JP2009292830A - 経皮的免疫賦活 - Google Patents
経皮的免疫賦活 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009292830A JP2009292830A JP2009180508A JP2009180508A JP2009292830A JP 2009292830 A JP2009292830 A JP 2009292830A JP 2009180508 A JP2009180508 A JP 2009180508A JP 2009180508 A JP2009180508 A JP 2009180508A JP 2009292830 A JP2009292830 A JP 2009292830A
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Abstract
【解決手段】(a)ワクチンによる免疫を必要とする対象を用意するステップ、(b)少なくとも1種のアジュバントを皮膚表面から患者の皮膚に適用するステップ、及び(c)経皮以外の投与経路によりワクチンで対象を免疫し、ワクチンが1種又は複数の抗原を含有するステップ、を含み、これにより、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントが、1種又は複数の該抗原に特異的な免疫応答を誘発することによって、経皮的免疫賦活を起こし、かつ、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントにより賦活された免疫応答は、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントがない場合よりも有効である、経皮的免疫賦活方法。
【選択図】図1
Description
最も広範なヒトの器官である皮膚は、感染因子による侵入及び有害物質との接触に対する防御において重要な役割を果たしている。しかし、皮膚のこのバリア機能こそが、経皮免疫により、ワクチンを投与するための腸内、粘膜及び他の非経口経路に対する有効な代替案が得られると当技術分野が認めることを阻んでいたようである。最近、ワクチンの皮膚表面への投与は、特殊抗原提示細胞をターゲットとし、強い免疫応答をもたらすことが示されている。
「ランゲルハンス細胞は、骨髄由来細胞であり、これは、全ての哺乳動物の重層扁平上皮に存在している。これは、補助細胞活性の全てを含み、これは、非炎症性表皮に存在し、最近のパラダイムでは、外皮的に適用される抗原を対象とする免疫応答の開始及び伝播に必須である。ランゲルハンス細胞は、強力な補助細胞(「樹状細胞」)ファミリーの一員であり、これは、稀にしか現れないが、表皮及び固体器官、さらにリンパ組織に広く分布している。
現在は、ランゲルハンス細胞(及び、おそらく他の樹状細胞)は、少なくとも2つの異なる段階を伴うライフサイクルを有する。表皮に位置するランゲルハンス細胞は、抗原捕捉性「歩哨(sentinel)」細胞の規則的なネットワークを構成している。表皮ランゲルハンス細胞は、微生物を含む粒子状物質を摂取することができ、複合抗原の有効なプロセッサである。しかしながら、これらは、僅かなレベルのみのMHC I及びII群抗原及び同時刺激分子(ICAM−1、B7−1及びB7−2)を発現し、抗原刺激を受けていないT細胞の僅かな刺激物質である。抗原と接触した後に、いくつかのランゲルハンス細胞は活性化されて、表皮を出て、局所リンパ節のT細胞依存領域へと移動し、ここで、成熟樹状細胞として局在化する。表皮を出て、リンパ節に移動する過程で、抗原を有する表皮ランゲルハンス細胞(ここでは、「メッセンジャー」)は、形態、表面表現型及び機能に関して劇的な変化を示す。表皮ランゲルハンス細胞とは異なり、リンパ球樹状細胞は主に、非貪食性で、タンパク質抗原は不十分にしか処理しないが、高レベルのMHC I群及びII群抗原及び様々な共同刺激分子を発現し、同定されている未刺激T細胞の最も強力な刺激物質である」。
経皮免疫系は、免疫応答をもたらす特殊な細胞(例えば、抗原提示細胞、リンパ球)に対する作用物質を送達する。群としてこれらの作用物質は、抗原と称される。抗原は、例えば、炭水化物、糖脂質、糖タンパク質、脂質、リポタンパク質、リン脂質、ポリペプチド、これらの複合体又は、免疫応答を誘発すると知られている他の物質などの化学的構造からなってよい。抗原は、キャリヤと複合していてもよい。抗原は、例えば、細菌又はビリオンなどの全生物体として提示されてもよく;抗原は、全細胞又は膜のみからの抽出物又は溶解産物から得ることもできるか;抗原は、組換え技術により化学的に合成又は生産することもできる。抗原は、可溶化又は分散により、処方物に導入することができる。
処方物は、アジュバントを含有するが、単一の分子が、アジュバントと抗原特性の両方を有してもよい(例えば、ADPリボシル化外毒素)。大抵のアジュバントは、免疫原活性を有し、抗原と見なされるので、アジュバントも、抗原の前記の特性及び特徴を有すると予測される。例えば、アジュバント及び抗原を、同じ技術を使用して調製することができる(前記参照)。
薬剤処方物を製造するためのプロセスはよく知られている。処方物の成分を、薬剤学的に許容されるキャリヤ又は溶剤と、さらに、場合による添加物(例えば、少なくとも1種の結合剤、緩衝剤、着色剤、乾燥剤、希釈剤、湿潤剤、防腐剤、安定剤、他の賦形剤又これらの組合せ)の組合せと組み合わせることができる。一般に、Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry、6thEd.(electronic edition、1998);Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences、22nd(Gennaro、1990、Mack Publishing);Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms、2ndEd.(various editors、1989−1998、Marcel Dekker);及びPharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems(Ansel et al.、1994、Williams & Wilkins)参照。
処方物の経皮送達は、ランゲルハンス細胞をターゲットとし、したがって、有効かつ有能な免疫を達成することができる。これらの細胞は、皮膚に大量に存在し、T細胞記憶及び強力な免疫応答をもたらしうる有能な抗原提示細胞(APC)である。皮膚中に大量のランゲルハンス細胞が存在するので、経皮送達の有効性は、抗原及びアジュバントにさらされる表面積に関連している。実際に、経皮免疫がこのように有効である理由は、これが、筋肉内免疫よりも大量のこれら有効な抗原提示細胞をターゲットとしていることである。
材料及び方法
ワクチン。破傷風トキソイド及び多価インフルエンザワクチンを、本発明を例示する目的で使用した。破傷風トキソイドワクチンを与えられる動物を、両大腿部の筋肉の間に体積用量(0.5LF)を分割することによりワクチン接種した。インフルエンザワクチンは、ヒトから元々単離された3種の株からなった(パナマA株/2007/99、ヨハネスブルクB株/15/99及びニューカレドニア/20/99)。ワクチンを、等量のタンパク質量のそれぞれの株の混合物として調製した。一実施例では、インフルエンザワクチンを、両方の大腿部の筋肉の間に用量(三価インフルエンザ5μg)を分配することにより注射した。別の実施例では、動物に、尾の基部の背側尾部表面に皮下注射することにより三価インフルエンザ1.5μgを与えた。アジュバント含有パッチを適用する直前に、全ての動物を非経口で免疫した。
アジュバントの皮膚表面への適用が、ワクチン接種の通常経路である骨格筋内で投与される低用量の破傷風トキソイドにより誘発された免疫応答を刺激するかどうかを決定した。この研究では、全てのマウスを、大腿部筋肉で破傷風トキソイドでワクチン接種した。ワクチン接種の直後に、尾の基部の所の剃毛された皮膚表面を、グリセロール10%、イソプロピルアルコール70%及び水20%で水和させた。ワクチン接種されたマウスの半分に、溶液(ラクトース5%を有するPBS)中のLT50μgを含有するガーゼパッチ(粘着裏当て上)を与えた。パッチを、水和された皮膚に1時間適用した。パッチを除去し、皮膚を洗浄した。この研究では、マウスに、3回のワクチン接種(パッチと共に)を0日目、14日目及び28日目に与えた。血清を、3回目の免疫の後3週間目に集め、破傷風トキソイドに対する抗体力価を、動物の両方の群で決定した。図1は、LT含有経皮パッチが、ワクチンに対する免疫応答に対して有する効果に関して、2つの重要なポイントを証明している。第1に、LTパッチを与えられなかった群(GMT=1:10196)に比較して、LTパッチを与えられた動物(GMT=1:74155)は、抗体力価の統計的に著しい増加(p>0.005)を示している。第2に、LTパッチを伴う動物の群は、血清抗体応答でより高い規模を示すだけではなく、その力価は、LTパッチを伴わずに筋肉内ワクチン接種された群での力価の幅(1:500から1:100000)に比較して、(1:74000)付近で狭く分布する傾向を有した。これらの結果は、LTは、そうでなければ不均一な応答を示すはずの、ワクチンに対してあまり応答しない動物を含む集団の免疫応答を均一に刺激することを示している。このことは、LT仲介免疫賦活は、免疫無防備状態の対象などの低い免疫応答者に対しても、積極的に影響を及ぼしうることを示している。
次に、インフルエンザワクチン接種の組織位置が、皮膚表面から適用されるアジュバントの免疫賦活活性に影響を及ぼすかどうか、さらに、LT用量を、パッチ中で50μgから10μgに減らすことができるかどうかを決定した。両大腿筋肉の間に分配された三価インフルエンザ(1株当たり1.7μg)ワクチン5μgの筋肉内注射により、マウスの群をワクチン接種した。注射の直後に、尾の基部の所の剃毛された皮膚表面を、水で水和させた。パッチを、水和された皮膚に適用した。1/3のマウスに、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS、溶剤対照)を含有するパッチに与え;1/3のマウスに、LT10μgを含有するパッチを与え;1/3に、LT50μgを負荷されたパッチを与えた。パッチを、1時間適用し、除去し、皮膚を過剰のLTを除去するためにすすいだ。全てのマウスに2回ワクチン接種し(研究0及び14日目)、血清を、第2の免疫及びパッチの2週間後に採集した。パナマA株に対する血清抗体力価を、ELISA法を使用して測定した。結果を、図2Aに示す。図面から分かるように、LTパッチ50μgを伴う群は、インフルエンザ抗原に対して非常に高い血清抗体力価を展開し(GMT=1:276485)、これは、陰性対照パッチを伴う群(GMT=1:40531)よりも著しく高かった(p=0.005)。LT10μgパッチを伴う群は、陰性対照群(p=0.192)よりも、インフルエンザワクチンに対して高い力価を有する傾向を示した(GMT=1:67617)。
この研究の目的は、LTパッチは、三価ワクチン中のインフルエンザの各株に対する免疫応答を刺激することを証明することであった。この研究では、両大腿筋肉に低用量(5μg)の三価インフルエンザワクチンを注射することにより、全てのマウスにワクチン接種した。注射の直後に、尾の基部の剃毛された皮膚表面(48時間前に剃毛)を、水で水和させた。マウスの半分に、LT50μgを負荷されたパッチを、水和された皮膚で適用した。他方の半分には、LTパッチを与えなかった。他の研究と同様に、パッチを、皮膚に1時間適用し、除去し、過剰のLTを除去するために皮膚をすすいだ。両方の群を、3回(0日目、14日目及び28日目)インフルエンザワクチンでワクチン接種した。3回目の免疫の2週間後に、血清を集め、ワクチン中のインフルエンザの各株に対する抗体力価を決定した。インフルエンザワクチンの筋肉内注射と共にLTパッチを与えられた群は、筋肉内注射のみを与えられた群の3倍から4倍の力価を示した(図3)。加えて、このことも、LTパッチは、ワクチン中のインフルエンザの全ての3種の株に対する全身免疫応答を刺激することを証明している(パナマ、図3A;ヨハネスブルク、図3B;及びニューカレドニア、図3C)。
パッチは、皮膚表面への適用により皮膚にアジュバントを送達するための多目的装置をもたらす。ここでは、LTを、4種の異なるパッチ構成を使用して処方した。第1の処方物のためにLT(10μg)を、ラクトース5%(w/v)を含有する中性pHリン酸緩衝生理食塩水からなる水溶液に処方した。この処方物を、グリセロール10%、イソプロピルアルコール70%及び水20%で水和された皮膚に直接適用した。溶液を、何もせずそのままにするか、ガーゼパッドで1時間覆った。第2の処方物のために、LTを、感圧EUDRAGIT EPO接着剤、KLUCEL増粘剤及びスクロース1%の安定剤とブレンドした。次いで処方物を、薄いコーティングとして、閉鎖性裏当てに広げた。LTを、微細フィルムとしてグラビア印刷で広げて、10μg/cm2面積の有効濃度にした。フィルムを室温で空気乾燥させたが、含水率は、水0.2%未満から5%の範囲であった。パッチ(約1cm2)を、シートから打ち抜いた。少なくとも部分的に乾燥させたパッチを、周囲温度で貯蔵したが、4℃で、同じ送達特性を示した。第3の処方物のために、LTを、NU−GAUZEパッドに直接施与し、表面上に平らに広げて、10μg/cm2の濃度にし、少なくとも部分的に乾燥したパッチを、一晩空気乾燥させた。第4の処方物のために、水性処方物中のLT(PBS25μl及びラクトース5%中10μg)を、接着裏当てを備えたガーゼパッド(約1cm2)の上に直接たらした。これらのパッチを、周囲温度で一晩空気乾燥させた。少なくとも部分的に乾燥させたパッチは、4℃又は室温で1カ月以上、使用前に貯蔵することができる。
Claims (18)
- (a)ワクチンによる免疫を必要とする対象を用意するステップ、
(b)少なくとも1種のアジュバントを皮膚表面から患者の皮膚に適用するステップ、及び
(c)経皮以外の投与経路によりワクチンで対象を免疫し、ワクチンが1種又は複数の抗原を含有するステップ、
を含み、これにより、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントが、1種又は複数の該抗原に特異的な免疫応答を誘発することによって、経皮的免疫賦活を起こし、かつ、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントにより賦活された免疫応答は、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントがない場合よりも有効である、
経皮的免疫賦活方法。 - 対象が65歳以上である請求項1記載の方法。
- 対象が免疫無防備状態である請求項1記載の方法。
- 対象が免疫抑制状態である請求項1記載の方法。
- アジュバントなしでは、抗原特異的免疫応答を誘発するには十分でない量の1種又は複数の抗原をワクチンが含有する請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンが経口投与される請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンが鼻腔内投与される請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンが注射により投与される請求項1記載の方法。
- アジュバントが、皮膚の下にある抗原提示細胞を活性化させる請求項1記載の方法。
- 抗原提示細胞がリンパ節に移動する請求項9記載の方法。
- 1種又は複数の抗原が抗原提示細胞に接触し、1種又は複数の該抗原の少なくとも1種の免疫原性エピトープが、抗原提示細胞によって提示される請求項9記載の方法。
- 皮膚を水和するステップをさらに含む請求項1記載の方法。
- 1種又は複数の化学薬剤及び/又は物理的破壊装置を用いて、少なくとも1種のアジュバントによる皮膚の浸透を増強するステップをさらに含む請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンがアジュバントを欠いている請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンが少なくとも1種のアジュバントをさらに含有する請求項1記載の方法。
- ワクチンは用いるが、少なくとも1種のアジュバントは用いない免疫が、疾患の治療及び/又は疾患からの保護をもたらす請求項1記載の方法。
- アジュバント賦活免疫応答が、疾患の治療及び/又は疾患からの保護をもたらす請求項1記載の方法。
- 経皮的免疫賦活用の薬剤を製造するためのアジュバントの使用であって、
(a)ワクチンによる免疫を必要とする対象を用意するステップ、
(b)少なくとも1種のアジュバントを皮膚表面から患者の皮膚に適用するステップ、及び
(c)経皮以外の投与経路によりワクチンで対象を免疫し、ワクチンが1種又は複数の抗原を含有するステップ、
を含み、
これにより、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントが、1種又は複数の該抗原に特異的な免疫応答を誘発することによって、経皮的免疫賦活を起こし、かつ、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントにより賦活された免疫応答は、少なくとも1種の該アジュバントがない場合よりも有効である、
上記使用。
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| WO1998042375A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 1998-10-01 | Chiron Corporation | Detoxified mutants of bacterial adp-ribosylating toxins as parenteral adjuvants |
| JPH11507545A (ja) * | 1995-06-14 | 1999-07-06 | イムノ・アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 免疫原性構築物、その製造方法、およびワクチンとしてのその用途 |
| JP2004529906A (ja) * | 2001-03-19 | 2004-09-30 | イオマイ コーポレイシヨン | 経皮的免疫賦活 |
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- 2002-03-19 US US10/472,393 patent/US20040185055A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-19 EP EP02721446A patent/EP1377299A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-03-19 CA CA002441530A patent/CA2441530A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-19 EP EP10180590A patent/EP2316482A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-03-19 WO PCT/US2002/008100 patent/WO2002074244A2/en active Application Filing
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| WO1998038319A1 (en) * | 1997-02-25 | 1998-09-03 | Cortecs (Uk) Limited | Component of bromelain |
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| JP2004529906A (ja) * | 2001-03-19 | 2004-09-30 | イオマイ コーポレイシヨン | 経皮的免疫賦活 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2004529906A (ja) | 2004-09-30 |
| US20040185055A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
| EP1377299A2 (en) | 2004-01-07 |
| CA2441530A1 (en) | 2002-09-26 |
| EP2316482A1 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
| AU2002252378B2 (en) | 2007-10-18 |
| WO2002074244A2 (en) | 2002-09-26 |
| WO2002074244A3 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
| EP1377299A4 (en) | 2009-11-11 |
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