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JP2010284394A - Hydrogen dosing device - Google Patents

Hydrogen dosing device Download PDF

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JP2010284394A
JP2010284394A JP2009141875A JP2009141875A JP2010284394A JP 2010284394 A JP2010284394 A JP 2010284394A JP 2009141875 A JP2009141875 A JP 2009141875A JP 2009141875 A JP2009141875 A JP 2009141875A JP 2010284394 A JP2010284394 A JP 2010284394A
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hydrogen
mixed gas
oxygen
patient
supply pipe
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Takayuki Noguchi
隆之 野口
Hironori Koga
寛教 古賀
Satoshi Hagiwara
聡 萩原
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Oita University
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Oita University
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hydrogen administration device with improved safeness. <P>SOLUTION: The hydrogen administration device 1 for improving the organ damage of a patient P by administering hydrogen to the patient P includes a hydrogen cylinder 2 being a hydrogen supply source; an oxygen cylinder 3 being an oxygen supply source; mixed gas supply tubes 6, 7 for administering to the patient the mixed gas where the hydrogen to be supplied from the hydrogen cylinder 2 is mixed with the oxygen to be supplied from the oxygen cylinder 3; and a hydrogen detector 5 for measuring the concentration of the hydrogen flowing inside the mixed gas supply tubes 6, 7. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

本発明は、脳虚血障害などの各種臓器障害を有する患者に対して水素を安全に投与することのできる水素投与装置に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a hydrogen administration device capable of safely administering hydrogen to a patient having various organ disorders such as cerebral ischemic disorder.

脳虚血障害等の各種臓器障害を有する患者に対して、水素を体内に投与することで前記障害の改善効果があることが報告されている。例えば、特許文献１には、水素分子を含む気体からなる生体内の有害活性酸素及び／又はフリーラジカル除去剤を含む容器から配管を通して吸引手段を介して患者に吸引させる方法が開示されている。   It has been reported that administration of hydrogen into the body of a patient having various organ disorders such as cerebral ischemic disorder has an effect of improving the disorder. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a method of causing a patient to inhale through a pipe from a container containing harmful active oxygen and / or a free radical removing agent in a living body made of a gas containing hydrogen molecules through a pipe.

国際公開２００７−０２１０３４号パンフレットInternational Publication No. 2007-021034 Pamphlet

ところで、水素は引火を防止するために、一般的に水素濃度を４．０ｖｏｌ％以下とすることが好ましいとされている。これに対して、上述した方法では患者に投与する水素濃度を何ら管理していないため、水素に引火の可能性があるなど安全面で改善の余地があった。
そこで本発明は、安全性を向上させた水素投与装置を提供することを目的とする。 By the way, it is generally considered preferable for hydrogen to have a hydrogen concentration of 4.0 vol% or less in order to prevent ignition. On the other hand, in the method described above, there is room for improvement in terms of safety, such as the possibility of hydrogen igniting, because the concentration of hydrogen to be administered to the patient is not managed at all.
Then, an object of this invention is to provide the hydrogen administration apparatus which improved safety | security.

本発明に係る水素投与装置は、患者に水素を投与することによって患者の臓器障害を改善するための水素投与装置であって、水素の供給源である水素供給源と、酸素の供給源である酸素供給源と、前記水素供給源から供給される水素と前記酸素供給源から供給される酸素とを混合させた混合ガスを患者へ投与する混合ガス供給管と、前記混合ガス供給管内を流れる水素濃度を測定する水素検知器と、を備えている。   A hydrogen administration device according to the present invention is a hydrogen administration device for improving organ damage of a patient by administering hydrogen to a patient, which is a hydrogen supply source that is a hydrogen supply source and an oxygen supply source. An oxygen supply source, a mixed gas supply pipe for administering a mixed gas obtained by mixing hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen supply source and oxygen supplied from the oxygen supply source to a patient, and hydrogen flowing in the mixed gas supply pipe And a hydrogen detector for measuring the concentration.

この水素投与装置によれば、患者に投与する混合ガス中の水素濃度を水素検知器によって測定することができるため、この水素濃度が所定値よりも高ければ、水素供給源及び酸素供給源からの水素及び酸素の供給量を制御して水素濃度を調節することができる。したがって、例えば、一般的に引火の可能性がないと言われる４．０ｖｏｌ％以下となるように水素濃度を調節することができ、引火することを防止することができる。   According to this hydrogen administration device, the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas to be administered to the patient can be measured by the hydrogen detector. Therefore, if the hydrogen concentration is higher than a predetermined value, the hydrogen supply source and the oxygen supply source The hydrogen concentration can be adjusted by controlling the supply amount of hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, for example, the hydrogen concentration can be adjusted to 4.0 vol% or less, which is generally said to have no possibility of ignition, and ignition can be prevented.

上記水素投与装置は種々の構成をとることができるが、例えば、混合ガス供給管内を流れる混合ガスを所定の流量及びタイミングで患者に供給するための人工呼吸器をさらに備えていることが好ましい。   The hydrogen administration device can take various configurations. For example, it is preferable to further include a ventilator for supplying a mixed gas flowing in the mixed gas supply pipe to a patient at a predetermined flow rate and timing.

また、水素検知器によって測定した水素濃度に基づいて水素供給源及び酸素供給源からの水素及び酸素の供給量を制御し、混合ガス中の水素濃度を調節する制御装置をさらに備えていてもよい。   The apparatus may further include a control device that controls the supply amount of hydrogen and oxygen from the hydrogen supply source and the oxygen supply source based on the hydrogen concentration measured by the hydrogen detector, and adjusts the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas. .

また、水素検知器は、気体熱伝導式や接触燃焼式のものを用いることができる。   The hydrogen detector may be a gas heat conduction type or a catalytic combustion type.

また、混合ガス供給管の先端に取り付けられ、患者の口及び鼻を覆うように形成されたマスクをさらに備えていてもよい。   Moreover, you may further provide the mask attached to the front-end | tip of a mixed gas supply pipe | tube and formed so that a patient's mouth and nose might be covered.

本発明によれば、より安全に水素投与を行うことのできる水素投与装置を提供することができる。   ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the hydrogen administration apparatus which can perform hydrogen administration more safely can be provided.

図１は本発明に係る水素投与装置の実施形態を示す概略図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of a hydrogen administration device according to the present invention. 図２は本発明に係る水素投与装置の別の実施形態を示す概略図である。FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the hydrogen administration device according to the present invention. 図３は本発明に係る水素投与装置のさらに別の実施形態を示す概略図である。FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing still another embodiment of the hydrogen administration device according to the present invention.

以下、本発明に係る水素投与装置の実施形態について図面を参照しつつ説明する。   Hereinafter, embodiments of a hydrogen administration device according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

本実施形態に係る水素投与装置１は、脳虚血障害などの各種臓器障害を有する患者Pに対して水素を投与するための装置である。図１に示すように、水素投与装置１は、水素の供給源である水素ボンベ（水素供給源）２及び酸素の供給源である酸素ボンベ（酸素供給源）３と、患者Pに供給する水素及び酸素等の混合ガスの流量及び供給タイミングを調整する人工呼吸器４と、患者Ｐに供給する混合ガス中の水素濃度を測定する水素検知器５とを備えている。   The hydrogen administration device 1 according to this embodiment is a device for administering hydrogen to a patient P having various organ disorders such as cerebral ischemic disorder. As shown in FIG. 1, the hydrogen administration device 1 includes a hydrogen cylinder (hydrogen supply source) 2 that is a hydrogen supply source, an oxygen cylinder (oxygen supply source) 3 that is an oxygen supply source, and hydrogen supplied to a patient P. And a ventilator 4 that adjusts the flow rate and supply timing of a mixed gas such as oxygen, and a hydrogen detector 5 that measures the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas supplied to the patient P.

水素ボンベ２は高圧の水素及び不活性ガスが内部に充填されており、酸素ボンベ３は高圧の酸素及び不活性ガスが内部に充填されている。なお、各ボンベ２，３に充填されている不活性ガスは、例えば、窒素とすることが好ましい。これら各ボンベ２，３のガス排出口には開閉バルブ２１，３１が取り付けられており、開閉バルブ２１，３１を開状態にすることで内部のガスを排出し、開閉バルブ２１，３１を閉状態にすることでガスの排出を停止することができる。また、この開閉バルブ２１，３１の開度を調整することで、各ガスの排出量を調整することができる。水素ボンベ２は、開閉バルブ２１を介してガス排出口から水素ガス供給管２２が延びており、酸素ボンベ３は、開閉バルブ３１を介してガス排出口から酸素ガス供給管３２が延びている。この水素ガス供給管２２と酸素ガス供給管３２とが途中で合流し、第１混合ガス供給管６となって後述する人工呼吸器４に接続されている。   The hydrogen cylinder 2 is filled with high-pressure hydrogen and inert gas, and the oxygen cylinder 3 is filled with high-pressure oxygen and inert gas. In addition, it is preferable that the inert gas with which each cylinder 2 and 3 is filled is nitrogen, for example. Opening and closing valves 21 and 31 are attached to the gas discharge ports of these cylinders 2 and 3, and the internal valves are discharged by opening the opening and closing valves 21 and 31, and the opening and closing valves 21 and 31 are closed. It is possible to stop the gas discharge. Moreover, the discharge amount of each gas can be adjusted by adjusting the opening degree of these opening and closing valves 21 and 31. In the hydrogen cylinder 2, the hydrogen gas supply pipe 22 extends from the gas discharge port via the opening / closing valve 21, and in the oxygen cylinder 3, the oxygen gas supply pipe 32 extends from the gas discharge port via the opening / closing valve 31. The hydrogen gas supply pipe 22 and the oxygen gas supply pipe 32 merge together to form the first mixed gas supply pipe 6 that is connected to the ventilator 4 described later.

人工呼吸器４は、第１混合ガス供給管６から供給された水素、酸素、及び窒素からなる混合ガスを複数の動作モードに基づいて第２混合ガス供給管７を介して患者Ｐに対して供給する。人工呼吸器４は種々の動作モードが選択でき、例えば、自発呼吸がない患者に対して一定間隔毎に人工換気を行うIPPV（間欠的陽圧換気）モードや、自発呼吸がある患者の吸気をトリガーして不定期に人工換気を行うSIMV（同期的間欠的強制呼吸）モード、患者の吸気努力を呼吸器が感知すると圧をかけて空気を注入するPSVモード等を有している。また、人工呼吸器４は、患者Ｐに供給する混合ガスの供給量も調整することができる。   The ventilator 4 supplies a mixed gas composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen supplied from the first mixed gas supply pipe 6 to the patient P via the second mixed gas supply pipe 7 based on a plurality of operation modes. Supply. The ventilator 4 can select various operation modes, for example, an IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) mode in which artificial ventilation is performed at regular intervals for a patient who does not have spontaneous breathing, or inhalation of a patient with spontaneous breathing. It has a SIMV (synchronous intermittent forced breathing) mode that triggers artificial ventilation on an irregular basis, and a PSV mode that injects air under pressure when the respiratory system senses the patient's inspiratory effort. The ventilator 4 can also adjust the supply amount of the mixed gas supplied to the patient P.

人工呼吸器４から延びる第２混合ガス供給管７は、例えば、気管挿管や気管切開、もしくはマスクを介することによって、第１混合ガス供給管６によって人工呼吸器４へ送られてきた水素、酸素、及び窒素からなる混合ガスを患者に供給する。この第２混合ガス供給管７は、例えば、ステンレスなどによって形成することができる。   The second mixed gas supply pipe 7 extending from the ventilator 4 is supplied with hydrogen, oxygen sent to the ventilator 4 by the first mixed gas supply pipe 6 by, for example, tracheal intubation, tracheostomy, or through a mask. And a mixed gas consisting of nitrogen is supplied to the patient. The second mixed gas supply pipe 7 can be formed of, for example, stainless steel.

このように人工呼吸器４から患者Ｐへと延びる第２混合ガス供給管７の途中に、水素検知器５が接続されている。この水素検知器５は、第２混合ガス供給管７内を流れて患者Ｐへと送られる混合ガス中の水素濃度を測定する。水素検知器５としては、種々のものを用いることができ、例えば気体熱伝導式センサを利用したものや、接触燃焼式センサを利用したものを用いることができる。具体的には、気体熱伝導式のものとしては新コスモス電機株式会社製の可燃性ガス検知器XP-3140等を挙げることができ、また、接触燃焼式のものとしては、新コスモス電機株式会社製の可燃性ガス検知器XP-3110等を挙げることができる。   Thus, the hydrogen detector 5 is connected in the middle of the second mixed gas supply pipe 7 extending from the ventilator 4 to the patient P. The hydrogen detector 5 measures the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas that flows through the second mixed gas supply pipe 7 and is sent to the patient P. As the hydrogen detector 5, various types can be used, for example, a type using a gas heat conduction type sensor or a type using a catalytic combustion type sensor can be used. Specifically, the combustible gas detector XP-3140 manufactured by Shin Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd. can be cited as the gas heat conduction type, and the new Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd. as the contact combustion type. Examples thereof include a combustible gas detector XP-3110 manufactured by the Company.

次に上述した水素投与装置１による水素投与方法について説明する。   Next, the hydrogen administration method by the hydrogen administration device 1 described above will be described.

まず、人工呼吸器４を操作して、患者Ｐに適切な動作モードを選択する。続いて、各ボンベ２，３の開閉バルブ２１，３１を開状態として水素ボンベ２及び酸素ボンベ３から水素、酸素、及び窒素を排出し、第１混合ガス供給管６を介して人工呼吸器４に水素、酸素、及び窒素からなる混合ガスを供給する。なお、このときの混合ガス中の水素の濃度は０．１〜４．０ｖｏｌ％、酸素の濃度は２１〜９９．９ｖｏｌ％であることが好ましい。   First, the ventilator 4 is operated to select an appropriate operation mode for the patient P. Subsequently, the open / close valves 21 and 31 of the cylinders 2 and 3 are opened to discharge hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen from the hydrogen cylinder 2 and the oxygen cylinder 3, and the artificial respirator 4 through the first mixed gas supply pipe 6. A mixed gas consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is supplied to the gas. At this time, the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas is preferably 0.1 to 4.0 vol%, and the oxygen concentration is preferably 21 to 99.9 vol%.

そして、第１混合ガス供給管６を介して人工呼吸器４に送られてきた混合ガスを、各種動作モードに基づいて第２混合ガス供給管７を介して患者Ｐへと供給する。このとき、この第２混合ガス供給管７内を流れる混合ガス中の水素濃度を水素検知器５によって測定し、この水素濃度が０．１〜４．０ｖｏｌ％の範囲内であることを確認する。水素検知器５によって測定した水素濃度が４．０ｖｏｌ％より大きい値であれば、各ボンベ２，３の開閉バルブ２１，３１の開度を調整して、４．０ｖｏｌ％以下となるように設定する。なお、水素検知器５によって測定した水素濃度が０．１〜４．０ｖｏｌ％の範囲内にないときは、警報音を鳴らしたり、混合ガスの供給を停止したりするように構成することもできる。   And the mixed gas sent to the ventilator 4 via the 1st mixed gas supply pipe 6 is supplied to the patient P via the 2nd mixed gas supply pipe 7 based on various operation modes. At this time, the hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas flowing in the second mixed gas supply pipe 7 is measured by the hydrogen detector 5, and it is confirmed that the hydrogen concentration is in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 vol%. . If the hydrogen concentration measured by the hydrogen detector 5 is greater than 4.0 vol%, the opening degree of the open / close valves 21 and 31 of the cylinders 2 and 3 is adjusted and set to 4.0 vol% or less. To do. In addition, when the hydrogen concentration measured by the hydrogen detector 5 is not within the range of 0.1 to 4.0 vol%, an alarm sound can be generated or the supply of the mixed gas can be stopped. .

以上、本発明の実施形態について説明したが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない限りにおいて種々の変更が可能である。例えば、図２に示すように、さらに制御装置８を備えてもよい。この制御装置８は、水素検知器５や、各ボンベ２，３の開閉バルブ２１，３１に電気的に接続されている。そして、制御装置８は、水素検知機５から水素濃度に関するデータを受信し、この水素濃度が設定した範囲内に収まっていないとき、水素濃度が設定した範囲内となるよう各開閉バルブ２１及び３１に信号を送る。信号を受信した各開閉バルブ２１及び３１は、水素濃度が設定した範囲内に収まるよう、その開度を自動的に調整する。   As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described, this invention is not limited to these, A various change is possible unless it deviates from the meaning of this invention. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a control device 8 may be further provided. The control device 8 is electrically connected to the hydrogen detector 5 and the open / close valves 21 and 31 of the cylinders 2 and 3. And the control apparatus 8 receives the data regarding hydrogen concentration from the hydrogen detector 5, and when this hydrogen concentration is not settled in the set range, each on-off valve 21 and 31 is set so that hydrogen concentration may become in the set range. Send a signal to. The open / close valves 21 and 31 that have received the signal automatically adjust their opening so that the hydrogen concentration falls within the set range.

また、その他にも、例えば、第２混合ガス供給管７の先端に患者を収容することのできる収容ケースを接続し、この収容ケース内に患者が入ることで患者に水素を投与することもできる。この場合は、収容ケースに排気手段を設けることが好ましい。   In addition, for example, a storage case capable of storing a patient is connected to the distal end of the second mixed gas supply pipe 7, and hydrogen can be administered to the patient when the patient enters the storage case. . In this case, it is preferable to provide exhaust means in the housing case.

また、その他にも、例えば図３に示すように、さらに流量制御装置２３，３３を設けた構成とすることもできる。この流量制御装置２３，３３は、水素ガス供給管２２や酸素ガス供給管３２に設置されており、水素ガスの供給量や酸素ガスの供給量を手動又は自動で制御することができる。なお、この流量制御装置２３，３３を設置した場合は、この流量制御装置２３，３３によってガス流量を制御するため、各ガスボンベ２，３の開閉バルブ２１，３１は、使用時は全開状態とし、不使用時は閉状態とする。また、各ガスの流量を自動で制御する場合は、水素検知器５によって測定した水素濃度の結果を流量制御装置２３，３３にフィードバックさせて各ガスの流量を制御するような構成にすることができる。   In addition to the above, for example, as shown in FIG. The flow control devices 23 and 33 are installed in the hydrogen gas supply pipe 22 and the oxygen gas supply pipe 32, and can control the supply amount of hydrogen gas and the supply amount of oxygen gas manually or automatically. When the flow rate control devices 23 and 33 are installed, the gas flow rate is controlled by the flow rate control devices 23 and 33, so that the open / close valves 21 and 31 of the gas cylinders 2 and 3 are fully opened during use. Closed when not in use. In addition, when the flow rate of each gas is automatically controlled, the flow rate of each gas is controlled by feeding back the result of the hydrogen concentration measured by the hydrogen detector 5 to the flow rate control devices 23 and 33. it can.

また、上記実施形態では、水素ボンベ２には水素と不活性ガスとを充填しているが、特にこれに限定されるものではなく、例えば、水素ボンベ２内に水素のみを充填し、酸素ボンベ３内に酸素と不活性ガスとを充填させてもよい。しかしながら、このような水素ボンベ２や酸素ボンベ３を用いると、例えば水素濃度を4ｖｏｌ％とするときには、水素ボンベ２からのガス流量と酸素ボンベ３からのガス流量との流量比を４：９６にする必要があり、各ボンベ２，３からの流量の差が大きくなってしまう。このように流量の差が大きくなると各ボンベ２，３からのガスが混合する部分において圧力の干渉等の影響が出るために流量比を正確に調整することが困難になってしまう。このため、なるべく各ボンベ２，３からの流量の差を小さくすることが好ましく、例えば４ｖｏｌ％の水素濃度としたい場合は、水素ボンベ２に水素（８ｖｏｌ％）と不活性ガス（９２ｖｏｌ％）とを充填し、酸素ボンベ３に酸素と不活性ガスとを充填し、各ボンベ２，３からの流量比を１：１として混合させることが好ましい。   In the above embodiment, the hydrogen cylinder 2 is filled with hydrogen and an inert gas. However, the present invention is not particularly limited to this. For example, the hydrogen cylinder 2 is filled with only hydrogen and an oxygen cylinder is filled. 3 may be filled with oxygen and an inert gas. However, when such a hydrogen cylinder 2 or oxygen cylinder 3 is used, for example, when the hydrogen concentration is 4 vol%, the flow rate ratio between the gas flow rate from the hydrogen cylinder 2 and the gas flow rate from the oxygen cylinder 3 is set to 4:96. Therefore, the difference between the flow rates from the cylinders 2 and 3 becomes large. When the difference in flow rate becomes large in this way, it is difficult to accurately adjust the flow rate ratio because of the influence of pressure interference and the like in the portion where the gas from the cylinders 2 and 3 is mixed. For this reason, it is preferable to reduce the difference in flow rate from the cylinders 2 and 3 as much as possible. For example, when hydrogen concentration of 4 vol% is desired, hydrogen (8 vol%) and inert gas (92 vol%) are added to the hydrogen cylinder 2. It is preferable to fill the oxygen cylinder 3 with oxygen and an inert gas and mix them at a flow ratio from the cylinders 2 and 3 of 1: 1.

１ 水素投与装置
２ 水素ボンベ
３ 酸素ボンベ
４ 人工呼吸器
５ 水素検知器
６ 第１混合ガス供給管
７ 第２混合ガス供給管
８ 制御装置 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Hydrogen administration apparatus 2 Hydrogen cylinder 3 Oxygen cylinder 4 Ventilator 5 Hydrogen detector 6 1st mixed gas supply pipe 7 2nd mixed gas supply pipe 8 Control apparatus

Claims (5)

患者に水素を投与することによって患者の臓器障害を改善するための水素投与装置であって、
水素の供給源である水素供給源と、
酸素の供給源である酸素供給源と、
前記水素供給源から供給される水素と前記酸素供給源から供給される酸素とを混合させた混合ガスを患者へ投与する混合ガス供給管と、
前記混合ガス供給管内を流れる水素濃度を測定する水素検知器と、
を備えた、水素投与装置。 A hydrogen dosing device for improving patient organ damage by administering hydrogen to a patient,
A hydrogen source that is a source of hydrogen;
An oxygen source that is an oxygen source;
A mixed gas supply pipe for administering a mixed gas obtained by mixing hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen supply source and oxygen supplied from the oxygen supply source to a patient;
A hydrogen detector for measuring the concentration of hydrogen flowing in the mixed gas supply pipe;
A hydrogen dosing device comprising: 前記混合ガス供給管内を流れる混合ガスを所定の流量及びタイミングで患者に供給するための人工呼吸器をさらに備えた、請求項１に記載の水素投与装置。   The hydrogen administration device according to claim 1, further comprising a ventilator for supplying a mixed gas flowing through the mixed gas supply pipe to a patient at a predetermined flow rate and timing. 前記水素検知器によって測定した水素濃度に基づいて前記水素供給源及び酸素供給源からの水素及び酸素の供給量を制御し、混合ガス中の水素濃度を調節する制御装置をさらに備えた、請求項１又は２に記載の水素投与装置。   The apparatus further comprises a control device for controlling a supply amount of hydrogen and oxygen from the hydrogen supply source and the oxygen supply source based on a hydrogen concentration measured by the hydrogen detector and adjusting a hydrogen concentration in the mixed gas. 3. The hydrogen administration device according to 1 or 2. 前記水素検知器は、気体熱伝導式である、請求項１から３のいずれかに記載の水素投与装置。   The hydrogen administration device according to claim 1, wherein the hydrogen detector is a gas heat conduction type. 前記混合ガス供給管の先端に取り付けられ、患者の口及び鼻を覆うように形成されたマスクをさらに備えた、請求項１から４のいずれかに記載の水素投与装置。   5. The hydrogen administration device according to claim 1, further comprising a mask attached to a distal end of the mixed gas supply pipe and configured to cover a patient's mouth and nose. 6.
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