HK1127444A - Pilot scrambling in communications systems - Google Patents
Pilot scrambling in communications systems Download PDFInfo
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Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIORITY AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No.60/758,875, filed on 12.1.2006.
Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to communications, and more particularly to pilot scrambling in communication systems, such as wireless/mobile communication systems.
Background
In 3GPP (third generation partnership project) for Downlink (DL) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proposed by nokia and other companies, please refer to "principles for the evolved UTRA radio access concept", alcatel, ericsson, fuji, LG electronics, motorola, NEC, nokia, NTT DoCoMo, matsushit, RITT, samsung, siemens, WG1 Ad Hoc on LTE UTRA, R1-050622, 3GPP #41bis, Sopia Antipolis, 20-21 days 6 months.
NTT DoCoMo proposes a control channel and a synchronization channel for scalable bandwidth with two-dimensional (frequency-time) scrambling in the evolved UTRA downlink, see "Basic structure of control channel and synchronization channel for scalable bandwidth in evolved UTRA downlink", NTTDoCoMo, R1-051147, 3GPP #42bis, San Diego, 10-14 th 2005, and [3] "Orthogonal common pilots channel and scalable code evolved UTRA downlink", NTT DoCoMo, R1-050704, 3GPP #42, London, 2005 9.
Texas instruments in 3GPP proposed SSCH (secondary synchronization channel) detection algorithm performance and mapping of system information to SSCH, see "Downlink synchronization channel schemes for E-UTRA", TI, R1-051057, 3GPP #42bis, SanDiego, 10-14 months 2005.
Disclosure of Invention
According to a first aspect of the invention, a method comprises: providing a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties; mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal including the plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code; and receiving the communication signal and decoding the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code for pilot scrambling in the communication system.
According further to the first aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise at least one pilot symbol encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further to the first aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise two pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further to the first aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be a Gold scrambling code. Still further, the Gold sequence of the Gold scrambling code may be 63 or 127 in length.
According further still to the first aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be one of: kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
According still further to the first aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be provided only for a plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
According still further to the first aspect of the invention, the communication signal may be sent downlink from the network element to the user equipment or the mobile station in the wireless communication system.
According still further to the first aspect of the invention, the communication signal may be sent uplink from the user equipment or the mobile station to a network element in the wireless communication system.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a computer program product comprises: a computer readable storage structure embodying computer program code thereon for execution by a computer processor with the computer program code, wherein the computer program code comprises instructions for carrying out the first aspect of the present invention, said instructions being indicated for execution by any component or combination of components in a communication system.
According to a third aspect of the invention, an apparatus comprises: a PN code generator for providing a PN code signal including a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties; and a signal generation/synchronization/coding/transmission module for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal including the plurality of pilot symbols coded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a receiver; wherein the receiver is configured to receive a communication signal and to decode the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According to a third aspect of the invention, the apparatus may be a node B, the receiver being a user equipment configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is transmitted to a downlink.
According further to the third aspect of the invention, the apparatus may be a user equipment, the receiver being a node B configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is transmitted to an uplink.
According further still to the third aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise at least one pilot symbol encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further to the third aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise two coded pilot symbols coded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According still further to the third aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be a Gold scrambling code. Still further, the Gold sequence of the Gold scrambling code may be 63 or 127 in length.
According further still to the third aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be one of: kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
According still further to the third aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be provided only for a plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
According still further to the third aspect of the invention, the integrated circuit may comprise a PN code generator and a signal generation/synchronization/coding/transmission module.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, a communication system comprises: a transmitter for providing a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties, for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and for transmitting a communication signal comprising a plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code; and a receiver for receiving the communication signal and decoding the plurality of pilot symbols using a pseudo-noise scrambling code for pilot scrambling in the communication system.
According further to the fourth aspect of the invention, the transmitter may be a node B and the receiver is a user equipment configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent downlink.
According further to the fourth aspect of the invention, the transmitter may be a user equipment and the receiver is a node B configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent uplink.
According further still to the fourth aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise at least one coded pilot symbol coded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further to the fourth aspect of the invention, each sub-frame of the communication signal may comprise two coded pilot symbols coded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further still to the fourth aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be one of: gold codes, Kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
According still further to the fourth aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be provided only for a plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a receiver comprises: a signal receiving/synchronizing/decoding module for receiving and decoding a communication signal including a plurality of pilot symbols scrambled with pseudo-noise; wherein the plurality of pilot symbols are encoded by a transmitter using a PN code signal that includes a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties, the pseudo-noise scrambling code being further mapped by the transmitter to the plurality of pilot symbols for providing a communication signal to a receiver.
According further still to the fifth aspect of the invention, the pseudo-noise scrambling code may be one of: gold codes, Kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
According further to the fifth aspect of the invention, an integrated circuit may comprise the signal receiving/synchronizing/decoding module.
According to a sixth aspect of the invention, an apparatus comprises: generating means for providing a PN code signal comprising a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties; transmitting means for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal comprising the plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a receiver; wherein the receiver is configured to receive a communication signal and to decode the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
According further to the sixth aspect of the invention, the generating means may be a PN code generator and the transmitting means may be a signal generating/synchronizing/coding/transmitting module.
Drawings
For a better understanding of various embodiments of the present invention, reference may be made to the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows the length NcA graphical representation of the cross-correlation value distribution of a Gold sequence of 127;
FIG. 2 shows the length NcAutocorrelation function of 127 (no noise) Gold sequence anda graphical representation of lag time;
FIG. 3a is a schematic representation of a frame having a sub-frame containing one Permanent Common Pilot (PCP) scrambled with a pseudo-noise (e.g., Gold) scrambling code according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3b is a schematic representation of a frame with a sub-frame containing two Permanent Common Pilots (PCPs) scrambled with a pseudo-noise (e.g., Gold) scrambling code according to one embodiment of the invention;
fig. 4 is a block diagram of a mobile communication system having pilot scrambling using a pseudo-noise scrambling code according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating pilot scrambling using a pseudo-noise scrambling code according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
A new method, system, apparatus and software product are provided for pilot scrambling using scrambling codes in a communication system, such as a wireless/mobile communication system. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a sector/cell specific scrambling code is mapped to a plurality of pilot symbols within, for example, an SCH (synchronization channel) repetition period. This improves receiver performance at the sector edge and/or cell edge in, for example, frequency-tight reuse applications. In addition, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a scrambling code may be used for the plurality of pilot symbols and other symbols used for communication in the mobile communication system, but alternatively, the scrambling code may be used only for the plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols used for communication in the wireless/mobile communication system. Various embodiments of the present invention focus on randomization of the pilots needed to allow channel estimation for receiver detection to be used in evolutionary techniques such as 3.9G, 4G, etc. Also, the method may be applied to a Downlink (DL) or an Uplink (UL).
According to embodiments of the present invention, the sampling code may be a pseudo-noise (PN) scrambling code, such as a Gold code, a Kasami code, a Hadamard (Hadamard) code, a computer-generated random sequence, an m-sequence, or the like. The particular code is selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties.
Gold sequences (or Gold codes) have a large set of sequences with near-optimal cross-correlation properties, see, e.g., s.sargate, m.pursley, "cross-correlation properties of pseudo and related sequences", IEEE conference proceedings, vol.68, month 5 1980. Kasami sequences may have even better cross-correlation properties but suffer from a relatively small set of sequences. Length Nc＝2LSet of Gold sequences of-1, i.e. length 2L-1(L is an integer, L>1) Is generated from a pair of preferred m-sequences.
Gold sequences have predictable ternary cross-correlation properties. For example, for NcThese three correlation values are 15, -1 and-17, for N63cThese three correlation values are also 15, -1 and-17, 127. For Nc63 and NcThe autocorrelation values of 127 are 63 and 127, respectively. Although with Nc63 and NcA set of Gold sequences 127 has the same cross-correlation peak, but NcThe autocorrelation value of 127 is NcTwice as large as 63. Usually, N is usedc127 instead of NcGold sequence detection will be improved by about 3dB for 63. Fig. 1 and 2 show the cross-correlation distribution as a function of the cross-correlation value and the autocorrelation function as a function of the lag time without noise, respectively. Both fig. 1 and fig. 2 are for a Gold sequence of length 127.
The cross-correlation distribution shown in fig. 1 is obtained by cross-correlating one Gold sequence in a set of sequences with another Gold sequence in the set of sequences, the another Gold sequence having a range of [ -Nc/2，Nc/2]Cyclic shift of (2), wherein NcIs the sequence length. The distribution thus corresponds to the number of occurrences of the cross-correlation output value and is shownOnly three values are possible. Fig. 2 shows the autocorrelation for a Gold sequence of length 127 as a function of the lag time in the sample. For a zero lag time, the autocorrelation value is 127. If cross-correlation is used instead of auto-correlation at the zero lag time, then cross-correlation of any sequence in the set with all other sequences in the set produces a correlation output equal to-1. It should be noted that, if desired, an even larger Gold sequence length is used (c>127) Even better detection performance may be provided for multiple pilot symbols.
Further, fig. 3 is one of the examples of a schematic representation of a frame of a sub-frame with one Permanent Common Pilot (PCP)10 scrambled using a Gold code (also referred to herein as a Gold scrambling code) according to one embodiment of the present invention. Similarly, fig. 3b shows another example of a schematic representation of a frame of a sub-frame with two permanent common pilots (20 and 22, respectively) scrambled using Gold codes according to another embodiment of the invention.
In the example of fig. 3a and 3b, an SCH (synchronization channel) repetition period with four sub-frames is assumed. The two cases shown in fig. 3a and 3b have the following parameters:
FIG. 3 a: during one SCH period of e.g. 2ms (frame period 10ms, SCH period 4 sub-frames), a length of N would becThe PN sequence of the Gold sequence of 63 maps to 4 pilot symbols, this example has a pilot overhead of about 3%, i.e., in every 5 subcarriers of an OFDM symbol, 4 subcarriers are allocated to data after one subcarrier is allocated to pilot, and one pilot symbol per subframe, so the pilot overhead is (1/5) × (1/7) ═ 2.85%; and
FIG. 3 b: during one SCH period of e.g. 2ms (again, frame period 10ms, SCH period 4 sub-frames), a length of N would becThe PN sequence of the Gold sequence of 127 maps to 8 pilot symbols, which example has a pilot overhead of about 6%, i.e., 4 data allocated one subcarrier after the pilot in every 5 subcarriers of an OFDM symbolSubcarriers, and two pilot symbols per subframe, the pilot overhead is therefore (1/5) × (2/7) ═ 5.71%. The use of two pilot symbols per sub-frame in fig. 3b allows for a larger Gold sequence length.
It is noted that for greater pilot density, a larger PN (e.g., Gold code) length may be used, which would allow more subcarriers to be allocated for pilots in the frequency domain and more pilot symbols to be allocated per subframe in the time domain.
The scrambling code for the larger Bandwidth (BW) may be broadcast in the system information or determined by a one-to-one mapping between the scrambling code detected in, for example, 1.25MHz and the scrambling code used in the larger BW. The scrambling code can be detected with a high detection probability. For example, in the example shown in fig. 3a and 3b, a 70% detection rate is observed at a SNR (signal to noise ratio) as low as-5 dB in typical vehicle-mounted situations.
Fig. 4 is one example among others of a block diagram of a mobile communication system 41 with pilot scrambling using Gold scrambling codes according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the example of fig. 4, a network element (e.g., node B)40 and a mobile station (or user equipment) 42 may include similar components to facilitate bi-directional transmission with pilot scrambling using PN (e.g., Gold) scrambling codes, such that either the network element 40 or the user equipment 42 may be a transmitter or a receiver, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. These components are respectively: PN code generators 46 and 46a, signal generation/synchronization/coding/transmission modules 44 and 44a, and signal reception/synchronization/decoding modules 48 and 48 a. In the context of the present invention, the mobile station (or user equipment) 42 may be a wireless communication device, portable device, mobile communication device, mobile phone, mobile camera phone, or the like. In the example of fig. 4, the network element 40 may be, for example, a node B, RNC (radio network controller), a BTS (base transceiver station), etc. In the case of DL (or UL) communications, the PN code generator 46 (or 46a) may provide the module 44(44a) with a PN code signal 50(50a) comprising a PN (e.g., Gold) scrambling code sequence, according to one embodiment of the present invention. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, module 44(44a) may then generate a DL communication signal 52 (or UL communication signal 52a) comprising a plurality of pilot symbols scrambled using a PN (e.g., Gold) code. The signal receiving/synchronizing/decoding module 48 (or 48a) can then receive the communication signal 52 (or 52a) and decode the plurality of pilot symbols using a PN (e.g., Gold) scrambling code. It should be noted that in the example of fig. 4, the functionality of the same pair of modules 46 and 46a, 44 and 44a, 48 and 48a that facilitate DL and UL communications may have similar or different implementations in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, modules 46, 46a, 44a, 48 and 48a may be implemented as software modules, hardware modules or a combination thereof. Further, each of the modules 46, 46a, 44a, 48 and 48a may be implemented as a separate module or may be combined with any other standard module of the network element 40 or the mobile station 42, or may be divided into several modules/blocks according to their functionality.
All or selected blocks or modules of the network element 40 may be implemented using an integrated circuit, as may all or selected blocks of the user equipment 42.
Fig. 5 is an example among others of a flow chart illustrating pilot scrambling using a pseudo-noise scrambling code according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The flow chart of fig. 5 represents only one of the possible scenarios. The order of the steps shown in fig. 5 is not absolutely required, so the various steps may generally be performed out of order. In a method according to an embodiment of the invention, in a first step 70 a transmitter (e.g. a network element such as a node B or a user equipment) generates a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties. In a next step 72, the transmitter maps the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols. In a next step 74, the transmitter sends a communication signal comprising a plurality of pilot symbols encoded with a pseudo-noise scrambling code to a receiver (e.g. a user equipment or a network element such as a node B). In a next step 76, the receiver receives the communication signal and it decodes the plurality of pilot symbols with the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
The pilot scrambling detection described in the different embodiments of the invention (see fig. 1-5) is typically carried out by a practical DSP (digital signal processing) operation known to those skilled in the art.
As described above, the present invention provides both a method and corresponding apparatus consisting of various modules providing the functionality for performing the steps of the method. These modules may be implemented in hardware, or in software or firmware for execution by a computer processor. In particular, if firmware or software, the invention can be provided as a computer program product including a computer readable memory structure embodying computer program code (i.e., the software or firmware) thereon for execution by the computer processor.
It should be noted that the various embodiments of the present invention recited herein can be used separately, combined or selectively combined for specific applications.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention, and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements.
Claims (32)
1. A method, comprising:
providing a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties;
mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal including the plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code; and
receiving the communication signal and decoding the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code for pilot scrambling in a communication system.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises at least one pilot symbol encoded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises two pilot symbols encoded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is a Gold scrambling code.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the length of Gold sequence of the Gold scrambling code is 63 or 127.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is one of: kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is provided only for the plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication signal is transmitted from a network element to a user equipment or a mobile station in a downlink in a wireless communication system.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the communication signal is transmitted from a user equipment or a mobile station to a network element in an uplink in a wireless communication system.
10. A computer program product, comprising: a computer readable memory structure embodying computer program code thereon for execution by a computer processor with the computer program code, wherein the computer program code comprises instructions for performing the method of claim 1, the instructions being directed to be executed by any component or combination of components of the communication system.
11. An apparatus, comprising:
a PN code generator for providing a PN code signal including a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties; and
a signal generation/synchronization/coding/transmission module for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal including the plurality of pilot symbols coded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a receiver; wherein the receiver is configured to receive the communication signal and to decode the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is a node B and the receiver is a user equipment configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent downlink.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is a user equipment and the receiver is a node B configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent uplink.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises at least one pilot symbol encoded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises two coded pilot symbols coded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is a Gold scrambling code.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the length of Gold sequence of the Gold scrambling code is 63 or 127.
18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is one of: kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is provided only for the plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein an integrated circuit comprises the PN code generator and the signal generation/synchronization/coding/transmission module.
21. A communication system, comprising:
a transmitter for providing a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties, and for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and transmitting a communication signal comprising the plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code; and
a receiver for receiving the communication signal and decoding the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code for pilot scrambling in the communication system.
22. The system of claim 21, wherein the transmitter is a node B and the receiver is a user equipment configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent downlink.
23. The system of claim 21, wherein the transmitter is a user equipment and the receiver is a node B configured for wireless communication, wherein the communication signal is sent uplink.
24. The system of claim 21, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises at least one coded pilot symbol coded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
25. The system of claim 21, wherein each sub-frame of the communication signal comprises two coded pilot symbols coded with said pseudo-noise scrambling code.
26. The system of claim 21, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is one of: gold codes, Kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
27. The system of claim 21, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is provided only for the plurality of pilot symbols and not for any other symbols in the communication signal.
28. A receiver, comprising:
a signal receiving/synchronizing/decoding module for receiving and decoding a communication signal comprising a plurality of pilot symbols using a pseudo-noise scrambling code, wherein
Said plurality of pilot symbols are encoded by a transmitter using a PN code signal comprising said pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties, and said pseudo-noise scrambling code is further mapped by said transmitter to said plurality of pilot symbols for providing said communication signal to said receiver.
29. The receiver of claim 28, wherein the pseudo-noise scrambling code is one of: gold codes, Kasami codes, Hadamard codes, computer-generated random sequences, and m-sequences.
30. The receiver of claim 28, wherein an integrated circuit comprises the signal receiving/synchronizing/decoding module.
31. An apparatus, comprising:
generating means for providing a PN code signal including a pseudo-noise scrambling code selected to provide predetermined cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties; and
transmitting means for mapping the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a plurality of pilot symbols and for transmitting a communication signal comprising the plurality of pilot symbols encoded with the pseudo-noise scrambling code to a receiver, wherein the receiver is configured to receive the communication signal and to decode the plurality of pilot symbols using the pseudo-noise scrambling code.
32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the generating means is a PN code generator and the transmitting means is a signal generating/synchronizing/encoding/transmitting module.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US60/758,875 | 2006-01-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| HK1127444A true HK1127444A (en) | 2009-09-25 |
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