CN1980899B - 作为parp抑制剂的喹唑啉酮衍生物 - Google Patents
作为parp抑制剂的喹唑啉酮衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1980899B CN1980899B CN2005800222595A CN200580022259A CN1980899B CN 1980899 B CN1980899 B CN 1980899B CN 2005800222595 A CN2005800222595 A CN 2005800222595A CN 200580022259 A CN200580022259 A CN 200580022259A CN 1980899 B CN1980899 B CN 1980899B
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- parp
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Abstract
本发明提供式(I)化合物,它们的作为PARP抑制剂的用途以及包含所述的式(I)化合物的药物组合物,其中R1、R2、R3、L、X、Y和Z具有所定义的含义。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及PARP抑制剂并提供化合物和含有所公开化合物的组合物。而且,本发明提供使用公开的PARP抑制剂例如作为药物的方法。
发明背景
核酶聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶-1(PARP-1)是PARP酶家族的成员。这个不断发展的酶家族包括PARPs和端锚聚合酶(Tankyrase,TANKs),所述PARP例如PARP-1、PARP-2、PARP-3和Vault-PARP;所述端锚聚合酶例如TANK-1、TANK-2和TANK-3。PARP还被称作聚(腺苷5′-二磷酸核糖)聚合酶或PARS(聚(ADP-核糖)合成酶)。
PARP-1是116kDa的主要的核蛋白,由三个结构域组成:含有两个锌指状结构的N-末端DNA结合结构域、自修饰结构域和C-末端催化结构域。其几乎全部存在于真核细胞中。该酶合成聚(ADP-核糖),一种可以由200个以上ADP-核糖单元组成的分支的聚合物。聚(ADP-核糖)的蛋白质接受体直接或间接涉及到保持DNA完整性。它们包括组蛋白、拓扑异构酶、DNA和RNA聚合酶、DNA连接酶和Ca2+-和Mg2+-依赖的核酸内切酶。PARP蛋白在许多组织高水平表达,最显著地在免疫系统、心脏、大脑和微生物系细胞中。在正常的生理条件下,存在最小的PARP活性。但是,DNA损伤导致PARP立即活化高达500倍。
端锚聚合酶(TANKs)被确定为人端粒复合物的成分。它们也曾被认为在小泡运输中有作用,还可能作为涉及各种其它细胞过程的蛋白的支架。端粒对于染色体的保持和稳定性是必不可少的,其被端粒酶(专一性的逆转录酶)所保持。TANKs是(ADP-核糖)转移酶,具有信号和细胞骨架蛋白的一些特征。它们含有PARP结构域(催化底物蛋白的聚-ADP-核糖基化作用)、不育α基序(为与某些信号分子共有)和ANK结构域(含有24个与细胞骨架蛋白锚蛋白同源的锚蛋白重复序列)。ANK结构域与端粒蛋白,端粒重复结合因子-1(TRF-1)相互作用。这些蛋白因此被称作TRF1-相互作用、锚蛋白-相关的ADP-核糖聚合酶(TANKs)。
TANK的更特异的功能之一是TRF-1的ADP-核糖基化作用。人端粒功能要求两个端粒特异性DNA结合蛋白TRF-1和TRF-2。TRF-2保护染色体末端,TRF-1调节端粒长度。ADP-核糖基化作用抑制TRF-1与端粒DNA结合的能力。TRF-1这种聚-ADP-核糖基化作用从端粒释放TRF-1,打开端粒复合物,并允许接近端粒酶。因此,TANK用作端粒长度的正性调节剂功能,通过端粒酶允许端粒伸长。
在归结于PARP尤其是PARP-1的许多功能中,通过ADP-核糖基化作用促进DNA修复是它的主要作用,因此调节许多DNA修复蛋白。作为PARP活化的结果,NAD+水平显著降低。广泛的PARP活化导致在遭受大量DNA损伤的细胞中NAD+的严重损耗。聚(ADP-核糖)短的半衰期导致快速的周转速率。一旦形成聚(ADP-核糖),其就被组成性活化的聚(ADP-核糖)活性糖水解酶(PARG),以及磷酸二酯酶和(ADP-核糖)蛋白裂解酶快速降解。PARP和PARG形成循环,转化大量NAD+至ADP-核糖。在小于1小时内,PARP的过量刺激可以导致NAD+和ATP下降到小于正常水平的20%。这样的情况在局部缺血期间尤其有害,此时氧的缺乏已经显著威胁到细胞能量输出。随后在再灌注期间自由基的产生被认为是组织损伤的主要原因。部分ATP的下降,其典型地存在于在局部缺血和再灌注期间的许多器官中,与由于聚(ADP-核糖)周转造成的NAD+损耗相联系。因此,抑制PARP或PARG预期可以保存细胞能量水平,由此加强在损伤后局部缺血组织的存活。
聚(ADP-核糖)合成还包括对炎症响应必不可少的许多基因的诱导表达。PARP抑制剂抑制在巨噬细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)的产生,以及抑制在内皮细胞中P-型选择蛋白和细胞内粘连分子-1(ICAM-1)的产生。这样的活性是PARP抑制剂表现出强抗炎作用的原因。通过阻止嗜中性粒细胞向损伤组织的移动和浸润,PARP抑制能减少坏死。
PARP被损伤的DNA碎片活化,并且一旦活化,催化高达100个ADP-核糖单元向多种核蛋白包括组蛋白和PARP本身的附着。在主要的细胞应激反应期间,通过损耗能量储存,PARP广泛的活化可以快速导致细胞损伤或死亡。由于每再生成一个NAD+分子消耗四个ATP分子,NAD+被大量PARP活化耗尽,在努力再合成NAD+的过程中,ATP也可变得被耗尽。
据报道PARP活化在NMDA-和NO-两者诱导的神经毒性中发挥重要作用。这已经在皮层培养物和海马切片中得到证明,其中毒性预防与PARP抑制效能直接相关。PARP抑制剂在治疗神经退行性疾病和头部创伤中的潜在作用因此被认识到,然而该作用的确切机理还没有被阐明。
类似地,已经证明单次注射PARP抑制剂减小了兔子的由心脏或骨骼肌局部缺血和再灌注导致的梗塞面积。在这些研究中,在闭合前一分钟或再灌注前一分钟单次注射3-氨基-苯甲酰胺(10mg/kg),在心脏中导致类似的梗塞面积减小(32-42%),1,5-二羟基异喹啉(1mg/kg),为另一个PARP抑制剂,以可比的程度减小梗塞面积(38-48%)。从这些结果使得可以合理地推测PARP抑制剂能够预先挽救心脏局部缺血或肌肉组织再灌注损伤。
PARP活化还可以被用于测定神经毒伤害后的损伤,所述神经毒伤害是由暴露于下列任何诱导剂引起的,例如谷氨酸盐(通过NMDA受体刺激)、活性氧中间体、淀粉样β-蛋白、N-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)或其活性代谢物N-甲基-4-苯基吡啶(MPP+),其参与病理状态例如中风、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病。其它研究已经连续探究了在体外小脑颗粒细胞中和在MPTP神经毒性中PARP活化的作用。过量神经暴露于谷氨酸盐,最经常是中风或其它神经退行性过程的结果,谷氨酸盐作为主导的中枢神经系统神经递质,在N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸盐(NMDA)受体和其它亚型受体有作用。在局部缺血大脑伤害期间例如中风或心脏病发作期间,氧缺乏的神经元大量释放谷氨酸盐。这种过量释放的谷氨酸盐反过来导致N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸盐(NMDA)、AMPA、红藻氨酸盐和MGR受体的过度刺激(兴奋毒性),打开离子通道并允许不受控制的离子流动(例如Ca2+和Na+流进细胞和K+流出细胞),导致神经元的过度刺激。过度刺激的神经元分泌更多的谷氨酸盐,产生反馈循环或多米诺骨牌效应,通过蛋白酶、脂肪酶和游离基的产生最终导致细胞损伤或死亡。谷氨酸盐受体的过分活化与各种的神经疾病和病症有牵连,包括癫痫、中风、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、肌肉萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)、亨廷顿舞蹈症、精神分裂症、慢性疼痛、局部缺血和组织缺氧、低血糖症、局部缺血、创伤和神经伤害后的神经元损失。谷氨酸盐暴露和刺激还牵涉到作为强迫症特别是药物依赖的基础。证据包括在许多动物种属中的发现,以及用谷氨酸盐或NMDA处理的大脑皮层培养基中发现,谷氨酸盐受体拮抗剂(即阻断谷氨酸盐与受体结合或活化受体的化合物)阻断血管中风后的神经系统的损伤。尝试通过阻断NMDA、AMPA、红藻氨酸盐和MGR受体预防兴奋性毒性,被证明是困难的,因为每个受体都具有谷氨酸盐可以结合的多个位点,因此发现有效的混合拮抗剂或通用拮抗剂以阻止谷氨酸盐与所有受体的结合,并实验这种理论是困难的。而且,许多有效阻断受体的组合物对动物还是有毒的。所以,目前对谷氨酸盐异常还没有已知有效的治疗。
通过谷氨酸盐刺激NMDA受体,例如活化酶神经元一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS),导致一氧化氮(NO)的形成,其也调节神经毒性。通过用一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)抑制剂或通过体外靶向nNOS基因的破坏可以预防NMDA神经毒性。
PARP抑制剂的另一个用途是治疗外周神经损伤以及其导致的被称作神经疼的病理疼痛综合征,例如由普通坐骨神经的慢性收缩损伤(CCI)诱导的疼痛,其中脊髓背角跨突触改变的特征在于发生细胞质和核质(所谓的“黑色神经元”)的色素过多。
证据还存在于PARP抑制剂用于治疗炎症性肠病,例如结肠炎。具体地,结肠炎是在大鼠中通过管腔内施用半抗原在50%乙醇中的三硝基苯磺酸诱导的。被治疗的大鼠接受3-氨基苯甲酰胺,一种专一性的PARP活性抑制剂。PARP活性的抑制减少炎症响应,恢复形态和末端结肠能量状态。
进一步证据显示PARP抑制剂用于治疗关节炎。进一步地PARP抑制剂似乎可用于治疗糖尿病。PARP抑制剂已经显示可用于治疗内毒性休克或脓毒性休克。
PARP抑制剂还被用于延长寿命和延长细胞增生能力,包括治疗疾病例如皮肤衰老、阿尔茨海默病、动脉粥样硬化、骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、肌营养不良、骨骼肌退行性疾病包括重复性衰老、年龄相关的肌肉退化、免疫老化、AIDS和其它免疫老化疾病;和改变老化细胞的基因表达。
还已知PARP抑制剂例如3-氨基苯甲酰胺,影响总的DNA修复,例如对过氧化氢或离子化辐射的响应。
PARP在DNA链断裂修复中的关键作用被很好地确立,尤其是当断裂通过离子化辐射直接引起时,或间接地在甲基化试剂、拓扑异构酶I抑制剂和其它化疗剂如顺铂和博莱霉素诱导DNA损伤酶修复后引起。使用“敲除”小鼠、反式为主的抑制模型(过量表达DNA-结合结构域)、反义和小分子量抑制剂的多种的研究已经表明PARP在DNA损伤诱导后修复和细胞生存中的作用。PARP酶活性的抑制可以导致肿瘤细胞对DNA损伤治疗增强的敏感性。
PARP抑制剂曾被报导在放射敏感的(缺氧的)肿瘤细胞中是有效的,以及在放疗后DNA潜在致死和亚致死量损伤中阻止肿瘤细胞的恢复,推测这是由于它们可阻止DNA链破裂再结合的能力,以及由于影响几种DNA损伤信号通路。
PARP抑制剂曾被用于治疗癌症。此外,美国专利5,177,075讨论了几种异喹啉用于增强离子化辐射或化疗剂对肿瘤细胞的致死作用。Weltin等在“聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶抑制剂6-(5-菲啶酮)在培养基的肿瘤细胞上的作用”(“Effect of 6(5-Phenanthridinone),anInhibitor of Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase,on Cultured TumorCells”)、Oncol.Res.,6:9,399-403(1994)中讨论了PARP活性的抑制,降低肿瘤细胞增生,以及当肿瘤细胞用烷基化药物共同处理时的显著协同作用。
本领域技术状况的综述由Li和Zhang在IDrugs 2001,4(7):804-812,Ame等在Bioassays 2004,26:882-883和Nguewa等在Biophysic&Molecular Biology 2005,88:143-172发表。
这些继续成为对有效和强效的PARP抑制剂的需求,更特别是PARP-1抑制剂,其产生的副作用最小。本发明提供抑制PARP活性的化合物、组合物和方法,用于治疗癌症和/或预防细胞、组织和/或器官损伤,这些是由于例如坏死或凋亡造成的细胞损伤或死亡引起的。本发明的化合物和组合物尤其用于增强化疗和放疗效果,其中治疗的主要影响是导致靶标细胞DNA损伤。
现有技术
出版于1967年3月22日的GB1062357公开了具有抗高血压作用的喹唑啉酮衍生物。
出版于1973年6月20目的DE2258561公开了具有抗高血压作用的取代的吡啶酮衍生物。
出版于1983年11月11日的EP13612公开了取代的哌啶基烷基喹唑啉衍生物。描述的化合物为5-羟色胺-拮抗剂。
出版于1994年6月9日的EP669919公开了作为5-HT3拮抗剂的二甲基苯并呋喃和二甲基苯并吡喃。更特别地公开了本申请的化合物8,4,5,10,11,12,13,15,16,17和14。出版于1994年12月20目的US5374637公开了苯甲酰胺衍生物。公开的化合物具有胃肠道的动力刺激性质。特别地公开了本申请的化合物8,6和9。出版于1998年12月23日的EP885190具有胃动力性质的1,4-二取代哌啶衍生物。特别地公开了本申请的化合物7。
出版于1999年6月17日的EP1036073公开了取代的喹唑啉二酮衍生物。描述的化合物具有基础放松性质。出版于2002年6月20日的EP1355888公开了作为PARP抑制剂的喹唑啉酮衍生物。
发明描述
本发明涉及式(I)的化合物
其N-氧化物形式、可药用加成盐和立体化学异构体形式,其中虚线表示任选的键;
X为>N-或>CH-;
L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-、-NH-、-C(O)-C1-6烷二基-、-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-或-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
R1为氢、卤素、C1-6烷氧基或C1-6烷基;
R2为氢、羟基、C1-6烷氧基或氨基羰基;
当X被R2取代,R2与-L-Z一起形成下式的二价基团
-C(O)-NH-CH2-NR10- (a-1)
其中R10为苯基;
R3为氢,或C1-6烷氧基;
Z为氨基、氰基或选自以下的基团
其中每个R5、R6、R7和R8独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;或R7和R8可以一起形成下式的二价基团:
-CH2-CR9 2-O- (c-1)、
-(CH2)3-O- (c-2)、
-O-(CH2)2-O- (c-3)或
-CH=CH-CH=CH- (c-4)
其中每个R9独立选自氢或C1-6烷基;
条件是
当X为>N-时,则Z不是基团(b-2),且
当X为>CH-和L为-C(O)-NH-或-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-时,Z为基团(b-2),且R7和R8一起形成式(c-1)、(c-2)或(c-3)的二价基团时,则R5不是氯。
式(I)化合物还可以以它们的互变异构形式存在。这样的形式尽管在上述式中没有清楚地表明,但包括在本发明范围之内。
对前面定义和下文中使用的许多术语解释如下。这些术语有时原样使用或以组合术语使用。
在前面定义和下文中使用的卤素一般为氟、氯、溴和碘;C1-6烷基定义为含有1-6个碳原子的直链和支链的饱和烃基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、1-甲基乙基、2-甲基丙基、2-甲基-丁基、2-甲基戊基等;C1-6烷二基定义为含有1-6个碳原子的直链和支链的二价饱和烃基,例如亚甲基、1,2-乙二基、1,3-丙二基、1,4-丁二基、1,5-戊二基、1,6-己二基和其支链异构体例如2-甲基戊二基、3-甲基戊二基、2,2-二甲基丁二基、2,3-二甲基丁二基等。
术语“可药用盐”意指可药用酸或碱加成盐。上文提及的可药用酸或碱加成盐意指式(I)化合物能够形成的包含治疗活性的无毒酸和无毒碱加成盐形式。通过用适当的酸处理,具有碱性性质的式(I)化合物可以转化为它们的可药用酸加成盐。适当的酸包括例如无机酸,例如氢卤酸例如盐酸或氢溴酸;硫酸;硝酸;磷酸等酸;或有机酸例如乙酸、丙酸、羟基乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、草酸、丙二酸、丁二酸(即丁烷二酸)、马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环己烷基氨基磺酸、水杨酸、对氨基水杨酸、双羟萘酸等酸。
具有酸性性质的式(I)化合物可以转化为它们的可药用碱加成盐,通过用合适的有机或无机碱处理所述的酸形式得到。适当的碱盐形式包括例如铵盐、碱和碱土金属盐例如锂盐、钠盐、钾盐、镁盐、钙盐等,与有机碱的盐例如苄星、N-甲基-D-葡糖胺盐、哈胺盐,和与氨基酸的盐例如例如精氨酸、赖氨酸的盐等。
术语酸或碱加成盐还包含式(I)化合物能够形成的水合物和溶剂加成形式。这样形式的实例例如水合物、醇合物等。上文中所用的术语式(I)化合物的立体化学异构体形式,定义了所有可能的由相同原子通过相同顺序键合但是具有不同的三维结构且不可互换的化合物,其是式(I)化合物可能拥有的。除非另有提及或指明,化合物的化学名称包括所述化合物可能拥有的所有可能的立体化学异构体形式的混合物。所述的混合物可以含有所述化合物基本结构的所有非对映异构体和/或对映异构体。式(I)化合物的所有立体化学的异构体形式包括以纯的形式和以彼此混合物形式的均包含在本发明范围之内。
式(I)化合物的N-氧化物形式意指包含那些式(I)化合物,其中一个或几个氮原子被氧化为所谓的N-氧化物,特别是那些其中一个或多个哌啶-或哌嗪的氮为N-氧化的N-氧化物。
无论何时下文中使用的术语“式(I)化合物”意指还包括N-氧化物形式、可药用酸或碱加成盐和所有的立体异构体形式。
GB1062357公开了具有抗高血压作用的喹唑啉酮衍生物。DE2258561公开了具有抗高血压作用的取代的吡啶酮衍生物。EP13612公开了为5-羟色胺-拮抗剂的取代哌啶基烷基喹唑啉衍生物。EP669919公开了作为5-HT3拮抗剂的二甲基苯并呋喃类和二甲基苯并吡喃类。US5374637公开了具有胃肠道动力刺激性质的苯甲酰胺衍生物。EP885190公开了具有胃动力性质的1,4-二取代的哌啶衍生物。EP1036073公开了具有基础松弛性质的取代喹唑啉二酮衍生物。
出乎预料,已经发现本发明化合物表现出PARP抑制活性。
第一组感兴趣的化合物由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中应用一个或多个下列限制:
a)每个X为>N-;
b)L为选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-、-NH-、-C(O)-C1-6烷二基-、-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-或-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
c)R1为氢;
d)R2为羟基、C1-6烷氧基或氨基羰基;
e)Z为氨基、氰基或选自(b-1)、(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)基团;
f)每个R5和R6独立选自氢或氨基。
第二组感兴趣的化合物由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中应用一个或多个下列限制:
a)X为>CH-;
b)L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-NH-、-C(O)-C1-6烷二基-或-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
c)Z为氨基、氰基或选自(b-1)、(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)的基团;
d)每个R5独立选自氢、氟、碘、溴、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;
e)每个R6独立选自氢、氯、碘、溴、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基。
第三组感兴趣的化合物由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中应用一个或多个下列限制:
a)L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-或-C(O)-NH-的二价基团;
b)R2为氢、羟基或C1-6烷氧基;
c)Z为选自(b-2)、(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)的基团;
d)每个R5、R6、R7和R8独立选自氢、卤素、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;或
e)R7和R8可以一起形成式(c-1)或(c-4)的二价基团。
第四组感兴趣的化合物由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中应用一个或多个下列限制:
a)L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-或-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
b)R2为氢、羟基或C1-6烷氧基;
c)Z为选自(b-2)、(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)的基团;
d)每个R5、R6、R7和R8独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;或
e)R7和R8可以一起形成式(c-1)、(c-2)、(c-3)或(c-4)的二价基团。
第五组感兴趣的化合物由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中应用一个或多个下列限制:
a)L为直接的键;
b)R1为氢、卤素或C1-6烷基;
c)R2为氢;
d)R3为氢;
e)Z为选自(b-5)或(b-7)基团;
f)每个R5独立选自氢或卤素。
优选的化合物组由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-或-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;R2为氢、羟基或C1-6烷氧基,Z为选自(b-2)、(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)的基团;每个R5、R6、R7和R8独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;或R7和R8可以一起形成式(c-1)、(c-2)、(c-3)或(c-4)的二价基团。
更优选的化合物组由那些式(I)化合物组成,其中L为直接的键;R1为氢、卤素或C1-6烷基;R2为氢;R3为氢;Z为选自(b-5)或(b-7)基团;且每个R5独立选自氢或卤素。
最优选的化合物为化合物No.35、No.36、No.39、No.1和No.43。
化合物35 化合物36
化合物39 化合物1
化合物43
式(I)化合物可以根据在EP1036073、EP885190、US5374637、EP669919和EP13612中描述的通用方法制备。原料和一些中间体为已知化合物,可商购获得或可以根据在本领域一般已知的常规的反应方法制备。
一些制备方法将在下文中更详细地描述。获得最终式(I)化合物的其它方法在实施例中描述。
式(I)化合物可以通过将式(II)中间体与式(III)中间体反应制备,其中W为适当的离去基,例如卤素,例如氟、氯、溴或碘,或磺酰氧基基团例如甲基磺酰基氧基、4-甲基苯基磺酰氧基等。反应可以在反应惰性溶剂中完成,例如醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、2-甲氧基-乙醇、丙醇、丁醇等;醚例如4,4-二烷、1,1′-氧基双丙烷等;或酮例如4-甲基-2-戊酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、硝基苯等。加入适当的碱可以用于捕获反应过程释放出来的酸,所述碱例如碱或碱土金属碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐,例如三乙胺或碳酸钠。小量适当的金属碘化物例如碘化钠或碘化钾可以加入以促进反应。搅拌可以增强反应速率。反应可以方便地在室温至反应混合物的回流温度下完成,如果需要,可以在增加的压力下完成反应。
通过技术上已知的反应或官能团转化,式(I)化合物还可以被相互转化。一些这样的转化已经在上文中描述。其它实例为羧酸酯水解为相应的羧酸或醇;酰胺水解为相应的羧酸或胺;腈水解为相应的酰胺;通过技术上已知的重氮化反应,以及随后用氢取代重氮基,咪唑或苯基上的氨基可以被替换为氢;醇可以被转化为酯和醚;伯胺可以被转化为二级胺或叔胺;双键可以被氢化为相应的单键;通过在合适的钯催化剂存在下一氧化碳插入,在苯基上的碘基团可以被转化酯基。
本发明还涉及上文所定义的式(I)化合物用作药物。
本发明的化合物具有PARP抑制性质,可以从下文的实验部分看出。
本文使用的术语“PARP”意指具有聚-ADP-核糖基化活性的蛋白。在该术语含义之内,PARP包括通过parp基因、其突变型和其可选片段蛋白编码的所有蛋白。此外,本文中所用的,术语“PARP”包括PARP类似物、同源物和其它动物的类似物。
术语“PARP”包括但不限于PARP-1。在此术语含义之内,可以包括PARP-2、PARP-3,Vault-PARP(PARP-4)、PARP-7(TiPARP)、PARP-8、PARP-9(Bal)、PARP-10、PARP-11、PARP-12、PARP-13、PARP-14、PARP-15、PARP-16、TANK-1、TANK-2和TANK-3。
抑制PARP-1和端锚聚合酶两者的化合物可以具有有利的性质,在于在癌症细胞中具有增强的生长抑制活性。
本发明还预期化合物在制备药物中的用途,所述药物用于治疗本文所述动物的任何疾病和病症,其中所述的化合物为式(I)化合物,
其N-氧化物形式、可药用加成盐和立体-化学异构体形式,其中虚线表示任选的键;
X为>N-或>CH-;
L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-、-NH-、-C(O)-C1-6烷二基-、-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-或-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
R1为氢、卤素、C1-6烷氧基或C1-6烷基;
R2为氢、羟基、C1-6烷氧基或氨基羰基;
当X被R2取代,R2与-1-Z一起形成下式的二价基团
-C(O)-NH-CH2-NR10- (a-1)
其中R10为苯基;
R3为氢,或C1-6烷氧基;
Z为氨基、氰基或选自下式的基团:
其中每个R5、R6、R7和R8独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基;或
R7和R8可以一起形成下式的二价基团
-CH2-CR9 2-O- (c-1),
-(CH2)3-O- (c-2),
-O-(CH2)2-O- (c-3)或
-CH=CH-CH=CH- (c-4)
其中每个R9独立选自氢或C1-6烷基。
而且,本发明还涉及如上所述化合物用于制备药物的用途,所述药物用于治疗通过PARP介导的病症。
特别地,本发明涉及如上所述化合物用于制备药物的用途,所述药物用于治疗通过PARP介导的病症。
抑制PARP-1和TANK-2两者的化合物具有有利的性质,它们在癌症细胞中具有增强的生长抑制活性。
从它们的PARP结合性质考虑,本发明化合物可以被用作参考化合物或示踪化合物,其中分子的一个原子可以被例如放射活性同位素取代。
为制备本发明的药物组合物,以有效量的碱或酸加成盐形式的特定化合物作为活性成分,与可药用载体形成紧密的混合物,根据给药所需的制剂形式,载体可以采用各种各样的形式。这些药物组合物理想地以单位剂型形式,优选适合于口服、直肠、透皮或通过胃肠外注射施用。例如在制备口服剂型组合物时在口服液体制剂例如混悬剂、糖浆、酏剂和溶液的情况下,可以采用任何常用药物介质例如水、二醇类、油、醇等;或在粉末、丸剂、胶囊和片剂的情况下,采用固体载体例如淀粉、糖、高岭土、润滑剂、粘合剂、崩解剂等。因为它们给药方便,片剂和胶囊代表了最有利的口服剂量单位形式,其明显采用固体药用载体。对于肠胃外组合物,载体通常包含至少大部分的灭菌水,尽管也包括其它成分,例如帮助溶解的成分。注射液,例如可以被制备为其中载体包含盐水溶液、葡萄糖溶液或盐水和葡萄糖溶液混合物。还可以制备可注射的混悬剂,其中可以采用适当的液体载体、悬浮剂等。在适合透皮施用的组合物中,载体任选包含渗透增强剂和/或合适的增湿剂,任选与任何性质的占小比例的合适的添加剂混合,其中添加剂不导致显著的皮肤有害作用。所述的添加剂可以促进对皮肤的施用,和/或可以帮助制备所需的组合物。这些组合物可以以各种的方式被施用,例如作为经皮贴剂、作为spot-on、作为软膏剂。为了容易施用和剂量均匀度,配制成前述剂量单位形式的药物组合物尤其有利。用于本发明说明书和权利要求中的剂量单位形式是指适合作为单位剂量的物理上离散单位,每个单位含有计算产生所需治疗作用的预定数量活性成分与必须的药用载体混合。这样剂量单位形式的实例为片剂(包括刻痕的或包衣的片剂)、胶囊、丸剂、粉末包、圆片、可注射溶液或混悬剂、一茶匙的量、一汤匙的量等和分离的多份形式。
本发明化合物能够治疗或预防由坏死或凋亡引起的细胞损伤或死亡所致组织损伤;能改善神经系统或心血管组织损伤,包括下列病灶局部缺血、心肌梗塞和再灌注损伤;能治疗通过PARP活性导致或加重的各种的疾病和病症;能延长或增加寿命或细胞增生能力;能改变衰老细胞的基因表达;能使细胞放射性敏化和/或化学敏化。一般说来,PARP活性抑制阻碍细胞能量损失,在神经系统细胞中阻止神经元的不可逆去极化,因此提供神经保护作用。
由于前述理由,本发明进一步涉及以足以抑制PARP活性的量施用治疗有效量的上述定义的化合物的方法,以治疗或预防由坏死或凋亡引起的细胞损伤或死亡所致组织损伤,以产生不通过NMDA毒性介导的神经元活性,以产生通过NMDA毒性介导的神经元活性,以治疗由局部缺血和再灌注损伤导致的神经系统的组织损伤、神经病症和神经退行性疾病;以预防或治疗中风;以治疗或预防心血管病症;以治疗其它病症和/或疾病例如年龄相关的肌肉退化、AIDS和其它免疫衰老疾病、炎症、痛风、关节炎、动脉粥样硬化、恶病质、癌症、包含复制性衰老的骨骼肌退行性疾病、糖尿病、头部创伤、炎症性肠病(例如结肠炎和局限性肠炎)、肌营养不良、骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、慢性和/或急性疼痛(例如神经疼)、肾衰竭、视网膜局部缺血、脓毒性休克(例如内毒性休克)、和皮肤衰老,延长寿命和细胞增生能力;改变衰老细胞的基因表达;化学敏化和/或放射性敏化(缺氧的)肿瘤细胞。本发明还涉及治疗动物的疾病和病症,包含给所述的动物施用治疗有效量的上述鉴定的化合物。
特别地,本发明涉及治疗、预防或抑制动物神经病症的方法,包含给所述的动物施用治疗有效量的上述鉴定的化合物。神经病症选自由物理损伤或疾病状态导致的外周神经疾病、创伤性大脑损伤、脊髓的物理损伤、与脑损伤相关的中风、病灶局部缺血、整体局部缺血、再灌注损伤、脱髓鞘疾病和与神经退化相关的神经病症。
本发明还预期式(I)化合物抑制PARP活性的用途,用于治疗、预防或抑制由坏死或凋亡引起的细胞损伤或死亡所致组织损伤,用于治疗、预防或抑制动物神经病症。
术语“预防神经退化”包括能够阻止新近诊断患有神经退行性疾病或具有发展新的退行性疾病危险的患者的神经退化的能力,以及预防已经遭受或具有神经退行性疾病症状的患者进一步神经退化。
本文中所用的术语“治疗”包括对动物特别是人疾病和/或病症的任何治疗,包括:(i)对有患上所述疾病和/或病症倾向但是还没有被诊断为患有该疾病的对象预防疾病和/或病症的发生;(ii)抑制疾病和/或病症,即阻止其发展;(iii)减轻疾病和/或病症,即导致疾病和/或病症的消退。
本文中所用的术语“放射性敏化剂”定义为分子,优选低分子量分子,以治疗有效量施用给动物以增加细胞对离子化辐射的敏感性和/或促进对离子化辐射可治疗疾病的治疗。可用离子化辐射治疗的疾病包括肿瘤疾病、良性和恶性肿瘤以及癌症细胞。没有列在本文中的其它疾病的离子化辐射治疗也是本发明预期的。
本文中所用的术语“化学敏化剂”定义为分子,优选低分子量分子,以治疗有效量施用给动物以增加细胞对化疗的敏感性和/或促进可用化疗治疗的疾病的治疗。可用化疗治疗的疾病包括肿瘤疾病、良性和恶性的肿瘤和癌症细胞。其它在本文中没有列出的化疗治疗疾病是本发明预期的。
本发明的化合物、组合物和方法特别用于治疗或预防由坏死或凋亡引起的细胞损伤或死亡所致组织损伤。
本发明化合物可以为“抗癌剂”,该术语还包括“抗肿瘤细胞生长剂”和“抗肿瘤剂”。例如本发明的方法用于治疗癌症,且化学敏化和/或放射性敏化癌症的肿瘤细胞,例如ACTH-产生肿瘤、急性淋巴性白血病、急性非淋巴性白血病、肾皮层癌、膀胱癌、大脑癌、乳腺癌、子宫颈癌、慢性淋巴性白血病、慢性髓细胞白血病、结直肠癌、皮肤T-细胞淋巴瘤、子宫内膜癌、食道癌、Ewing′s肉瘤、胆囊癌、毛细胞白血病、头颈癌、霍奇金(Hodgkin’s)淋巴瘤、Kaposi’s肉瘤、肾癌、肝癌、肺癌(小和/或非小细胞)、恶性的腹膜渗出、恶性胸膜渗出、黑素瘤、间皮瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、神经胚细胞瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、骨肉瘤、卵巢癌、卵巢(胚芽细胞)癌症、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、阴茎癌、成视网膜细胞瘤、皮肤癌、软组织肉瘤、鳞状细胞癌、胃癌、睾丸癌、甲状腺癌、胚胎滋养层肿瘤、子宫癌、阴道癌、外阴癌和Wilm’s肿瘤。
因此,本发明化合物可以被用作“放射性敏化剂”和/或“化学敏化剂”。
放射性敏化剂已知是增加癌细胞对离子辐射毒性作用的敏感性。放射性敏化剂作用方式的几种机制曾在文献中提出,包括:缺氧细胞放射性敏化剂(例如2-硝基咪唑化合物和苯并三嗪二氧化物化合物)模拟氧,或者在组织缺氧下以生物还原剂起作用;非缺氧细胞放射性敏化剂(例如卤代嘧啶)可以为DNA碱基的类似物,且优选与癌细胞的DNA结合,因此促进辐射诱导的DNA分子的断裂,和/或阻止正常的DNA修复机制;已经提出在疾病治疗中放射性敏化剂的各种其它可能作用机制。
当前许多癌症治疗方案采用放射性敏化剂与x-射线辐射联合。x-射线活化放射性敏化剂的实例包括但不限于下列的:甲硝唑、米索硝唑、去甲米索硝唑(demethylmisonidazole)、哌莫硝唑、依他硝唑、尼莫唑、丝裂霉素C、RSU 1069、SR 4233、EO9、RB 6145、烟酰胺、5-溴脱氧尿苷(BUdR)、5-碘脱氧尿苷(IUdR)、溴脱氧胞苷、氟脱氧尿苷(FudR)、羟基脲、顺铂和所述药物的治疗有效的类似物和衍生物。
癌症的光动力学治疗(PDT)采用可见光作为敏化剂的辐射活化剂。光动力学放射性敏化剂的实例包括但不限于下列的:血卟啉衍生物、光敏素、苯并卟啉衍生物、锡初卟啉、Pheoborbide-a、细菌叶绿素-a、萘酞菁、酞花青、酞花青锌和所述药物的治疗有效的类似物和衍生物。
放射性敏化剂可以与一个或多个治疗有效量的其它化合物联合施用,所述其它化合物包括但不限于:促进放射性敏化剂与靶标细胞结合的化合物;控制治疗剂、营养素和/或氧向靶标细胞流动的化合物;在给予或不给予另外的辐射时作用于肿瘤的化疗剂;或其它治疗癌症或其它疾病的治疗有效的化合物。可以与放射性敏化剂联合使用的另外治疗剂的实例包括但不限于:5-氟尿嘧啶、亚叶酸、5′-氨基-5′脱氧胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷、氧、卡波金、红细胞输注、全氟代碳(例如Fluosol10 DA)、2,3-DPG、BW12C、钙通道阻滞剂、pentoxyfylline、抗血管生成化合物、肼苯哒嗪和LBSO。可以与放射性敏化剂联合使用的化疗剂实例包括但不限于:阿霉素、喜树碱、卡波铂、顺铂、道诺霉素、多希他赛、多柔比星、干扰素(α、β、γ)、白介素2、伊立替康、紫杉醇、拓扑替康和所述药物治疗有效的类似物和衍生物。
化学敏化剂可以与一个或多个治疗有效量的其它化合物联合施用,包括但不限于:促进靶标细胞与化学敏化剂结合的化合物;控制治疗剂、营养素和/或氧向靶标细胞流动的化合物;作用于肿瘤的化疗剂或其它治疗癌症或其它疾病的治疗有效的化合物。可以与化学敏化剂联合的另外治疗剂的实例包括但不限于:甲基化剂、拓扑异构酶I抑制剂和其它化疗剂例如顺铂和博来霉素。
式(I)化合物还可以用于检测或鉴定PARP,更特别地检测或鉴定PARP-1受体。为此目的,式(I)化合物可以被标记。所述的标记可以选自放射性同位素、旋转标记、抗原标记、酶标记荧光基团或化学发光基团。
从下文提出的实验结果中,那些本领域技术人员容易确定有效量。通常预期的有效量为0.001mmg/kg至100mg/kg体重,特别地为0.005mg/kg至10mg/kg体重。在一整天中在适当的时间间隔以二、三、四或更多亚剂量施用所需的剂量是适当的。所述的亚剂量可以配制为单位剂型,例如每个单位剂型中含有0.05至500mg,特别地0.1mg至200mg活性成分。
实验部分
下文中,“DCM”定义为二氯甲烷,“DMF”定义为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,“MeOH”定义为甲醇,“MIK”定义为甲基异丁基酮,“MEK”定义为甲基乙基酮,“TEA”定义为三乙基胺和“THF”定义为四氢呋喃。
A.中间体化合物的制备
实施例A1
a)中间体1的制备
将3-(1-哌嗪基)-1H-吲唑(0.11mol)、氯乙腈(0.16mol)和TEA(13g)在甲苯(200ml)和乙腈(200ml)中的混合物搅拌和回流3小时。用水(250ml)洗涤冷却的反应混合物。分离有机层、干燥(MgSO4)、过滤和蒸发溶剂。将残余物溶解在三氯甲烷中,在玻璃过滤器上的硅胶上纯化(洗脱液:三氯甲烷/MeOH 90/10)。收集最纯的部分,蒸发溶剂。残余物从乙腈中结晶。过滤晶体并干燥,得到26g(99%)中间体1,熔点136℃。
b)中间体2的制备
将中间体1(0.11mol)在NH3/MeOH(600ml)中的混合物在50℃用阮内镍(4g)作为催化剂氢化。在吸收H2(2 eq)后,过滤除去催化剂,蒸发滤液。残余物从乙腈中结晶。过滤晶体并干燥,得到21g(77.5%)中间体2,熔点121℃。
实施例A2
a)中间体3的制备
在5℃将磷酰氯(110.9ml)滴加到DMF(81.5ml)中。搅拌混合物直至完全溶解。加入4-[(1-氧代丁基)氨基]-苯甲酸乙酯(0.34mol)。将混合物在100℃搅拌15小时,然后冷却至室温,倾入到冰水中。过滤除去沉淀,用水洗涤和干燥,得到42.35g(47%)中间体3。
b)中间体4的制备
将中间体3(0.1606mol)在30%甲醇钠在MeOH(152.8ml)中的溶液和MeOH(400ml)中的混合物搅拌和回流15小时,然后冷却,倾入到冰水中。过滤除去沉淀,用水洗涤,吸收在DCM中。分离有机层,干燥(MgSO4)、过滤和蒸发溶剂直至干燥,得到31.64g(85%)中间体4。
c)中间体5的制备
在0℃ N2流下将四氢铝锂(0.1288mol)逐部分加入中间体4(0.1288mol)在THF(263ml)中的溶液中。搅拌混合物30min,倾入到冰水中,用DCM萃取。分离有机层,干燥(MgSO4)、过滤和蒸发溶剂至干燥,得到27.4g(98%)中间体5。
d)中间体6的制备
在0℃ N2流下将甲烷磺酰氯(0.104mol)滴加到中间体5(0.069mol)和TEA(0.207mol)在DCM(120ml)中的混合物中。将混合物在0℃搅拌4小时。蒸发溶剂至干燥(没有加热)。使用产物而没有进一步纯化,得到20.4g中间体6。
实施例A3
a)中间体7的制备
在180℃搅拌下将4-(2-氨基乙基)-1-哌嗪羧酸乙酯(0.0586mol)和2-(甲基硫)-4(1H)-喹唑啉酮(0.0588mol)加热2小时,用漂白水处理,然后吸收在DCM和MeOH中。蒸发溶剂至干燥将残余物通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化(15-35μm)(洗脱液:DCM/MeOH/NH4OH94/6/0.5)。收集纯的部分,并蒸发溶剂。将油性残余物从乙醚中结晶。过滤沉淀并干燥,得到中间体7,熔点:138℃。
b)中间体8的制备
将中间体7(0.0223mol)和氢氧化钾(0.223mol)在2-丙醇(100ml)中的混合物搅拌和回流4天。蒸发溶剂至干燥。将残余物吸收在MeOH中,同时在60℃搅拌。过滤除去盐。蒸发溶剂得到6.5g中间体8。
B.最终化合物的制备
实施例B1
化合物1的制备
将中间体2(0.000815mol)和6-氯-2-(甲基硫)-4(1H)-喹唑啉酮(0.00097mol)在160℃加热1小时,然后吸收到10%水和碳酸钾中,用DCM/MeOH 90/10萃取。分离有机层,干燥(MgSO4)、过滤和蒸发溶剂。通过硅胶(15-40μm)柱色谱法(洗脱液:DCM/MeOH/NH4OH 92/8/0.5)纯化残余物(0.3g)。收集纯的部分,蒸发溶剂。残余物从MEK和DIPE中结晶。过滤沉淀并干燥,得到0.2g(58%)的化合物1,熔点186℃。
实施例B2
化合物2的制备
将1-(3-氨基丙基)-4-(4-氯苯基)-4-哌啶醇(0.015mol)和2-氯-4(1H)-喹唑啉酮(0.018mol)在二甲基乙酰胺(5ml)中的混合物在120℃搅拌1小时。冷却反应混合物,溶解在DCM中,用氨水溶液洗涤。分离有机层,干燥(MgSO4)、过滤和蒸发溶剂。残余物通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化(洗脱液:DCM/(MeOH/NH3)92/8)。收集纯的部分,蒸发溶剂。将残余物悬浮在DIPE中。过滤沉淀和干燥(真空;70℃)得到3.72g(60%)化合物2,熔点178.4℃。
实施例B3
化合物3的制备
将中间体6(0.0124mol)、中间体8(0.0137mol)和碳酸钾(0.0373mol)在DMF(80ml)中的混合物在60℃搅拌1小时,倾入到冰水中,在室温下搅拌30min。过滤沉淀,用水洗涤,吸收在2-丙酮中。过滤沉淀并干燥,得到1.5g(26%)化合物3,熔点118℃。
表F-1列出了根据上述实施例之一制备的化合物。
药理学的实施例
PARP-1抑制活性的体外邻近闪烁分析(SPA)
基于SPA技术(授权给Amersham Pharmacia Biotech)对本发明化合物进行了体外分析。
通常,该分析依靠对于检测生物素化的靶标蛋白例如组蛋白的聚(ADP-核糖基化)而很好确立的SPA技术。这种核糖基化作用是使用带缺口的DNA活化的PARP-1酶诱导的,并且以[3H]-烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷([3H]-NAD+)作为ADP-核糖基给体。
作为PARP-1酶活性的诱导剂,制备带缺口的DNA。为此,将25mg DNA(供应商:Sigma)溶解在25ml DNA酶缓冲液(10mMTris-HCl,PH 7.4;0.5mg/ml牛血清白蛋白(BSA)中;5mMMgCl2.6H2O和1mM KCl)中,加入50μlDNA酶溶液(1mg/ml在0.15M NaCl中)。在37℃培养90min后,通过加入1.45g NaCl终止反应,随后在58℃进一步培养15min。将反应混合物在冰上冷却,在4℃对1.5 1 0.2M KCl分别渗析1.5和2小时,对1.5 1 0.01M KCl分别渗析1.5和2小时。将混合物分成等份,在-20℃储存。使用Amersham的生物素化试剂盒将组蛋白(1mg/ml,type II-A,供应商:Sigma)生物素化,以等份储存在-20℃。在PBS中制备100mg/ml SPA聚(乙烯基甲苯)(PVT)小珠(供应商:Amersham)的备用溶液。通过向6ml培养缓冲液(50mM Tris/HCl、PH 8;0.2mM DTT;4mM MgCl2)中加入120μl[3H]-NAD+(0.1mCi/ml,供应商:NEN)制备[3H]-NAD+的备用溶液。在培养缓冲液(来自在-20℃在水中储存的100mM备用溶液)中制备4mM NAD+(供应商:Roche)溶液。使用本领域已知的技术,即由人肝cDNA开始克隆和表达蛋白生产PARP-1酶。包括在参考文献中的关于使用的PARP-1酶蛋白序列的信息可以在Swiss-Prot数据库中发现,原始获取号为P09874。将生物素化的组蛋白和PVT-SPA小珠混合,在室温下预先培养30min。将PARP-1酶(浓度依赖于批次)与带缺口的DNA混合,在4℃预先培养混合物30min。将等份的这种组蛋白/PVT-SPA小珠溶液和PARP-1酶/DNA溶液混合,取75μl这种混合物与1μl在DMSO中的化合物和25μl[3H]-NAD+加入96-孔微滴定板的每孔中.在培养混合物中的最终浓度为2μg/ml生物素化的组蛋白,2mg/mlPVT-SPA小珠,2μg/ml带缺口的DNA和5-10μg/ml的PARP-1酶。在室温下在混合物培养15min后,通过加入在培养缓冲液(最终浓度2mM)中的100μl 4mM NAD+终止反应,将板子混合。
使小珠沉淀至少15min,将板子转移到TopCountNXTTM(Packard)进行闪烁计数,数值表示为每分钟计数(cpm)。对于每个试验,将对照(含有PARP-1酶和DMSO,没有化合物)、空白培养液(含有DMSO,但是没有PARP-1酶或化合物)和样品(含有PARP-1酶和溶解在DMSO中的化合物)平行运行。将所有受试的化合物溶解,并进一步在DMSO中稀释。在第一种情况下,将化合物在10-5M浓度下试验。当化合物在10-5M显示出活性时,制备剂量-响应曲线,其中化合物浓度在10-5和10-8M之间。在每个试验中,从对照和样品值中减去空白值。对照样品代表最大的PARP-1酶活性。对于每个样品,cpm量表达为占对照平均cpm值的百分率。当适当时,使用在50%水平相邻的上和下试验点之间的线性插补计算药物的IC50-值(降低PARP-1酶活性至对照的50%的药物浓度)。本文中试验化合物的作用表达为pIC50(IC50-值的负log值)。作为参考化合物,包括4-氨基-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺以验证SPA分析。试验化合物在最初试验浓度10-5M显示出抑制活性(参见表-2)。
PARP-1抑制活性的体外过滤分析
对本发明化合物在体外过滤分析中进行试验评价PARP-1活性(在带缺口的DNA存在下触发),通过其组蛋白聚(ADP-核糖基)化活性的方法使用[32P]-NAD作为ADP-核糖基给体。通过三氯乙酸(TCA)在96-孔过滤板中将放射活性的核糖基化作用组蛋白沉淀,使用闪烁计数器测定结合的[32P]。
制备组蛋白(备用溶液:5mg/ml在H2O中)、NAD+(备用溶液:100mM在H2O中)和[32P]-NAD+在培养缓冲液(50mM Tris/HCl、PH 8;0.2mM DTT;4mM MgCl2)中的混合物。还制备PARP-1酶(5-10μg/ml)和带缺口的DNA。按照在PARP-1抑制活性体外SPA中描述的方法制备带缺口的DNA。将75μl PARP-1酶/DNA混合物与1μl在DMSO中的化合物和25μl组蛋白-NAD+/[32P]-NAD+混合物加入96-孔过滤板(0.45μm,供应商Millipore)的每孔中。在培养混合物中最终浓度为2μg/ml组蛋白、0.1mM NAD+、200μM(0.5μC)[32P]-NAD+和2μg/ml带缺口的DNA。在室温下培养板15min,通过加入10μl冰冷却的100%TCA,随后加入10μl冰冷却的BSA溶液(1%在H2O中)终止反应。使蛋白部分在4℃沉淀10min,将板真空过滤。随后在室温下对板子的每个孔用1ml 10%冰冷却的TCA、1ml5%冰冷却的TCA和1ml 5%TCA洗涤。向每个孔中加入最终为100μl的闪烁溶液(Microscint 40,Packard),将板子转移到TopCountNXTTM(supplier:Packard)进行闪烁计数,数值表达为每分钟计数(cpm)。对于每个试验,将对照(含有PARP-1酶和DMSO,没有化合物)、空白培养液(含有DMSO但是没有PARP-1酶或化合物)和样品(含有PARP-1酶和溶解在DMSO中的化合物)平行运行。将所有的试验化合物溶解并最终在DMSO中进一步稀释。在第一种情况下,将化合物在10-5M浓度试验。当化合物在10-5M显示出活性时,制备剂量-响应曲线,其中化合物浓度在10-5和10-8M之间。在每个试验中,从对照和样品值中减去空白值。对照样品代表最大的PARP-1酶活性。对于每个样品,cpm量表达为占对照平均cpm值的百分率。当适当时,使用在50%水平相邻的上和下试验点之间的线性插补计算药物的IC50-值(降低PARP-1酶活性至对照的50%的药物浓度)。本文中试验化合物的作用表达为pIC50(IC50-值的负log值)。作为参考化合物,包括4-氨基-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺以验证过滤分析。试验化合物在最初试验浓度10-5M显示出抑制活性(参见表-2)。
对TANK-2抑制活性的体外邻近闪烁分析(SPA)
使用Ni闪板(96或384孔),基于SPA技术,将本发明化合物进行体外分析试验。
通常,该分析使用[3H]-烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷([3H]-NAD+)作为ADP-核糖基给体,依靠SPA技术检测TANK-2蛋白的自动聚(ADP-核糖基)化作用。
通过向1888.7μl分析缓冲液(60mM Tris/HCl,PH 7.4;0.9mMDTT;6mM MgCl2)中加入64.6μl[3H]-NAD+(0.1mCi/ml,供应商:Perkin Elmer)和46.7μl NAD-备用液(10.7mM,储存在-20℃,供应商Roche)制备[3H]-NAD+/NAD备用溶液。按照在EP123806中的描述生产TANK-2酶。将60μl分析缓冲液与1μl在DMSO中的化合物、20μl[3H]-NAD+/NAD和20μl TANK-2酶(最终浓度6μg/ml)加入96-孔Ni-包衣闪板(Perkin Elmer)的每孔中。在室温下培养混合物120min后,通过加入60μl停止溶液(42.6mg NAD在6ml H2O中)终止反应。将板子用板密封器覆盖,放在TopCountNXTTM(supplier:Packard)中进行闪烁计数,数值表达为每分钟计数(cpm)。对于每个试验,将对照(含有TANK-2酶和DMSO,没有化合物)、空白培养液(含有DMSO但是没有TANK-2酶或化合物)和样品(含有TANK-2酶和溶解在DMSO中的化合物)平行运行。将所有的试验化合物溶解并最终在DMSO中进一步稀释。在第一种情况下,将化合物在10-5M浓度试验。当化合物在10-5M显示出活性时,制备剂量-响应曲线,其中化合物浓度在10-5和10-8M之间。在每个试验中,从对照和样品值中减去空白值。对照样品代表最大的TANK-2酶活性。对于每个样品,cpm量表达为占对照平均cpm值的百分率。当适当时,使用在50%水平相邻的上和下试验点之间的线性插补计算药物的IC50-值(降低TANK-2酶活性至对照的50%的药物浓度)。本文中试验化合物的作用表达为pIC50(IC50-值的负log值)。作为参考化合物,包括3-氨基苯甲酰胺和4-氨基-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺以验证SPA分析。本文中使用96-孔板描述分析。在本分析中使用384-孔板相同的最终浓度,并且体积是合适的。如果96-孔板的结果是可以得到的,则这些结果被结合在表-2中,否则显示384-孔板分析的结果。
| 化合物编号 | 体外过滤分析PARP-1pIC50 | 体外SPA分析PARP-1pIC50 | 体外SPA分析TANK-2pIC50 |
| 1 | 8.11 | <5 | |
| 2 | 6.012 | 6.876 | <5 |
| 3 | 6.272 | 5.759 | |
| 4 | 5.439 | 6.144 | <5 |
| 5 | 5.579 | 6.195 | <5 |
| 6 | 5.563 | 6.412 | <5 |
| 7 | 5.464 | 6.228 | 6.127 |
| 8 | 5.676 | 6.272 | <5 |
| 11 | <5 | ||
| 12 | <5 | ||
| 13 | <5 | ||
| 16 | <5 | ||
| 17 | <5 | ||
| 18 | 5.345 | 6.072 | <5 |
| 19 | 6.204 | 7.498 | <5 |
| 20 | 5.276 | 6.171 | <5 |
| 21 | 6.284 | 7.593 | <5 |
| 22 | 6.331 | 7.334 | 5.073 |
| 23 | 5.595 | 6.163 | <5 |
| 24 | 5.305 | 6.105 | <5 |
| 25 | 5.635 | 6.721 | <5 |
| 26 | 5.789 | 6.372 | <5 |
| 27 | 6.373 | 7.353 | 5.099 |
| 28 | 5.55 | 5.827 | <5 |
| 29 | 5.333 | 6.105 | <5 |
| 30 | 7.491 | 6.1 |
| 化合物编号 | 体外过滤分析PARP-1pIC50 | 体外SPA分析PARP-1pIC50 | 体外SPA分析TANK-2pIC50 |
| 31 | 7.405 | <5 | |
| 32 | 7.345 | ||
| 33 | 7.458 | 6.028 | |
| 34 | 7.664 | ||
| 35 | 7.971 | ||
| 36 | 7.965 | <5 | |
| 37 | 7.816 | <5 | |
| 38 | 6.373 | 6.27 | |
| 39 | 8.003 | <5 | |
| 40 | 5.649 | 6.492 | <5 |
| 41 | 6.263 | 7.352 | <5 |
| 42 | 5.048 | 6.075 | <5 |
| 43 | 7.908 | <5 | |
| 44 | 7.533 | <5 | |
| 45 | 5.516 | 6.647 | <5 |
| 45 | 5.729 | 6.637 | <5 |
化合物可以进一步在细胞化学敏化和/或放射性敏化分析中评价,该分析测定在癌细胞系中以及最终在体内放射性敏化试验中内源性PARP-1活性的抑制。
Claims (16)
1.式(I)的化合物
其可药用加成盐和立体化学异构体形式,其中
虚线表示任选的键;
X为>N-或>CH-;
—N …… Y—为-NH-C(O)-或-N=CR4-,其中R4为羟基;
L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-、-NH-、-C(O)-C1-6烷二基-、-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-或-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;
R1为氢、卤素、C1-6烷氧基或C1-6烷基;
R2为氢、羟基、C1-6烷氧基或氨基羰基;
或者,当X被R2取代时,R2与-L-Z一起形成下式的二价基团
-C(O)-NH-CH2-NR10- (a-1)
其中R10为苯基;
R3为氢,或C1-6烷氧基;
Z为氨基、氰基或选自以下的基团
其中每个R5和R6独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中
L为直接的键或选自-C(O)-、-C(O)-NH-,或-C(O)-O-C1-6烷二基-的二价基团;R2为氢、羟基或C1-6烷氧基;Z 为选自(b-3)、(b-4)、(b-5)、(b-6)、(b-7)、(b-8)或(b-9)的基团;每个R5和R6独立选自氢、卤素、氨基、C1-6烷基或C1-6烷氧基。
3.权利要求1的化合物,其中
L为直接的键;R1为氢、卤素或C1-6烷基;
R2为氢;R3为氢;Z为选自(b-5)或(b-7)的基团;和每个R5独立选自氢或卤素。
4.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述化合物选自化合物35、36、39、1和43
化合物35 化合物36
化合物39 化合物1
化合物43。
5.药物组合物,包含可药用载体和作为活性成分的治疗有效量的权利要求1- 4中任一项的化合物。
6.制备权利要求5中的药物组合物的方法,其中将可药用载体和权利要求1- 4中任一项的化合物紧密混合。
7.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于治疗PARP介导病症的药物中的用途。
8.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于治疗PARP-1介导病症的药物中的用途。
9.权利要求7的用途,其中所述药物是化学敏化剂。
10.权利要求 7的用途,其中所述药物是放射性敏化剂。
11.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的式(I)化合物与化疗剂组成的组合物。
12.如下式的化合物和药学上可接受的加成盐
。
14.如下式的化合物和药学上可接受的加成盐
。
16.如权利要求1-4和12-15中任一项所述的化合物在制备用于治疗癌症的药物中的用途。
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