JP7607123B2 - High temperature operating secondary battery cells and module batteries - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to high-temperature operating secondary batteries and module batteries consisting of a large number of such batteries connected together, and is particularly directed to configurations for controlling their temperature.

Sodium-sulfur batteries (hereinafter referred to as NaS batteries) are already known as storage batteries that are used in connection with power grids. A single NaS battery (single cell) is a high-temperature operating secondary battery that is roughly structured such that the active materials metallic sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) are isolated and stored in a cell (battery container) with beta alumina, a solid electrolyte with Na ion conductivity, as a separator. The operating temperature is about 300°C, and in the single cell, an electromotive force is generated by the electrochemical reaction of both active materials that are in a molten (liquid) state at the operating temperature.

To ensure the desired capacity and output, NaS batteries are usually used in the form of a module battery in which multiple cells (battery clusters) are interconnected and housed in an insulated container (see, for example, Patent Document 1). In a module battery, multiple circuits (strings), each of which has multiple cells connected in series, are connected in parallel to form blocks, and multiple such blocks are connected in series.

There is a general need to operate NaS battery modules made up of multiple cells with higher output and longer times than before. For example, if this is to be achieved in a conventional module battery in which multiple strings are connected in parallel, as disclosed in Patent Document 1, it may seem at first glance that this can be easily achieved by increasing the number of cells that make up the string (the number of direct connections) or the number of blocks.

However, conventional module batteries such as those disclosed in Patent Document 1 can be difficult to adapt to higher output for the following reasons:

First, in a module battery, it is generally necessary to heat the cells during standby to keep the active material in the cells in a molten state, while during operation (charging and discharging), it is necessary to quickly release heat generated by the reaction of the active material to the outside. In the case of the module battery disclosed in Patent Document 1, in order to meet such requirements, the container for the cells has an insulated structure, and heaters are arranged on the bottom and inner sides, while a fan and duct are also provided for exhausting heat. Then, in the container configured in this way, a plurality of cells are two-dimensionally housed in a manner in which multiple cells (three or more) are arranged vertically and horizontally.

If an attempt is made to increase the output power by increasing the size of the container and increasing the number of unit cells while maintaining the same configuration, it becomes difficult to maintain the uniformity of the temperature distribution in the container. Specifically, as the amount of heat generated in the container during operation (charging and discharging) increases with increasing output power, it becomes more difficult to exhaust heat from the center of the container, and the temperature of the center becomes higher than that of the edge. In such a case, the unit cells arranged in the center become hotter than the unit cells arranged at the ends of the container, and therefore reach the allowable temperature earlier due to the reaction heat during discharge and the heating caused by the current. In addition, the unit cells arranged at the ends of the container have a higher chemical internal resistance because their temperature is lower than that of the unit cells arranged in the center. Therefore, in the case of a module battery in which the arrangement of the unit cells is the same as in the past, but the container is enlarged to increase the number of unit cells, the current flowing in each row becomes uneven, and the effective use of the stored electricity is hindered . On the other hand, even during standby when the unit cells are maintained at a high temperature by the heating of the heater, it becomes difficult to uniform the temperature distribution throughout the container.

International Publication No. 2015/056739

The present invention has been made in consideration of the above-mentioned problems, and aims to provide a technology for stably ensuring temperature uniformity in a module battery of a high-temperature operating secondary battery.

In order to solve the above problems, a first aspect of the present invention is a single cell of a high-temperature operating secondary battery, comprising: a cylindrical main body portion having a positive electrode portion and a negative electrode portion; an exterior portion that is ring-wrapped around the main body portion and includes at least a cylindrical metal portion and an insulating portion ring-wrapped on an outer surface of the metal portion; and a coil that is provided on the outer surface of the insulating portion by winding a conductive wire , wherein the metal portion has a two-layer structure including an inner tube that is provided in contact with the outer surface of the main body portion and that restrains deformation of the main body portion, and an outer tube that is provided in contact with the outer surface of the inner tube, and in the metal portion, at least the outer tube is inductively heated by passing a high-frequency alternating current between both ends of the coil .

A second aspect of the present invention is a unit cell of the high-temperature operating secondary battery according to the first aspect, characterized in that the wire is a hollow metal pipe.

In addition, a third aspect of the present invention is a module battery of a high-temperature operating type secondary battery, comprising: a storage container having a thermally insulated structure; a plurality of single cells, each of which is a single cell according to the first or second aspect , stored in the storage container; and at least one high-frequency AC generator capable of passing a high-frequency AC current to the coil provided in each of the plurality of single cells, wherein the metal part is inductively heated by the high-frequency AC generator passing the high-frequency AC current through the coil, and all of the plurality of single cells are adjacent to the storage container.

In addition, a fourth aspect of the present invention is a module battery of a high-temperature operating type secondary battery, comprising: a storage container having a thermal insulation structure; a plurality of single cells, each of which is a single cell according to the second aspect, stored in the storage container; at least one high-frequency AC generator capable of passing a high-frequency AC current to the coil provided in each of the plurality of single cells; a duct attached to a side of the storage container; and a blower capable of supplying cooling gas to the duct, wherein the high-frequency AC generator passes the high-frequency AC current through the coil, thereby inductively heating the metal part, one end of the coil penetrating the side of the storage container and extending into the duct and the other end of the coil penetrating the side of the storage container and extending to the outside, and the cooling gas supplied by the blower circulates inside the coil, thereby dissipating heat generated in each of the plurality of single cells.

A fifth aspect of the present invention is a module battery of a high-temperature operating type secondary battery according to the fourth aspect, characterized in that, in the storage container, all of the plurality of single cells are adjacent to the storage container.

According to the first or second aspect of the present invention, in a case where a plurality of unit cells are housed in a container to form a module battery, each unit cell can be heated independently by passing a high-frequency alternating current between both ends of a coil to inductively heat the metal parts. As a result, during standby of the module battery when the unit cells need to be kept at a high temperature, the metal parts of each unit cell can be inductively heated, thereby stably ensuring uniformity in the temperature of the unit cells in the container.

In particular, according to the second aspect, in the case where a plurality of unit cells are housed in a container to form a module battery, a predetermined fluid can be circulated between both ends of a pipe in a coil provided in each unit cell, so that each unit cell can be cooled independently by circulating a cooling gas through the pipe. By carrying out such circulation during charging and discharging of the module battery, when it is necessary to discharge heat generated by a reaction of the active material in the unit cells to the outside, it is possible to stably ensure the uniformity of the temperature of the unit cells in the container.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, in a battery module, each of the cells can be heated independently. As a result, when the battery module is on standby and the cells need to be kept at a high temperature, the metal parts of each cell can be inductively heated, thereby stably ensuring uniformity in the temperature of the cells in the container. In addition, by providing a thermocouple in each cell to measure the temperature of each cell individually, it becomes possible to control each cell individually.

According to the fourth and fifth aspects of the present invention, in the battery module, by circulating a cooling gas through the coil pipes provided in each of the cells, it is possible to independently cool each of the cells. By circulating the gas in this manner during charging and discharging of the battery module, when it is necessary to discharge heat generated by the reaction of the active material in the cells to the outside, it is possible to stably ensure the uniformity of the temperature of the cells in the container.

According to the third and fifth aspects of the present invention, since there is no cell in the module battery that is surrounded only by other cells, the problem of a temperature difference occurring between the cells arranged on the periphery and the cells arranged in the center inside the container does not occur due to the configuration, and thus the temperature uniformity inside the container can be further stably obtained.

FIG. 2 is a side view showing a schematic configuration of a cell 1. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a schematic configuration of a cell 1. FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a schematic configuration of a module battery 100. 1 is a side view showing a schematic configuration of a module battery 100. FIG. FIG. 2 is a block diagram relating to temperature control of the module battery 100.

<Configuration of single cell and module battery>
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are a side view and a plan view, respectively, showing a schematic configuration of a cell 1 according to the present embodiment. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 are a plan view and a side view, respectively, showing a schematic configuration of a module battery 100 (more specifically, of its main body) according to the present embodiment. Fig. 5 is a block diagram relating to temperature control of the module battery 100.

As shown in Fig. 1, the cell 1 is a high-temperature operating secondary battery having a structure in which a cylindrical battery body 1a with a bottom is made of metallic sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) as active materials, and beta alumina, a solid electrolyte with Na ion conductivity, is used as a separator separating the two, and a cylindrical exterior part 1b is attached to the side (side peripheral surface) of the battery body 1a. At one end of the battery body 1a, a positive terminal 1p protrudes from the peripheral part, and a negative terminal 1n protrudes from the center.

In addition, a coil 10 is provided on the outer surface of the single cell 1 by winding a metal pipe (hollow metal wire or thin tube) made of metal (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.).

The exterior part 1b is composed of a cylindrical metal part 5 that contacts the outer surface (made of alumina) of the battery body 1a, and a cylindrical insulating part 6 that contacts the outer surface of the metal part 5. The metal part 5 further has a two-layer structure in which an inner tube 5a and an outer tube 5b are stacked concentrically.

The inner tube 5a, also called the sheath tube, is a cylindrical member made of metal (e.g., stainless steel) that is provided to prevent deformation of the battery body 1a, which becomes hot during use and standby of the module battery 100 (to restrict deformation of the battery body 1a). In order to achieve this purpose, the inner tube 5a only needs to be provided with a thickness of several hundred μm to several mm.

The outer tube 5b is a cylindrical member made of metal (e.g., steel) that is provided to be used as a heat source for heating the single battery 1 (more specifically, the battery body 1a around which the outer tube 5b is attached) when the module battery 100 is on standby.

Specifically, the coil 10 is provided on the outer surface of the single cell 1 as described above, and the outer tube 5b is induction heated by eddy currents generated by passing high-frequency AC current between the two ends 10a and 10b (hereinafter also referred to as both ends 10a and 10b) of the coil 10 by a heating power source 20, which is a predetermined AC power source (AC generator) provided in the module battery 100. The induction-heated outer tube 5b then becomes a heat source to heat the single cell 1. Note that in addition to the outer tube 5b, the inner tube 5a may also be induction-heated to contribute to heating the single cell 1.

The thickness of the outer tube 5b, the thickness of the pipe in the coil 10, the number of turns, etc. may be appropriately determined so that the heating of the single battery 1 by the induction heating is suitably realized. The outer tube 5b is usually provided with a thickness that provides a mass such that the heat capacity of the single battery 1 to be heated is equivalent to that of the outer tube 5b. An example of an outer tube 5b that satisfies the above conditions is one with an outer diameter of about 100 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm.

It is not essential that the metal part 5 has a two-layer structure of the inner tube 5a and the outer tube 5b, and the metal part 5 may be configured as a single metallic cylindrical member having the performance required for each of the inner tube 5a and the outer tube 5b. In other words, the metal part 5 made of a single cylindrical member may have both the function of restricting the deformation of the battery body 1a and the function of serving as a heat source for the single cell 1.

The insulating part 6 is a cylindrical member mainly made of an insulator (e.g., mica) that is provided to insulate the metal part 5 from the coil 10. The insulating part 6 is provided with a thickness that provides suitable insulation while not interfering with induction heating of the outer tube 5b.

In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, a module battery 100 is formed by housing a plurality of single cells 1 (also called a battery assembly) each having the above-described configuration in a housing container 30.

The storage container 30 is generally a rectangular parallelepiped container in which the outer surface 31a and the inner surface 31b are made of metal plates, and the insulating material 32 is filled between the metal plates on the sides and bottom. Hereinafter, the pair of outer surfaces 31a and the pair of inner surfaces 31b along the longitudinal direction of the storage container 30 in a plan view will be referred to as the outer surfaces 31a1 and the inner surfaces 31b1, respectively, and the pair of outer surfaces 31a and the pair of inner surfaces 31b along the short direction in a plan view will be referred to as the outer surfaces 31a2 and the inner surfaces 31b2, respectively. The bottom and sides (side edges) of the storage container 30 are supported by a support frame 33.

3 and 4, a pair of outer surfaces 31a1 of the storage container 30 are each provided with a blower 41 (41a, 41b) and a duct 42 (42a, 42b) connected thereto. Furthermore, a temperature sensor 35 (FIG. 5), not shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, is provided at an appropriate position within the storage container 30, so that the temperature within the storage container 30 can be monitored. Any known temperature sensor can be used as the temperature sensor 35, and the number, position, type, etc. of the temperature sensor may be determined as appropriate as long as it does not interfere with the operation of the module battery 100 and can accurately measure the desired temperature.

More specifically, a lid (not shown) is placed on top of the storage container 30 to ensure insulation within the storage container 30. The lid, like the storage container 30, has an outer and inner surface made of metal plate and is filled with insulating material inside. In addition, any gaps other than those between the objects placed inside the storage container 30 are filled with sand. The sand is filled in order to reduce the impact on the surroundings in the event of a malfunction such as breakage, abnormal heating, or leakage of active material in the single cell 1. Examples of sand include expanded vermiculite and silica sand.

In addition, from the viewpoint of achieving both ease of maintaining the insulation structure and high insulation, an atmospheric insulation structure is preferably adopted for the storage container 30 and the lid body rather than a vacuum insulation structure. From the viewpoint of ensuring sufficient insulation performance with the atmospheric insulation structure, the smaller the thermal conductivity of the insulation material, the more preferable, and it is more preferable that the thermal conductivity is 20 mW/m·K or less, which is less than half the thermal conductivity of general glass wool insulation material. In this case, the insulation required for the operation of the module battery 100 can be ensured without excessively increasing the thickness of the storage container 30 and the lid body compared to the case where a vacuum insulation structure is adopted.

In the module battery 100 according to this embodiment, the single cells 1, each of which is cylindrical, are arranged in two rows along the longitudinal direction in a plan view with the end on the side where the positive electrode terminal 1p and the negative electrode terminal 1n are provided facing upward, and are housed in the container 30. In the case shown in FIG. 3, eight single cells 1 are arranged in each row. In other words, the shape of the container 30 is determined according to the arrangement of the single cells 1.

In the container 30, the positive terminal 1p of one of the adjacent cells 1 and the negative terminal 1n of the other are electrically connected by a connection terminal C1 to form a circuit (string) in which a plurality of cells 1 are connected in series. However, in FIG. 3, only some of the connection terminals C1 are shown.

Furthermore, the four single cells 1 arranged at the ends in the storage container 30 are connected to external connection terminals C2 for electrical connection with the outside of the storage container 30. The external connection terminals C2 are penetrated to the outside at the side of the storage container 30. More specifically, such penetration is performed while ensuring electrical insulation between the external connection terminals C2 and the outer surface 31a1 and inner surface 31b1 of the storage container 30.

In addition, both ends 10a, 10b of the coil 10 provided on the outer surface of each battery cell 1 are also penetrated to the outside at the side of the storage container 30. This penetration is also performed while ensuring electrical insulation between the coil 10 and the outer surface 31a1 and inner surface 31b1 of the storage container 30.

More specifically, one end 10a protrudes into the duct 42. In other words, the end 10a is covered by the duct 42. In contrast, the other end 10b is exposed to the outside of the storage container 30. In addition, although not shown in Figures 3 and 4, both ends 10a, 10b of the coil 10 wound around the outer surface of each single cell 1 are connected to a heating power source 20 provided outside the storage container 30.

As described above, the coil 10 is formed by winding a hollow pipe. Therefore, in the coil 10, in addition to being able to pass electricity from the heating power source 20, it is also possible to pass a fluid through it. In other words, in the single cell 1 according to this embodiment, the coil 10, which is capable of both passing electricity between both ends 10a, 10b and passing a fluid through the inside (the pipe), is wound around the battery body 1a.

In the module battery 100 according to the present embodiment, the above configuration is utilized to individually heat each of the single cells 1 by induction heating using the coil 10 during standby, while during charging and discharging, the blower 41 is driven to supply room temperature or low temperature cooling gas (e.g., room temperature air) from the outside into the duct 42, forcing the cooling gas into the coil 10 from one end 10a protruding into the duct 42 and discharging it from the other end 10b. According to the former, each of the single cells 1 is heated under the same conditions during standby, so that the temperature distribution in the storage container 30 is uniform. According to the latter, the heat generated in each of the single cells 1, which are wound around the coil 10 during charging and discharging, is taken away by the cooling gas flowing through the coil 10, so that the temperature distribution in the storage container is uniform.

In other words, in the module battery 100 according to this embodiment, all of the single cells 1 contained in the storage container 30 can be individually heated during standby and exhausted heat during charging and discharging, thereby making it possible to stably ensure temperature uniformity in each single cell 1 both during standby and during charging and discharging.

In addition, because the individual cells 1 are directly heated by passing current through the coil 10, the cells 1 can be heated more efficiently than in conventional module batteries. Therefore, the module battery 100 according to this embodiment can heat with less power than conventional module batteries. As a result, the module battery 100 according to this embodiment can ensure sufficient insulation while adopting an atmospheric insulation structure.

Moreover, in the module battery 100 according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of single cells 1 are accommodated in two rows in the container 30, so that all of the single cells 1 are adjacent to the container 30. In other words, unlike conventional module batteries in which the single cells are arranged in multiple rows and accommodated in a container, there is no single cell 1 surrounded only by other single cells 1. Therefore, in the module battery 100 according to the present embodiment, the problem of a temperature difference occurring between the single cells arranged on the periphery and the single cells arranged in the center inside the container, as occurred in conventional module batteries, is prevented from occurring due to its configuration. That is, in the module battery 100 according to the present embodiment, the accommodation mode of the single cells 1 has the effect of further stabilizing the temperature uniformity in the container 30.

In the case shown in FIG. 3, the container 30 contains only 16 cells 1 in total, arranged in two rows of 8 cells each. The number of cells 1 contained in the container 30 is much smaller than that of a conventional module battery in which multiple rows of cells are contained in one container. For example, Patent Document 1 illustrates a case in which 12 x 22 = 264 cells are contained in one container. This means that the output of the module battery 100 according to this embodiment is significantly smaller than that of a conventional module battery. Of course, the output of the module battery 100 according to this embodiment can be increased by increasing the number of cells per row, but such a measure is limited by the shape (aspect ratio) of the container.

However, this problem can be solved by preparing multiple module batteries 100, treating the multiple single cells 1 (i.e., a battery assembly) that are housed in respective storage containers 30 and connected to each other as a single connection unit, and appropriately connecting them in series and in parallel to obtain output equivalent to that of conventional module batteries.

Preferably, the storage container 30 has a structure that allows it to be connected (linked or stacked) in two or three dimensions, and by utilizing this structure, multiple module batteries 100 are arranged in an area or volume equivalent to that of a conventional module battery that contains a large number of single cells in one storage container. In this case, each module battery 100 is provided with a storage container 30 having a thermal insulation structure, and the uniformity of the temperature inside the storage container 30 during standby and charging/discharging is independently ensured, so that even if the occupied area or volume is equivalent to that of a conventional module battery, there is no problem with uneven temperature.

Rather, since the module battery 100 of this embodiment is superior to conventional module batteries in terms of the stability of temperature uniformity in the storage container, it is possible to operate at high output that was not possible with conventional module batteries due to the occurrence of non-uniformity.

<Temperature control in module battery>
Fig. 5 is a block diagram relating to temperature control of the module battery 100. Temperature control of the module battery 100 during standby and during charging and discharging is performed by a controller 50 of the module battery 100 provided separately from the main body shown in Figs.

The controller 50 mainly comprises a battery operation control unit 51 that controls the operation of the module battery 100 during standby and charging/discharging, and a temperature control unit 52 that controls the temperature of the storage container 30 during both standby and charging/discharging. The controller 50 can be realized by executing a predetermined operating program in a dedicated or general-purpose computer (not shown) equipped with a CPU, memory, storage, etc., and the battery operation control unit 51 and the temperature control unit 52 are realized as virtual components in the computer.

The temperature control unit 52 includes a blower control unit 53 and a heating control unit 54. The blower control unit 53 and the heating control unit 54 each control the operation of the blowers 41a and 41b provided on each of the pair of outer surfaces 31a1 of the storage container 30 and the heating power source 20 for heating the coils 10 provided on each of the single cells 1 in response to an output signal from the temperature sensor 35 provided on the storage container 30. In addition, in FIG. 5, the coils 10 provided on each of the 16 single cells 1 (8 cells x 2 rows) are represented as coils 10<1> to 10<16> corresponding to the module battery 100 shown in FIG. 3, and the heating power sources 20 connected to each of the coils 10<1> to 10<16> are represented as heating power sources 20<1> to 20<16>. However, it is not necessary to provide the heating power sources 20 in one-to-one correspondence with the coils 10, and one heating power source 20 may apply a voltage to multiple coils 10.

In general, during charging and discharging, the blower control unit 53 controls the on/off of the blower 41 (41a, 41b) to cool the single battery 1 that generates heat due to the reaction of the active material. During standby, the heating control unit 54 controls the on/off of the current supply to the heating power source 20 to maintain the temperature of the single battery 1 in the storage container 30 at a predetermined standby temperature (e.g., about 300°C).

As a result, in the module battery 100 of this embodiment, the inside of the storage container 30 is maintained at a uniform desired temperature both during charging/discharging and during standby.

As described above, according to this embodiment, a coil is provided by winding a metal pipe around the outer surface of a single cell contained in a storage container of a module battery of a high-temperature operating secondary battery, and the metal part on the exterior part of the single cell can be inductively heated by passing current through the coil, and heat can be dissipated from the single cell by circulating cooling gas through the pipe, so that each single cell contained in the storage container can be individually heated during standby and dissipated heat during charging and discharging.

This results in a module battery with high temperature uniformity within the storage container, both during charging/discharging and during standby.

In addition, by housing all of the cells in the container so that they are adjacent to the container and there are no cells that are surrounded only by other cells, a modular battery is realized with even greater temperature uniformity within the container.

<Modification>
In the above-mentioned embodiment, the coil 10 is made of a metal pipe, and current and cooling gas can flow between both ends 10a, 10b of the coil 10, but even if the coil 10 is made of a solid wire material (metal or other) having electrical conductivity and only heating by current is possible, it is possible to obtain the same effect as in the above-mentioned embodiment during standby. In such a case, a suitable alternative means may be adopted for cooling during charging and discharging, but at least the effect of ensuring uniformity of temperature inside the storage container 30 by storing the unit cells 1 in two rows can be obtained to a certain extent by appropriately determining the size and performance of the unit cells 1, the insulating performance of the storage container 30, and the like.

Claims (5)

A single cell of a high-temperature operating secondary battery,
A cylindrical main body portion having a positive electrode portion and a negative electrode portion;
an exterior part that is annularly attached around the main body part and includes at least a cylindrical metal part and an insulating part annularly attached on an outer surface of the metal part;
a coil provided on an outer surface of the insulating portion by winding a conductive wire;
Equipped with
The metal part is
an inner tube provided in contact with an outer surface of the main body portion and configured to restrict deformation of the main body portion;
an outer tube provided in contact with an outer surface of the inner tube;
It has a two-layer structure of
In the metal portion, at least the outer tube is inductively heated by passing a high-frequency alternating current between both ends of the coil.
A single cell of a high-temperature operating secondary battery. 2. A unit cell of a high-temperature operating secondary battery according to claim 1 ,
The wire is a hollow metal pipe.
A single cell of a high-temperature operating secondary battery. A module battery of a high-temperature operating secondary battery,
A storage container having a thermal insulation structure;
A plurality of unit cells, each of which is the unit cell according to claim 1 or 2, accommodated in the container;
At least one high frequency AC generator capable of passing a high frequency AC current through the coils provided in each of the plurality of single cells;
Equipped with
The high-frequency alternating current generator applies the high-frequency alternating current to the coil, thereby inductively heating the metal part,
In the storage container, all of the plurality of single cells are adjacent to the storage container.
A module battery characterized by: A module battery of a high-temperature operating secondary battery,
A storage container having a thermal insulation structure;
A plurality of unit cells, each of which is the unit cell according to claim 2 , accommodated in the accommodation container;
At least one high frequency AC generator capable of passing a high frequency AC current through the coils provided in each of the plurality of single cells;
A duct provided on a side of the container;
a blower capable of supplying cooling gas to the duct;
Equipped with
The high-frequency alternating current generator applies the high-frequency alternating current to the coil, thereby inductively heating the metal part,
One end of the coil extends through a side of the container and into the duct,
The other end of the coil extends through a side portion of the container to the outside,
The cooling gas supplied by the blower flows through the inside of the coil, thereby dissipating heat generated in each of the plurality of single cells.
A module battery characterized by: 5. A module battery of a high-temperature operating secondary battery according to claim 4 ,
In the storage container, all of the plurality of single cells are adjacent to the storage container.
A module battery characterized by:

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