JP2008305573A - Anode and battery - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a battery capable of improving cycle characteristics. <P>SOLUTION: The battery is provided with an electrolytic solution as well as a cathode 21 and an anode 22 and the electrolytic solution is impregnated in a separator 23 installed between the cathode 21 and the anode 22. The anode 22 has an anode current collector 22A and an anode active material layer 22B provided in it. The anode active material layer 22B contains the anode active material having a plurality of pores, and the rate of change of permeation amount of mercury into the plurality of pores measured by a mercury injection method has a distribution showing a first peak (rate of change A) in the pore size of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less and a second peak (rate of change B) in the pore size of 50 nm or more and 3,000 nm or less and the ratio A/B is 8/1 or less. Since the surface area of the anode active material is suppressed to be small, the electrolytic solution becomes hard to be decomposed even in the case the anode active material has a highly active silicon. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a negative electrode having a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer provided thereon, and a battery including the negative electrode.

  In recent years, portable electronic devices such as a camera-integrated VTR (video tape recorder), a mobile phone, or a laptop computer have been widely used, and there is a strong demand for miniaturization, weight reduction, and long life. Accordingly, as a power source for portable electronic devices, development of a battery, in particular, a secondary battery that is lightweight and obtains a high energy density is in progress. Among them, a secondary battery (so-called lithium ion secondary battery) that uses insertion and extraction of lithium for charge and discharge reactions is highly expected because a higher energy density can be obtained than a lead battery or a nickel cadmium battery.

  A lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrolyte solution together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the negative electrode has a configuration in which a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material is provided on a negative electrode current collector. As this negative electrode active material, a carbon material is widely used. However, in recent years, a further improvement in battery capacity has been demanded along with higher performance and multi-functionality of portable electronic devices. Therefore, the use of silicon has been studied. This is because the theoretical capacity of silicon (4199 mAh / g) is much larger than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh / g), so that significant improvement in battery capacity is expected.

  However, when silicon is deposited as a negative electrode active material by a vapor phase method, a large number of pores are generated in the negative electrode active material, increasing the surface area. In this case, since the negative electrode active material is highly active, the electrolytic solution is easily decomposed during charging and discharging, and lithium is easily deactivated. As a result, the capacity can be increased. On the other hand, when charging and discharging are repeated, the cycle characteristics, which are important characteristics of the secondary battery, are likely to deteriorate.

  Therefore, various ideas have been made to improve cycle characteristics even when silicon is used as the negative electrode active material.

Specifically, when a silicon thin film is deposited a plurality of times by a vapor phase method, a technique of irradiating the surface of the silicon thin film with ions before the deposition in the second and subsequent deposition steps (for example, Patent Document 1). And a technique using a negative electrode current collector having a three-dimensional structure such as a foam metal or a fibrous metal sintered body (see, for example, Patent Document 2), or a negative electrode current collector by sintering silicon. And the like (see, for example, Patent Documents 3 and 4) have been proposed.
JP 2005-293899 A JP 2004-071305 A JP 11-339777 A JP 11-339778 A

In addition, a technique for coating silicon particles with a fired product (ceramic) such as a metal oxide (see, for example, Patent Documents 5 and 6), or a technique for forming an oxide layer such as silicon oxide on the surface of a silicon alloy layer (see FIG. For example, see Patent Document 7), a technique for reducing and depositing a conductive metal on silicon powder (for example, see Patent Document 8), and a technique for coating silicon compound particles with a metal (for example, see Patent Document 9). ), A technique for diffusing a metal element that does not alloy with lithium in silicon particles (for example, see Patent Document 10), a technique for dissolving copper in a silicon thin film (for example, see Patent Document 11), and the like. Proposed.
JP 2004-335334 A JP 2004-335335 A JP 2004-319469 A JP-A-11-297711 JP 2000-036323 A JP 2001-273892 A JP 2002-289177 A

  Recent portable electronic devices are becoming smaller, higher performance and more multifunctional, and accordingly, charging and discharging of secondary batteries tend to be repeated frequently, so that the cycle characteristics are likely to deteriorate. In particular, in a lithium ion secondary battery using silicon as the negative electrode active material for increasing the capacity, the cycle characteristics are likely to be significantly reduced due to the increase in the surface area. For this reason, the further improvement is desired regarding the cycling characteristics of a secondary battery.

  The present invention has been made in view of such problems, and an object thereof is to provide a negative electrode and a battery capable of improving cycle characteristics.

  The negative electrode of the present invention includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer provided on the negative electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material having a plurality of pores, and is measured by a mercury intrusion method. The rate of change in the amount of mercury entering the pores is distributed so as to show a first peak at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a second peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm, and the change in the first peak When the rate is A and the rate of change at the second peak is B, the ratio A / B is 8/1 or less.

  The battery of the present invention comprises an electrolyte solution together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the negative electrode has a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer provided thereon, and the negative electrode active material layer has a plurality of pores. In addition, the rate of change in the amount of mercury intrusion into a plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method shows a first peak at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a second peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm. When the change rate at the first peak is A and the change rate at the second peak is B, the ratio A / B is 8/1 or less.

  The above-mentioned “mercury intrusion amount measured by mercury intrusion method” is the mercury intrusion amount measured using a mercury porosimeter, and the surface tension and contact angle of mercury are 485 mN / m and 130 °, respectively. It is a value measured when the relationship between the pore diameter and the pressure of the pore is approximated to 180 / pressure = pore diameter. Accordingly, “shows the first peak in the pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less” means that the mercury intrusion in the measurement result of the mercury porosimeter (horizontal axis: pore diameter, vertical axis: rate of change of mercury penetration). It means that the rate of change of the amount becomes maximum at a specific pore diameter in the range of 3 nm to 50 nm. Similarly, “showing the second peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less” means that in the measurement result of the mercury porosimeter, the rate of change in the amount of mercury intrusion becomes maximum at a specific pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less. Means. In addition, the “change rate in the first and second peaks” is a value normalized with the change rate of the mercury intrusion amount in the second peak as 1 in order to uniformly define the ratio A / B. It is.

  According to the negative electrode of the present invention, the negative electrode active material has a plurality of pores, and the rate of change in the amount of mercury intrusion into the plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method is the first in the pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm. And a second peak (rate of change B) with a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm and a ratio A / B of 8/1 or less. Compared with some cases, even when the negative electrode active material contains highly active silicon, it becomes difficult to react with other materials. Thereby, according to the battery provided with the negative electrode of the present invention, since the electrolytic solution is difficult to be decomposed, cycle characteristics can be improved. In this case, when the ratio A / B is 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less, the cycle characteristics can be improved while ensuring the productivity of the negative electrode.

  The negative electrode active material contains oxygen, and the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is 3 atomic% to 40 atomic%, or the negative electrode active material is iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, chromium, and molybdenum. Containing at least one metal element from the group consisting of, or the negative electrode active material particles having an oxygen-containing region in the thickness direction (region having oxygen and having a higher oxygen content than the other regions) If it has, higher effect can be acquired.

  Furthermore, if the ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector is 1.5 μm or more and 6.5 μm or less, a higher effect can be obtained.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional configuration of a negative electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention. This negative electrode is used for, for example, an electrochemical device such as a battery, and includes a negative electrode current collector 1 having a pair of opposed surfaces and a negative electrode active material layer 2 provided thereon.

  The negative electrode current collector 1 is preferably made of a metal material having good electrochemical stability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. Examples of the metal material include copper, nickel, and stainless steel, and copper is preferable. This is because high electrical conductivity can be obtained.

  In particular, the metal material constituting the anode current collector 1 preferably contains one or more metal elements that do not form an intermetallic compound with the electrode reactant. When the electrode reactant and the intermetallic compound are formed, the current collecting performance is reduced due to the influence of the stress due to the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material layer 2 during the operation of the electrochemical device (for example, when charging and discharging the battery). This is because the negative electrode active material layer 2 may be peeled off from the negative electrode current collector 1. Examples of these metal elements include copper, nickel, titanium, iron, and chromium.

  Further, the metal material described above preferably contains one or more metal elements that are alloyed with the negative electrode active material layer 2. This is because the adhesion between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 is improved, so that the negative electrode active material layer 2 is difficult to peel from the negative electrode current collector 1. Examples of the metal element that does not form an intermetallic compound with the electrode reactant and is alloyed with the negative electrode active material layer 2 include copper and nickel when the negative electrode active material layer 2 contains silicon as the negative electrode active material. Or iron etc. are mentioned. These metal elements are also preferable from the viewpoints of strength and conductivity.

  The negative electrode current collector 1 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure. When the negative electrode current collector 1 has a multilayer structure, for example, a layer adjacent to the negative electrode active material layer 2 is made of a metal material alloyed therewith, and a layer not adjacent to the negative electrode active material layer 2 is made of another metal material. Is preferred.

  The surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 is preferably roughened. This is because the adhesion between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 is improved by a so-called anchor effect. In this case, at least the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 facing the negative electrode active material layer 2 may be roughened. Examples of the roughening method include a method of forming fine particles by electrolytic treatment. This electrolytic treatment is a method of forming irregularities by forming fine particles on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 by an electrolytic method in an electrolytic bath. The copper foil subjected to this electrolytic treatment is generally called “electrolytic copper foil”.

  The ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 is preferably 1.5 μm or more and 6.5 μm or less. This is because the adhesion between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 becomes higher. Specifically, if the ten-point average roughness Rz is smaller than 1.5 μm, there is a possibility that sufficient adhesion cannot be obtained. If the ten-point average roughness Rz is larger than 6.5 μm, there are many voids in the negative electrode active material. This is because the surface area may increase.

  The negative electrode active material layer 2 contains a negative electrode active material that can occlude and release an electrode reactant. The negative electrode active material has a plurality of pores, and the pore diameters of the plurality of pores are distributed over a wide range from about several nm to several thousand nm.

  Fig. 2 shows the distribution of the rate of change of mercury intrusion into a plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method. The horizontal axis represents the pore diameter (nm) and the vertical axis represents the rate of change of mercury intrusion. Show. The rate of change of the mercury intrusion amount can be measured using a mercury porosimeter. The amount of mercury intrusion was measured when the surface tension and contact angle of mercury were 485 mN / m and 130 °, respectively, and the relationship between pore diameter and pressure was approximated to 180 / pressure = pore diameter. Value. When the mercury penetration amount V was measured while gradually increasing the pressure P using a mercury porosimeter, the rate of change in the mercury penetration amount (ΔV / ΔP) was as shown in FIG. In addition, in a pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 3000 nm or less, distribution is performed such that a peak P1 (first peak) is shown in a pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less and a peak P2 (second peak) is shown in a pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less. This peak P1 is a peak when the change rate is maximum at a pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 3000 nm or less, and the peak P2 is a peak when the change rate is maximum at a pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less. Here, for example, the pore diameter at the peak P1 is 9 nm, and the pore diameter at the peak P2 is 500 nm. The change rate of the mercury intrusion amount shown on the vertical axis is a value normalized with the change rate at the peak P2 on the wide pore diameter side being 1. When the rate of change at the first peak P1 is A and the rate of change at the second peak P2 is B, the ratio A / B is 8/1 or less.

  The ratio A / B is within the above-described range because the balance between the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less and the volume of pores having a pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less is optimized, and the surface area of the negative electrode active material is reduced. This is because the negative electrode active material is less likely to react with other materials even when the negative electrode active material is highly active. Examples of the other substance include an electrolytic solution in the case where the negative electrode is used for a battery. In defining the ratio A / B range, the pore diameters are classified into the above two ranges because the volume of the pores having a fine pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less is that of the negative electrode active material. This is because the surface area is greatly affected.

  In particular, the ratio A / B is preferably 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less. As described later, in order to form a negative electrode active material to have a multilayer structure by a vapor phase method, silicon is deposited multiple times while the negative electrode current collector 1 is reciprocally moved relative to the vapor deposition source. When the ratio A / B is smaller than 1/30, the moving speed of the negative electrode current collector 1 is too slow, and the productivity of the negative electrode may be reduced.

  The negative electrode active material preferably contains silicon as a constituent element. This is because a high energy density can be obtained because the ability to occlude and release the electrode reactant is large. The negative electrode active material may be any of a simple substance, an alloy, or a compound of silicon, or may have at least a part of one or two or more phases thereof. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  In addition, the alloy in the present invention includes an alloy containing one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements in addition to an alloy composed of two or more metal elements. Of course, the alloy in the present invention may contain a nonmetallic element. Some of the structures include a solid solution, a eutectic (eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or two or more of them.

  As an alloy of silicon, for example, as a constituent element other than silicon, tin (Sn), nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese (Mn), zinc, indium (In), silver (Ag), titanium, germanium (Ge) ), Bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and those having at least one selected from the group consisting of chromium.

  Examples of the silicon compound include those having oxygen and carbon (C) as constituent elements other than silicon. The silicon compound may contain, for example, one or more of a series of elements described for the silicon alloy as a constituent element other than silicon.

  The negative electrode active material is connected to the negative electrode current collector 1 and grows from the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 in the thickness direction of the negative electrode active material layer 2. In this case, the negative electrode active material is formed by a vapor phase method, and it is preferable that the negative electrode active material is alloyed at least at a part of the interface between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 as described above. Specifically, the constituent element of the negative electrode current collector 1 may be diffused into the negative electrode active material, or the constituent element of the negative electrode active material may be diffused into the negative electrode current collector 1 at the interface between the two. However, both constituent elements may be diffused with each other. This is because even if the negative electrode active material layer 2 expands and contracts during charge and discharge, the negative electrode active material layer 2 is less likely to be damaged, and electronic conductivity is improved between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2.

  Examples of the vapor phase method include physical deposition method or chemical deposition method, more specifically, vacuum evaporation method, sputtering method, ion plating method, laser ablation method, thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). ) Method or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.

  Further, the negative electrode active material may be in the form of a plurality of particles. This negative electrode active material may be formed by a single deposition step and have a single layer structure, or may be formed by a plurality of deposition steps and have a multilayer structure in the particles. However, in order to suppress the negative electrode current collector 1 from being thermally damaged when the negative electrode active material is formed by a vapor deposition method with high heat during deposition, the negative electrode active material has a multilayer structure. Is preferred. By performing the deposition process of the negative electrode active material divided into a plurality of times (sequentially forming and depositing the negative electrode active material), the negative electrode current collector 1 is heated more than when the deposition process is performed once. This is because the time to be exposed to is shortened.

  In particular, the negative electrode active material preferably contains oxygen as a constituent element. This is because expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material layer 2 are suppressed. In this negative electrode active material layer 2, it is preferable that at least a part of oxygen is bonded to a part of silicon. In this case, the bonding state may be silicon monoxide or silicon dioxide, or another metastable state.

  The oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is preferably 3 atomic% to 40 atomic%. This is because a higher effect can be obtained. Specifically, if the oxygen content is less than 3 atomic%, the negative electrode active material layer 2 may not be sufficiently suppressed in expansion and contraction, and if it exceeds 40 atomic%, the resistance increases. This is because it may be too much. In addition, when a negative electrode is used with an electrolytic solution in an electrochemical device, a coating formed by decomposition of the electrolytic solution is not included in the negative electrode active material. That is, when the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is calculated, the oxygen in the coating film is not included.

  The negative electrode active material containing oxygen can be formed by, for example, continuously introducing oxygen gas into the chamber when forming the negative electrode active material by a vapor phase method. In particular, when a desired oxygen content cannot be obtained simply by introducing oxygen gas, a liquid (for example, water vapor) may be introduced into the chamber as an oxygen supply source.

  The negative electrode active material preferably contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, chromium and molybdenum as a constituent element. This is because the binding property of the negative electrode active material is improved, the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material layer 2 is suppressed, and the resistance of the negative electrode active material is reduced. The content of the metal element in the negative electrode active material can be arbitrarily set. However, when the negative electrode is used in a battery, if the content of the metal element is excessive, the negative electrode active material layer 2 must be thickened to obtain a desired battery capacity. The negative electrode current collector 1 may be peeled off or cracked.

  The negative electrode active material containing the metal element described above may be used, for example, when a negative electrode active material is formed by vapor deposition as a vapor phase method, using a vapor deposition source mixed with metal elements, or using a multi-component vapor deposition source. Can be formed.

  This negative electrode active material has an oxygen-containing region having oxygen in the thickness direction, and the oxygen content in the oxygen-containing region is higher than the oxygen content in other regions. preferable. This is because expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material layer 2 are suppressed. Regions other than this oxygen-containing region may or may not contain oxygen. Of course, when the region other than the oxygen-containing region also has oxygen, it goes without saying that the oxygen content is lower than the oxygen content in the oxygen-containing region.

  In this case, in order to further suppress the expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material layer 2, the regions other than the oxygen-containing region also have oxygen, and the negative electrode active material has a first oxygen-containing region (lower oxygen content). It is preferable to have a region having a content) and a second oxygen-containing region having a higher oxygen content (a region having a higher oxygen content). In this case, it is preferable that the second oxygen-containing region is sandwiched between the first oxygen-containing regions, and the first oxygen-containing region and the second oxygen-containing region are alternately and repeatedly stacked. Is more preferable. This is because a higher effect can be obtained. The oxygen content in the first oxygen-containing region is preferably as low as possible, and the oxygen content in the second oxygen-containing region is the same as the content in the case where the negative electrode active material has oxygen, for example. is there.

  The negative electrode active material having the first and second oxygen-containing regions is, for example, an oxygen gas that is intermittently introduced into the chamber or oxygen introduced into the chamber when the negative electrode active material is formed by a vapor phase method. It can be formed by changing the amount of gas. Of course, when a desired oxygen content cannot be obtained simply by introducing oxygen gas, a liquid (for example, water vapor) may be introduced into the chamber.

  Note that the oxygen content may be clearly different between the first and second oxygen-containing regions, or may not be clearly different. In particular, when the amount of oxygen gas introduced is continuously changed, the oxygen content may also be continuously changed. The first and second oxygen-containing regions become so-called “layers” when the amount of oxygen gas introduced is changed intermittently, while when the amount of oxygen gas introduced is changed continuously. , Rather than “layer”. In the latter case, the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is distributed while repeating high and low. In this case, it is preferable that the oxygen content changes stepwise or continuously between the first and second oxygen-containing regions. This is because if the oxygen content changes rapidly, the diffusibility of ions may decrease or the resistance may increase.

  Here, with reference to FIG. 3, the detailed configuration of the negative electrode will be described by taking as an example a case where the particulate negative electrode active material has a multilayer structure in the particle. FIG. 3 shows an enlarged cross-sectional structure of the negative electrode. (A) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph (secondary electron image), and (B) is shown in (A). The SEM image is shown typically.

  As shown in FIG. 3, when the negative electrode active material has a plurality of particles (negative electrode active material particles 201), the negative electrode active material has a plurality of pores 202. Specifically, a plurality of protrusions (for example, fine particles formed by electrolytic treatment) exist on the surface of the roughened negative electrode current collector 1. In this case, the negative electrode active material particles 201 are deposited on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 multiple times by a vapor phase method or the like and stacked, so that the negative electrode active material particles 201 have a thickness for each protrusion described above. Grows step by step in the direction. Along with the dense structure, multilayer structure, and surface structure of the plurality of negative electrode active material particles 201, a plurality of pores 202 are generated.

  The pores 202 include three types of pores 202A, 202B, and 202C classified according to the cause of occurrence. The pores 202 </ b> A are gaps generated between the negative electrode active material particles 201 as the negative electrode active material particles 201 grow for each protrusion existing on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1. The pores 202 </ b> B are voids generated between the protrusions as a whisker-like fine protrusion (not shown) is generated on the surface of the negative electrode active material particle 201. The pores 202B may be generated over the entire exposed surface of the negative electrode active material particles 201 or may be generated only in part. The pores 202 </ b> C are gaps generated between the layers as the negative electrode active material particles 201 have a multilayer structure. In addition, since the above-described fine whisker-like protrusions are generated on the surface every time the negative electrode active material particles 201 are formed, the pores 202B are not only exposed surfaces (outermost surfaces) of the negative electrode active material particles 201, It also occurs between each level. Of course, the pores 202 may include other pores generated due to other causes other than the above-described causes.

  When the rate of change in the amount of mercury intrusion into the pores 202 is measured by a mercury intrusion method using a mercury porosimeter, since the pore diameter of the pores 202A is larger than the pore diameters of the pores 202B and 202C, as shown in FIG. On the other hand, the peak P1 on the narrow pore diameter side is mainly caused by the presence of the pores 202B and 202C, while the peak P2 on the wide pore diameter side is mainly caused by the presence of the pore 202A. Of course, the above-mentioned pores 202A to 202C are the main causes for generating the peaks P1 and P2, but the pore 202 includes many pores caused by other causes than the pores 202A to 202C. Therefore, the peaks P1 and P2 are not caused only by the presence of the pores 202A to 202C.

  As shown in FIG. 3, when the particulate negative electrode active material has a multilayer structure in the particle, the peak P1 is mainly caused by the presence of the pores 202B and 202C as described above. It occurs as a result. On the other hand, when the particulate negative electrode active material does not have a multilayer structure (has a single layer structure), the peak P1 is mainly caused by the presence of the pores 202B. It will be.

  This negative electrode is manufactured, for example, by the following procedure.

  First, after preparing the negative electrode collector 1, the surface is subjected to a roughening treatment as necessary. Subsequently, silicon is deposited on the negative electrode current collector 1 by a vapor phase method or the like to form a negative electrode active material. When this negative electrode active material is formed, a single layer structure may be formed by a single deposition process, or a multilayer structure may be formed by a plurality of deposition processes. When the negative electrode active material is formed to have a multilayer structure by a vapor phase method, silicon is deposited over a plurality of times while the negative electrode current collector 1 is reciprocally moved relative to the vapor deposition source. Alternatively, silicon may be deposited multiple times while the opening and closing of the shutter is repeated while the negative electrode current collector 1 is fixed to the vapor deposition source. Thereby, since the negative electrode active material layer 2 is formed, a negative electrode is completed.

  When forming this negative electrode active material layer 2, for example, the ratio A / B can be adjusted by the following method. That is, if various gases such as carbon dioxide and inert gas are introduced into the chamber and the amount of introduction is changed, the change rates A and B change. In addition, when the negative electrode active material is formed while moving the negative electrode current collector 1 relative to the vapor deposition source by a vapor phase method, the change will also occur if the moving speed of the negative electrode current collector 1 is changed. The rates A and B change. In either method, the change rates A and B can be relatively increased or decreased to set the magnitude relationship between them to a desired relationship.

  According to this negative electrode, the negative electrode active material has a plurality of pores, and the rate of change in the amount of mercury intrusion into the plurality of pores measured by mercury porosimetry is peak P1 (changes in the pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm). Ratio A) and distributed so as to show a peak P2 (change rate B) in a pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less, and the ratio A / B is 8/1 or less. Even when the negative electrode active material contains highly active silicon, it becomes difficult to react with other materials. Therefore, it can contribute to the improvement of the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical device using the negative electrode. In this case, when the ratio A / B is 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less, the cycle characteristics can be improved while ensuring the productivity of the negative electrode.

  In particular, the negative electrode active material contains oxygen, and the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is 3 atomic% to 40 atomic%, or the negative electrode active material is iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, chromium, and molybdenum. Containing at least one metal element from the group consisting of, or the negative electrode active material particles having an oxygen-containing region in the thickness direction (region having oxygen and having a higher oxygen content than the other regions) If it has, higher effect can be acquired.

  Further, if the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 facing the negative electrode active material layer 2 is roughened by fine particles formed by electrolytic treatment, the adhesion between the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 is improved. Can increase the sex. In this case, a higher effect can be obtained if the ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 1 is 1.5 μm or more and 6.5 μm or less.

  Next, usage examples of the above-described negative electrode will be described. Here, taking a battery as an example of an electrochemical device, the negative electrode is used in the battery as follows.

(First battery)
4 and 5 show a cross-sectional configuration of the first battery, and FIG. 5 shows a cross section taken along line VV shown in FIG. The battery described here is, for example, a lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode 22 is expressed based on insertion and extraction of lithium as an electrode reactant.

  In the secondary battery, a battery element 20 having a flat winding structure is accommodated inside a battery can 11.

  The battery can 11 is, for example, a square exterior member. As shown in FIG. 5, the rectangular exterior member has a rectangular or substantially rectangular cross section in the longitudinal direction (including a curve in part), and is a rectangular prismatic battery. In addition to this, an oval prismatic battery is also configured. That is, the square-shaped exterior member is a bottomed rectangular type or bottomed oval shaped vessel-like member having a rectangular shape or a substantially rectangular shape (oval shape) obtained by connecting arcs with straight lines. FIG. 5 shows a case where the battery can 11 has a rectangular cross-sectional shape. The battery structure including the battery can 11 is called a so-called square shape.

  The battery can 11 is made of, for example, a metal material containing iron, aluminum (Al), or an alloy thereof, and may have a function as an electrode terminal. In this case, iron that is harder than aluminum is preferable in order to suppress swelling of the secondary battery by utilizing the hardness (hardness of deformation) of the battery can 11 during charging and discharging. When the battery can 11 is made of iron, for example, plating of nickel (Ni) or the like may be performed.

  The battery can 11 has a hollow structure in which one end and the other end are closed and opened, respectively, and an insulating plate 12 and a battery lid 13 are attached to the open end of the battery can 11 so as to be sealed. The insulating plate 12 is disposed between the battery element 20 and the battery lid 13 so as to be perpendicular to the winding peripheral surface of the battery element 20, and is made of, for example, polypropylene. The battery lid 13 is made of, for example, the same material as that of the battery can 11 and may have a function as an electrode terminal in the same manner.

  A terminal plate 14 serving as a positive terminal is provided outside the battery lid 13, and the terminal plate 14 is electrically insulated from the battery lid 13 through an insulating case 16. The insulating case 16 is made of, for example, polybutylene terephthalate. In addition, a through hole is provided at substantially the center of the battery cover 13, and the through hole is electrically connected to the terminal plate 14 and electrically insulated from the battery cover 13 through the gasket 17. Thus, the positive electrode pin 15 is inserted. The gasket 17 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and asphalt is applied to the surface thereof.

  In the vicinity of the periphery of the battery lid 13, a cleavage valve 18 and an injection hole 19 are provided. The cleavage valve 18 is electrically connected to the battery lid 13 and is disconnected from the battery lid 13 to reduce the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a certain level due to an internal short circuit or external heating. It is designed to be opened. The injection hole 19 is closed by a sealing member 19A made of, for example, a stainless steel ball.

  The battery element 20 is wound after the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated via the separator 23, and has a flat shape according to the shape of the battery can 11. A positive electrode lead 24 made of aluminum or the like is attached to an end portion (for example, an inner terminal portion) of the positive electrode 21, and a negative electrode lead 25 made of nickel or the like to an end portion (for example, the outer terminal portion) of the negative electrode 22. Is attached. The positive electrode lead 24 is welded to one end of the positive electrode pin 15 and is electrically connected to the terminal plate 14, and the negative electrode lead 25 is welded to and electrically connected to the battery can 11.

  The positive electrode 21 is, for example, one in which a positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both surfaces of a strip-shaped positive electrode current collector 21A. The cathode current collector 21A is made of a metal material such as aluminum, nickel, or stainless steel, for example. The positive electrode active material layer 21B contains a positive electrode active material, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, or the like as necessary.

The positive electrode active material includes one or more positive electrode materials capable of inserting and extracting lithium as an electrode reactant. As the cathode material, for example, lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate or a solid solution containing them _{(Li (Ni x Co y Mn} z) O 2; x, the values of y and z are each 0 <x <1,0 < y <1, 0 <z <1, x + y + z = 1.), lithium manganate having a spinel structure (LiMn ₂ O ₄ ) or a solid solution thereof (Li (Mn _2−v Ni _v ) O ₄ ; Examples include lithium composite oxides such as v <2. As the cathode material, for example, a phosphate compound having an olivine structure such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄₎ can be cited. This is because a high energy density can be obtained. In addition to the above, the positive electrode material includes, for example, oxides such as titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, and manganese dioxide, disulfides such as iron disulfide, titanium disulfide, and molybdenum sulfide, sulfur, polyaniline, and polythiophene. The conductive polymer may be used.

  The negative electrode 22 has the same configuration as that of the negative electrode described above. For example, the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both surfaces of a strip-shaped negative electrode current collector 22A. The configurations of the negative electrode current collector 22A and the negative electrode active material layer 22B are the same as the configurations of the negative electrode current collector 1 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 in the above-described negative electrode, respectively. The charge capacity of the negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium is preferably larger than the charge capacity of the positive electrode 21.

  The separator 23 separates the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 and allows ions of the electrode reactant to pass through while preventing a short circuit of current due to contact between the two electrodes. The separator 23 is made of, for example, a porous film made of a synthetic resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene, or a porous film made of ceramic, and these two or more kinds of porous films are laminated. It may be what was done.

  The separator 23 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution as a liquid electrolyte. This electrolytic solution contains a solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the solvent.

  The solvent contains, for example, one or more nonaqueous solvents such as organic solvents. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include carbonate solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methyl propyl carbonate. This is because excellent capacity characteristics, storage characteristics and cycle characteristics can be obtained. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among them, the solvent is preferably a mixture of a high viscosity solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate and a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate. This is because the dissociation property of the electrolyte salt and the ion mobility are improved, so that a higher effect can be obtained.

  The solvent preferably contains a halogenated carbonate. This is because a stable coating is formed on the surface of the negative electrode 22 and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed, so that the cycle characteristics are improved. As the halogenated carbonate, a fluorinated carbonate is preferable, and difluoroethylene carbonate is more preferable. This is because a higher effect can be obtained. Examples of the difluoroethylene carbonate include 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.

  The solvent preferably contains a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond. This is because the cycle characteristics are improved. Examples of the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond include vinylene carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate, and these may be used as a mixture.

  Furthermore, the solvent preferably contains sultone. This is because cycle characteristics are improved and swelling of the secondary battery is suppressed. Examples of the sultone include 1,3-propene sultone.

  In addition, the solvent preferably contains an acid anhydride. This is because the cycle characteristics are improved. Examples of the acid anhydride include succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, sulfobenzoic anhydride, sulfopropionic anhydride, sulfobutyric anhydride, ethanedisulfonic anhydride, propanedisulfonic acid. An anhydride or a benzene disulfonic acid anhydride etc. are mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, sulfobenzoic anhydride or sulfopropionic anhydride is preferable. This is because a sufficient effect can be obtained. The content of the acid anhydride in the solvent is, for example, 0.5% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.

The electrolyte salt includes, for example, one or more light metal salts such as a lithium salt. Examples of the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ₆ ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO ₄ ), and lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF ₆ ). This is because excellent capacity characteristics, storage characteristics and cycle characteristics can be obtained. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, lithium hexafluorophosphate is preferable as the electrolyte salt. This is because a higher effect can be obtained because the internal resistance is lowered.

  The electrolyte salt preferably contains a compound having boron and fluorine. This is because cycle characteristics are improved and swelling of the secondary battery is suppressed. Examples of the compound having boron and fluorine include lithium tetrafluoroborate.

  The content of the electrolyte salt in the solvent is, for example, 0.3 mol / kg or more and 3.0 mol / kg or less. This is because excellent capacity characteristics can be obtained.

  This secondary battery is manufactured, for example, by the following procedure.

  First, the positive electrode 21 is produced. First, a positive electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive agent are mixed to obtain a positive electrode mixture, and then dispersed in an organic solvent to obtain a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry. Subsequently, using a doctor blade or a bar coater, the positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 21A and dried. Finally, the cathode active material layer 21B is formed by compression molding using a roll press or the like while heating as necessary. In this case, compression molding may be repeated a plurality of times.

  Moreover, the negative electrode 22 is produced by forming the negative electrode active material layer 22B on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A by the same procedure as that for producing the negative electrode.

  Next, the battery element 20 is produced using the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22. First, the positive electrode lead 24 and the negative electrode lead 25 are attached to the positive electrode current collector 21A and the negative electrode current collector 22A, respectively, by welding or the like. Subsequently, after the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated through the separator 23, they are wound in the longitudinal direction. Finally, the battery element 20 is formed by forming it into a flat shape.

  The secondary battery is assembled as follows. First, after storing the battery element 20 in the battery can 11, the insulating plate 12 is disposed on the battery element 20. Subsequently, after the positive electrode lead 24 and the negative electrode lead 25 are connected to the positive electrode pin 15 and the battery can 11 by welding or the like, the battery lid 13 is fixed to the open end of the battery can 11 by laser welding or the like. Finally, after injecting the electrolyte into the battery can 11 from the injection hole 19 and impregnating the separator 23, the injection hole 19 is closed with a sealing member 19A. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is completed.

  In the secondary battery, when charged, for example, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode 21 and inserted in the negative electrode 22 through the electrolytic solution impregnated in the separator 23. On the other hand, when discharging is performed, for example, lithium ions are released from the negative electrode 22 and inserted into the positive electrode 21 through the electrolytic solution impregnated in the separator 23.

  According to this rectangular secondary battery, since the negative electrode 22 has the same configuration as the above-described negative electrode, the discharge capacity is unlikely to decrease even when charging and discharging are repeated. Therefore, cycle characteristics can be improved. In this case, since the cycle characteristics are improved when the negative electrode 22 contains silicon advantageous for increasing the capacity, a higher effect can be obtained than when other negative electrode materials such as a carbon material are included. The effects of the secondary battery other than those described above are the same as those of the negative electrode described above.

  In particular, if the battery can 11 is made of a hard metal, the negative electrode 22 is less likely to be damaged when the negative electrode active material layer 22B expands and contracts compared to a case where the battery can 11 is made of a soft film. Therefore, the cycle characteristics can be further improved. In this case, a higher effect can be obtained if the battery can 11 is made of iron that is harder than aluminum.

  The effects of the secondary battery other than those described above are the same as those of the negative electrode described above.

(Second battery)
6 and 7 show a cross-sectional configuration of the second battery. FIG. 7 shows an enlarged part of the spirally wound electrode body 40 shown in FIG. This battery is, for example, a lithium ion secondary battery similar to the first battery described above, and a positive electrode 41 and a negative electrode 42 are wound through a separator 43 inside a substantially hollow cylindrical battery can 31. A wound electrode body 40 and a pair of insulating plates 32 and 33 are accommodated. The battery structure including the battery can 31 is called a so-called cylindrical type.

  The battery can 31 is made of, for example, the same metal material as that of the battery can 11 in the first battery described above, and one end and the other end thereof are closed and opened, respectively. The pair of insulating plates 32 and 33 are arranged so as to extend perpendicular to the winding peripheral surface with the wound electrode body 40 interposed therebetween.

  A battery lid 34 and a safety valve mechanism 35 and a heat sensitive resistance element (Positive Temperature Coefficient: PTC element) 36 provided inside the battery can 31 are caulked through a gasket 37 and attached to the open end of the battery can 31. ing. Thereby, the inside of the battery can 31 is sealed. The battery lid 34 is made of the same material as the battery can 31, for example. The safety valve mechanism 35 is electrically connected to the battery lid 34 via the heat sensitive resistance element 36. In the safety valve mechanism 35, when the internal pressure becomes a certain level or more due to an internal short circuit or external heating, the disk plate 35A is reversed and the electrical connection between the battery lid 34 and the wound electrode body 40 is reversed. The connection is broken. The heat-sensitive resistor element 36 limits the current by increasing the resistance in accordance with the temperature rise, and prevents abnormal heat generation due to a large current. The gasket 37 is made of, for example, an insulating material, and the surface thereof is coated with asphalt.

  For example, a center pin 44 may be inserted in the center of the wound electrode body 40. In this wound electrode body 40, a positive electrode lead 45 made of aluminum or the like is connected to the positive electrode 41, and a negative electrode lead 46 made of nickel or the like is connected to the negative electrode 42. The positive electrode lead 45 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 35 and is electrically connected to the battery lid 34, and the negative electrode lead 46 is welded to and electrically connected to the battery can 31.

  In the positive electrode 41, for example, a positive electrode active material layer 41B is provided on both surfaces of a strip-shaped positive electrode current collector 41A. The negative electrode 42 has a configuration similar to that of the negative electrode described above. For example, the negative electrode active material layer 42B is provided on both surfaces of a strip-shaped negative electrode current collector 42A. The configurations of the positive electrode current collector 41A, the positive electrode active material layer 41B, the negative electrode current collector 42A, the negative electrode active material layer 42B, and the separator 43, and the composition of the electrolytic solution are respectively the positive electrode current collector 21A in the first battery described above, The configurations of the positive electrode active material layer 21B, the negative electrode current collector 22A, the negative electrode active material layer 22B, the separator 23, and the composition of the electrolytic solution are the same.

  This secondary battery is manufactured as follows, for example.

  First, for example, the positive electrode 41 in which the positive electrode active material layer 41B is provided on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 41A is manufactured by the same procedure as the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 in the first battery, and the negative electrode The negative electrode 42 in which the negative electrode active material layer 42B is provided on both surfaces of the current collector 42A is produced. Subsequently, the positive electrode lead 45 is attached to the positive electrode 41 and the negative electrode lead 46 is attached to the negative electrode 42. Subsequently, the positive electrode 41 and the negative electrode 42 are wound through the separator 43 to form the wound electrode body 40, the tip of the positive electrode lead 45 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 35, and the tip of the negative electrode lead 46 is connected to the battery can. After welding to 31, the wound electrode body 40 is housed inside the battery can 31 while being sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates 32 and 33. Subsequently, an electrolytic solution is injected into the battery can 31 and impregnated in the separator 43. Finally, the battery lid 34, the safety valve mechanism 35 and the heat sensitive resistance element 36 are caulked and fixed to the opening end of the battery can 31 via the gasket 37. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 is completed.

  In the secondary battery, when charged, for example, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode 41 and inserted in the negative electrode 42 through the electrolytic solution. On the other hand, when discharging is performed, for example, lithium ions are released from the negative electrode 42 and inserted into the positive electrode 41 through the electrolytic solution.

  According to this cylindrical secondary battery, since the negative electrode 42 has the same configuration as the above-described negative electrode, cycle characteristics can be improved. The effects of the secondary battery other than those described above are the same as those of the first battery.

(Third battery)
FIG. 8 shows an exploded perspective configuration of the third battery, and FIG. 9 shows an enlarged cross section along the line IX-IX shown in FIG. In this battery, a wound electrode body 50 to which a positive electrode lead 51 and a negative electrode lead 52 are attached is housed in a film-shaped exterior member 60. The battery structure including the exterior member 60 is called a so-called laminate film type.

  For example, both the positive electrode lead 51 and the negative electrode lead 52 are led out in the same direction from the inside of the exterior member 60 to the outside. The positive electrode lead 51 is made of, for example, a metal material such as aluminum, and the negative electrode lead 52 is made of, for example, a metal material such as copper, nickel, or stainless steel. These have, for example, a thin plate shape or a mesh shape.

  The exterior member 60 is made of, for example, an aluminum laminated film in which a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and a polyethylene film are bonded together in this order. The exterior member 60 has, for example, a structure in which outer edges of two rectangular aluminum laminate films are bonded to each other by fusion or an adhesive so that the polyethylene film faces the wound electrode body 50. ing.

  An adhesion film 61 is inserted between the exterior member 60 and the positive electrode lead 51 and the negative electrode lead 52 in order to prevent intrusion of outside air. The adhesion film 61 is made of a material having adhesion to the positive electrode lead 51 and the negative electrode lead 52. Examples of this type of material include polyolefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, and modified polypropylene.

  In addition, the exterior member 60 may be composed of a laminate film having another laminated structure instead of the above-described aluminum laminate film, or may be composed of a polymer film such as polypropylene or a metal film.

  The wound electrode body 50 is wound after the positive electrode 53 and the negative electrode 54 are laminated via the separator 55 and the electrolyte 56, and the outermost peripheral portion thereof is protected by the protective tape 57.

  In the positive electrode 53, for example, a positive electrode active material layer 53B is provided on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 53A having a pair of opposed surfaces. The negative electrode 54 has a configuration similar to that of the negative electrode described above. For example, the negative electrode active material layer 54B is provided on both surfaces of a strip-shaped negative electrode current collector 54A. The configurations of the positive electrode current collector 53A, the positive electrode active material layer 53B, the negative electrode current collector 54A, the negative electrode active material layer 54B, and the separator 55 are respectively the positive electrode current collector 21A, the positive electrode active material layer 21B in the first battery described above. The configurations of the negative electrode current collector 22A, the negative electrode active material layer 22B, and the separator 23 are the same.

  The electrolyte 56 is a so-called gel electrolyte containing an electrolytic solution and a polymer compound that holds the electrolytic solution. The gel electrolyte is preferable because high ion conductivity (for example, 1 mS / cm or more at room temperature) is obtained and liquid leakage is prevented. For example, the electrolyte 56 is provided between the positive electrode 53 and the separator 55 and between the negative electrode 54 and the separator 55.

  Examples of the polymer compound include polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyhexafluoropyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, poly Examples thereof include siloxane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene or polyethylene oxide is preferable as the polymer compound. This is because it is electrochemically stable.

  The composition of the electrolytic solution is the same as the composition of the electrolytic solution in the first battery. However, the solvent in this case is not only a liquid solvent but also a broad concept including those having ion conductivity capable of dissociating the electrolyte salt. Accordingly, when a polymer compound having ion conductivity is used, the polymer compound is also included in the solvent.

  Instead of the gel electrolyte 56 in which the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound, the electrolytic solution may be used as it is. In this case, the separator 55 is impregnated with the electrolytic solution.

  The secondary battery including the gel electrolyte 56 is manufactured as follows, for example.

  First, the positive electrode 53 in which the positive electrode active material layer 53B is provided on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 53A is manufactured by the same procedure as the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 in the first battery, and the negative electrode current collector is prepared. The negative electrode 54 in which the negative electrode active material layer 54B is provided on both surfaces of the body 54A is produced. Subsequently, a gel solution 56 is formed by preparing a precursor solution containing an electrolytic solution, a polymer compound, and a solvent, and applying the solution to each of the positive electrode 53 and the negative electrode 54 and then volatilizing the solvent. Subsequently, the positive electrode lead 51 is attached to the positive electrode current collector 53A, and the negative electrode lead 52 is attached to the negative electrode current collector 54A. Subsequently, the positive electrode 53 and the negative electrode 54 on which the electrolyte 56 is formed are stacked via the separator 55, and then wound in the longitudinal direction and the protective tape 57 is adhered to the outermost peripheral portion to form the wound electrode body 50. To do. Subsequently, for example, the wound electrode body 50 is sandwiched between the exterior members 60 and the outer edge portions of the exterior member 60 are brought into close contact with each other by thermal fusion or the like to enclose the wound electrode body 50. At that time, the adhesion film 61 is inserted between the positive electrode lead 51 and the negative electrode lead 52 and the exterior member 60. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is completed.

  The battery described above may be manufactured as follows. First, after attaching the positive electrode lead 51 and the negative electrode lead 52 to the positive electrode 53 and the negative electrode 54, respectively, the positive electrode 53 and the negative electrode 54 are laminated and wound through the separator 55, and the protective tape 57 is adhered to the outermost periphery. Thus, a wound body that is a precursor of the wound electrode body 50 is formed. Subsequently, the wound body is sandwiched between the exterior members 60, and the remaining outer peripheral edge portion excluding the outer peripheral edge portion on one side is brought into close contact by thermal fusion or the like, whereby the bag-shaped exterior member 60 is accommodated. Subsequently, an electrolyte composition containing an electrolytic solution, a monomer that is a raw material of the polymer compound, a polymerization initiator, and other materials such as a polymerization inhibitor as necessary is prepared, and a bag-shaped exterior member After injecting into the interior of the 60, the opening of the exterior member 60 is sealed by heat sealing or the like. Finally, the gel electrolyte 56 is formed by thermally polymerizing the monomer to obtain a polymer compound. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 is completed.

  According to this laminate film type secondary battery, since the negative electrode 54 has the same configuration as the above-described negative electrode, cycle characteristics can be improved. The effects of the secondary battery other than those described above are the same as those of the first battery.

  Examples of the present invention will be described in detail.

(Example 1-1)
The laminate film type secondary battery shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 was manufactured by the following procedure. At this time, a lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode 54 is expressed based on insertion and extraction of lithium was made.

First, the positive electrode 53 was produced. First, lithium carbonate (Li ₂ CO ₃ ) and cobalt carbonate (CoCO ₃ ) are mixed at a molar ratio of 0.5: 1, and then calcined in air at 900 ° C. for 5 hours, so that lithium-cobalt composite oxidation is performed. The product (LiCoO ₂ ) was obtained. Subsequently, 91 parts by mass of lithium-cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, 6 parts by mass of graphite as a conductive agent, and 3 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder were mixed to form a positive electrode mixture. -A paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry was prepared by dispersing in methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Finally, the positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 53A made of a strip-shaped aluminum foil (thickness = 12 μm) and dried, followed by compression molding with a roll press machine. A material layer 53B was formed.

Next, the negative electrode 54 was produced. First, after preparing a negative electrode current collector 54A made of electrolytic copper foil (thickness = 18 μm, ten-point average roughness Rz = 3.5 μm), oxygen gas and water vapor as needed are continuously introduced into the chamber. While forming a plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials by depositing silicon on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 54A by an electron beam evaporation method using a deflection electron beam evaporation source, the negative electrode active material layer 54B is formed. did. When forming this negative electrode active material, silicon having a purity of 99% is used as a vapor deposition source, and silicon is sequentially deposited while reciprocating the negative electrode current collector 54A at a deposition rate of 100 nm / second with respect to the vapor deposition source. By overlapping, a 6-layer structure (total thickness = 6.5 μm) was obtained. Further, by introducing carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) gas and argon (Ar) gas into the chamber and changing the moving speed of the negative electrode current collector 54A, the ratio A / B shown in FIG. did. At this time, the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is 3 atomic%, and the amount of gas introduced is 8.335 × 10 ⁻⁸ m ³ / sec (= 5 sccm) or more and 833.5 × 10 ⁻⁸ m ³ / sec ( 500 sccm) or less. For the ratio A / B, using a mercury porosimeter (Autopore 9500 series) manufactured by Micromeritics, the distribution of the change rate of mercury intrusion was measured for the negative electrode 54 cut to a size of 25 mm × 350 mm. After obtaining the change rates A and B, the ratio A / B was calculated.

  Next, the positive electrode lead 51 made of aluminum was welded and attached to one end of the positive electrode current collector 53A, and the negative electrode lead 52 made of nickel was welded and attached to one end of the negative electrode current collector 54A. Subsequently, a positive electrode 53, a polymer separator 55 (thickness = 23 μm) having a three-layer structure in which a film mainly composed of porous polyethylene is sandwiched between films mainly composed of porous polypropylene, a negative electrode 54, The polymer separator 55 described above is laminated in this order and wound in the longitudinal direction, and then the winding end portion is fixed with a protective tape 57 made of an adhesive tape, whereby the winding as a precursor of the wound electrode body 50 is wound. Formed body. Subsequently, a laminate film (total thickness = 100 μm) having a three-layer structure in which nylon (thickness = 30 μm), aluminum (thickness = 40 μm), and unstretched polypropylene (thickness = 30 μm) are laminated from the outside. After sandwiching the wound body between the exterior member 60 made of the above, the wound body was housed inside the bag-shaped exterior member 60 by heat-sealing the outer edges except for one side. Subsequently, the wound electrode body 50 was formed by injecting an electrolytic solution from the opening of the exterior member 60 and impregnating the separator 55.

When preparing this electrolytic solution, a mixed solvent obtained by mixing ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was used as a solvent, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF ₆ ) was used as an electrolyte salt. At this time, the composition of the mixed solvent (EC: DEC) was 50:50 by weight, and the concentration of the electrolyte salt was 1 mol / kg.

  Finally, the laminated film type secondary battery was completed by thermally sealing and sealing the opening of the exterior member 60 in a vacuum atmosphere.

(Examples 1-2 to 1-19)
In place of the ratio A / B to 1/40, 1/30 (Example 1-2), 1/25 (Example 1-3), 1/20 (Example 1-4), 1/15 (Implementation) Example 1-5), 1/10 (Example 1-6), 1/5 (Example 1-7), 1/3 (Example 1-8), 1 / 2.6 (Example 1-9) ), 1 / 2.4 (Example 1-10), 1/1 (Example 1-11), 3/2 (Example 1-12), 2/1 (Example 1-13), 3 / 1 (Example 1-14), 4/1 (Example 1-15), 5/1 (Example 1-16), 6/1 (Example 1-17), 7/1 (Example 1 18) or 8/1 (Example 1-19), except that the procedure was the same as Example 1-1.

(Comparative Example 1)
The same procedure as in Example 1-1 was performed except that the ratio A / B was 9/1.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 1-1 to 1-19 and Comparative Example 1 were examined, the results shown in Table 1 and FIG. 10 were obtained.

When examining the cycle characteristics, a cycle test was performed according to the following procedure to obtain the discharge capacity retention rate. First, in order to stabilize the battery state, the battery was charged and discharged for 1 cycle in an atmosphere at 23 ° C., then charged and discharged again, and the discharge capacity at the second cycle was measured. Subsequently, 99 cycles were charged and discharged in the same atmosphere, and the discharge capacity at the 101st cycle was measured. Finally, discharge capacity retention ratio (%) = (discharge capacity at the 101st cycle / discharge capacity at the second cycle) × 100 was calculated. At this time, as a charging condition, after charging until the battery voltage reaches 4.2 V at a constant current density of 3 mA / cm ² , the current density subsequently reaches 0.3 mA / cm ² at a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Charged until As discharge conditions, the battery was discharged at a constant current density of 3 mA / cm ² until the battery voltage reached 2.5V.

  Note that the procedure and conditions for examining the cycle characteristics are the same for the evaluation of the characteristics of the subsequent series of examples and comparative examples.

  As shown in Table 1 and FIG. 10, when the rate of change of the mercury intrusion amount is distributed so as to show a peak in the pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less and a peak in the pore diameter of 50 nm or more and 3000 nm or less, the ratio A The discharge capacity retention rate gradually increased as / B decreased. This result shows that when the volume of pores having a fine pore diameter of 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less is relatively small, the surface area of the negative electrode active material is suppressed, so that the electrolytic solution is difficult to decompose during charge and discharge. Yes. In this case, in Examples 1-1 to 1-19 in which the ratio A / B was 8/1 or less, the discharge capacity retention rate was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1 that was outside the range. However, in order to make the ratio A / B smaller than 1/30, the moving speed of the negative electrode current collector 54A had to be remarkably slowed during the formation of the negative electrode active material, so the productivity of the negative electrode 54 was reduced. . From these facts, it was confirmed that in the secondary battery of the present invention, the cycle characteristics were improved by setting the ratio A / B to 8/1 or less. In this case, it was also confirmed that the productivity of the negative electrode 54 was ensured if the ratio A / B was 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less.

(Examples 2-1 to 2-4)
The same procedure as in Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-8, and 1-19 was performed except that the negative electrode active material was formed to have a single layer structure. At this time, the deposition rate was 10 nm / second.

(Comparative Example 2)
A procedure similar to that in Comparative Example 1 was performed except that the negative electrode active material had a single-layer structure as in Examples 2-1 to 2-4.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 2-1 to 2-4 and Comparative Example 2 were examined, the results shown in Table 2 and FIG. 11 were obtained.

  As shown in Table 2 and FIG. 11, also in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 in which the negative electrode active material has a single-layer structure, the same results as in Examples 1-1 to 1-19 having a six-layer structure was gotten. That is, in Examples 2-1 to 2-4 in which the ratio A / B was 8/1 or less, the discharge capacity retention rate was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 2 that was outside the range. From these, it was confirmed that in the secondary battery of the present invention, the cycle characteristics were improved even when the number of layers of the negative electrode active material was changed.

  Here, as a representative of the series of examples and comparative examples described above, the distribution of the change rate of the mercury intrusion measured for the secondary batteries of Examples 1-8 to 1-10 and 1-12 is shown in FIG. And as shown in FIG. FIG. 12 shows the distribution of Examples 1-8 to 1-10, and 12A to 12C show Examples 1-8 to 1-10, respectively. FIG. 13 shows the distribution of Example 1-12.

  As shown in FIG. 12, in all of Examples 1-8 to 1-10, the rate of change in the amount of mercury intruded showed a peak P1 at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm. Distribution is shown as P2. In this case, the ratio A / B is smaller than 1 as the rate of change A at the peak P1 is smaller than the rate of change B at the peak P2. Further, when the rate of change A at the peak P1 is compared, the rate of change A increases in the order of Examples 1-8 to 1-10, and the ratio A / B is also in Examples 1-8 to 1-10. It becomes larger in order.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 13, also in Example 1-12, the change rate of the mercury intrusion amount shows a peak P1 at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a peak P2 at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm. Is distributed. In this case, the ratio A / B is larger than 1 as the rate of change A at the peak P1 is larger than the rate of change B at the peak P2.

(Examples 3-1 to 3-6)
The oxygen content in the negative electrode active material was changed to 3 atomic%, 2 atomic% (Example 3-1), 10 atomic% (Example 3-2), 20 atomic% (Example 3). -3), 30 atomic% (Example 3-4), 40 atomic% (Example 3-5), or 45 atomic% (Example 3-6). The same procedure as in No. 8 was performed.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 3-1 to 3-6 were examined, the results shown in Table 3 and FIG. 14 were obtained. In Table 3, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 3, in Examples 3-1 to 3-6 having different oxygen contents in the negative electrode active material, the discharge capacity retention rate was higher than that of Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. Significantly higher. In this case, as shown in Table 3 and FIG. 14, the discharge capacity retention rate tends to decrease as the oxygen content increases, and then the content decreases from 3 atomic%. As the amount decreased, the discharge capacity retention rate decreased significantly. However, when the content was more than 40 atomic%, a sufficient discharge capacity retention rate was obtained, but the battery capacity was reduced. For these reasons, in the secondary battery of the present invention, even when the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is changed, the cycle characteristics are improved, and the content is made 3 atomic% to 40 atomic%. It was confirmed that higher effects can be obtained.

(Examples 4-1 to 4-3)
Instead of depositing silicon while continuously introducing oxygen gas or the like into the chamber to contain oxygen in the negative electrode active material, silicon is deposited while intermittently introducing oxygen gas or the like into the chamber. Except that the negative electrode active material was formed so that one oxygen-containing region and the second oxygen-containing region having a higher oxygen content were alternately stacked, the same procedure as in Example 1-8 was performed. . At this time, the oxygen content in the second oxygen-containing region is 3 atomic%, and the number is 2 (Example 4-1), 4 (Example 4-2), or 6 (implementation). Example 4-3).

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 4-1 to 4-3 were examined, the results shown in Table 4 were obtained. In Table 4, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 4, also in Examples 4-1 to 4-3 in which the negative electrode active material has the first and second oxygen-containing regions, the discharge was performed more than in Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. The capacity maintenance rate has increased significantly. In this case, the discharge capacity retention rate tended to increase as the number of second oxygen-containing regions increased. Therefore, in the secondary battery of the present invention, the cycle characteristics are improved even when the negative electrode active material particles are configured to have the first and second oxygen-containing regions, and the second oxygen-containing region is improved. It was confirmed that a higher effect can be obtained by increasing the number of.

(Examples 5-1 to 5-6)
A procedure similar to that of Example 1-8 was performed, except that a negative electrode active material containing both of them was formed using 99% pure silicon and a 99.9% pure metal element as a deposition source. At this time, as the metal element, iron (Example 5-1), nickel (Example 5-2), molybdenum (Example 5-3), titanium (Example 5-4), chromium (Example 5-5). ) Or cobalt (Example 5-6). At this time, the deposition amount of the metal element was adjusted so that the content of the metal element in the negative electrode active material was 5 atomic%.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 5-1 to 5-6 were examined, the results shown in Table 5 were obtained. In Table 5, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 5, also in Examples 5-1 to 5-6 in which the negative electrode active material contains a metal element together with silicon, the discharge capacity retention rate was higher than that of Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. Significantly higher. In this case, the discharge capacity retention rate tended to be higher than that of Example 1-8. From these facts, in the secondary battery of the present invention, it was confirmed that even when the negative electrode active material contains a metal element, the cycle characteristics are improved, and if the metal element is contained, a higher effect can be obtained. It was done.

(Example 6-1)
A procedure similar to that in Example 1-8 was performed except that the negative electrode active material was formed using an RF magnetron sputtering method instead of the electron beam evaporation method. At this time, silicon having a purity of 99.99% was used as a target, the deposition rate was 0.5 nm / second, and the total thickness of the negative electrode active material was 6.2 μm.

(Example 6-2)
A procedure similar to that in Example 1-8 was performed except that the negative electrode active material was formed using the CVD method instead of the electron beam evaporation method. At this time, silane and argon were used as the raw material and the excitation gas, respectively, the deposition rate and the substrate temperature were 1.5 nm / second and 200 ° C., respectively, and the total thickness of the negative electrode active material was 6.3 μm.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 6-1 and 6-2 were examined, the results shown in Table 6 were obtained. In Table 6, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 6, also in Examples 6-1 and 6-2 in which the formation method of the negative electrode active material was different, the discharge capacity retention rate was higher than that of Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. . In this case, the discharge capacity retention rate tended to be higher in the electron beam evaporation method than the sputtering method and the CVD method as a method for forming the negative electrode active material. From these facts, in the secondary battery of the present invention, it was confirmed that even when the formation method of the negative electrode active material was changed, the cycle characteristics were improved and a higher effect was obtained by using the vapor deposition method.

(Examples 7-1 to 7-7)
The 10-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 54A was changed to 3.5 μm, 1 μm (Example 7-1), 1.5 μm (Example 7-2), 2.5 μm (Example 7- 3), 4.5 μm (Example 7-4), 5.5 μm (Example 7-5), 6.5 μm (Example 7-6), or 7 μm (Example 7-7) The same procedure as in Example 1-8 was performed.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 7-1 to 7-7 were examined, the results shown in Table 7 and FIG. 15 were obtained. In Table 7, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 7, also in Examples 7-1 to 7-7 having different ten-point average roughness Rz, the discharge capacity retention rate was significantly higher than that of Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. became. In this case, as shown in Table 7 and FIG. 15, the 10-point average roughness Rz shows a tendency to decrease after the discharge capacity retention rate increases and the 10-point average roughness Rz becomes 1 When it was smaller than .5 μm or larger than 6.5 μm, the discharge capacity retention rate was greatly reduced. Therefore, in the secondary battery of the present invention, even when the ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector 54A is changed, the cycle characteristics are improved and the ten-point average roughness Rz is 1.5 μm. It has been confirmed that higher effects can be obtained when the thickness is 6.5 μm or less.

(Example 8-1)
The same as Example 1-8 except that 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), which is a fluorinated carbonate (monofluoroethylene carbonate), was used as the solvent instead of EC. Goed through the procedure.

(Example 8-2)
A fluorinated carbonate (difluoroethylene carbonate) 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DFEC) is added as a solvent, and the composition of the mixed solvent (EC: DFEC: DEC) is 25 by weight. : The same procedure as in Example 1-8 was performed except that the ratio was 5:70.

(Examples 8-3 and 8-4)
Except that vinylene carbonate (VC: Example 8-3) or vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC: Example 8-4), which is a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond, was added as a solvent to the electrolyte, Example 8- 1 was followed. At this time, the contents of VC and VEC in the electrolytic solution were 10% by weight.

(Example 8-5)
A procedure similar to that in Example 8-1 was performed except that 1,3-propene sultone (PRS), which is sultone, was added as a solvent to the electrolytic solution. At this time, the concentration of PRS in the electrolytic solution was set to 1% by weight.

(Example 8-6)
The same procedure as in Example 8-1 was performed except that lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF ₄ ) was added as an electrolyte salt to the electrolytic solution. At this time, the concentration of LiBF ₄ in the electrolytic solution was set to 0.1 mol / kg.

(Examples 8-7 and 8-8)
Except that the acid anhydride sulfobenzoic anhydride (SBAH: Example 8-7) or sulfopropionic anhydride (SPAH: Example 8-8) was added to the electrolyte as a solvent. 1 was followed. At this time, the concentration of SBAH and SPAH in the electrolyte was 1% by weight.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 8-1 to 8-8 were examined, the results shown in Table 8 were obtained. In Table 8, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  At this time, the secondary batteries of Examples 1-8 and 8-5 were examined not only for cycle characteristics but also for swelling characteristics. When examining the swelling characteristics, the secondary battery was charged by the following procedure to obtain the swelling ratio. First, in order to stabilize the battery state, the battery was charged and discharged for one cycle in an atmosphere at 23 ° C., and the thickness before charging for the second cycle was measured. Subsequently, after charging again in the same atmosphere, the thickness after the second cycle charge was measured. Finally, the swelling rate (%) = [(thickness after charging−thickness before charging) / thickness before charging] × 100 was calculated. At this time, the charging conditions were the same as in the case where the cycle characteristics were examined.

  As shown in Table 8, in Examples 8-1 to 8-8 in which the composition of the solvent and the type of the electrolyte salt are different, the discharge capacity maintenance rate is significantly larger than that in Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. It became high. From this, it was confirmed that in the secondary battery of the present invention, the cycle characteristics were improved even when the composition of the solvent and the type of the electrolyte salt were changed.

  In particular, in Examples 8-1 and 8-2, the discharge capacity retention ratio was higher than that in Example 1-8. In this case, the discharge capacity retention rate tended to be higher when the solvent contained DFEC than FEC. From these facts, the cycle characteristics are further improved by adding a fluorinated carbonate to the solvent, and a higher effect can be obtained by using difluoroethylene carbonate than monofluoroethylene carbonate as the fluorinated carbonate. confirmed.

Moreover, in Examples 8-3 to 8-8, the discharge capacity retention rate was higher than that of Example 1-8. In this case, the discharge capacity maintenance rate was higher when the solvent contained VC or VEC than PRS or LiBF ₄ , and the discharge capacity maintenance rate tended to be higher when SBAH or SPAH was included. From these facts, if cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond, sultone, electrolyte salt having boron and fluorine, or acid anhydride is contained in the solvent, cycle characteristics are further improved and cyclic having unsaturated bond. It was confirmed that a higher effect can be obtained by using a carbonate ester and further an acid anhydride.

  In Example 8-5 in which the solvent contained PRS, the swelling rate was significantly smaller than in Example 1-8 that did not contain PRS. From this, in the secondary battery of this invention, it was confirmed that a swelling characteristic improves by making a solvent contain sultone.

(Example 9-1)
According to the following procedure, the same procedure as in Example 1-8 was performed except that the square secondary battery shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 was manufactured instead of the laminate film type secondary battery.

  First, after preparing the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, an aluminum positive electrode lead 24 and a nickel negative electrode lead 25 were welded to the positive electrode current collector 21A and the negative electrode current collector 22A, respectively. Subsequently, the positive electrode 21, the separator 23, and the negative electrode 22 were laminated in this order, wound in the longitudinal direction, and then formed into a flat shape, whereby the battery element 20 was produced. Subsequently, after the battery element 20 was accommodated in the aluminum battery can 11, the insulating plate 12 was disposed on the battery element 20. Subsequently, the positive electrode lead 24 and the negative electrode lead 25 were welded to the positive electrode pin 15 and the battery can 11, respectively, and then the battery lid 13 was fixed to the open end of the battery can 11 by laser welding. Finally, an electrolytic solution was injected into the battery can 11 through the injection hole 19, and the injection hole 19 was closed with a sealing member 19A, thereby completing a rectangular battery.

(Example 9-2)
A procedure similar to that of Example 9-1 was performed except that an iron battery can 11 was used instead of the aluminum battery can 11.

  When the cycle characteristics of the secondary batteries of Examples 9-1 and 9-2 were examined, the results shown in Table 9 were obtained. In Table 9, the results of Example 1-8 and Comparative Example 1 are also shown.

  As shown in Table 9, also in Examples 9-1 and 9-2 having different battery structures, the discharge capacity retention rate was significantly higher than that in Comparative Example 1 as in Example 1-8. In this case, the discharge capacity retention ratio was higher than that of Example 1-8, and the discharge capacity retention ratio tended to be higher when the battery can 11 was made of iron than aluminum. From these, in the secondary battery of the present invention, the cycle characteristics are improved even when the battery structure is changed, and the cycle characteristics are further improved if the battery structure is square rather than the laminate film type. It was confirmed that a higher effect can be obtained by using the battery can 11. Although not described here with specific examples, the cycle characteristics and the swollenness characteristics are improved in the rectangular secondary battery whose exterior member is made of a metal material as compared with the laminated film type secondary battery. It is obvious that similar results can be obtained even in a cylindrical secondary battery whose exterior member is made of a metal material.

  From these, as is clear from the results shown in Tables 1 to 9 and FIGS. 10 to 15, the negative electrode active material has a plurality of pores, and the plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method. When the change rate of the mercury intrusion amount is distributed so as to show a peak (change rate A) in the pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a peak (change ratio B) in the pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm, the ratio A / It was confirmed that by setting B to 8/1 or less, cycle characteristics are improved without depending on conditions such as the number of layers and composition of the negative electrode active material.

  The present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments and examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described in the above embodiments and examples, and various modifications can be made. For example, in the above-described embodiments and examples, the lithium ion secondary battery in which the capacity of the negative electrode is expressed based on insertion and extraction of lithium is described as the type of battery. However, the present invention is not necessarily limited to this. . In the battery of the present invention, the negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium has a smaller charge capacity than that of the positive electrode, so that the capacity of the negative electrode is reduced due to the storage and release of lithium. The present invention can be similarly applied to a secondary battery including a capacity associated with melting and represented by the sum of the capacities.

  In the above-described embodiments and examples, the case where the battery structure is a square shape, the cylindrical shape, and the laminate film type, and the case where the battery element has a winding structure have been described as examples. The battery can be similarly applied to a case where it has another battery structure such as a coin type or a button type, and a case where the battery element has another structure such as a laminated structure. Further, the battery of the present invention is not limited to the secondary battery, but can be similarly applied to other types of batteries such as a primary battery.

  In the above-described embodiments and examples, the case where lithium is used as the electrode reactant has been described. However, other Group 1A elements such as sodium (Na) or potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) or calcium ( You may use 2A group elements, such as Ca), and other light metals, such as aluminum. In these cases, the negative electrode material described in the above embodiment can be used as the negative electrode active material.

  In the above-described embodiments and examples, the ratio A / B in the negative electrode or battery of the present invention is described as an appropriate range of numerical values derived from the results of the examples. The possibility that A / B is outside the above range is not completely denied. In other words, the appropriate range described above is a particularly preferable range for obtaining the effect of the present invention, and the ratio A / B may be slightly deviated from the above range as long as the effect of the present invention is obtained. This is not limited to the ratio A / B described above, and the same applies to the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material and the ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector.

It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the negative electrode which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is a figure showing distribution of the change rate of the intrusion amount of mercury. FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph showing a cross-sectional structure of the negative electrode shown in FIG. 1 and a schematic diagram thereof. It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the 1st battery provided with the negative electrode which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line VV of the first battery shown in FIG. 4. It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the 2nd battery provided with the negative electrode which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing which expands and represents a part of winding electrode body shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing showing the structure of the 3rd battery provided with the negative electrode which concerns on one embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing along the IX-IX line of the winding electrode body shown in FIG. It is a figure showing the correlation (number of layers of a negative electrode active material: 6 layers) between ratio A / B and a discharge capacity maintenance factor. It is a figure showing the correlation (the number of layers of a negative electrode active material: 1 layer) between ratio A / B and a discharge capacity maintenance factor. It is a figure showing distribution (Examples 1-8 to 1-10) of the change rate of the intrusion amount of mercury. It is a figure showing distribution (Example 1-12) of the change rate of the intrusion amount of mercury. It is a figure showing the correlation between oxygen content and a discharge capacity maintenance factor. It is a figure showing the correlation between ten-point average roughness and a discharge capacity maintenance factor.

Explanation of symbols

  1, 22A, 42A, 54A ... negative electrode current collector, 2, 22B, 42B, 54B ... negative electrode active material layer, 11, 31 ... battery can, 12, 32, 33 ... insulating plate, 13, 34 ... battery lid, 14 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS ... Terminal board, 15 ... Positive electrode pin, 16 ... Insulating case, 17, 37 ... Gasket, 18 ... Cleavage valve, 19 ... Injection hole, 19A ... Sealing member, 20 ... Battery element, 21, 41, 53 ... Positive electrode, 21A , 41A, 53A ... positive electrode current collector, 21B, 41B, 53B ... positive electrode active material layer, 22, 42, 54 ... negative electrode, 23, 43, 55 ... separator, 24, 45, 51 ... positive electrode lead, 25, 46, 52 ... Negative electrode lead, 35 ... Safety valve mechanism, 35A ... Disc plate, 36 ... Heat sensitive resistance element, 40, 50 ... Winding electrode body, 44 ... Center pin, 56 ... Electrolyte, 57 ... Protective tape, 61 ... Adhesion film, 60 ... exterior member, 2 1 ... the negative electrode active material particles, 202 (202A~202C) ... pore.

Claims (32)

A negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material layer provided thereon,
The negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material having a plurality of pores,
The rate of change in the amount of mercury intruded into the plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method shows a first peak at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a second peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm. Distributed as
The ratio A / B is 8/1 or less, where A is the rate of change at the first peak and B is the rate of change at the second peak.   The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein the ratio A / B is 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less.   The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material contains silicon (Si).   The negative electrode according to claim 3, wherein the negative electrode active material contains oxygen (O), and the content of oxygen in the negative electrode active material is not less than 3 atomic% and not more than 40 atomic%.   The negative electrode active material contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), and molybdenum (Mo). The negative electrode according to claim 3.   The negative electrode active material has an oxygen-containing region containing oxygen in the thickness direction, and the oxygen content in the oxygen-containing region is higher than the oxygen content in other regions. The negative electrode according to claim 3.   The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material has a plurality of particles.   The negative electrode according to claim 7, wherein the negative electrode active material has a multilayer structure in the particles.   The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material is formed by a vapor phase method.   2. The negative electrode according to claim 1, wherein a ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector is 1.5 μm or more and 6.5 μm or less. A battery comprising an electrolyte solution together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode,
The negative electrode has a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer provided thereon,
The negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material having a plurality of pores,
The rate of change in the amount of mercury intruded into the plurality of pores measured by the mercury intrusion method shows a first peak at a pore diameter of 3 nm to 50 nm and a second peak at a pore diameter of 50 nm to 3000 nm. Distributed as
A battery in which the ratio A / B is 8/1 or less, where A is the rate of change at the first peak and B is the rate of change at the second peak.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the ratio A / B is 1/30 or more and 8/1 or less.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode active material contains silicon.   The battery according to claim 13, wherein the negative electrode active material contains oxygen, and the oxygen content in the negative electrode active material is 3 atomic% to 40 atomic%.   The battery according to claim 13, wherein the negative electrode active material contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, titanium, and molybdenum.   The negative electrode active material has an oxygen-containing region containing oxygen in the thickness direction, and the oxygen content in the oxygen-containing region is higher than the oxygen content in other regions. The battery according to claim 13.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode active material has a plurality of particles.   The battery according to claim 17, wherein the negative electrode active material has a multilayer structure in particles.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the negative electrode active material is formed by a vapor phase method.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein a ten-point average roughness Rz of the surface of the negative electrode current collector is 1.5 μm or more and 6.5 μm or less.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the electrolytic solution includes a solvent containing sultone.   The battery according to claim 21, wherein the sultone is 1,3-propene sultone.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the electrolytic solution includes a solvent containing a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond.   The battery according to claim 23, wherein the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond is vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the electrolytic solution contains a solvent containing a fluorinated carbonate.   26. The battery according to claim 25, wherein the fluorinated carbonate is difluoroethylene carbonate.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the electrolytic solution includes a solvent containing an acid anhydride.   28. The battery according to claim 27, wherein the acid anhydride is sulfobenzoic acid anhydride or sulfopropionic acid anhydride.   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the electrolytic solution includes an electrolyte salt having boron (B) and fluorine (F). The electrolyte salt battery according to claim 29, wherein it is lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF _4).   The battery according to claim 11, wherein the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolytic solution are accommodated in a cylindrical or rectangular exterior member.   32. The battery according to claim 31, wherein the exterior member contains iron or an iron alloy.

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