGF/SF、EGF、TGFα、KGF(角质形成形成细胞生长因子)、SCF(干细胞因子)和αFGF(酸性成纤维细胞生长因子)分别加入HBM培养基中。如第15天时每次培养DNA的总量所示,加入的生长因子中,HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα(显示图2中为“TGFα”)导致显著的细胞增殖。KGF、αFGF、和SCF单独或同时加入时不具有增殖效应,如图2中所示。当单独加入HBM培养中时,TGFα较任何一种其它促分裂原具有更强的增殖效应。HGF/SF和EGF一起在给定的15天间隔内较任何其它单个促分裂原或组合具有最强的增殖效应。同时加入所有的生长因子较HGF/SF和EGF组合不具有更高的效应,如图2所示。由仅由HGF/SF和EGF或其组合诱导的详细的细胞动力学显示于图1C中。每次培养的总DNA显示为培养时间的函数。在第15天时见到HGF/SF和EGF的组合积累的DNA量最大。第15天时每次培养的DNA是零时间的12倍,反映细胞数目的增加。HGF/SF和EGF能力大约相同。单独TGFα较单独HGF/SF或单独EGF更具有促分裂效应。基质底物的影响
在该系统中几种基质底物促进细胞的生长。如图3中所见到的,在各种基质上将大鼠肝细胞培养于补充以HGF/SF(40ng/nl)和EGF(20ng/ml)的HBM中15天。按上述培养细胞。在促进细胞生长方面通过测定第15天的每个培养的总DNA说明以Ⅳ型胶原(小鼠)、Ⅰ型胶原(牛)、纤连蛋白和层粘连蛋白的干燥包被是同样有效的。以ECL(一种商业上EHS凝胶衍生物,UBI)的干燥包被具有更好的效应。除非另有说明,否则以Ⅰ型胶原(Vitrogen商业制品)的包被为用于该实验的标准方法。下面将进一步讨论基质凝胶在这些培养物中促进特异性表型转换的效应。增殖期间肝细胞的表型转换
增殖细胞(培养于上述补充以40ng/ml HGF/SF和20ng/ml EGF的HBM中)的形态学在细胞增殖刺激后不同的时间发生改变。从图4A中见到的正常肝细胞形态,在头4天中增殖的细胞获得了长的突出(projections),认为此表型一般是由于HGF/SF对肝细胞的“分散”效应,如图4B中所见到的,Michalopoulos,GK.,等,细胞生理学杂志.156:443(1993),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。在6-8天,增殖的细胞失去其大多数的细胞质颗粒,核变得较不明显,突出消失且细胞开始生长成单层膜片。随着细胞继续生长,最终这些成片物融合以形成连续的单层,如图4C所示。如图4D和4E中所见到的,电子显微镜检查显示成熟肝细胞的大多数典型特征消失。至第15天时没有环绕线粒体的内质网层并且没有糖原玫瑰花结或过氧化物酶体。胆汁小管(bile canaliculi)消失。角蛋白中间纤维束有显著的增加。核呈角状并具有明显的核仁。铺满以后,形态逐渐回复到成熟分化的肝细胞,与图6B和6C中所示类似,具有内质网层、线粒体、糖原、过氧化物酶体、胆汁小管等。
图4F和4G中显示增殖大鼠肝细胞的克隆生长。在第三天时于培养物中以含有在病毒LTR影响下Lac-Z的复制缺陷反转录病毒转染肝细胞并进行染色而用于β-半乳糖苷酶的表达。如在图4F中所见到的,在培养4天时(转染后1天)大多数单个细胞染色呈阳性。另一方面,在第10天染色并持续至第28天(continuing through day 28)时显示阳性染色的肝细胞的膜片,与如图4G中所见到的最初转染的肝细胞的克隆生长相一致。培养期间lac-Z-阳性细胞的百分比(~20%)似乎没有变化。增殖的肝细胞表达不同水平的各种基因
对增殖肝细胞中数种特异性基因的表达进行了分析。这包括与肝细胞分化有关的mRNA基因(清蛋白、细胞色素ⅡB1(在图5A中标为P450)、编码细胞角蛋白标记(细胞角蛋白14、18和19)或与肝细胞生长有关的基因(尿激酶(uPA)、HGF/SF和其受体c-met(在图5A中标为MET)、EGF(标为EGFR)和TGFα及其受体、酸性EGF及其受体和TGFβ1)。通过RNA的Northern印迹分析对在HGF/SF(40ng/ml)和EGF(20ng/ml)同时存在(图5A和5B)或仅具有TGFα(20ng/ml)(数据未显示)时得到培养物的基因进行研究。于第0、6、10、15和21天从培养物中分离总RNA。在检测的任何时间点没有见到HGF/SF或TGFβ1 mRNA的表达。
如可见到的,清蛋白和细胞色素ⅡB1 mRNA在零时间点存在且随后下降。清蛋白mRNA在第21天时增加,且此时也检测到α甲胎蛋白(AFP)的mRNA。培养期间细胞角蛋白14、18和19的mRNA增加。在整个培养时间HGF/SF(MET,图5A)和aFGF(图5B,aFGFR)的受体mRNA保持存在。从第零天开始EGF受体(EGFR)mRNA下降但维持表达。GAPDH mRNA表达用作参照“管家”基因。观察到尿激酶及细胞角蛋白14和19表达的剧烈升高。在TGFα(20.0ng/ml)存在的非HGF/SF和EGF培养基中见到与上述模式的一些差别。在这些培养物中清蛋白表达和HGF/SF受体表达在增殖期间更好地保持而AFP出现得更早。(数据未显示)。尽管观察到基因表达模式的差异,一旦得到铺满,在TGFα或HGF/SF加EGF存在下培养的细胞间没有观察到形态学差异。在Matrigel影响下或在非实质细胞存在下或随着培养时间的推移,增殖的肝细胞回复至成熟的肝细胞
当于第8天将Matrigel盖于培养物时,胆汁小管迅速(2天内)出现且细胞组织成弦样结构。这些细胞的特征显示于图6A中。如图6B和6C中电子显微镜所示,这些细胞具有典型的成熟肝细胞标记,包括环绕线粒体的内质网、胆汁小管和糖原出现。从暴露至Matrigel 10天的(培养的第8-18天)培养物中制备mRNA制品。比较培养第零天(胶原酶灌流后之即刻)、培养8天(Matrigel铺盖前)和Matrigel铺盖后第3天和第7天的清蛋白表达,如图6D中所示。与其中只可检测到最少清蛋白mRNA的对照增殖培养物相比,添加Matrigel导致清蛋白mRNA表达的剧烈增加。对苯巴比妥(PB)对Matrigel-处理的培养物中细胞色素P450 ⅡB1 mRNA水平的影响也进行了测定,如图6E中所示。Matrigel于第8天加至培养物中。PB在2天后(培养第10天)加入。添加PB后5天(培养第15天)收获细胞。PB的添加仅在Matrigel-处理过的培养物中诱导细胞色素ⅡBl mRNA。苯巴比妥对该mRNA的诱导是肝细胞特异性的且并不发生于任何其它的细胞中,如Michelopoulos,G.等.,科学(华盛顿,特区)193:907(1976),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。一般地,肝细胞培养物迅速丧失对PB应答的能力。此发现支持了电子显微镜结构所证实的添加Matrigel至增殖肝细胞的培养物中诱导成熟肝细胞表型的证据,如图6B和6C中所示。添加Matrigel后,在诱导分化条件之前由增殖肝细胞表达的胆管(bile duct)标记,细胞角蛋白19(CK19)的表达(图6F)也被终止。
测定暴露至Matrigel的培养物中的DNA合成并且有一个实质性的下降。为了分析是否分化至成熟肝细胞形态需要DNA合成,向HBM培养基中加入20mM的羟脲(hydroxurea)。已显示其通过抑制核糖核苷酸还原酶而废止了肝细胞中预定的(scheduled)半保留DNA合成。在铺盖上Matrigel之前将羟脲(hydroxyurea)加入到培养物中并维持随后的5天时间。在Matrigel不存在时的增殖培养物中,DNA合成下降至对照的3.93%(无羟脲)并且在Matrigel存在时的培养物中下降至对照的6.27%(无羟脲)。虽然DNA合成降至6.27%的对照(+Matrigel,无羟脲)水平,但增殖肝细胞至成熟肝细胞形态的转换完全不受影响并包括整个种群。在Ⅰ型胶原凝胶中HGF/SF(非TGFα或EGF)诱导增殖的肝细胞分化成导管状/腺泡状(Acinar)的结构
维持在2个胶原凝胶层之间的肝细胞保持它们的形态和分化延长一段时间,如Michalopoulos,G.K.,等所述,细胞生理学杂志.156:443(1993)该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。维持于具有含HGF/SF常规培养基的培养物中的胶原凝胶夹层中(Sandwiches)的肝细胞进行剧烈的增殖、形成明显的突起并最终组织成肝板样结构(the hepatic plates)。对维持于前述2层胶原凝胶之间进行了检测,但在上述补充以HGF/SF或EGF的HBM存在下。注意到在补充EGF的培养基中肝细胞经历上述典型的表面转变。另一方面,在仅补充以HGF/SF的HBM中的肝细胞中,与上述增殖的肝细胞表型一致的细胞增殖以后,在10-15天出现多重管形的结构。这些变得明显并包围大多数存在于培养物中的细胞。从大约第10天开始到第15天,该结构中的大部分细胞以这种导管状的结构排列。这些结构的外形显示于图7A中。组织学切片显示于图7B(光镜)和图7C和7D(电镜)中。此结构具有导管状或腺泡状结构。环绕这些结构的一些细胞很细长并且具有与胆管上皮一致的光镜和电镜表象。然而其它细胞更大并且更象前面体内研究模型中所述的导管状肝细胞。在EGF或HGF/SF存在下胶原凝胶夹层中细胞的增殖(数据未显示)大大小于(最高峰时<25%)在以干燥胶原包被塑料上的培养物中所见到的增殖。大多数增殖在第10天终止并在细胞增殖终止后(第10-15天)管样结构出现。当HGF/SF和EGF结合时在这些培养物中也观察到导管状腺泡状结构但少于仅用HGF/SF。与用Matrigel铺盖一样,添加羟脲抑制DNA合成(抑制下降至对照的5.1%)不影响导管状结构的形成(数据未显示)。图7E显示这些细胞表达导管细胞特性的细胞角蛋白19。(见,Sirica,A.E.,肝病进展.10:63(1992)和Sirica,A.E.,组织学.组织病理学.10:433(1995),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明)。少量清蛋白的表达也得以维持,这与图7D中所见到的导管状结构中的肝细胞样细胞的存在相一致。已注意到与分化至成熟肝细胞系并停止表达该胆管标记的细胞相反,该导管状细胞在非增殖状态中维持CK19的表达。人肝细胞在HGF/SF和EGF存在下的HGM中持续生长和种群扩增
尽管人肝细胞培养没有与大鼠肝细胞培养一样已进行了广泛的特征描述,但可得到的文献显示这些细胞在培养中经生长因子刺激后也经历有限轮的DNA合成且迅速退化。见.Ismail,T.,等.,肝脏学14:1076(1991),该文献的公开内容以参考文献并入本发明。对HBM培养基中人肝细胞对HGF/SF(40ng/ml)和EGF(20ng/ml)的应答进行研究。发现在人肝细胞原代培养物中,其结果与大鼠肝细胞类似,如图8中所见到的。在培养物中人肝细胞在第3-4天开始迅速增殖并到第19天时达到铺满。
如上所述,现需要有一种能够使培养于体外的肝细胞扩增为细胞种群的培养基。本发明的HBM允许这样的扩增并因此能够对增殖的肝细胞进行较多必要研究。本发明对下述众多的其它应用也将是有用的。
例如,目前所有用于达到稳定、长期表达转染基因的肝脏一靶向基因治疗的方法需要在最初的转染期间积极分裂的细胞。在特定的任一天正常肝脏的20,000个肝细胞中仅有1个位于S生长期。为了增加细胞增殖,必需切除病人的大部分(2/3)肝脏。随后静脉内注射肝脏靶向基因载体来源。这种剧烈方式的替代方法是去除小块肝脏(10%),培养肝细胞,将它们在培养物中进行转染,且然后重新将该细胞灌流至肝脏。这后者的方法虽较前者更安全、更便宜且更好地控制,但目前由于缺乏这样的培养基,即允许延期增殖、克隆扩增基本上所有培养细胞并能够使其长期存活的培养基如HBM,该方法遇到阻碍。
根据包括细胞成分的生物-人工(bioartificial)肝组织的当前体外肝装置的设计依据转化的(肿瘤)肝细胞或动物肝细胞。动物细胞在所用的生物反应器中存活不超过数天并不增殖,这需要更为频繁且密切邻近地产生生物反应器并保留所有必需的设施、原料和预期的动物供体。此外,动物细胞可能具有使其在临床上使用困难或危险的数种不必要的方面。同样,用于这些装置中的肿瘤细胞具有将细胞渗漏(leakage)带至病并因此在病人中可潜在导致肿瘤的风险。本发明的HBM培养基将允许制备含有动物和/或人肝细胞和/或其它细胞的生物反应器并提供增加细胞数目的独特特征而同时维持其长期存活和完全分化。这种反应器对于药物制备、药物代谢、毒物学研究及复杂的生物学研究也将是有用的。
本发明HBM培养基的另一潜在应用在于肝细胞的自体移植。肝细胞移植是治疗晚期(endstage)肝病患者相对较新的方法。该方法依赖于不用于器官移植的供体器官的使用。自体移植具有无需免疫抑制的药物优势,但如果不能够扩增细胞的数量并维持其足够长时间的存活以将它们重新置于供体中,这是不切实际的。在选定的条件下,包括包囊或遗传操作,晚期肝移出物也可提供供体肝细胞来源。无论肝细胞的来源如何,肝细胞数目在长期培养中的扩增和再植(入胰脏、门静脉系统、腹膜、肾小囊等)的确增强了延长时间有效的肝合成和解毒过程。限制是缺乏肝细胞。HBM具有排除此细胞缺失的潜力,并因此极大地增加了可被治疗肝脏疾患病人的数目。同样地,以培养于本发明培养基中的其它细胞的自体移植或异体移植可增加可以生物细胞治疗的病人数目和治疗的方式(array)。
本发明的HBM也可用于药物和化学测试方法。作为FDA、USDA、NIOSH和EPA规定的一部分,实际上所有的药物、化学制剂及其它制备的产品必须在肝细胞培养物中测定其诱变性和毒性。目前,这些测试用短期培养的大鼠肝细胞进行因为缺乏长期的存活或显著的增殖。HBM的使用将(1)延长测试时期(长期存活)、(2)允许以较低浓度更长的曝露时间,(3)能够观察对增殖肝细胞的诱变性和毒性,和(4)可提供可用于其它毒物学研究的人肝细胞。
虽然为了说明而对本发明进行了详尽的描述,但应理解这些细节仅是为了此目的,且除了由权利要求所限定的外,本领域的熟练技术人员在不偏离本发明精神和范围下可在其中进行变更。
Claims (25)
1.一种用于哺乳动物肝细胞维持、分化和长期生长的化学上明确的HBM培养基,其中包括:
(a)设计用于哺乳动物细胞培养的合成贮存基本培养基;和
(b)肝细胞生长促进量的组分,选自烟酰胺、氨基酸、运铁蛋白、激素、地塞米松、痕量金属和选自D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖的简单碳水化合物及其任何组合。
2.权利要求1的HBM培养基,进一步包括缓冲液。
3.权利要求2的HBM培养基,其中所述的缓冲液为HEPES。
4.权利要求2的HBM培养基,进一步包括抗生素。
5.权利要求4的HBM培养基,其中所述的抗生素选自青霉素和链霉素及其任何组合。
6.权利要求4的HBM培养基,进一步包括清蛋白。
7.权利要求6的HBM培养基,其中所述的清蛋白选自牛血清蛋白、人清蛋白、大鼠清蛋白、猪清蛋白和马清蛋白。
8.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的合成贮存基本培养基选自DMEM、MEM、Williams培养基E、BME、DMEM/F-12、199培养基、F-12(Ham)营养混合物、F-10(Ham)营养混合物和RPMI 164C培养基。
9.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的氨基酸选自L-谷氨酰胺、L-鸟氨酸、L-脯氨酸、和L-精氨酸及其任何组合。
10.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的痕量金属包括锌、锰、铜和硒。
11.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的痕量金属进一步包括ZnCl2、ZnSO4·7H2O、MnSO4、CuSO4·5H2O、和NaSeSO4。
12.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的运铁蛋白选自30%铁饱和度的全-运铁蛋白和与葡糖酸铁结合的脱铁-运铁蛋白。
13.权利要求1的HBM培养基,其中所述的激素包括胰岛素和地塞米松。
14.权利要求1的培养基,其中所述的合成基本培养基为DMEM。
15.权利要求14的培养基,其中所述的DMEM含有约0.1-5.0g/L,优选约2.0g/L的D-葡萄糖。
16.权利要求1的HBM培养基,进一步包括增强肝细胞生长量的生长因子。
17.权利要求16的HBM培养基,其中所述的生长因子选自HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα。
18.权利要求6的HBM培养基,进一步包括增强肝细胞生长量的生长因子。
19.权利要求18的HBM培养基,其中所述的生长因子选自HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα
20.包括表Ⅰ和表Ⅱ中定义的HGM组合物的哺乳动物细胞培养基,其中表Ⅰ的贮存基本培养基包括混合的DMEM从而使D-葡萄糖的终浓度优选约2.0g/L且D-半乳糖的量优选约2.0g/L。
21.权利要求20的培养基,进一步包括列于表Ⅲ中组分。
22.权利要求20的培养基,进一步包括增强肝细胞生长量的生长因子。
23.权利要求22的培养基,其中所述的生长因子选自HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα。
24.权利要求21的培养基,进一步包括增强肝细胞生长量的生长因子。
25.权利要求24的培养基,其中所述的生长因子选自HGF/SF、EGF和TGFα。
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- 1997-03-12 BR BR9708105-1A patent/BR9708105A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-12 IL IL12627397A patent/IL126273A0/xx unknown
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- 1997-03-12 NZ NZ331935A patent/NZ331935A/xx unknown
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- 1997-03-12 EP EP97916744A patent/EP0929662B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1997-03-12 AU AU25287/97A patent/AU733373B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-03-12 DE DE69736861T patent/DE69736861D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-12 PL PL97328922A patent/PL328922A1/xx unknown
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- 1997-03-12 KR KR1019980707383A patent/KR20000064667A/ko not_active Withdrawn
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1303205C (zh) * | 2002-04-04 | 2007-03-07 | 第一化学药品株式会社 | 肝细胞的长期培养方法 |
| CN102344904A (zh) * | 2010-08-02 | 2012-02-08 | 深圳华大基因科技有限公司 | 一种猪细胞培养基 |
| CN102344904B (zh) * | 2010-08-02 | 2014-04-30 | 深圳华大基因科技有限公司 | 一种猪细胞培养基 |
| CN104837988A (zh) * | 2012-11-30 | 2015-08-12 | 瑞士干细胞基金会 | 用于人的间充质干细胞的无血清培养基 |
| CN106318998A (zh) * | 2015-07-08 | 2017-01-11 | 浙江海正药业股份有限公司 | 用于提高重组人ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白唾液酸化水平的组合物 |
| CN106318998B (zh) * | 2015-07-08 | 2019-08-20 | 浙江海正博锐生物制药有限公司 | 用于提高重组人ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白唾液酸化水平的组合物 |
| CN112312771A (zh) * | 2018-06-18 | 2021-02-02 | 橡树生物公司 | 使用化能自养的微生物生产富细胞培养基的方法 |
| WO2021022892A1 (zh) * | 2019-08-03 | 2021-02-11 | 深圳市脉唐生物科技有限公司 | 禽蛋培养基 |
| CN115369087A (zh) * | 2021-05-17 | 2022-11-22 | 合肥中科普瑞昇生物医药科技有限公司 | 肝癌原代细胞的培养基及培养方法 |
| CN115369087B (zh) * | 2021-05-17 | 2024-02-09 | 合肥中科普瑞昇生物医药科技有限公司 | 肝癌原代细胞的培养基及培养方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69736861D1 (de) | 2006-12-07 |
| NZ331935A (en) | 2000-05-26 |
| US6043092A (en) | 2000-03-28 |
| US6670180B2 (en) | 2003-12-30 |
| AU2528797A (en) | 1997-10-10 |
| NO984314L (no) | 1998-11-17 |
| US7022520B2 (en) | 2006-04-04 |
| US20020155603A1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
| WO1997034999A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
| TR199801859T2 (xx) | 1999-02-22 |
| US6413772B1 (en) | 2002-07-02 |
| NO984314D0 (no) | 1998-09-17 |
| BR9708105A (pt) | 2000-01-04 |
| PL328922A1 (en) | 1999-03-01 |
| CZ297198A3 (cs) | 1999-03-17 |
| BG102837A (bg) | 1999-05-31 |
| EP0929662A1 (en) | 1999-07-21 |
| EP0929662A4 (en) | 2002-12-04 |
| AU733373B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
| ATE343629T1 (de) | 2006-11-15 |
| EP0929662B1 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
| CA2249289A1 (en) | 1997-09-25 |
| IL126273A0 (en) | 1999-05-09 |
| EA199800835A1 (ru) | 1999-02-25 |
| US20040166579A1 (en) | 2004-08-26 |
| KR20000064667A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
| US20060141447A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
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