JP6050906B2 - 熱電変換材料、熱電変換素子及び熱電変換モジュール - Google Patents
熱電変換材料、熱電変換素子及び熱電変換モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- JP6050906B2 JP6050906B2 JP2016044066A JP2016044066A JP6050906B2 JP 6050906 B2 JP6050906 B2 JP 6050906B2 JP 2016044066 A JP2016044066 A JP 2016044066A JP 2016044066 A JP2016044066 A JP 2016044066A JP 6050906 B2 JP6050906 B2 JP 6050906B2
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Description
BifCagM3 hCoiM4 jOk (2)
(式中、M3は、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M4は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。fは0.51≦f≦0.8、gは2.0≦g≦3.6、hは0≦h≦1.0、iは3.5≦i≦4.5、jは0≦j≦0.5、kは8.0≦k≦10.0である。)
で表わされる複合酸化物の板状結晶の焼結体であり、
密度が4.2〜5.1g/cm3であり、
SEM観察したときに、熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が個数換算で60%以上であり、
前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の長径の平均長さが25.6〜46.8μmであり、アスペクト比が22.7〜49.9であること、
を特徴とする熱電変換材料を提供するものである。
BifCagM3 hCoiM4 jOk (2)
(式中、M3は、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M4は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。fは0<f≦1.0、gは2.0≦g≦3.6、hは0≦h≦1.0、iは3.5≦i≦4.5、jは0≦j≦0.5、kは8.0≦k≦10.0である。)
で表わされる複合酸化物の板状結晶の焼結体であり、
密度が4.0〜5.1g/cm3であり、
SEM観察したときに、熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が個数換算で60%以上であり、
前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の長径の平均長さが20μm以上であり、アスペクト比が20以上であること、
を特徴とする熱電変換材料である。
BifCagM3 hCoiM4 jOk (2)
で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の焼結体である。
CaaM1 bCocM2 dOe (1)
(式中、M1は、Bi、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M2は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。aは2.0≦a≦3.6、bは0<b≦1.0、cは2.0≦c≦4.5、dは0≦d≦2.0、eは8.0≦e≦10.0である。)
で表されるコバルト酸カルシウムの板状結晶と、ビスマス化合物と、カルシウム化合と、コバルト化合物と、を含有する原料スラリーを調製するスラリー調製工程と、
該原料スラリーをシート化して、一般式(1)で表されるコバルト酸カルシウムの板状結晶と、ビスマス化合物と、カルシウム化合物と、コバルト化合物と、を含有する原料シートを調製するシート化工程と、
該原料シートを積層して原料シート積層体を調製する積層工程と、
該原料シート積層体を焼成し、下記一般式(2):
BifCagM3 hCoiM4 jOk (2)
(式中、M3は、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M4は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。fは0<f≦1.0、gは2.0≦g≦3.6、hは0≦h≦1.0、iは3.5≦i≦4.5、jは0≦j≦0.5、kは8.0≦k≦10.0である。)
で表わされる複合酸化物の板状結晶の焼結体である熱電変換材料を得る焼成工程と、
を有する熱電変換材料の製造方法である。
CaaM1 bCocM2 dOe (1)
で表されるコバルト酸カルシウムである。一般式(1)中、M1は、Bi、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M2は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。M1は、電気伝導性を付与するために添加される元素であり、M1は、好ましくはBiである。M2は必要により、更に熱電特性を改良するために添加される元素である。M1に係るランタノイド元素としては、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Lu等が挙げられる。aは、2.0≦a≦3.6、好ましくは2.2≦a≦3.3である。bは、0<b≦1.0、好ましくは0.1≦b≦0.9である。cは、2.0≦c≦4.5、好ましくは2.2≦c≦4.3である。dは、0≦d≦2.0、好ましくは0.1≦d≦1.9である。eは、8.0≦e≦10.0、好ましくは8.5≦e≦9.5である。
Ca1−xA1 xMn1−yA2 yOz (3)
(式中、A1は、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Yb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Tb、Lu、Sr、Ba、Al、Bi、Y及びLaからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素であり、A2はTa、Nb、W、V及びMoからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素である。式中、xは0≦x≦0.5、yは0≦y≦0.2、zは2.7≦z≦3.3である。)
(Ca1−sA3 s)Mn1−tA4 tOu (4)
(式中、A3は、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Yb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Tb、Lu、Sr、Ba、Al、Bi、Y及びLaからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素であり、A4はTa、Nb、W、V及びMoからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素である。式中、sは0≦s≦0.5、tは0≦t≦0.2、uは3.6≦u≦4.4である。)。
<コバルト酸カルシウム>
炭酸カルシウム(平均粒径1.4μm)、酸化コバルト(Co3O4、平均粒径1.1μm)及び酸化ビスマス(Bi2O3、平均粒径2.5μm)をカルシウムとコバルトとビスマスの原子換算のモル比が、3.105:4:0.3となるように仕込み、ミキサーで混合した。次いで、ムライトコージライト製の匣鉢に充填して大気雰囲気下にて930℃で10時間焼成後、粉砕解砕を行い、200meshの篩で分級して、コバルト酸カルシウムを作製した。
得られた焼成体をXRDで分析した結果、X線回折的に単相のコバルト酸カルシウム(Bi0.30Ca3.105Co4O9)であることを確認した。
また、得られたコバルト酸カルシウムの諸物性を表1に示す。
上記で得たコバルト酸カルシウム、炭酸カルシウム(平均粒径1.4μm)、酸化コバルト(Co3O4、平均粒径1.1μm)、酸化ビスマス(Bi2O3、平均粒径2.5μm)を、表2に示す配合量で、容器に仕込んだ。
次いで、分散剤1質量%、エタノール2質量%を含む水溶液を、スラリー濃度が68.5質量%となるように容器に添加した。
次いで、ミキサーで十分撹拌後、バインダー樹脂としてアクリル酸系(AS−2000、東亞合成株式会社製)を、含有量が10質量%となるように添加し、更に十分撹拌して原料スラリーを調製した。
次いで、原料スラリーを、塗工厚250μmのアプリーケーターと自動塗工機を用いて、速度10mm/secで、ベースフィルム上に塗工し、次いで、60℃で30分乾燥して、ベースフィルム上に原料シートを作製した。次いで、ベースフィルムを剥がし、適当な大きさ(縦が約2cm、横が約2cm)に切り出し、焼結後の厚みが約3.5mmとなるように数枚重ね、次いで、100℃に昇温したプレス機を用いて4.9MPaで圧着し、原料シート積層体を調製した。
次いで、原料シート積層体を、300℃で15時間、脱脂した後、930℃で40時間、大気雰囲気で焼成し、熱電変換材料を得た。得られた熱電変換材料を、熱電特性評価装置で測定可能な大きさに切り出し、切り出した面を研磨機を用いて平面にし、p型熱電変換材料を調製した。
上記で得たコバルト酸カルシウムを用いて特開2006−49796号公報の実施例1記載に基づいて加圧焼結法によりp型熱電変換材料を調製した。
なお。ホットプレス焼結は、10MPaの一軸加圧下に1123Kで20時間行った。
実施例、比較例及び参考例で得られた熱電変換材料について、密度を測定した。また、X線回折分析及びICP分析により熱電変換材料に含有される複合酸化物を確認した。その結果を表3に示す。
また、実施例1及び比較例1の熱電変換材料を手で2つに切断し、実施例1及び比較例1の熱電変換材料の切り口の断面のSEM写真を、図5及び図6にそれぞれ示した。
長径の平均長さ、短径の平均長さ及びアスペクト比は、p型熱電変換材料を手で2つに切断し、その切り口の断面を1000倍の倍率でSEM観察し、その視野で任意に抽出した断面中の10個の粒子についての平均値である。
p型熱電変換材料を手で2つに切断し、その切り口の断面を1000倍の倍率でSEM観察し、熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合を求めた。
表中の記号は下記のことを示す。
◎:熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が80%以上
○:熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が60%以上80%未満
△:熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が40%以上60%未満
×:熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が40%未満
実施例、比較例及び参考例で得られたp型熱電変換材料について、熱電特性評価装置(ZEM−3 アルバック理工社)を用いて、大気雰囲気下で800℃における比抵抗値、熱起電力を測定し、更にパワーファクターを算出した。
なお、パワーファクターは、下記計算式(1)から求められ、このパワーファクターは熱電変換材料から取り出せる電力を示す指標であり、この値が大きいほど出力が高いことであることを示す。
パワーファクター(P.F.)=S2/ρ (1)
(S:熱起電力、ρ:比抵抗値)
<n型熱電変換材料の作成>
炭酸カルシウム及び酸化マンガンを、カルシウムとマンガンのモル比が1.0:1.0となるように秤量しタンクに仕込んだ。タンクに水と分散剤(ポリカルボン酸アンモニウム塩)を加え、スラリー濃度が30質量%のスラリーを調製した。分散剤の濃度は2質量%であった。スラリーを攪拌しながら、直径0.5mmのジルコニアビーズを仕込んだメディア攪拌型ビーズミルに供給し、90分間混合して湿式粉砕を行った。次いで、200℃に設定したスプレードライヤーに、3L/hの供給速度でスラリーを供給し、乾燥原料を得た。乾燥原料を電気炉に仕込み、大気下に850℃にて5時間静置状態で焼成した。焼成品についてX線回折測定を行い、CaMnO3の単相が得られていることを確認した。焼成品を金型に仕込み、2t/cm2の圧力で加圧して成形体を作成した。成形体を電気炉に仕込み、1250℃で12時間加熱処理をし、n型熱電変換材料とした。
n型熱電変換材料(N)及び実施例1で作成したp型熱電変換材料(P)の端面に銀ペーストをスクリーン印刷し、120℃の乾燥機で15分乾燥し、次いで、850℃の電気炉で1時間加熱して、熱電変換材料端面に結合剤(2a)層を形成した。
アルミナ基板(4)に所定のパターンで銀ペーストを印刷し、120℃の乾燥機で15分乾燥し、次いで、850℃の電気炉で1時間加熱し、結合剤(2b)層を形成した。結合剤(2b)層上に、更に銀ペースト(2c)を印刷し、銀電極(1a)を配置してから120℃の乾燥機で30分乾燥した。銀電極(1a)を配置した構造体(5)を200℃で15分、35kNの荷重で加熱圧着して下部電極基板(5)とした。
下部電極(1a)上に接合材料層として銀ペースト(2e)を印刷し、A工程で作成した熱電変換材料端面に結合剤(2a)層を有するn型熱電変換材料(N)とp型熱電変換材料(P)を交互に配置してから120℃の乾燥機で30分乾燥した。配列した熱電変換材料上の結合剤(2a)層上に、銀ペースト(2d)を塗布した銀電極(1)を、n型熱電変換材料(N)とp型熱電変換材料(P)がπの字状に直列に接続するように配置し、120℃の乾燥機で30分乾燥し構造体(6)を得た。次に構造体(6)を、200℃で15分間、35kNの荷重で加熱圧着し、次いで、850℃の電気炉で1時間加熱して熱電変換モジュールを作成した。
上記した方法で3.5mm×3.5mm×7.5mmのn型熱電変換材料50個およびp型熱電変換材料50個を調製し、次いで上記した方法でアルミナ基板上に配置して42mm角の熱電変換モジュールを作成した。モジュールの片面に500℃のプレートヒーターを接触させ、反対側の面に20℃の冷却水を流した水冷プレートを接触させて発電試験を行った。熱電変換材料の高温側の温度は357℃、低温側の温度は92℃となり、温度差は265℃であった。この時、0.6Wの最大出力が観測された。
Claims (5)
- 下記一般式(2):
BifCagM3 hCoiM4 jOk (2)
(式中、M3は、Na、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Y及びランタノイドからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M4は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb及びTaからなる群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素である。fは0.51≦f≦0.8、gは2.0≦g≦3.6、hは0≦h≦1.0、iは3.5≦i≦4.5、jは0≦j≦0.5、kは8.0≦k≦10.0である。)
で表わされる複合酸化物の板状結晶の焼結体であり、
密度が4.2〜5.1g/cm3であり、
SEM観察したときに、熱電変換材料の表面に対する長軸方向の傾きが0±20°以内である前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の割合が個数換算で60%以上であり、
前記一般式(2)で表される複合酸化物の板状結晶の長径の平均長さが25.6〜46.8μmであり、アスペクト比が22.7〜49.9であること、
を特徴とする熱電変換材料。 - 前記一般式(2)中、0.51≦f≦0.8、gは3.0<g≦3.3、hは0≦h≦1.0、iは3.5≦i≦4.5、jは0≦j≦0.5、kは8.0≦k≦10.0であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の熱電変換材料。
- p型熱電変換材料とn型熱電変換材料とを有する熱電変換素子であって、該p型熱電変換材料が請求項1又は2いずれか1項記載の熱電変換材料であることを特徴とする熱電変換素子。
- 前記n型熱電変換材料が、下記一般式(3)で表されるカルシウムマンガン系複合酸化物及び下記一般式(4)で表されるカルシウムマンガン系複合酸化物から選ばれる少なくとも一種であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の熱電変換素子。
一般式(3):
Ca1−xA1 xMn1−yA2 yOz (3)
(式中、A1は、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Yb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Tb、Lu、Sr、Ba、Al、Bi、Y及びLaからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素であり、A2はTa、Nb、W、V及びMoからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素である。式中、xは0≦x≦0.5、yは0≦y≦0.2、zは2.7≦z≦3.3である。)
一般式(4):
(Ca1−sA3 s)Mn1−tA4 tOu (4)
(式中、A3は、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Yb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Tb、Lu、Sr、Ba、Al、Bi、Y及びLaからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素であり、A4はTa、Nb、W、V及びMoからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素である。式中、sは0≦s≦0.5、tは0≦t≦0.2、uは3.6≦u≦4.4である。) - 請求項3又は4いずれか1項記載の熱電変換素子を有することを特徴とする熱電変換モジュール。
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