CZ310104B6 - A building block from polymer-based material and a system of modular building elements including such building block - Google Patents

Abstract

The building block (1) includes multiple outside walls (2), a cavity (3) of the building block, at least one inside wall (4) and at least two connecting elements (5). The outside walls (2) of the building block are arranged in the shape of an n-gon surrounding the cavity (3), which is open on both the lower and the upper side of the building block (1). The cavity (3) is divided by the inside wall (4) to at least two parts (6), where at least one part (6) of the cavity is adapted for the insertion of an insulation insert (7). Each connecting element (5) is adapted to be inserted to the cavity (3) of another building block (1). Each connecting element (5) includes a wall (8) of the connecting element coming out from the respective wall of the building block. The wall (8) of the connecting element includes a free end (9) and side edges (10), which get closer to each other from the point of connection to the wall towards the free end (9). The building block (1) further includes an insulation layer (19). The system of modular building blocks includes foundation building blocks (15) including the cavity (3) closed with the full bottom (16) and hollow building blocks.

Description

A building block made of a polymer-based material and a system of modular building elements comprising this building block

Field of technology

The invention relates to a building block and a system of modular building elements made of polymer-based material intended for the construction of foundation and wall structures, including underground, above-ground and support structures, while the system including these building blocks comprehensively and systematically solves the problems associated with the construction itself, the implementation of insulation, conducting installation and surface treatment.

Current state of the art

In the current state of the art, building systems consisting of building blocks are known, which are hollow and serve as lost formwork, into which reinforcement or other structures are inserted, and the entire system is subsequently monolithic with concrete grouting. In addition to brick and concrete blocks, blocks made of lightweight materials such as aerated concrete, foam concrete, Heraclite, polymer material or blocks lightened with polystyrene, etc., are also used.

The design of lightweight blocks made of plastic material is described, for example, in document DE 202010017057 U1, which discloses a system of two types of hollow plastic building blocks, wherein the cavity of the block is divided into segments and these segments can include any filling, especially from insulating materials. The blocks are connected with corner pins and subsequently strengthened with screws.

Similarly, document US 5311718 A: discloses plastic building blocks, the cavity of which is divided into separate segments that can be filled with insulating material, but no further information about the implementation of the insulation (thermal insulation or waterproofing) is given in the document. The document also does not describe any elements that would ensure the cohesion of the building block with the building blocks in the previous or following row of masonry, while the blocks must be laid in a mortar bed during construction.

The hollow plastic building blocks described in the document US 3410044 A directly include heat and sound insulation as well as surface treatment, but the block is not adapted for placing insulating material in the selected cavity of the building block, as the cavities of the building block are intended only for the insertion of reinforcement and concrete grouting. The insulating function is performed only by the material from which the wall of the building block itself is made. The document does not disclose any fasteners that could ensure the cohesion of a building block with multiple building blocks in the previous row of masonry.

Document AT 377300 B describes concrete hollow building blocks, which include separate cavities for inserting reinforcement with concrete grout and further cavities for storing a continuous layer of thermal insulation. Thermal insulation is carried out as a filling only on the construction site, while the blocks include holes for the flow of insulating material from the chamber of one element to another. However, these concrete blocks do not include any waterproofing or elements ensuring the cohesion of the individual rows of masonry already during the laying of the building blocks, i.e. before the connection with concrete grouting.

Currently, there is no known system using building blocks for foundation structures, underground load-bearing structures (basement) and above-ground load-bearing structures, which would meet the requirements for cohesion, insulation (thermal insulation and waterproofing) and at the same time minimize the labor and time-consuming construction. The disadvantage of the above-mentioned building blocks is that they cannot be simply connected and placed on top of the previous row of masonry without the need for gluing or

- 1 CZ 310104 B6 jointing with mortar, in the case of solutions with connecting pins, it is necessary to place these pins precisely in the corresponding hole and they can thus be easily damaged when the blocks are moved. The currently used building blocks also do not allow the insertion of insulation in such a way that the individual insulation inserts of each building block connect smoothly to each other and can create a continuous insulation of the entire building. In the case of the application of a continuous insulation layer, the insulation is added only at the construction site, which increases the construction time and reduces the quality of the insulation compared to insulation carried out and controlled in an industrial operation environment.

The essence of the invention

The above-mentioned shortcomings are overcome to some extent by a building block for masonry made of a polymer-based material, wherein the building block for masonry includes multiple outer walls, a cavity of the building block, at least one inner wall, and at least two connecting elements, wherein the outer walls of the building block are arranged in of the shape of an n-angle surrounding the cavity of the building block and the cavity of the building block is at least partially open on the lower and upper sides of the building block, while the cavity is divided by the inner wall into at least two parts of the cavity of the building block, where at least one part of the cavity is adapted for the insertion of an insulating insert. Each connecting element is adapted to be inserted into the cavity of another building block, while at least one connecting element is intended to be inserted into the cavity of another of two adjacent building blocks of a different row of masonry than the other connecting element. Each fastener is attached to a wall of the building block and offset from that wall inwardly of the cavity of the building block, each fastener including a fastener wall extending from a respective wall of the building block, the fastener wall including a free end and side edges, wherein the side edges approach each other from the point of connection to the wall towards the free end, wherein the building block further includes an insulating layer, wherein the insulating layer at least partially surrounds the part of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert.

The outer walls of the building block form the perimeter walls of the building block in the shape of an n-gon, while the cavity is defined by the outer walls and is at least partially open. It is therefore an at least partially hollow building block, where at least one external wall is visible and at least one external wall is a side wall, while the side wall can be attached to the side wall of the neighboring building block in the same row during masonry, and the visible wall remains accessible and visible even after assembly of building blocks into a row of masonry. The inner wall is a flat element extending at least part of the length or width of the cavity, which divides the cavity of the building block into parts of the cavity suitable for the placement of different types of fillings, outside the insulating insert it is, for example, reinforcement or concrete grouting. The part of the cavity for inserting the insulating insert is adapted, for example, by its dimensions or by the shaping of the walls surrounding this part of the cavity, while it preferably extends along at least one visible outer wall of the block, where the position of the inner wall relative to the outer wall determines the thickness of this insulating insert. The building block can also include a set of multiple visible outer walls that touch each other with their vertical edge, while the part of the cavity adapted to insert the insulating insert can abut all these adjacent outer visible walls. The part of the cavity can be adapted to insert the insulating insert by being completely open on the upper or lower side of the building block, depending on which side the insulating insert is to be inserted into the part of the cavity, or if this part of the cavity expands to insert the insulating insert towards the mouth of the cavity on the upper or lower side of the building block, through which the insulating insert is to be inserted into the part of the cavity.

At least one part of the cavity, which is not intended for inserting an insulating insert, is intended to be filled with concrete grout, while the dimensions of this part of the cavity correspond to the thickness of the future load-bearing part of the building block after pouring with concrete grout. The dimensions of the building block and part of the cavity to be filled with concrete grout can therefore be adapted to the preferred total thickness of the building block/masonry or the thickness of the supporting part of the building block/masonry. With the planned use of concrete grout made of high-strength concrete, it is possible, for example, to reduce the size of the building block in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the block. The side exterior walls of the building block adjacent to the part of the cavity which

- 2 CZ 310104 B6 is not intended for inserting an insulating insert, they can approach each other, while the building block is convex on both sides in the direction of the longitudinal axis and the cavity has a smaller width at this point of the building block than at the point of visible external walls, while this is not the convex sidewall completely adjoins the convex sidewall of the adjacent building block in the same row. Subsequently, both the cavities of adjacent building blocks and the gaps between the bulging side walls of adjacent building blocks can be filled with concrete grout.

The inner wall may extend only partially along the length, width or height of the cavity and take the form of a rib or reinforcement. Both of these types of internal walls simultaneously ensure the cohesion and spatial rigidity of the entire building block. The building block is made from a polymer-based material, e.g. from granulate of commonly used thermoplastics (PP, PE, PVC and others), or from a polymer composite, which includes a suitable filler that modifies the properties of the polymer, such as strength, modulus of elasticity, abrasion resistance and other. The filler can be e.g. carbon fibers, glass fibers, ground silica sand or even natural materials. Among the possible methods of production are, for example, casting, injection, injection molding or 3D printing. The thickness of the walls of the building block is approximately 5 to 10 mm.

The connecting element is attached to the wall and offset from this wall towards the interior of the building block cavity, this offset corresponding to the dimension of the thickness of the wall so that the connecting element can be inserted into the cavity of another building block and that the wall of the connecting element abuts the outer wall of another building block from its sides facing the inside of the cavity. The connecting element is intended for inserting into the building block another row of masonry, whereby another row is meant the row of masonry immediately lower or higher than the row of masonry comprising the building block with this connecting element. If the connecting element is connected to the inner wall, the wall of this connecting element connected to the inner wall is offset in the direction inward of the selected part of the cavity. The side edges of the wall of the connecting element can be straight, which corresponds to the wall of the connecting element, e.g. in the shape of a trapezoid or triangle, possibly also rounded. The connecting element is adapted to be inserted into the cavity of another building block, while the narrowing of the wall of the connecting element, i.e. the approach of the side edges of the wall of the connecting element, is especially advantageous for the displacement of the building block in relation to another building block, when the building block can be moved to the appropriate place in the cavity of another building block ride the side along this side edge. The connecting element is preferably a direct part of the casting of the building block.

Preferably, at least two connecting elements are attached to at least one outer wall of the building block. At the same time, each of these two adjacent connecting elements is adapted to be inserted into the cavity of another of the two adjacent building blocks of a different series of masonry. In this sense, a symmetrical arrangement of connecting elements around one or two planes, especially around a vertical plane in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the building block, is advantageous. By longitudinal axis is meant the main axis of the building block in the direction of the longest dimension of the building block, in the context of the invention this axis can also be equivalent to another axis of the block to which the building block is at least partially symmetrical. The side edges of these fasteners attached to one wall can almost touch each other at one point, where there is a space between the side edges of the fasteners for an almost peak connection, with the smallest distance between the two fasteners being twice the wall thickness of the building block. This shape of the connection between connecting elements with approaching edges is more advantageous than a simple groove, because the beveled top of the tip connection is exactly the position of the contact of the building block with the edges of the side outer walls of two neighboring building blocks of another (previous) row of masonry.

The building block preferably includes at least two connecting elements attached to an inner wall, this inner wall being parallel to the outer wall to which at least two connecting elements are attached. The connecting elements attached to the inner wall are advantageously offset in the direction inward of the part of the cavity in which the insulating insert is intended to be inserted. By connecting the connecting elements also to the inner wall, the cohesiveness of the building block with other building blocks, into the cavity of which the connecting element can be inserted, can be further increased.

- 3 CZ 310104 B6

The insulating insert is preferably inserted into the part of the cavity between the outer wall to which the two connecting elements are attached and the inner wall to which the two connecting elements are attached, wherein the insulating insert extends with its protruding part above the outer wall and the inner wall up or down (outside the cavity defined by the outer walls), while this protruding part copies the shape of the walls of the connecting elements in the direction from the front view of the building block, i.e. in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the building block, which is perpendicular to the respective outer and inner walls, between which the insulating insert is inserted. In other words, this front view is oriented to the visible outer wall of the building block, to which the insulating insert is adjacent. The part of the cavity adapted to insert the insulating insert can include a full bottom or be open on both the lower and upper sides of the building block.

The insulating insert preferably includes a recess on the opposite side of the insulating insert to the projecting part, wherein the shape of the recess of the insulating insert is complementary to the shape of the connecting elements and the projecting part. This recess is adapted to receive the recess of the insulating insert and the connecting elements of the building blocks belonging to another (immediately following) series of masonry. During removal, the protruding part of the insulating insert slides along the surface of the insulating insert recess of the adjacent building block belonging to the previous row of masonry, while the insulating insert, including the protruding part, is largely protected from abrasion or other damage by the walls of the connecting elements.

The building block further advantageously includes an insulating layer, wherein the insulating layer at least partially surrounds the part of the cavity adapted for the insertion of the insulating insert. The insulating layer can be made of the same or different insulating material or type of insulation as the insulating insert. Insulation materials include, for example, polystyrene, polyurethane, mineral wool, insulation based on natural fibers and others. The type of insulation means the function of the insulation, in particular thermal, sound, fireproof, radon insulation or waterproofing, while one material can perform the function of several types of insulation at the same time (e.g. thermal and sound). The insulating insert is preferably made of a different material than the insulating layer, whereby the insulating insert is made of materials with a thermal insulation function and the insulating layer is made of an elastic band with a waterproofing function. The advantage of such a building block with an insulating insert and an insulating layer is that it includes most types of insulation (thermal and sound insulation, waterproofing, insulation against radon), while the application of the insulating insert and the insulating layer can already be carried out at the stage of building block production, or additionally situ. In addition to the part of the cavity suitable for inserting the insulating insert, the insulating layer can also surround part of the outer walls of the building block and, in the case of a building block with an inserted insulating insert, also the recess and protruding part of the insulating insert, or the bottom of the relevant part of the cavity of the building block.

The building block further advantageously includes an anchoring element fixedly or removably attached to the outer wall. An anchor element is any shaped element, e.g. eye, hook or any other type of attachment, which can be used to attach additional structures to the building block. The anchoring element preferably has the shape of a double eye, and with this anchoring element the installation can be guided both horizontally and vertically. The anchoring element can be a fixed part of the building block casting from the factory, or it can be additionally attached to the building block, either permanently or removable. The anchoring element is mainly used to fasten electrical wiring and pipes, to fasten visual elements, cladding, plasterboard, etc., and also to connect the masonry of internal load-bearing or non-load-bearing structures (partitions). Anchoring elements on the external walls facing the exterior of the masonry can be used for suspended facades. The advantage of such suspended installations, possibly covered by a visible structure, is the absence of interference with the structure of the building block itself, such as cutting, drilling and subsequent fitting, which ensures that the installation is waste-free. In addition, the installations remain accessible for easy maintenance or replacement of installations.

Advantageously, the outer wall of the building block includes a groove for removable attachment of the anchoring element. The groove enables the additional attachment of the anchoring element in the chosen place and can be made on any part of the outer wall in a vertical or horizontal direction. The groove can already be created during the production of the building block by shaping the mold or additionally.

- 4 CZ 310104 B6

The building block preferably includes a total of at least two grooves regularly arranged along the length or width of the outer wall. By arranging a greater number of grooves for fixing the anchoring element, the position of the anchoring element on the outer wall can be chosen more precisely, or additional constructions can be secured to one building block in several places. The distance of the individual grooves on the outer wall can correspond to the modular dimension of the building block, from which the enlarged or reduced modules of the building block are derived.

The system of modular building elements made of polymer-based material and intended for the construction of foundation and wall structures according to the present invention consists in the fact that it includes foundation building blocks including a cavity closed by a solid bottom and also hollow building blocks described above.

It is a complex system where the basic building blocks, hollow building blocks and possibly other elements are made of polymer material, so they are light and easy to handle. The design of hollow building blocks with an inserted insulating insert also includes most types of insulation and eliminates the implementation of in situ insulation, while the insulating inserts and insulating layers of the individual blocks are connected at the construction site only by a simple glued joint, which eliminates leaks. Insulation inserts and insulation layers thus form a continuous insulation system of the entire building. The insulating insert and the insulating layer can be adapted to the selected type of masonry, e.g. for underground structures, white bathtubs, etc. During in situ assembly, only the insertion of reinforcement and concrete grouting is dealt with, and the assembly of the system is thus less demanding on wet technologies and the quality of execution (skill workers). A number of types of concrete or other binder mixtures and their strength classes can be used to solidify a structure assembled from this system of modular building elements.

The system of modular building elements preferably further includes an additional building block, wherein the length of the additional building block is n times smaller than the length of the hollow building block in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the masonry, where n is a natural number greater than 1, while the additional building block includes at least two connecting elements . Additional building blocks include, for example, a half building block.

The system of modular building elements preferably also includes rungs, while at least one rung can be connected to the anchoring element of the building block. This is, for example, a regular row and, possibly, additional rows, i.e. a half row or unit row. Crossbars can advantageously be connected at the point of the anchoring element, where the anchoring element fulfills several functions, i.e. to guide installations and at the same time connect the internal partition. Other methods can also be used to connect the slats to the load-bearing wall, e.g. metal angles or other profiles, connecting anchors, etc.

Clarification of drawings

The essence of the invention is further clarified by examples of its implementation, which are described using the attached drawings, where on:

Fig. 1 shows a view of a standard building block, an insulating insert and an insulating layer (in the unfolded position), Fig. 2 shows a view of a standard building block with an inserted insulating insert and an insulating layer, Fig. 3 shows a vertical cross-section of a standard building block a block with an insulating insert and an insulating layer, while the cut is guided by an insulating insert, Fig. 4 shows a bottom view of a standard building block (without an insulating insert and an insulating layer), especially the connecting elements,

- 5 CZ 310104 B6 Fig. 5 shows a vertical section of a group of building blocks, while the section is guided by insulating inserts, Fig. 6 shows variants of anchoring elements, Fig. 7 shows a building block with an anchoring element, Fig. 8 shows a view of half building block, Fig. 9 shows a view of a corner building block, Fig. 10 shows a view of a standard foundation building block (standard bottom), Fig. 11 shows a view of a half foundation building block, Fig. 12 shows a view of corner foundation building block, Fig. 13 shows a view of a standard wreath building block, Fig. 14 shows a view of a half wreath building block, Fig. 15 shows a view of a corner wreath building block, Fig. 16 shows a view of the transom, Fig. 17 shows a view of the standard rung, Fig. 18 shows a view of the additional rungs, Fig. 19 shows a view of the starting standard rung, Fig. 20 shows a view of the starting additional rungs, Fig. 21 shows a view of the composition masonry from a system of modular building elements according to the present invention, Fig. 22 shows a top and bottom view of the foundation building blocks in the foundation row of masonry, Fig. 23 shows the connection of building blocks using a connecting plate and a connecting wedge with a plate and a wedge, Fig. Fig. 24 shows a connecting wedge, Fig. 25 shows a connecting plate, Fig. 26 shows a detail of the connection of a partition to the perimeter masonry using a connecting plate, Fig. 27 shows the composition of the lintel and the cornice, Fig. 28 shows the composition of the non-bearing masonry (partitions ) with anchoring elements, Fig. 29 shows a view of a standard building block according to the second exemplary embodiment,

- 6 CZ 310104 B6 Fig. 30 shows a bottom view of a standard building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 31 shows a view of a half building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 32 shows a view of a corner building block according to a second exemplary embodiment , Fig. 33 shows a view of a standard foundation building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 34 shows a view of a half foundation building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 35 shows a view of a corner foundation building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. Fig. 36 shows a view of a standard crown building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 37 shows a view of a half crown building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 38 shows a view of a corner crown building block according to a second exemplary embodiment, Fig. 39 the composition of masonry from blocks according to the second exemplary embodiment is shown.

Examples of implementation of the invention

The invention will be further explained by examples of implementation with reference to the respective drawings. One example of implementation is building block 1 and further a system of modular building elements intended for the construction of foundation and wall structures, which includes this building block 1 and its modifications for foundation, underground and above-ground vertical support structures. Building block 1 as well as other modular building elements of the system are made of granulate thermoplastic polymer (casting, injection, injection molding).

The building block 1 is primarily intended for vertical perimeter support structures and in the first exemplary embodiment in Fig. 1a has approximately the shape of a cuboid, which includes 4 vertical outer walls 2 surrounding the cavity 3 of the building block. The outer walls 2 of the block include vertical grooves 14, which are regularly distributed along the length of the wall outside the cavity 3 of the block, and at the location of each of these grooves 14 there is a protruding rib 23 on the side of the outer wall 2 oriented inwardly of the cavity 3. These grooves 14 with protruding ribs 23 serve as a stiffening and at the same time connecting element. The grooves 14 increase the rigidity of the outer walls 2, they can be used as part of the tongue-and-groove connection system and also for connecting the anchoring elements 13. The grooves 14 are also made in the corners of the building block 1. The dimensions of the building block 1 include length and width, while the length of the building block 1 the dimension of the building block 1 is meant in the direction of the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, and thus perpendicular to the axis of the future masonry, for the construction of which this building block 1 is intended. The width of the building block 1 means the dimension of the building block 1 in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block. The outer walls 2 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the block (parallel to the longitudinal axis of the masonry) are shorter and visible, i.e. accessible even after the building block 1 is placed in the masonry. Adjacent building blocks 1 are directly adjacent to the side outer walls 2, which are parallel to the longitudinal axis 20 of the block (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the masonry), during masonry, and the grooves 14 of the side outer walls 2 can serve as a tongue-and-groove connection system for this purpose. The cavity 3 of the building block is open and opens on the upper side and at least partially on the lower side of the building block 1, while on the lower side

- 7 CZ 310104 B6 of building block 1, connecting elements 5 adapted to be inserted into the cavity 3 of the neighboring building block 1 belonging to the previous row of masonry are attached. The upper side of the building block 1 is intended for placing the concrete mixture in the cavity 3, while both side outer walls 2 include cut-outs 21 for placing the longitudinal reinforcement. The cutouts 21 on the side outer walls 2 are made from the upper side of the block, horizontally and through the entire thickness of the wall only in the part 6 of the cavity, which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7.

The building block 1 includes one inner wall 4 oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, which extends over the entire width of the cavity 3, while the thickness of the inner wall 4 is the same as the thickness of the outer walls 2. The cavity 3 of the building block is divided by this inner wall 4 into two unequally sized parts 6 of the cavity, while the first (smaller) part 6 of the cavity is adapted for inserting the insulating insert 7. The part of the side outer walls 2 surrounding this part 6 of the cavity for inserting the insulating insert 7 has a smooth surface and does not include the grooves 14. To the visible external walls 2 and the inner wall 4 parallel to them, at least two connecting elements 5 arranged symmetrically according to the vertical axis of the wall are connected along the length of the wall on the lower side of the building block 1, while the first connecting element 5 is intended for insertion into the cavity 3 of another of the two adjacent building blocks 1 of the previous row of masonry than the second connecting element 5, while both the first and the second connecting element 5 are connected to the same wall.

Each connecting element 5 is connected to the wall of the building block 1 and offset from this wall in the direction inside the cavity 3 of the building block, while the connecting elements 5 connected to the inner wall 4 are offset from this wall in the direction inside the part 6 of the cavity intended for inserting the insulating insert 7 Each connecting element 5 includes a wall 8 of the connecting element passing along the respective wall of the building block 1, where the wall 8 of the connecting element includes a free end 9 and side edges 10, whereby the side edges 10 approach each other from the point of connection to the wall towards the free end 9. In the first example, the design of the wall 8 of the connecting element in the direction of the side view of the building block 1, i.e. in the direction of the longitudinal axes 20 of the building block, has two variants. A total of two connecting elements 5, which have the shape of an inverted isosceles trapezoid, are connected to the visible outer wall 2 and its parallel inner wall 4, which define part 6 of the cavity for inserting the insulating insert 7, where the free end 9 corresponds to the smaller of the bases of this trapezoid and the side the edges 10 are formed by the arms of the trapezoid. The shaping and width of the wall 8 of the connecting element is compatible with the shaping of the outer wall 2, i.e. the protruding ribs 23 of the corresponding grooves 14 on the outer wall 2, while the wall 8 of the connecting element is inserted between these protruding ribs 23 when the building block 1 is placed on the previous row of blocks. K four connecting elements 5 are attached to the visible outer wall 2 adjacent to another (larger) part 6 of the cavity (not to the part 6 of the cavity for inserting the insulating insert 7), while the wall 8 of the connecting elements has the shape of a right-angled triangle in the same direction of view, one of its overhangs is oriented vertically. On this wall, the connecting elements 2 with tapering side edges 10 are connected to the wall only at the point of the wall between the grooves 14 and the ribs 23 of the building block, which is clearly visible from the bottom view of the building block 1 in Fig. 4. The connecting elements 5 form two pair, and in each of these pairs, the triangular walls of 8 connecting elements are oriented with vertical overhangs to each other. Fig. 4 also shows the detail of the corner groove 14.

The first (smaller) part 6 of the cavity is adapted for inserting an insulating insert 7 and the second (larger) part 6 of the cavity includes another inner wall 4 oriented parallel to the visible outer walls 2 of the building block, while this inner wall 2 serves to ensure the spatial rigidity of the building block 1 The insulating insert 7 includes a projecting part 11 emerging from the relevant part 6 of the cavity and this projecting part 11 copies the shape of the walls 8 of the connecting elements in the direction of the front view of the building block 1, i.e. in the direction of the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, while this front view is oriented to visible outer wall 2 of the building block, to which the insulating insert 7 adjoins. The part 6 of the cavity for inserting the insulating insert 7 has a solid bottom 16 in this exemplary embodiment, while the connecting elements 5 on both sides of this part 6 of the cavity are connected by this bottom 16. On the opposite side of the insulating insert 7 to the protruding part 11, i.e. on the upper side of the building block 1, the insulating insert 7 includes a recess 12, wherein the recess 12 of the insulating insert is complementary to the shape of the connecting elements 5, the protruding part 12 of the insulating insert and the bottom 16 of this part 6 cavities.

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The projecting part 11 and the recess 12 of the insulating insert have approximately the shape of two adjoining prisms with a trapezoidal base. The shape of the insulating insert 7 is clearly visible in Fig. 1b.

In the first exemplary embodiment, the insulating insert 7 is inserted into part 6 of the cavity of the building block already at the production stage, and the building block 1 can be delivered to the construction site as a complete product with an insulating function. The insulation insert 7 includes a complete insulation system, especially thermal insulation with the function of sound insulation and insulation against radon. After inserting the insulating insert 7, the building block 1 is provided with an insulating layer 19, which is shown in Fig. 1c. The insulating layer 19 is made of elastic sealing material and serves as waterproofing, while this layer covers the recess 19 of the insulating insert, the protruding part 19 of the insulating insert with the bottom 16 and also the part of the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity into which the insulating insert 7 is inserted (Fig. 2). The covering of this place of the building block 1 with an insulating layer 19 is evident in particular from the vertical section in Fig. 3. The shaping of the insulating insert 7 and the insulating layer 19 is designed so that at the point of contact of the displaced building blocks 1, an almost peak joint 22 serving to establish this insulating layers 19 to the insulating layers 19 of the adjacent building blocks 1. The top joint 22 thus ensures the mutual cohesion of the building blocks 1 and individual rows of masonry, as well as the continuity of the insulation system of the entire structure, which is shown in Fig. 5.

In the following section, the anchoring elements 13, which can be placed in the grooves 14 on the outer walls 2 of the building block, will be described in more detail. The outer walls 2 of the building block include a number of vertical grooves 14, which are adapted for the removable fixing of one or more anchoring elements 13. The grooves 14 are arranged along the length of the building block 1 at regular intervals, the distance of these intervals being equal to the modular dimension of this building block 1 and of the entire modular building system, from which the dimensions of other system elements are derived. In the first exemplary embodiment, the anchoring element 13 has the shape of an eye with holes in the horizontal and vertical directions, as shown in Fig. 6. The anchoring element 13 can be pushed into the groove 14, while its exact position in the groove 14 is fixed by the projection of the anchoring element on the principle tongue and groove. The anchoring element 13 in Fig. 6a can only be attached to one groove 14, the variant in Fig. 6b can be attached to a pair of adjacent grooves 14. The anchoring elements 13 in the form of anchoring eyes are adapted especially for guiding installations (electrical installation, water pipes, heating, etc. ) or the fixing of suspended visual structures, e.g. plasterboard, while the wiring of installations can be covered by this visual structure. The anchoring elements 13 located at the point of contact of the perimeter masonry with the internal load-bearing wall or partition can also be used to connect to these structures. The anchoring elements 13 can be placed on the outer wall 2 of the building block facing the exterior (Fig. 7a) as well as the interior (Fig. 7b).

The system of modular building elements includes building blocks 1 according to the present invention and a number of elements that are modifications of this building block 1. The building elements can be divided into three groups according to the height level in the vertical supporting structure. These are building elements intended for foundation structures, underground structures and above-ground structures, while the first row of masonry of each level includes foundation building blocks 15 with a solid bottom 16, other rows include ordinary (hollow) building blocks 1 or their modifications (e.g. without insulating insert 7), and the last row of each level is finished with cornices 28. All these elements are also made in the version of the additional half building block 27 and the corner building block 26, while the underground and above-ground vertical structures can also include transoms 30 and crossbars. All of these building elements are adapted to the insertion of concrete reinforcement (steel or alternative materials) and pouring with fresh concrete, which ensures the cohesion and rigidity of the entire system.

The closest modification of the building block 1 according to the present invention is the supplementary half building block 27 and the corner building block 26, which are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. The half building block 27 is an example of a supplementary building block which is structurally identical to a normal building block 1, differing only in that the walls include half the number of connecting elements 5, the shape and arrangement of which are analogous to that of a conventional building block 1. The corner building block 26 comprises multiple internal walls 4, with the two internal walls 4 extending only

- 9 CZ 310104 B6 partially along the height of the cavity 3, are perpendicular to each other and form a kind of cross reinforcement of the corner building block 26. The corner building block 26 can be made as left or right.

The system also includes foundation building blocks 15 intended for the first foundation row of masonry (the first row of masonry of the foundation structure, the first row of floors of the basement space and the first row of masonry of each above-ground floor, which follow the ceiling structure of the previous floor). These elements (regular, half and corner) are shown in Fig. 10, Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. They differ from the usual building blocks 1 in that they include a cavity 6 closed by a solid bottom 16 and without connecting elements 5. Basic building blocks 15 without inserted insulating insert 7 and insulating layer 19 are intended for the foundation structure, while the elements intended for underground or above-ground vertical perimeter structures are structurally similar to ordinary building blocks 1 and, in contrast to the foundation building blocks 15 for the foundation structure, additionally include an insulating insert 7 in the respective parts 6 of the cavity as well as the insulating layer 19 to create a top joint 22, since the elements for underground structures (so-called cellars) must include waterproofing, thermal insulation and insulation against radon.

Wreaths 28, which are used to end the respective level of the structure and to connect to the base plate or ceiling structure, are structurally identical to ordinary building blocks 1, while their upper edge includes on one external visible wall 2 (meaning towards the interior of the building) and partially on the side the outer walls 2 have a lowered edge 29, which is used for inserting the horizontal reinforcement and casting the foundation or ceiling slab. The regular, half and corner crown 28 are shown in Fig. 13, Fig. 14 and Fig. 15.

A standard lintel 30 with a solid bottom 16 is used to bridge construction openings, which is shown in Fig. 16. The lintel 30 includes a lowered edge 29 only on the side outer walls 2 and includes only one inner wall 4. The edge lintels 30 located at the edges of the building opening are structurally almost identical and differs only in that the bottom 16 of this extreme transom 30 includes an opening in one half of the bottom 16 of the transom (defined by the longitudinal axis of the transom 30), which ensures the flow of concrete grout between the transom and the wall during the monolithic construction of the entire structure.

Other structural elements of the system are also the regular slats 18, the half slats 31 and the unit slats 32, which are shown in Fig. 17 and Fig. 18. All the slats include on all the outer walls 2 grooves 14 regularly spaced at the same intervals as the grooves 14 on the standard building block 1 and the connecting elements 5 are also connected to all external walls 2, i.e. around the entire perimeter of the cavity 3. The common partition 18 (Fig. 17) further includes a total of 5 internal walls 4, while no connecting elements 5 are connected to any internal wall 4 Neither the half slat 31 (Fig. 18a) nor the smallest unit slat 32 (Fig. 18b) include the inner walls 4. The smallest dimension of the unit slat 32 is equal to the tenth of the length of the regular slat 18 and is the same as the distance of the regularly placed grooves 14 on all elements of the building system elements according to this invention, while this distance is the most important modular dimension of the entire system. Inserting slats with a solid bottom 16 and without connecting elements 5 are shown in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20. In the first exemplary embodiment, the slats are not adapted for inserting the insulating insert 7.

In the following part, the procedure for constructing a building will be described using building blocks 1 and a system of modular building elements according to the present invention, which are shown on the model building structure in Fig. 21. The first level of construction is a basic structure made of elements without an insulating insert 7, which includes the first row of masonry from foundation building blocks 15 with a solid bottom 16, on which the selected number of rows of masonry with hollow building blocks is placed. The foundation structure is finished with wreaths 28, while a horizontal reinforcement is placed in the cut-outs 21 on each row of masonry. A vertical reinforcement is subsequently inserted into the wreaths 28 and the entire composition is monolithic with fresh concrete up to the level of the lowered edge 29 of the wreath. After the walls have hardened, a horizontal reinforcement is placed in the place of the lowered edge 29 of the wreath

- 10 CZ 310104 B6 covering the space between the perimeter walls, which is then also poured with concrete into a compact base plate.

The first row of masonry of basement foundation building blocks 15, which is shown in Fig. 22a and in the bottom view in Fig. 22b, and then rows of ordinary building blocks 1 are then laid out on the base plate. The joining of hollow building blocks 1 in one row of masonry is shown in Fig. 23, while it is possible to insert connecting plates 24 (Fig. 24) and connecting wedges 25 (Fig. 25) between the individual building blocks 1. The connecting wedges 25 additionally strengthen the cohesion of the building blocks 1 at the point of the tongue-groove connection. The reinforcing connecting plate 24 is used at the point of connection of internal structures, e.g. partitions, and is inserted into the space between the grooves 14, as shown in Fig. 26. The connecting plate 24 and the connecting wedge 25 can be made of any material (plastic material, metal, etc. .), while both of these elements are pushed into the respective place of the outer wall 2 from the upper side. When laying masonry from blocks with an insulating insert 7 and an insulating layer 19, the insulating layers 19 are connected to each other by a glued joint. The insulating insert 7 is industrially inserted into each plastic building block 1 already during the production of the building block 1, the insulating layer 19 can also be applied already during production or at the construction site. Furthermore, the structure can include internal supporting structures and partitions, while transoms 30 are placed above any building openings, which must be properly supported by an auxiliary structure before being poured with concrete. In the last row, wreaths 28 are laid, while the procedure for the execution of the horizontal (ceiling) structure above the underground floor is the same as the procedure for the execution of the base plate. Fig. 27 shows the composition of the lintel and crown in the structure. The procedure for the construction of an above-ground vertical structure is analogous to that of an underground vertical structure.

The shaping of the grooves 14 allows the anchoring elements 13 to be inserted already during the construction of the masonry or at any time later, while the anchoring elements 13 are removable. The anchoring elements 13 are advantageously located in the places of the expected wiring of electrical installations, water pipes, etc., while these installations are guided through the eyes of the anchoring elements 13 and do not require cutting or drilling holes and subsequent installation. An example of the placement of the anchoring elements 13 on the crossbar for horizontal and vertical installation guidance is shown in Fig. 28a, only for vertical guidance in Fig. 28b. All building elements of the system include grooves 14 also in the corners of the building element, while anchoring elements 13 can also be inserted between these individual building elements in the wall (e.g. between two unit bars 32). The use of anchor eyes therefore leads to a waste-free design of the wiring of the building's technical equipment. If the wall of the structure does not include the anchoring elements 13, it is possible to carry out internal surface treatment (in the interior of the building) using standard plastering systems suitable for a polymer substrate. In the case of a wall including anchoring elements 13, visual constructions, e.g. plasterboard boards, can be hung on these anchoring elements 13, which advantageously also cover the wiring of the installations. In the same way, perlinka and standard plastering systems can be used for external surface treatment (on the exterior of the building), or suspended ventilated facades fixed with anchoring elements 13.

In this section, alternative embodiments of building block 1 and systems of modular building elements according to the first exemplary embodiment of this invention will be described. The design of the connecting elements 5 includes many variants of the number of connecting elements 5 and their arrangement with respect to the walls of the building block 1. The connecting elements 5 can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block, e.g. only closer to the longitudinal axis 20 of the building block or only closer to the edges of the building block 1. The connecting elements 5 can optionally also be placed asymmetrically, where the connecting elements 5 connected to the first visible external wall 2 fit into the cavity 3 of one adjacent building block 1 in the previous row, and where the connecting elements 5 connected to the second visible external wall 2 fit into cavity 3 of a different neighboring building block 1 in the previous row than the connecting elements 5 connected to the first visible external wall 2. Analogous to the shape and location of the connecting elements 5, the protruding part 11 and the recess 12 of the insulating insert are also shaped. The shape of the wall 8 of the connecting element can be, in addition to a trapezoid, also an isosceles triangle, while the side edges 10 can be both straight and rounded. For all shapes of connecting elements 5, it is particularly advantageous to bevel the side edge 10 of the connecting element, which is located closest to the longitudinal

- 11 CZ 310104 B6 to the axis 20 of the building side and also to the edge of the visible outer wall 2 (i.e. closest to the neighboring building block 1 in the same row of masonry) in order to preserve the character of the top joint 22.

An alternative embodiment of the building block 1 may include only the grooves 14 on the outer wall 2 without the respective ribs 23 projecting from the wall into the cavity 3, the walls surrounding the cavity 3 of the building block being completely smooth. This design can be advantageous from the point of view of simpler shaping of the insulating insert 7, but on the contrary negatively affect the stiffness of the building block 1, or increase the consumption of material, if the reduction in stiffness is compensated by the thickness of the walls of the building block 1.

In an alternative embodiment of the building block 1, the part 6 of the cavity adapted to insert the insulating insert 7 is open at the top and bottom and does not include the full bottom 16. In this embodiment, the protruding part 11 of the insulating insert is less protected from damage, while the insulating layer 19 is with the protruding part 11 and by selecting 12 the insulating insert in contact over the entire surface of these parts.

In the following section, the building block 1 and other elements of the system of modular building elements according to the second exemplary embodiment, which are shown in Fig. 29 to Fig. 36, will be described. The standard building block 1 in Fig. 29 differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that it includes several outer walls 2 and one inner wall 4, while the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity, which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, approach each other towards the inner wall 4 of the block. The width of the part 6 of the cavity, which is not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, is therefore smaller at the point of contact of the side outer walls 2 with the inner wall 4 than at the point of contact of the side outer walls 2 with the visible outer wall 2. The side outer walls 2 do not include cutouts 21, the approaching parts of the side outer walls 2 do not include the vertical grooves 14. The design of the connecting elements 5, the insulating insert 7 and the insulating layer 19 is analogous to that of the building block 1 according to the first exemplary embodiment. In the bottom view of the building block 1 in Fig. 30, an embodiment that does not include the longitudinal cut-out 21 is shown.

The half building block 27 according to the second exemplary embodiment in Fig. 31a includes two inner walls which are parallel to the visible external walls and extend over the entire width and height of the building block. The building block 1 includes a total of 3 parts 6 of the cavity, and the side outer walls 2 adjacent to the parts 6 of the cavity, which are not intended for the insertion of the insulating insert 7, also approach each other. The place of the greatest narrowing of the cavity 3, i.e. the smallest width of the half building block 27, is located at the point of contact between the inner wall 4 and the approaching side outer walls 2. The extreme half building block 27 in Fig. 31b includes one side outer wall 2 perpendicular to two parallel front outer wall 2, while this extreme side wall becomes a view wall, as it is available in the masonry and forms the lining of the building opening. Similar to this extreme half building block 27, the extreme standard building blocks 1 according to the second exemplary embodiment, i.e. the left and right extreme building block 1, can also be made.

The corner building block 26 according to the second exemplary embodiment in Fig. 32 includes a total of 4 internal walls 4, while only two of them, namely the internal walls 4 adjacent to the part 6 of the cavity adapted for inserting the insulating insert 7, are oriented parallel to the two visible external walls 2. These two inner walls 4 are perpendicular to each other, with the remaining two inner walls 4 touching them at one point and extending radially towards the side outer walls 2.

The advantage of the curvature of the lateral outer walls of the 2 blocks according to the second exemplary embodiment is that, after assembly into a masonry structure, a separate space is created between these lateral walls (outside the cavities of the 3 building blocks) with gaps 33 between the blocks, which are also filled with concrete grouting, whereby they are in vertical joints in masonry largely eliminated. Vertical joints in masonry are normally formed by the side outer walls 2 of two adjacent building blocks that are closely adjacent to each other, while in this embodiment the vertical joints are preserved only in a short section of the side outer walls 2 further from the insulating insert 7. In the section of part 6 of the cavity, which adjoins the inner wall 4 protecting the insulating insert 7, there is no vertical joint.

- 12 CZ 310104 B6

Embodiments of the foundation building blocks 15 according to the second exemplary embodiment including the half and corner blocks are shown in Fig. 33, Fig. 34 and Fig. 35 and differ from the conventional building blocks 1 in that they do not include the connecting elements 5 and include a solid bottom 16. Full in the second exemplary embodiment, the bottom 16 extends partly outside the cavity 3 of the block, in other words, the bottom 16 extends beyond the outer walls of the block 2, as it must contain the concrete grout applied outside the cavities 3 of the building blocks into the space of the gaps 33 between the blocks as described in the previous paragraph. The pressure of the concrete grout on the protruding part of the bottom 16, which is particularly visible in Fig. 33 and 34, also ensures the loading of the entire foundation block 15 and its pressing against the base.

The crown construction elements according to the second exemplary embodiment (Fig. 36, Fig. 37 and Fig. 38) are a modification of the standard building block 1 according to the second exemplary embodiment shown in Fig. 29, whereby all the crown elements include a reduced edge 29 of the crown.

An example of a masonry structure including an assembly of modular building elements according to the second exemplary embodiment is shown in Fig. 39, which also shows gaps 33 between blocks in the masonry from building blocks 1, while Fig. 39a shows a view of a common section of the masonry structure without construction openings. Thanks to these gaps 33 between the blocks, after the monolithic wall, no continuous vertical joints formed by the walls of the building elements are created immediately behind the thermal insulation system (insulation inserts 7). On the other hand, Fig. 39b shows the composition of the masonry, which extends in the corner of the building between two building openings, while the lining of the opening at one end of the masonry is formed by the extreme half building block 27 (described above in Fig. 31b) and at the other end by the extreme standard building block 1 according to the second exemplary embodiment. The creation of the lining of the building openings can also be seen from the floor plan in Fig. 39c.

Industrial applicability

The building block and system of modular building elements described above can be modified and used for other types of special vertical constructions.

Claims (11)

1. A building block (1) for masonry made of a polymer-based material comprising multiple outer walls (2), a cavity (3) of the building block, at least one inner wall (4) and at least two connecting elements (5), wherein the outer walls ( 2) of the building block are arranged in the form of an n-gon surrounding the cavity (3) of the building block and the cavity (3) of the building block is at least partially open on the lower and upper sides of the building block (1), while the cavity (3) is the inner wall (4 ) divided into at least two parts (6) of the cavity of the building block, where at least one part (6) of the cavity is adapted to insert an insulating insert (7), while each connecting element (5) is adapted to be inserted into the cavity (3) of another building block (1), while the first connecting element (5) is intended for insertion into the cavity (3) of another of the two adjacent building blocks (1) of a different row of masonry than the second connecting element (5), while each connecting element (5) is connected to wall of the building block (1) and offset from this wall in the direction inside the cavity (3) of the building block, while each connecting element (5) includes a wall (8) of the connecting element coming from the respective wall of the building block, characterized in that the wall (8 ) of the connecting element includes a free end (9) and side edges (10), while the side edges (10) approach each other from the point of connection to the wall towards the free end (9), while the building block (1) further includes an insulating layer (19) ), while the insulating layer (19) at least partially surrounds the part (6) of the cavity adapted for inserting the insulating insert (7). 2. Building block (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two connecting elements (5) are attached to at least one outer wall (2). 3. Building block (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that it includes at least two connecting elements (5) connected to the inner wall (4), this inner wall (4) being parallel to the outer wall (2) to which at least two connecting elements (5) are connected. 4. Building block (1) according to claim 3, characterized in that the insulating insert (7) is inserted into the part (6) of the cavity between the outer wall (2), to which at least two connecting elements (5) are attached, and the inner wall (4) to which at least two connecting elements (5) are attached, while the insulating insert (7) includes a projecting part (11) extending beyond the given outer wall and the inner wall, and this projecting part (11) copies the shape of the walls (8) of the connecting elements. 5. Building block (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the insulating insert (7) includes a recess (12) on the opposite side of the insulating insert (7) to the projecting part (11), wherein the shape of the recess (12) of the insulating insert is complementary to the shape of the connecting elements (5) and protruding part (11). 6. Building block (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it further includes an anchoring element (13) fixedly or detachably attached to the outer wall (2). 7. Building block (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it includes a groove (14) for removable attachment of the anchoring element (13). 8. Building block (1) according to claim 7, characterized in that it includes a total of at least two grooves (14) regularly arranged along the length or width of the outer wall (2). 9. A system of modular building elements made of polymer-based material and intended for the construction of foundation and wall structures, wherein the system includes foundation building blocks (15) including a cavity (3) closed by a solid bottom (16) and hollow building blocks, characterized by that the hollow building blocks are the building blocks (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8. 10. A system of modular building elements according to claim 9, characterized in that it further includes an additional building block (27), wherein the length of the additional building block (27) is n times smaller than the length of the hollow building block in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the masonry, where n is a natural number greater than 1, wherein the additional building block (27) includes at least two connecting elements (5). - 14 CZ 310104 B6 11. A system of modular building elements according to any one of claims 9 and 10, characterized in that it further includes slats (18), wherein at least one slat (18) can be connected to the anchoring element (13) of the building block.