JP2013121509A - 薬物送達脈管内ステントおよび再狭窄を処置するための方法 - Google Patents
薬物送達脈管内ステントおよび再狭窄を処置するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013121509A JP2013121509A JP2012274329A JP2012274329A JP2013121509A JP 2013121509 A JP2013121509 A JP 2013121509A JP 2012274329 A JP2012274329 A JP 2012274329A JP 2012274329 A JP2012274329 A JP 2012274329A JP 2013121509 A JP2013121509 A JP 2013121509A
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Abstract
【解決手段】ステント20は、拡張可能な、フィラメント24、26と連結した本体および脈管損傷部位と接触するためのステント本体フィラメントから形成される薬物放出コーティングを有する。コーティングは、化合物の炭素位置でのアルキル基置換を有する大環状トリエンである化合物の再狭窄抑制量を放出する。ステント20は、脈管損傷を処置するために使用される場合、臨床的再狭窄に対する良好な保護を与える。
【選択図】図2
Description
本発明は、脈管内薬物送達ステントおよび再狭窄を処置するための方法に関する。
ステントは、脈管内インプラントの一種であり、通常、一般的に形状が管状であり、代表的に、格子接続ワイヤ管状構造体を有し、この構造体は、血管に永久的に挿入されて血管に対する機械的支持を提供し、かつ、血管形成術後の間またはその後のフローチャネルを維持もしくは再確立するように拡張可能である。ステントの支持構造体は、血管形成術によって脆くなったか、または損傷した血管の早期の崩壊を予防するように設計される。ステントの挿入は、損傷した血管壁の治癒が数ヶ月にわたって進行する間に、血管のネガティブリモデリングおよび痙攣を予防することが示されている。
本発明は、1つの局面において、脈管損傷部位での配置のための、その部位で再狭窄を抑制するための脈管内ステントを含む。ステントは、構造部材または1つ以上のフィラメントから形成される本体から構築され、そしてステント本体フィラメント上で支えられ、生体侵食性薬物放出コーティングは、3〜15ミクロンの厚さを有し、そして(i)20〜60重量パーセントのポリ−dl−ラクチドポリマー基材および(ii)40〜80重量パーセントの抗再狭窄化合物を有する。1〜5ミクロンの厚さを有し、そしてステント本体フィラメントとコーティングとの間に配置されるポリマーアンダーコーティングは、ステントフィラメント上のコーティングの安定化を助ける。ステントは、ステントがカテーテルを介して脈管損傷部位に送達され得る収縮した状態からステントコーティングが損傷部位にて脈管と接触して配置され得る拡張した状態へと拡張可能である。ステントコーティングは、ステントが脈管損傷部位に配置された後、少なくとも4週間にわたって再狭窄を抑制する量の化合物を放出するのに効果的である。
の一般的な形態を有し、ここで、(i)RはHまたはCH2−X−OHであり、そしてXは1〜7個の炭素原子を含む直鎖アルキル基または分枝鎖アルキル基であり、ここでR’はHであり(R’は、28位のOでHを置き換える)、あるいは(ii)RおよびR’の少なくとも1つが、以下:
の形態を有し、ここで、mは1〜3の整数であり、R1およびR2は、各々水素、または1〜3個の炭素原子を有するアルキルラジカルであるか、またはあるいは、ここで、R1およびR2が結合される窒素原子と一緒になって、4個の炭素原子を有する飽和ヘテロ環式環を形成する。エベロリムス(everolimus)として公知である例示的な化合物において、R’はHであり、そしてXは−CH2である。
の式を有し、ここで、RはCH2−X−OHであり、そして、Xは1〜7個の炭素原子を含む直鎖アルキル基である。1つの例示的な化合物において、Xは、−CH2−である
ステント組成物の種々の例示的な実施形態は、上記に与えられる。
(I.脈管内ステント)
図1および2は、それぞれ、ステントの収縮した状態および拡張した状態の本発明に従って構築されたステント20を示す。ステントは、図3および4を参照してさらに以下に記載される場合、構造部材または本体22および抗再狭窄化合物を保持し、そして放出するための外部コーティングを含む。
示される実施形態において、ステント本体は、フィラメント(例えば、部材24、26)によって、複数の連結された管状部材から形成される。各部材は、拡張可能なジグザク、鋸歯状、または正弦波状の構造を有する。この部材は、隣接する部材の頂点および谷底をつなぎ合わせる軸連結(例えば、連結28、30)によって連結される。理解され得るように、この構成によって、ステントが、ステントの長さをほとんどまたは全く変化させることなく、図1に示される収縮された状態から、図2に示される拡張された状態に拡張され得る。同時に、隣接する管状部材の頂点と谷底との間の比較的まれな連結によって、ステントが、曲げに適応し得る。この特徴は、ステントが、カテーテル内でまたはカテーテル上で、その収縮された状態で脈管部位に送達される場合に、特に重要であり得る。ステントは、0.5〜2mmの間、より好ましくは、0.71〜1.65mmの間の代表的な収縮状態の直径(図1)、および5〜100mmの間の長さを有する。図2に示されるような拡張状態において、ステントの直径は、その収縮状態のおけるステントの直径の少なくとも2倍、8〜9倍までである。従って、0.7〜1.5mmの収縮直径を有するステントは、2〜8mmの間またはそれ以上の選択された拡張状態へと半径方向に拡張され得る。
本発明の重要な特徴に従って、ステントフィラメントが、ポリマーマトリックスおよび少なくとも数週間、代表的には4〜8週間、そして必要に応じて2〜3ヶ月以上の期間にわたる、ステントからの放出のためにマトリックス中に分散される抗再狭窄化合物(活性化合物)から構成される、薬物放出コーティングでコーティングされる。
ここで(i)Rは、HまたはCH2−X−OHであり、R’がHである場合(R’は28位のOでHに置換される)、Xは、Hまたは1〜7個の炭素原子を含む直鎖アルキル基もしくは分岐鎖アルキル基であり、または(ii)RおよびR’の少なくとも1つが、以下の形態を有し:
ここでmは1〜3の整数であり、そしてR1およびR2は、各々水素または1〜3個の炭素原子を有するアルキルラジカルであり、またはあるいは、ここでR1およびR2は、これらが結合される窒素原子と一緒になって、4個の炭素原子を有する飽和ヘテロ環式環を形成する。エベロリムスのように公知である、例示的な化合物において、R’は、Hであり、Xは、−CH2である。
ここでRは、CH2−X−OHであり、Xは、1〜7個の炭素原子を含む直鎖アルキル基である。好ましい化合物は、エベロリムスであり、ここでX=−CH2。エベロリムスを含む前記の化合物の酢酸エステルの塗布と同様に、Xが2、3、4、5、6または7個の炭素のアルキル基である化合物がまた、単独でまたは任意の組み合わせで、本発明について適切である。
別の一般的な実施形態において、ステント本体およびポリマーコーティングの両方が、生物侵食性ポリマーで形成され、経時的にステントが完全に再吸収されることを可能にする。ステントは、好ましくは、ステント本体を形成しているらせん状のリボンフィラメントを有する拡張可能なコイル型ステントである(示さず)。自己拡張可能なコイルステントは、血管中への移植についての米国特許第4,990,155号に記載されており、本明細書に参考として援用される。
ここで図面をより詳細に参照して、図5Aおよび5Bは、本発明に従うステントコーティングプロセスの概略図である。ポリマー溶液40を、ポリマーを親和的溶媒に溶解させることで作製する。少なくとも1つの抗再狭窄性化合物および、所望の場合には第2の薬剤を、同じ溶媒または異なる溶媒を使用する懸濁液または溶液のいずれかとして、この溶液に加える。この完成した混合物を、耐圧性リザーバ42に入れる。リザーバを粒体加圧ポンプ44に接続する。
この節は、本発明に従う脈管処置方法、および本発明に従って構築されるステントの性能特徴を記載する。
本発明の方法は、局所的な脈管損傷を受けた患者、または脈管閉塞の危険のある患者において、狭窄の危険性および/または程度を最小にするように設計される。代表的に、脈管損傷は、血管造影手順の間に生じ、部分的に閉塞された脈管(例えば、冠状動脈または末梢脈管動脈)を開く。脈管造影手順において、バルーンカテーテルが閉塞部位に配置され、そして遠位バルーンが1回以上膨張および収縮されて、閉塞された脈管を強制的に開く。この脈管の膨張(特に、斑が外れ得る脈管壁における表面の外傷を伴うもの)は、しばしば、脈管が、細胞増殖および再閉塞によって、経時的に応答するために十分な局在した損傷を生じる。驚くべきことではないが、狭窄の発生または重篤度は、しばしば、脈管造影手順に関与する脈管伸長の程度に関連する。特に、過度伸長が35%以上である場合、狭窄が、高い頻度で、そしてしばしばかなりの重篤度(すなわち、脈管閉塞)を伴って、起こる。
(エベロリムスおよびその誘導体の調製)
(工程A.2−(t−ブチルジメチルシリル)オキシエタノール(TBSグリコール)の合成)
154mlの乾燥THFおよび1.88gのNaHを、窒素雰囲気下で、500mLの丸底フラスコ冷却器中で攪拌する。4.4mLの乾燥エチレングリコールをこのフラスコに添加し、45分間の攪拌後に、大きい沈殿物を生じる。11.8gのtert−ブチルジメチルシリルクロリドをこのフラスコに添加し、そして激しい攪拌を45分間続ける。得られた混合物を950mLのエチルエーテルに注ぐ。このエーテルを420mLのブラインで洗浄し、そして溶液を硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥する。この生成物を、減圧下でのエーテルのエバポレーションによって濃縮し、そしてシリカゲルを充填された27×5.75cmのカラムを使用する、ヘキサン/Et2O(75:25 v/v)溶媒系を使用するフラッシュクロマトグラフィーによって精製する。その生成物を、0℃で保存する。
4.22gのTBSグリコールおよび5.2gの2,6−ルチジンを、冷却器を備えた100mLの二つ口フラスコ中で、窒素下で激しく攪拌しながら合わせる。10.74gのトリフルオロメタンスルホン酸無水物を、このフラスコに、35〜45分間かけてゆっくりと添加し、黄色がかった褐色溶液を得る。次いで、この反応を、1mLのブラインを添加することによってクエンチし、そしてこの溶液を、100mLのブライン中で5回洗浄して、最終pH値を6〜7にする。この溶液を硫酸ナトリウムを使用して乾燥し、そして減圧下での塩化メチレンのエバポレーションによって濃縮する。その生成物を、シリカゲルを充填した約24×3cmのフラッシュクロマトグラフィーカラムを使用して、ヘキサン/Et2O(85:15 v/v)溶媒系を使用して精製し、次いで、0℃で保存する。
400mgのラパマイシン、10mLのトルエン、および1.9mLの2,6−ルチジンを、55〜57℃に維持した50mLのフラスコ中で混合し、そして撹拌する。別の3mLのセプタムバイアル中で、940μLの2,6−ルチジンを1mLのトルエンに添加し、次いで、2.47gのTBSグリコールTrifを添加する。このバイアルの内容物を50mLフラスコに添加し、そして撹拌しながら、反応を1.5時間進行させる。480μLの2,6−ルチジンおよびさらなる1.236gのTBSグリコールTrifを、この反応フラスコに添加する。撹拌を、さらに1時間続ける。最後に、第二の部分の480μLの2,6−ルチジンおよび1.236gのTBSグリコールTrifをこの混合物に添加し、そしてこの混合物を、さらに1〜1.5時間攪拌する。得られる褐色の溶液を、多孔質ガラスフィルタを通して、減圧を使用して注ぐ。結晶様の沈澱物を、全ての色が除かれるまでトルエンで洗浄する。次いで、その濾液を、60mLの飽和NaHCO3溶液で2回洗浄し、次いで、ブラインで再度洗浄する。得られた溶液を硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥し、そして減圧下で濃縮する。少量のヘキサン/EtOAc(40:60 v/v)溶媒を使用して生成物を溶解し、そしてシリカゲルを充填した33×2cmのフラッシュクロマトグラフィーカラムを使用し、そして同じ溶媒で展開して、精製を達成する。この溶媒を減圧下で除去し、そして生成物を5℃で保存する。
パイレックス(登録商標)ガラス皿(150×75mm)を、氷で満たし、そして撹拌プレート上に置く。少量の水を加えて、氷のスラリーを得る。第1に、60〜65mgのTBS−Rapを、8mLのメタノールを加えることによりガラスバイアル中で溶解する。0.8mL 1N HClを、バイアルに加え、この溶液を45分間撹拌し、次いで、3mL飽和NaHCO3水溶液を加えることにより中和する。5mLのブライン、続いて20mLのEtOAcを溶液に加え、その結果、二相が形成される。これらの相の混合後、分液ロートを使用して水層を除く。残る溶媒をブラインで洗って6〜7の最終pHにし、硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥する。硫酸ナトリウムを多孔性ガラスフィルターを使用して除き、そして溶媒を真空中で除去する。生じる濃縮物を、EtOAc/メタノール(97:3)中に溶解し、次いで、シリカゲルで充填された23×2cmフラッシュクロマトグラフィーカラムを使用し、同じ溶媒系を使用して展開して精製する。この溶媒を真空中で除去し、そして生成物を5℃で保存する。
(ポリ−dl−ラクチドコーティングにおけるエベロリムスを含むステントの調製)
100mgのポリ(dl−ラクチド)を、室温にて2mLアセトン中に溶解した。5mgのエベロリムスをバイアル中に置き、400μLのラクチド溶液を加えた。マイクロプロセッサ制御シリンジポンプを使用して、ステントストラット頂部表面にラクチド溶液を含む10μLの薬物を正確に分配した。溶媒の蒸発が、ステント上の単一ポリマー層を含む均一な薬物を生じた。
(ポリ−dl−ラクチドコーティングにおけるエベロリムスを含むステントからのインビトロでの薬物放出)
インビトロ薬物放出を、コーティングされたステントを25%EtOHを含む2mLのpH7.4リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水溶液中に配置し、0.05%(w/v)アジドナトリウムとともに保存し、37℃に保つことにより行なった。サンプリングを、全緩衝液体積を薬物測定のために回収しながら、溶液を同じ体積の新鮮な緩衝液(無限の沈降)で置換することにより定期的に行なった。図7は、この様式で微小分配される単一のポリマー層でコーティングされる2つの同じステントからの薬物放出を例示する。
(動物移植試験)
(A.ブタにおける安全および用量設定試験のQCA結果)
原理:
薬物溶出ステントのための最も問題のある処置条件が、再狭窄(新脈管内膜形成)の程度が脈管損傷の程度と共に直接増加することが公知であるために、ひどく損傷した血管であると考えられていた。実験がブタにおいて行われ、薬物でコーティングされたステント移植物の標的であった脈管のかなりの数が、血管形成術バルーンを使用して重篤に損傷された(平均およそ36%過度に伸ばした脈管の損傷)。これは、脈管の内膜および中間層の重篤な引き裂きおよび伸びを引き起こし、移植後28日で極端な再狭窄を引き起こした。このように、薬物の種々の用量の相対有効性および移植後28日での再狭窄の減少についての同じ金属ステント/ポリマープラットフォームにおけるポリマーに対する薬物重量比を評価することが可能であった。
「剥き出しのステント」とは、波形の環設計の18.7mmの剥き出しの金属ステントをいう(すなわち、Biosensors Intl.,Inc.により製造されるような、現在市販される「S−ステント」)。
波形環設計の金属ワイヤメッシュ骨格を使用する薬物溶出ステント(すなわち、S−ステント)およびポリマーコーティングを、異なる用量の薬物エベロリムスまたは薬物シロリムスのいずれかを使用して、外で育った未成育のブタ(あるいは28日以上続く移植研究についてはYucatan Minipig)に移植した。移植の際に、Quantitative Coronary Angiography(QCA)を実施して、ステント移植の前および後の脈管の直径を測定した。28日目、または以下の表に具体的に示される場合にはそれより長期間にて、動物をステントの領域においてQCAを再び受けさせ、その後安楽死させる。
PCベースのシステムのためのA.G. Heinzeスライド顕微鏡を通したコンピューター化された画像化システムImage Pro Plus 4.0を、以下の組織形態学的測定のために使用した:
1.平均断面積および管腔厚(脈管内膜/新脈管内膜境界により制限される領域);新脈管内膜(管腔と内弾性板(IEL)との間の領域、IELが欠けている場合、管腔と中間弾性板または外弾性板(EEL)の残りとの間の領域);中間(IELとEELとの間の領域);管サイズ(外膜領域を除くEELにより制限される領域);および外膜領域(周辺外膜組織、脂肪組織および心筋層ならびにEELの間の領域)。
2.損傷スコア。脈管損傷の程度を定量化するために、異なる壁構造の裂け目の量および長さに基づくスコアが、使用された。損傷の程度が、以下のように計算された:
0=インタクトなIEL
1=媒体浅層に曝される裂かれたIEL(少ない損傷)
2=より深い媒体層に曝される裂かれたIEL(媒体切開)
3=外膜領域に曝された裂かれたEEL
以下の表は、追跡管理QCAでのQCA分析(再狭窄に起因する平均管腔喪失の測定)の結果を示す。以下の表の「新脈管内膜」と題される欄の下のデータは、追跡管理(f/u)でのブタから除かれたステントおよび管の形態学的分析の結果を報告する:
(表1:「高度損傷」実験の結果)
(B.低損傷研究)
どれほどのエベロリムスの用量が軽く損傷した脈管(合併症でない冠動脈疾患および1つの新しい損傷を有する患者により代表的である)において最良であるかをさらに決定するために、エベロリムス溶出ステントを、中程度から低い過度伸長損傷(およそ15%)を作製するために移植した。農場のブタを30日の実験のために使用し、そして成体のYucatan minipigを三ヶ月の安全研究のために移植した。血管造影法の結果は、以下の通りであった:
(表2:「低い損傷」実験のQCA結果)
ステント内に形成された、各々のステント内の全切断面領域および新しい組織(新脈管内膜)の切断面領域が、コンピューターにより測定され、狭窄領域の割合が、計算された。薬物およびポリマーの各々の形成のための、平均的管損傷スコア、新脈管内膜領域、および狭窄領域の割合、ステント当たりの3つのスライスの平均化が、以下の表に示される。
形態学的分析は、ブタ冠動脈モデルにおけるステント内狭窄を測定する高度に正確な方法と考えられる。高度損傷モデルにおいて、C−High調合は、28日での「高度損傷」実験における新脈管内膜形成の最も低い量を作製した;しかし、C−Uhighは、群の最も高度な損傷スコアを有し、0.45の非常に低い狭窄領域の割合をなお管理した。従って、データは、QCA分析の発見を独立して確かめ、そして臨床試験のための好ましいい調合としてC−Uhighの選択を支持する。
(D.組織学的分析)
C−Uhighおよびsirolimus−lowについてのスライドを、経験を積んだ癌病理学者に提出した。彼は、炎症、フィブリンおよび新しく治療した管腔の内皮を示す証拠について管断面を再調査した。シロリムス溶出ステントとエベロリムス溶出ステントとの間の違いは、見出せなかった。一般に、良く定着した内皮を有する管は、良く治療されており、完成した治療の証拠であり、28日での管恒常性であると見られる。図13は、移植後28日での管腔内部の内皮層の治療および定着を示す倍率91倍の管断面図の例である。
Carterらは、ブタにおいてPalmaz Schatz金属ステントを使用してシロリムスでコーティングしたステントの結果を発表した。発表されたCarterの結果のBiosensorの実験結果に対して比較する表を、下に示す:
(表4)
(実施例5)
(高度な薬物装填を有するステントの調製)
長さ14.6mmの印付けられた金属波形環ステント(S−ステント、波形環設計)を、血漿堆積プロセスを使用してパリレン「C」プライマーのおよそ2ミクロンの層でコーティングした。パリレンでコーティングしたステントを周囲温度で終夜キシレン中においた。50μg/μlのポリ乳酸(PDLA)を含む貯蔵ポリ(d、l)−乳酸溶液を、2mL中100mgのPDLAに溶解することにより調製した。
Claims (13)
- 脈管損傷部位において配置し、その部位での再狭窄を抑制するための脈管内ステントであって、該ステントが、以下:
1つ以上のフィラメントから形成される本体、
該1つ以上のフィラメント上で支えられる、(i)20〜60重量パーセントのポリマー基材および(ii)40〜80重量パーセントの抗再狭窄化合物から構成される薬物放出コーティングならびに
該ステント本体フィラメントと該コーティングとの間に配置されるポリマーアンダーコーティングを含み、
該ステントは、該ステントがカテーテルを介して脈管損傷部位に送達され得る収縮した状態からステントコーティングが該損傷部位にて該脈管と接触して配置され得る拡張した状態へと拡張可能であり、
該コーティングは、該部位にて再狭窄を抑制する量の化合物を放出するのに効果的である、脈管内ステント。 - 請求項1に記載のステントであって、前記ステント本体が、金属フィラメント構造であり、前記アンダーコーティングが、パリレンポリマーから形成され、かつ1〜5ミクロンの間の厚みを有し、該コーティングが、生分解性ポリマーから構成され、約3〜30ミクロンの間の厚さを有する、ステント。
- 請求項1に記載のステントであって、前記ステント本体が、金属フィラメント構造であり、前記薬物放出コーティングが、ポリメチルメタクリレート、エチレンビニルアルコールおよびポリ−dl−ラクチドポリマーからなる群より選択されるポリマーから形成される、ステント。
- 請求項1に記載のステントであって、前記ステント本体が、ポリ−l−乳酸ポリマーまたはポリ−dl−乳酸ポリマーから形成され、前記薬物放出コーティングが、ポリ−dl−ラクチドから形成される、ステント。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のステントであって、前記抗再狭窄化合物が、大環状トリエン化合物である、ステント。
- 請求項6に記載のステントであって、R’がHであり、RがCH2−X−OHであり、そしてXが−CH2である、ステント。
- 請求項6〜8のいずれか1項に記載のステントであって、前記化合物が、50重量%〜75重量%の間の量でコーティング中に存在する、ステント。
- 脈管損傷部位における再狭窄を抑制するための、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載のステント。
- 前記脈管損傷が、脈管領域が直径で少なくとも30%過度伸長する血管造影手順の間に生成される場合の使用のための、請求項10に記載のステント。
- 脈管損傷部位に配置し、該部位にて再狭窄を抑制するための脈管内ステントであって、該脈管内ステントが、以下:
1つ以上のフィラメントから形成される本体、
該1つ以上のフィラメント上に支えられる、ポリマー基材および以下:
の形態の抗再狭窄化合物から構成される薬物放出コーティングであって、RがCH2−X−OH、そしてXが1〜7個の炭素原子を含む直鎖アルキル基または分岐鎖アルキル基である、薬物放出コーティング、ならびに
該ステント本体フィラメントと該コーティングとの間に配置されるポリマーアンダーコーティングを含み、
該ステントは、該ステントがカテーテルを介して脈管損傷部位に送達され得る収縮した状態からステントコーティングが該損傷部位にて該脈管と接触して配置され得る拡張した状態まで拡張可能であり、該コーティングは、該部位にて再狭窄を抑制する量の化合物を放出するのに効果的である、脈管内ステント。 - 請求項12に記載のステントであって、XがCH2である、ステント。
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