JP6968416B2 - Rna誘導性の、hiv感染の処置のための、方法および組成物 - Google Patents
Rna誘導性の、hiv感染の処置のための、方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、国立保健研究所によってKamel Khalili(P30MH092177)およびWenhui Hu(R01NS087971)に与えられた助成のもとに連邦政府の支援によってなされた。
他に定義しない限り、本書において使用される全ての技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する分野の当業者が通常理解するものと同じ意味を有する。本発明を試験するための実施において、本書に記載のものと類似または同等の任意の方法および材料を使用することができる。しかし、本書に記載の材料および方法を使用することが好ましい。本発明を説明および請求するにあたり、下記の用語を使用する。本書において使用される用語は、特定の実施形態を説明するという目的でのみ使用され、限定する意図はないということも理解されたい。
HIV−1保有宿主の排除におけるCas9技術(特にLTRを標的とする)の適用が、AIDSの処置、あるいは治療のための有望なストラテジーであることが示されてきた。Hu, et al., PNAS 2014, 111:114616は、HIV−1 LTRにおける部位を標的とした、Cas9/gRNAを発現するプラスミドを用いたヒト細胞培養物の安定的トランスフェクションが、宿主細胞機能を弱めることなく、HIV−1ゲノムの一部分および/または全体を首尾よく排除したことを開示した。標的部位はLTR−A、LTR−B、LTR−CおよびLTR−Dと呼ばれた。LTRにおける2つの異なる部位を標的にすることは、プロウイルスDNA配列の全てまたは実質的に全ての除去を形成するのに十分に広大な欠失を生み出すことにおいて特に効果的であった。細胞におけるCas9/gRNAの先在も、新たなHIV−1感染を防いだ。
いくつかの実施形態において、本書で具体化されている核酸配列はいずれも、ネイティブな核酸配列から(例えば、突然変異、欠失、置換、核酸塩基、骨格の改変などによって)改変または誘導され得る。核酸配列は、ベクター、遺伝子編集剤、gRNA、tracrRNAなどを含んでいる。本発明で想像されるいくつかの改変された核酸配列の例は、改変された骨格(例えば、ホスホロチオエート、ホスホトリエステル、メチルホスホナート、短鎖アルキルもしくはシクロアルキル糖内結合、または短鎖ヘテロ原子もしくは複素環式糖内結合)を含むものを含んでいる。いくつかの実施形態において、改変されたオリゴヌクレオチドは、ホスホロチオエート骨格を備えるもの、およびヘテロ原子骨格、CH2--NH--O--CH2、CH、--N(CH3)--O--CH2 [メチレン(メチルイミノ)またはMMI骨格として知られている]、CH2--O--N(CH3)--CH2、CH2--N(CH3)--N(CH3)--CH2およびO--N(CH3)--CH2--CH2骨格(ここで、ネイティブなホスホジエステル骨格はO--P--O--CHと表される)を備えるものを含んでいる。De Mesmaekeret al. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28:366-374によって開示されているアミド骨格も、本書において具体化される。いくつかの実施形態において、モルホリノ骨格構造を有する核酸配列(Summerton and Weller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506)、ペプチド核酸(PNA)骨格(オリゴヌクレオチドのホスホジエステル骨格がポリアミド骨格に置き換えられており、核酸塩基がポリアミド骨格のアザ窒素原子に直接的または間接的に結合している)を有する核酸配列(Nielsen et al. Science 1991, 254, 1497)。核酸配列はまた、1つ以上の置換された糖部分を含み得る。核酸配列はまた、ペントフラノシル基の代わりに、シクロブチル等の糖疑似体を有し得る。
ある実施形態において、細胞または対象におけるレトロウイルスゲノムを排除する方法は、Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連エンドヌクレアーゼおよびレトロウイルスゲノムにおける標的核酸配列に相補的な少なくとも1つのガイドRNA(gRNA)をコードしている単離された核酸配列の治療的有効量を含んでいる薬学的組成物を、上記細胞に接触させるか、または上記対象に投与する工程を含んでいる。
レンチウイルスベクターにおけるsgRNAのクローニング:高効率および高い特異性の最良スコアのための、バイオインフォマティクスspCas9 sgRNA設計ツールを用いて、HIV−1 LTR−U3領域内に、20のsgRNA標的部位、ならびにGagについて4つのsgRNA、Polについて2つのsgRNA、およびEnvについて2つのsgRNAを設計した(表1)。これらのsgRNAシード配列のすべてを、sgRNAレンチウイルスベクター(Addgene #50946)から改変された、改変sgRNA発現pKLV−Wgレンチウイルスベクター(図1B)に、クローニングした。簡単に説明すると、pKLV−Wgベクターを、BbsIを用いて消化し、Antarctic Phosphataseを用いて処理し、直鎖化されたベクターを、Quickヌクレオチド除去キット(Qiagen)を用いて精製した。等量のセンスガイドおよびアンチセンスガイド(1μlに100 M)を、ポリヌクレオチドキナーゼ(PNK、1μl)、1xPNKバッファーおよび1mMのATPと混合し、30分にわたって37℃においてインキュベートし、PCR機器においてアニーリングした(5分にわたる95℃、−1℃/1サイクル15秒を70サイクル)。リン酸化されているオリゴ二本鎖(10μM)を、1:100希釈して、作業溶液(100nM)を得た。それから、1μlのオリゴ二本鎖(0.1pmol)を、BbsI消化された3.5μlのpKLV-WGベクター(0.015pmol)、5μlの2xT7リガーゼ反応バッファーおよび0.5μlのT7 DNAリガーゼ(NEB)と混合した。混合物を、室温において15〜30分にわたってインキュベートし、氷上で冷やし、Stabl3コンピテント細胞に形質転換した。T351(U6/5’)およびsgRNAリバースプライマーを用いるPCR用に、2〜4コロニーを拾う。2つのPCR陽性クローンを、LB/Amp培地において、37℃、一晩、増殖させる。翌日、ミニプレッププラスミドDNAを、T428(hU6−配列/5’/F)による配列決定のために、Genewiz Inc.に送った。U6プロモータ、sgRNAおよびポリTターミネータを含んでいる、sgRNA発現カセットの全体を、GeneRunnerプログラムを用いた配列分析によって確認した。
CRISPRを介したHIVプロウイルスゲノムの編集にとって有効なgRNAの範囲を広げるために、候補gRNAを、探し、HIV発現の抑制における有効性および宿主細胞におけるHIV−1プロウイルスゲノムの欠失もしくは排除の誘導能についてスクリーニングした。
HIV−1に対して有効なgRNAの範囲をさらに広げ、かつ宿主細胞へのgRNAおよびCas9の送達の自由度を高めるために、実験を実施した。
この研究において、HIV−1 LTRおよびウイルスの構造的な領域を標的にする最良のgRNAが、HIV−1ゲノムを効率的に排除し得るgRNAペアリングを最適化すると同定された。
(高効率および低いオフターゲット効果を有しているsgRNAのバイオインフォマティクススクリーニング)
ターゲットRNAの効率および特異性は、感染性疾患におけるCas9/gRNA使用にとっての重要なコンセプトである。種々の演算プログラムが、20bpのシード配列およびNRG PAMが使用されるspCas9−gRNAシステムのためのgRNAの設計および選択のために開発されている。gRNA設計プログラムのほとんどは、オフターゲット効果を予想するために開発されており、切断効率を予想可能なプログラムは非常にわずかである。ヒトゲノムに対するハイスコアの切断効率および切断特異性を有している、HIV−1を標的にする20のgRNAを、以下の基準を用いて設計した。(1)HIV−1の初期転写を崩壊(ウイルス産生を抑制)させるためにLTR−U3プロモータの−18〜−418bpを標的にすること、この400bpの領域はほとんどのLVにおいて排除され、したがってLV自己切断を回避する;(2)高い相同性に起因する宿主細胞遺伝子の発現に影響し得る転写因子結部位を回避すること;(3)LTRの間にあるプロウイルスDNA全体の排除を可能にするために両単のLTRを整合させること;(4)50%を超えないオフターゲットスコア;および(5)2重のspCas9ニッカーゼまたはRNA誘導性の二量体FokIヌクレアーゼの適用可能性。HIV−1のゲノム全体を排除するためのgRNAの9最良の組み合わせを得る期待を有している、構造的な領域GagおよびPol(図1C)を標的にする少数のgRNA。Env構造領域は、異なる株の間におけるこの構造配列におけるより小さい保存性のために、選択されなかった。LV遺伝子送達系を、以下の理由から、spCas9およびgRNAを発現するために別々に選択した。(1)LV自体は、トランスフェクトの難しいHIV潜伏細胞株、動物実験および潜在的な臨床用途において高効率な遺伝子治療にとって多くの利益をもたらす(組み込みなしのLV;Hu P, et al. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2015,2:15025; Liu KC, et al.Curr Gene Ther 2014,14:352-364);(2)別々のspCas9 LVは、大きなサイズのspCas9遺伝子にとって良好なパッケージ効率を保証する;(3)別々のgRNAを発現するLVは、良好なパッケージング効率のために複数のgRNA発現カセットを1つのベクターにクローニングするために使用され得る。
最良な標的の、機能的な高速スクリーニングのために、EcoHIV-eLucレポータアッセイを、高速処理のEnvisionマルチプレートリーダを用いて実施した。(1)HIV Envを除くHIV−1複製にとって必要なすべてのコンポネントを含んでいる、(2)Env欠失のために、生物学的研究における安全性レベルIIの容器において操作可能である利便性、(3)生体発光が蛍光より高感受性であり、eLucレポータは、10未満の単一細胞を検出するために使用され得る(Song J, etal. J Gen Virol 2015,96:3131-3142)ので、EcoHIV-eLucレポータを選択した。費用効率の高いリン酸カルシウム沈殿法を用いた高効率なトランスフェクションのために、HEK293T細胞株を選択した。単一のgRNAトランスフェクションによれば、LTRプロモータおよび構造領域を標的にするgRNAのほとんどは、EcoHIVプロウイルスレポータ産生の最低限の低下のみを生じ得るが、いくつかはプロモータ活性を増強させるか、または影響しない(図2A、2B)ことが分かった。プロモータ活性の増強は、神経細胞の初期応答遺伝子のプロモータ内にある、spCas9/gRNA誘導性のDSBが、それらの発現を刺激するという最近の報告と一致する(Madabhushi R, et al. Cell 2015,161:1592-1605)。単一のgRNAは、標的部位の唯一の切断を誘導し、標的領域におけるInDel変異および/または両端のLTRの間にあるプロウイルスDNA全体の欠失を生じさせると仮定されていた。プロモータにおける変異は、転写活性の増強または低減に導き得る転写活性因子および/または抑制因子の機能的な活性に影響し得る。構造領域における変異はHIV−1構造タンパク質のオープンリーディングフレームのシフトを生じ得、したがってeLucレポータ発現を低下させる。
これらの候補gRNAが、設計通りに適切なターゲットを切断することに機能的であるか否かを確認するために、遺伝子型決定分析を、示されている(図3D)ようなペアのgRNAおよび対応するPCRプライマーを有しているDNAサンプルを用いて、実施した。Direct-PCRアプローチは、DNAの抽出および精製を必要とせず、したがって遺伝子型決定スクリーニングにとって、より都合である。構造領域を標的にするgRNAの1つがLTR標的部位とペアにするために使用されるとき、PCR遺伝子型決定は、5’LTR〜Gagの間までの断片の欠失後に残っている(残余の)ウイルスLTRおよびGag配列に由来する新たな断片(説明の便宜上、欠失と示されている)を明らかに生じた。eLucレポータアッセイと一貫して、ほとんどすべてのgRNAが、サイズ(1.3kb)のために5’−LTR/Gagに対する標準的なPCR条件によって容易に増幅され得る野生型バンドの、種々の程度における低下を誘導した。切断後に、示されている種々の程度の欠失が、ほとんどの組み合わせにおいて検出された(図3E)。興味深いことに、予想される欠失より多い、さらなる断片(挿入と示される)が、5’−LTR−Gag切断に対するほとんどの組み合わせにおいて観察された(図3E)。野生型バンドの強度の定量化は、LTR−Oが最も高い(箱に示されている通り、I、C、Aと続く)効率を有していることを示した(図3E)。野生型バンドのこの切断効率パターンは、混合物集団におけるPCR産物の増幅が、一般に小さいサイズの産物を優先することから。eLucレポータ活性の低下パターン(図2B)と、完全には相関しなかった。一方、いくつかのペアにおける野生型バンドの弱い低下は、gRNA標的部位内にある、種々の程度の小さなInDel変異を、任意の断片の欠失または挿入なしに生じ得る。PCRの優先的な増幅の強い影響を避けるために、使用されたPCR設定によって増幅されるべきではない7kbの野生型PCR産物を生成すると予想されるPCR遺伝子型決定を、3’−LTRおよびGagを対象にするプライマーを用いて実施した(図3E、3I、3J)。単一のPCR産物によって検出されるgRNAのなかでも、断片の欠失パターン(図3E、3I、3J)は、相対的な比率変化によって明らかにされたパターン(図3E)と一致した。LTRKおよびGagのペアは、PCR遺伝子型決定反応の4セットのすべてにおいて欠失または挿入の断片バンドを示さず(図3E、3F、3I、3J)、野生型バンドのわずか7%減少に対応した(図3E)。LTR−F 対 GagDのペアは、1セットのPCR反応(31)において弱い欠失バンドを示し、野生型バンドの17%減少に対応した(図3E)。LTR−G、P 対GagDのペアは、野生型バンドの約50%低下を示し、5’LTR−Gag(図3F)またはGag−3’LTR(図3F、3I、3J)の切断を生じた。LTR−Rを、GagA−DおよびPolA−Bのいずれか1つとペアにするために使用し、示されている対応するプライマーを用いたPCR遺伝子型決定はまた、予想された新たな断片(欠失)(図3G、3H)および5’−LTR/Gagに対するさらなる挿入(図3G)を、Gag−B gRNAを除く試験されたすべてのgRNAにおいて種々の程度まで、生成し、非常に弱い編集能を示した(図3G)。しかし、弱い欠失の遺伝子型または欠失のない遺伝子型を有しているこれらのすべての組み合わせは、EcoHIV-eLucレポータ活性の劇的な低下を依然として示した(図2B)。これは、単一のgRNAが小さなInDel変異を誘導することに依然として非常に有効である同じ細胞にトランスフェクトされた2つのgRNAプラスミドに起因しないか、または当該gRNAプラスミドの一方にのみ起因し得る。まとめると、これらのデータは、Direct-PCR遺伝子型決定が、断片的な欠失および/または挿入の存在を確認するための確実かつ高速なツールをもたらすことを証明している。しかし、種々のgRNAによる有効なHIV−1排除の評価は、ウイルスレポータアッセイによる機能的な低下、および5’−LTRもしくは3’−LTRに対するPCR遺伝子型決定によるプロウイルスDNA断片切除の組み合わせを必要とする。
spCas9/gRNAの切断効率を確認し、切断後の欠失/挿入変異のパターンを調べるために、TAクローニングおよびSanger配列決定のためのPCR遺伝子型決定の3つの代表的なサンプルを選択した。LTR−R/GagAのペアになった発現は、LTR−RおよびGagA標的部位の間における519bp断片の欠失を生じさせた(図12A)。LTR−L/GagD(図12B)およびLTR−M/GagD(図12C)の共発現は、標的部位のそれぞれのペアの間における772bpまたは763bpの断片の欠失を生じた。さらに。それらは、種々の程度または種類の小さなInDelを引き起こした。いくつかの場合に、大きな挿入または付加的な配列(例えば、159〜359bp)が同定された(図3E、12B、12C)。NCBI Blast分析は、これらの付加的な配列が内因性の宿主細胞遺伝子ではなく外因性のベクターに由来することを示した。これらの結果は、これらの候補gRNAのほとんどが切除または挿入/欠失のいずれかによって組み込まれているHIVゲノムの標的化された崩壊を効率的に媒介し得ることを示している。
Cas9/gRNAのDNA切断効率を評価するための信頼性のある改善をもたらすgRNAの複合は、標的部位の間における大きな断片の欠失を誘導し得る(Hu W, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014,111:11461-11466)。この研究において、証明済のこのコンセプトを、26のgRNAの種々の複合物をスクリーニングすることによってさらに確認した。設計されたgRNAのほとんどは、選択された2つの標的部位の間における予想されたHIV−1ゲノム配列を排除すること(HIV−1レポータウイルスの顕著な切除を導く)に非常に有効であることが、証明された。特に、1つまたは2つのLTR gRNAとのウイルス構造gRNAの組み合わせが、非常に高効率のゲノム排除、ならびにDirect-PCRおよび高速処理レポータスクリーニングを用いたより容易なアプローチをもたらした。HIV−1プロウイルスDNAを切除するために、この研究において選択されたgRNAの有効性および特異性は、以下の理由のために、Cas9/gRNA手法を用いた前臨床的な動物試験および臨床患者の試験における成功の見込みがある。(1)これらのgRNAは、ウイルスおよび非ウイルスによる遺伝子治療を開発するためにの直ちに利用できる選択源として機能し得る;(2)個々のHIV患者にとって、これらのgRNAは、HIVの高い変異率にも関わらず任意のHIV単離物に特異的に設計される新たなgRNAをスクリーニングためのマスターとして使用され得る;(3)容易なgRNAクローニング、高速なレポータスクリーニングおよび信頼性のあるDirect-PCR遺伝子型決定は、個別医薬への、Cas9/gRNAの実際の使用にとっての実現可能性をもたらす。
Claims (12)
- 組成物であって、
(a)Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連エンドヌクレアーゼをコードしている第1の核酸配列、
(b)第1のgRNAがHIV配列のロングターミナルリピート(LTR)内の第1の標的配列に相補的である、上記第1のgRNAをコードしている第2の核酸配列、
(c)第2のgRNAが上記HIV配列のGagD領域内の第2の標的配列に相補的である、上記第2のgRNAをコードしている第3の核酸配列、および
(d)賦形剤、
を含む、組成物。 - 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有している核酸配列を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する100%の配列同一性を有している核酸配列を含んでいる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 哺乳類細胞において、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)を不活性化する方法であって、
(a)Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連Cas9エンドヌクレアーゼをコードしている第1の核酸配列、
(b)第1のガイドRNA(gRNA)がHIV配列のロングターミナルリピート(LTR)内の第1の標的配列に相補的である、上記第1のgRNAをコードしている、第2の核酸配列、および
(c)第2のgRNAが上記HIV配列のGagD領域内の第2の標的配列に相補的である、上記第2のgRNAをコードしている、第3の核酸配列、
を上記細胞に提供することを含み、
上記細胞中のHIVを不活性化をもたらす、方法。 - 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有している配列を含んでいる、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 薬学的組成物であって、
(a)Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連エンドヌクレアーゼをコードしている、第1の核酸配列;
(b)第1のガイドRNA(gRNA)がHIV配列のロングターミナルリピート(LTR)内の第1の標的配列に相補的である、上記第1のgRNAをコードしている、第2の核酸配列;
(c)第2のgRNAが上記HIV配列のGagD領域内の第2の標的配列に相補的である、上記第2のgRNAをコードしている、第3の核酸配列;および
(d)薬学的に許容できる担体;を含んでいる、薬学的組成物。 - 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有している配列を含んでいる、請求項6に記載の薬学的組成物。
- ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)感染の処置または予防のためのキットであって、
請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の一定量の組成物、ならびに使用のための指示を含んでいるパッケージ挿入物、包装材料、滅菌液体、シリンジおよび滅菌容器からなる群から選択される1つ以上の物品を含む、キット。 - 発現ベクターであって、
(a)Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連Cas9エンドヌクレアーゼをコードしている第1の核酸配列、
(b)第1のガイドRNA(gRNA)がHIV配列のロングターミナルリピート(LTR)内の第1の標的配列に相補的である、上記第1のgRNAをコードしている、第2の核酸配列、および
(c)第2のgRNAが上記HIV配列のGagD領域内の第2の標的配列に相補的である、上記第2のgRNAをコードしている、第3の核酸配列、
を含んでいる発現ベクター。 - ポリヌクレオチドであって、
(a)Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat(CRISPR)関連Cas9エンドヌクレアーゼをコードしている第1の核酸配列、
(b)第1のガイドRNA(gRNA)がHIV配列のロングターミナルリピート(LTR)内の第1の標的配列に相補的である、上記第1のgRNAをコードしている、第2の核酸配列、および
(c)第2のgRNAが上記HIV配列のGagD領域内の第2の標的配列に相補的である、上記第2のgRNAをコードしている、第3の核酸配列、
をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド。 - 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する100%の配列同一性を有している核酸配列を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 上記第1のgRNAまたは上記第2のgRNAが、配列番号1〜40、47および48のいずれか1つに対する100%の配列同一性を有している核酸配列を含む、請求項6に記載の薬学的組成物。
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| AU2025204187A1 (en) | 2025-06-26 |
| US11298410B2 (en) | 2022-04-12 |
| WO2016196539A2 (en) | 2016-12-08 |
| HK1253882A1 (en) | 2019-07-05 |
| US20200282025A1 (en) | 2020-09-10 |
| KR102553518B1 (ko) | 2023-07-07 |
| AU2016270702B2 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
| EP3302709A4 (en) | 2019-01-23 |
| US20180296649A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
| KR20180023911A (ko) | 2018-03-07 |
| CA2987927A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 |
| JP2018516572A (ja) | 2018-06-28 |
| EP3302709A2 (en) | 2018-04-11 |
| AU2022201875A1 (en) | 2022-04-07 |
| EA037359B1 (ru) | 2021-03-17 |
| EA201890012A1 (ru) | 2018-05-31 |
| ES2886480T3 (es) | 2021-12-20 |
| WO2016196539A3 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
| ZA201708236B (en) | 2019-12-18 |
| DK3302709T3 (da) | 2021-08-23 |
| AU2016270702A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 |
| US20210052709A1 (en) | 2021-02-25 |
| CA2987927C (en) | 2024-03-19 |
| US12251429B2 (en) | 2025-03-18 |
| KR20230110368A (ko) | 2023-07-21 |
| SG10201914137YA (en) | 2020-02-27 |
| MX2017015582A (es) | 2018-09-06 |
| PL3302709T3 (pl) | 2021-12-06 |
| EP3919622A1 (en) | 2021-12-08 |
| CN108025188A (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
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