JP6225104B2 - ペプデューシンの設計および使用 - Google Patents
ペプデューシンの設計および使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6225104B2 JP6225104B2 JP2014504086A JP2014504086A JP6225104B2 JP 6225104 B2 JP6225104 B2 JP 6225104B2 JP 2014504086 A JP2014504086 A JP 2014504086A JP 2014504086 A JP2014504086 A JP 2014504086A JP 6225104 B2 JP6225104 B2 JP 6225104B2
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- par2
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- pepducin
- p2pal
- p1pal
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Description
本出願は、全体の内容が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、同一標題で2011年4月8日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/473,675号明細書の優先権および利益を主張する。
本発明は、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)により資金提供された助成金R01 HL057905、HL064701、CA122992、およびCA104406のもと政府により支援されたものである。政府は、本発明の一定の権利を有する。
(i)順序通りの3つ以上の連続アミノ酸残基を野生型PARと共有するプロテアーゼ活性化受容体(PAR)の突然変異全長または断片(前記PARの突然変異全長または断片中の少なくとも1つの突然変異は、第6の膜貫通へリックス(TM6)中のBallesterosランドマーク残基6.50のN末端側18残基位置におけるものであり、またはPARの第3の細胞内ループ(i3ループ)がウシロドプシンのi3ループによりアラインされる場合、ウシロドプシンの248に対応する位置におけるものである);
(ii)(i)によるPARの突然変異全長または断片のバリアント(野生型配列のアミノ酸の40%までが、天然もしくは非天然に生じたアミノ酸により、またはペプチド模倣部分により置き換えられており;および/またはアミノ酸の40%までが、化学修飾されたそれらの側鎖を有し;および/またはアミノ酸の20%までが、欠失されており、但し、第3の細胞内ループ(i3ループ)中のアミノ酸の少なくとも50%が、バリアント中で不変のままである);
(iii)アミノ酸の少なくとも1つが、対応するD−アミノ酸により置き換えられている(i)または(ii)によるペプチド配列;
(iv)ペプチド骨格の少なくとも1つが、非天然に生じたペプチド骨格に変化している(i)〜(iii)のいずれか1つによるペプチド配列;
(v)逆の順序の(i)〜(iv)のいずれか1つの配列であるペプチド配列;および
(vi)(i)から(v)のペプチド配列の2つ以上の組合せ。前記PARは、PAR1、PAR2、PAR3およびPAR4からなる群から選択することができる。
ペプデューシンは、脂質二重層の内表面上でGPCRを阻害するために開発された細胞浸透ペプチドまたはポリペプチドである。第1世代ペプデューシンは、それらの標的受容体の野生型配列またはその断片に由来し、膜会合または浸透疎水性部分に結合している。一実施形態において、第1世代ペプデューシンは、GPCRの細胞内ループのペプチド部分にコンジュゲートされた脂質繋留部を含む、米国特許第6,864,229号明細書参照。しかしながら、既存のペプデューシンをベースとする有効なアンタゴニストを構築することは極端に困難である一方、それらの標的受容体の多くは構成的に活性のままである傾向がある。10年にわたり、構成的に活性な受容体の一部に対する有効なペプデューシンアンタゴニストの考案を試みる種々の分子生物学技術が開発されてきたが、成果は見られない。例えば、PAR由来ペプデューシンのi1、i2、i3およびi4ループにおけるランダム突然変異は、突然変異位置および長さ変動について可変部が多すぎるため、十分な結果を生成しなかった。
細胞浸透ペプデューシンによるPAR2誘発性炎症の阻止
プロテアーゼ活性化受容体(PAR)は、7回膜貫通GPCRのサブファミリーであり、それらの細胞外ドメインの一部の開裂を介して活性化され、細胞外プロテアーゼ勾配のセンサーとして作用し、細胞が癌および多数の他のプロセス、例えば急性および慢性炎症に関与するものにおける組織リモデリングの間にタンパク質分解微小環境に反応することを可能とする。PAR1からPAR4は、公知のPARの4つである。これらは、ヒト体内全体にわたり発現される。
本発明の一部のペプデューシンの実施形態の、ヒト好中球のPAR2依存性活性をアンタゴナイズする能力を試験した。好中球を健常ヒト被験者の末梢血から単離し、高レベルの表面PAR2およびPAR4ならびにより低い見かけレベルのPAR1を発現することをフローサイトメトリーにより見出した(図3A)。好中球は、PAR2アゴニストトリプシンおよびSLIGRLの勾配に対して堅牢に遊走し、それはP2pal−18Sにより0.14〜0.2μMのIC50値で完全に遮断された(図3B)。同様に、0.3μMのP2pal−18Sは、100nMのトリプターゼに対するヒト好中球の走化性遊走を完全に遮断した(図3C)。ヒトPAR2は、マウスPAR2と85%の同一性を共有し、マウスi3ループは、ヒトPAR2i3ループ中で同定されたクリティカルなファーマコフォアの全てを保持するため、マウス細胞を用いた異種間の阻害を試験した。実際、P2pal−18Sも、30nMのトリプシンに対するマウス好中球の遊走を完全に阻害した(図3D)。
P2pal−18Sのインビボ効力および特異性を評価するため、本発明のペプデューシンの炎症後足浮腫に対して保護する能力を野生型(WT)およびPAR2欠損マウス系統において試験した(Damiano B P,et al.(1999)J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:671−78)。急性炎症浮腫は、莫大な白血球増加および充血応答を引き起こし、局在膨張に導くλ−カラギーナンおよびカオリン刺激物質の胎盤内注射により誘導した。本発明のポリペプチドP2pal−18Sの実施形態のPAR2欠損活性を、WTC57BL/6マウスの後足蹠中に注射した場合のPAR2特異的アゴニストSLIGRLに対するその阻害効果を定量することにより直接評価した。λ−カラギーナン/カオリンにより誘導された急性炎症は、ビヒクル処理WTマウスについて足浮腫のほぼ2倍の増加をもたらし、注射後8時間がピークであった(図6A)。PAR2アゴニストペプチドSLIGRLも、WTマウスの浮腫の増加を誘導し、注射後4時間がピークであった(図6B)。P2pal−18Sの全身投与は、λ−カラギーナン/カオリン誘導性浮腫の有意な50%の減少およびSLIGRL誘導性浮腫の85%の減少を引き起こした(図6Aおよび6B)。PAR2欠損は、λ−カラギーナン/カオリン注射後にWTマウスに対して50%の保護効果を付与し、P2pal−18Sにより処理したWTマウスにおいて観察された保護効果とほぼ同一であった。とりわけ、P2pal−18SによるPAR2欠損(PAR2−/−)マウスの処理は膨張をさらに低減させず、PAR2ペプデューシンの抗炎症効果がそのコグネート受容体の存在を要求することを裏付けた。
従来の研究は、ヒト内皮およびケラチノサイトならびに関節炎のマウスモデルにおいて肥満細胞トリプターゼが開裂し、PAR2シグナリングを活性化させることを立証した(Kelso E B,et al.(2006)J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316:1017−24;Palmer H S,et al.(2007)Arthritis Rheum 56:3532−40)。肥満細胞および肥満細胞トリプターゼが足炎症マウスモデルにおいて観察されたPAR2依存性効果に寄与するかどうかを決定するため、肥満細胞を脱顆粒剤48/80、またはλ−カラギーナン/カオリンにより刺激し、馴化培地を回収した。図7Aに示されるとおり、刺激した肥満細胞はトリプターゼを分泌し、次いでそれを好中球走化性アッセイにおける化学誘引物質源として使用した。刺激した肥満細胞からの馴化培地は、100nMのトリプターゼと同等の走化性遊走を与えた(図7B)。トリプターゼ阻害剤APC−366、またはPAR2ペプデューシンP2pal−18Sによるヒト好中球の処理は、トリプターゼ含有肥満細胞培地に対する走化性遊走を完全に阻害した(図7B)。
新たなペプデューシンによるPAR1−Gタンパク質シグナリングおよび疾患の標的化
肺癌は、米国および世界における癌死亡の主原因であり、全体で2番目に高頻度な癌である。患者の大多数は、相当な罹患率および死亡率に導く遠隔転移を最終的に発現する。非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)の治療のための現在利用可能な化学療法レジメンには、シスプラチンまたはカルボプラチン、およびエトポシド、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、ゲムシタビン、ビノレルビンおよびイリノテカンの組合せが含まれる。これらのレジメンは、一般に治癒性でなく、軽度な延命および症状の緩和を付与し得る。さらに近年、肺癌の治療のための標的療法が利用可能になっている。これらには、上皮成長因子受容体(EGFR)および血管内皮成長因子受容体(VEGFR)を標的化する小分子および抗体が含まれる。しかしながら、現在利用可能な分子療法は、依然として平均および全生存の比較的軽度な延長をもたらし、NSCLCが進行した患者のためのより有効な治療モダリティーの開発の必要性が指摘される。
従来の組織学的分析は、プロテアーゼ活性化受容体PAR1およびPAR4が、30例の腺癌および30例の扁平上皮癌を含む60人のNSCLC患者の試験からのアウトカムに対して負の予後予測値を有し得ることを示唆した(Ghio et al.2006)。したがって、4つ全てのPARメンバーの表面発現を、5つの腺癌、1つの扁平上皮癌、および1つの大細胞癌から構成される7つの異なる国立癌研究所(National Cancer Institute)(NCI)肺癌細胞系中でフローサイトメトリーを使用して測定した。4つのPARファミリーメンバーのうち、PAR1発現は、大多数の肺癌において3倍から9倍増加され、最大発現は腺癌において検出された。対照的に、他の3つのPAR、例としてPAR4は軽度に増加したにすぎなかった(図11A)。高PAR1発現細胞は、2つの低発現PAR1細胞系(EKVXおよびNCI−H23)よりも馴化培地に対する遊走の7から18倍高い速度を示した。
PAR1発現のサイレンシングは遊走を減少させたことから、i1およびi3PAR1アンタゴニストペプデューシンが4つのNCI肺細胞腺癌(A549、HOP62、H522、およびH1299)、1つの大細胞癌(HOP92)、1つの扁平上皮癌(H226)の遊走に対して同様の効果を有するかどうかを、2つの腺癌、1つの低分化NSCLC、および1つの正常肺上皮から構成される3つの原発性患者腫瘍とともにさらに試験した。PAR1発現腺癌の遊走は、3つ全てのペプデューシンにより60%から80%だけ抑制され(図12A〜C)、そのことはPAR1ショートヘアピンRNA処理により早期に見られた効果と高度に類似した。陰性対照PAR1i3ペプデューシンP1pal−19EEは、遊走に対して効果を有さなかった。P1pal−7は、H226扁平上皮癌、HOP92大細胞癌、およびH522腺癌(図12D〜F)について40%から90%の阻害を提供し、そのことはPAR1シグナリングが肺癌細胞遊走において重要な役割を担うさらなる支持を提供した。
PAR1発現レベルは、NSCLC患者の生存率の低減と相関する。肺腫瘍進行におけるPAR1の相対的重要性を定義するため、インビボマウスモデルを使用した。さらに、i3ペプデューシンによるPAR1シグナリングの遮断は複数のシグナリング経路、例としてカルシウムシグナリングおよびERK1/2経路を遮断する一方、i1ペプデューシンは遊走のみを阻害し、カルシウムを部分的に阻害することが同定されたため、それらのペプデューシンのインビボ効力を比較することを対象とした。ヌードマウスにおけるA549肺腺癌ゼノグラフトモデルを使用してP1pal−7、P1pal−10S、P1pal−i1−11、またはVEGFアンタゴニストAvastinによる単剤療法を評価した。比較のため、本発明者らは、炎症(Kaneider et al.,Nat Med,11(2005),pp.661−66)および卵巣癌におけるCXCR1/2誘発性血管新生(Agarwal et al.,Cancer Res,70(2010),pp.5880−5890)を阻害することが既に示されているCXCR1/2ペプデューシンX1/2pal−i1およびX1/2pal−i3も試験した。
P1pal−7、P1pal−10S、およびP1pal−i1−11の30分、ならびに1、2、4、6、8、および16時間における血漿レベルの薬物動態をLC/MS/MSにより計測して定常状態ペプデューシン薬物レベルおよびマウスからの消失速度を決定した。野生型CF−1マウス(25から30g)中へのP1pal−7(3mg/kgまたは10mg/kg)の皮下注射に続いて種々の時点において大静脈から血液を回収した。図14Aに示されるとおり、P1pal−7(10mg/kg)のピーク血漿レベルは1.1μmol/Lに達し、それは4時間持続し、次いで6時間の時点において0.2μmol/Lに消失した。残留P1pal−7レベルは、16時間の時点において10nmol/Lであった。4時間のプラトー後、消失速度は4から16時間で線形であった。3mg/kgのP1pal−7のピーク血漿レベルは、2時間において0.6μmol/Lに達し、消失は2時間と16時間との間で線形であった。P1pal−10S(10mg/kg)は、1時間においてP1pal−7(10mg/kg)と同様の1.0μmol/Lのピーク血漿レベルを与えた。しかしながら、1時間後に急速なクリアランスが存在した。P1pal−10Sとは対照的に、P1pal−i1−11(10mg/kg)は、0.5と8時間との間で5.0μmol/Lのピーク血漿レベルで維持される血漿半減期を有した。
薬学的用途
GPCRの合理的設計アンタゴニストペプデューシンは、治療が必要とされる哺乳動物、例としてヒトに単独でまたは薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤もしくは希釈剤との組合せで医薬組成物中で標準的な薬務に従って投与することができる。化合物は、経口または非経口、例として静脈内、筋肉内、腹腔内、皮下、直腸および局所の投与経路で投与することができる。
組合せ療法
本明細書に記載のアンタゴニストの1つの使用目的は、GPCRシグナリング経路が関与する本明細書に記載の疾患または病態、例えば肺癌のリスクがある患者の予防的治療である。危険因子喫煙習慣を示す患者に、医師により処方された連日レジメンに従って治療有効用量の薬剤を与えることができる。処置がいかなる不所望な副作用も招かないことを確保するために患者は密なモニタリングを要求する。適切な投与量は、任意の危険因子の重症度および患者の年齢、性別、ならびに患者が血栓性疾患状態の家族歴または血栓性疾患状態に対する他の遺伝的素因を有するかどうかに依存する。一実施形態において、本明細書に記載の薬剤は、血栓症のリスクが増加した患者に、例えば術後にまたは医療デバイス、例えばステントもしくは人工臓器、例えば人工心臓の移植の後に、予防的に投与することができる。
他の治療用途
本明細書に記載のPAR−1に対するアンタゴニストは、PAR−1活性化に伴う他の医学的病態の診断および治療に使用することもできる。例えば、本明細書に記載の組成物から恩恵を受け得る医学的病態には、限定されるものではないが、以下が含まれる:慢性炎症性腸疾患、例として炎症性腸疾患(IBD)、過敏性腸症候群(IBS)および潰瘍性大腸炎ならびに線維症、例として肝線維症および肺線維症(例えば、Vergnolle,et al.,J Clin Invest(2004).114(10):1444;Yoshida,et al,Aliment Pharmacol Ther(2006).24(Suppl 4):249;Mercer,et al,Ann NY Acad Sci(2007).1096:86−88;Sokolova and Reiser,Pharmacol Ther(2007).PMID:17532472参照)、虚血再灌流損傷、例として心筋、腎臓、脳および腸の虚血再灌流損傷(例えば、Strande,et al.,Basic Res.Cardirol(2007).102(4):350−8;Sevastos,et al.,Blood(2007).109(2):577−583;Junge,et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.(2003).100(22):13019−24;およびTsuboi,et al.,Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol(2007).292(2):G678−83参照。PAR1細胞内シグナリングの阻害は、細胞の単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV1およびHSV2)感染(Sutherland,et al.,J Thromb Haemost(2007).5(5):1055−61参照)を阻害するためならびに神経変性疾患、例としてアルツハイマー病(AD)およびパーキンソン病(Nishimura et al.Cell,Vol.116,Issue 5,671−682,(2004);Ishida et al.J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.2006.Jan;65(1):66−77;Rosenberg(2009).The Lancet Neurology,Vol.8,205−216参照)、敗血症(Kaneider et al.,Nature Immunology 8,1303−1312(2007))または子宮内膜症(Hirota et al.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90(6):3673−3679)、癌および脈管形成(Tsopanoglou NE and Maragoudakis ME.Semin Thromb Hemost.2007,Oct,33(7):680−7に概説)の発病において使用することもできる。
Claims (6)
- (a)順序通りの3つ以上の連続アミノ酸残基を、第3の細胞内ループ(i3ループ)、第6の膜貫通へリックス(TM6)および第5の膜貫通へリックス(TM5)からなる群から選択された野生型PAR2の少なくとも一部と共有する、ヒトプロテアーゼ活性化受容体−2(PAR2)の突然変異全長または断片を含む第1のドメインであって、前記PAR2の突然変異全長または断片中の少なくとも1つの突然変異は、274位のメチオニン(M)または284位のアルギニン(R)をより短い側鎖を有する残基へ置換したものであるドメイン;および
(b)前記第1のドメインに付着している第2のドメインであって、天然または非天然に生じた膜貫通疎水性部分を含むドメイン;
を含むキメラポリペプチドであって、効果的PAR2アンタゴニストであることを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。 - 請求項1に記載のキメラポリペプチドにおいて、前記PAR2の突然変異全長または断片は、287位における突然変異をさらに含むことを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のキメラポリペプチドにおいて、前記突然変異は、置換、付加または欠失の1つであることを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。
- 請求項3に記載のキメラポリペプチドにおいて、前記付加または欠失は、野生型配列中の突然変異点における5つまでの連続残基の付加または欠失を含むことを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のキメラポリペプチドにおいて、前記第1のドメインは、配列番号20、21、24および26からなる群から選択される配列を含むことを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のキメラポリペプチドにおいて、前記疎水性部分は、脂質、アシル化合物およびアミノ酸からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするキメラポリペプチド。
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| AU2012239880B2 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
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| EP2697386B1 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
| WO2012139137A3 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
| CA2832115C (en) | 2021-03-02 |
| EP3351641A1 (en) | 2018-07-25 |
| EP2697386A2 (en) | 2014-02-19 |
| WO2012139137A2 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
| CA2832115A1 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
| JP2014511866A (ja) | 2014-05-19 |
| US10913781B2 (en) | 2021-02-09 |
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