JPH09511754A - Modafinil with defined particle size - Google Patents
Modafinil with defined particle sizeInfo
- Publication number
- JPH09511754A JPH09511754A JP8512675A JP51267596A JPH09511754A JP H09511754 A JPH09511754 A JP H09511754A JP 8512675 A JP8512675 A JP 8512675A JP 51267596 A JP51267596 A JP 51267596A JP H09511754 A JPH09511754 A JP H09511754A
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- modafinil
- particle size
- particles
- median
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- YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(S(=O)CC(=O)N)C1=CC=CC=C1 YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 142
- 229960001165 modafinil Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 14
- 206010041349 Somnolence Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 201000003631 narcolepsy Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 230000007958 sleep Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 6
- 208000032140 Sleepiness Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000019116 sleep disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003921 particle size analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 3
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioacetamide Natural products CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKJMBINCVNINCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alfalone Chemical compound CON(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 XKJMBINCVNINCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000007590 Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Diseases 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010034010 Parkinsonism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010040981 Sleep attacks Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010046543 Urinary incontinence Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000036772 blood pressure Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000682 maximum tolerated dose Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001962 neuropharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N (S)-amphetamine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010000372 Accident at work Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010001497 Agitation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000017667 Chronic Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020401 Depressive disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004547 Hallucinations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heparin Chemical compound OC1C(NC(=O)C)C(O)OC(COS(O)(=O)=O)C1OC1C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(O3)C(O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)C(CO)O2)NS(O)(=O)=O)C(C(O)=O)O1 HTTJABKRGRZYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000016588 Idiopathic hypersomnia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010025394 Macrosomia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000013738 Sleep Initiation and Maintenance disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005439 Sleep paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010042008 Stereotypy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 acetamide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003869 acetamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940025084 amphetamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002253 anti-ischaemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N apomorphine Chemical compound C([C@H]1N(C)CC2)C3=CC=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C1C2=CC=C3 VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004046 apomorphine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003291 dopaminomimetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001647 drug administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940000406 drug candidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005323 electroforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000004 hemodynamic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002897 heparin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000669 heparin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000013403 hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035873 hypermotility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010020765 hypersomnia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010022437 insomnia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006742 locomotor activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- QARQPIWTMBRJFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N modafinil acid Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(S(=O)CC(=O)O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QARQPIWTMBRJFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000324 neuroprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000422 nocturnal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003285 pharmacodynamic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001259 photo etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000902 placebo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940068196 placebo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001242 postsynaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003334 potential effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008430 psychophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004461 rapid eye movement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036385 rapid eye movement (rem) sleep Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033764 rhythmic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000279 safety data Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009097 single-agent therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000002859 sleep apnea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020685 sleep-wake disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011200 topical administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005199 ultracentrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
- A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/24—Antidepressants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/26—Psychostimulants, e.g. nicotine, cocaine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】 規定された粒度の粒子の形態のモダフィニルを含む医薬組成物。該モダフィニルの粒度は、薬物の効力および安全性プロフィールに著しく影響することができる。 (57) [Summary] A pharmaceutical composition comprising modafinil in the form of particles of defined size. The modafinil particle size can significantly affect the drug's efficacy and safety profile.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 規定された粒度を有するモダフィニル 発明の背景 本発明は、アセトアミド誘導体、モダフィニル(modafinil)に関する。モダ フィニル(C15H15NO2S)は2−(ベンズヒドリルスルフィニル)アセトア ミドであり、2−[(ジフェニルメチル)スルフィニル]アセトアミドとしても 知られている。 モダフィニルは、「機能亢進および過剰運動性を伴う興奮の存在、常同症不存 在(高用量を除く)、アポモルフィンおよびアンフェタミンの効果の潜勢力化の 不存在によって特徴づけられる神経薬理学的スペクトル」を提供すると記載され ている(米国特許4,177,290号、以下、「'290特許」という)。モダ フィニルの単独投与はマウスにおける運動活性の増加およびサルにおける夜行性 活動の増加をもたらす[Deteil et al.,Eur.J.Pharmacol.189:49(1990)]。 モダフィニルの神経薬理学的プロフィールはアンフェタミン類のものとは区別さ れている[Saletu et al.,Int.J.Clin.Pharm.Res.9:183(1989)]。モダフ ィニルは、ドパミン作動性系の関与しない中枢シナプス後α1−アドルナリン作 動性受容体を調節すると考えられている(上記Duteil et al.)。モダフィニル は、ヒトにおける特発性巨人症および睡眠発作の治療に成功裏にテストされた[ Bastuji et al.,Prog.Neuro-Psych.Biol.Psych.12:695(1988)]。 ナルコレプシーは、断続的な睡眠発作、固執、過剰の昼間眠気および、睡眠開 始レム期、脱力発作、睡眠麻痺および半眠幻覚または両方のような、異常なレム (rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠発現によって特徴づけられる慢性障害であ る[Assoc.of Sleep Disorders Centers,Sleep 2:1(1979)]。ナルコレプシー の多くの患者はまた、夜間睡眠も分裂性である(Montplaisir,in Guilleminaul t et al.eds.,Narcolepsy,Spectrum Pub.,New York,pp.43-56)。ナルコ レプシーによるか、他の原因によるか、いずれにせよ、病的傾眠はヒトを無能 にし、潜在的に危険である。ナルコレプシー以外の病的傾眠の原因には、慢性不 眠症[Carskadon et al.,Sleep,5:S73(1982); Carskadon et al.,Psychophys iology,18:107(1981)]、睡眠無呼吸[Kryger et al.,Principles and Practi ce of Sleep Medicine,W.B.Saunders Co.,Philadelphia,PA(1989)]および その他の睡眠障害(International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagn ostic and Coding Manual,American Sleep Disorder Association,Rochester ,MN(1990)]が包含される。ナルコレプシーによるか、他の原因によるか、いず れにせよ、病的傾眠は、意図しない睡眠のエピソード、注意力低下および誤動作 を生ずる。その結果、種々の輸送および工業的事故につながっている(Mitleret al.,Sleep 11:100(1988)]。病的傾眠を減少または除く治療薬は、個々の患者 のみならず、公衆の健康および安全にとっても重要な意味がある。モダフィニル の他の用途も提供されている。米国特許5,180,745号は、ヒトにおける神 経保護効果の提供、特に、パーキンソン症候群の治療についての使用を開示して いる。モダフィニルの左旋性型、すなわち、(−)ベンズヒドリルスルフィニル アセトアミドは、うつ病、過眠症およびアルツハイマー病の治療に潜在的な効果 を有しうる(米国特許4,927,855号)。公開されたヨーロッパ特許出願5 47952号(1993年6月23日公開)はモダフィニルの抗虚血剤としての 使用を開示している。公開されたヨーロッパ特許出願594507号(1994 年4月27日公開)は尿失禁の治療にモダフィニルの使用を開示している。 発明の概要 我々の発明は、規定された粒度を有する粒子形のモダフィニルからなる医薬組 成物および該組成物の使用を開示する。我々は、モダフィニル粒子の粒度が該薬 物の効力および安全性プロフィールに重要であることを見いだした。ここで使用 する「粒子」なる語は、該アセトアミド化合物の集合した物理的単位、すなわち 、該アセトアミドの1つの塊または粒を意味する。例えば、図2〜5は、ロット E−DおよびL−1からの種々のモダフィニル粒子の写真である。 ここで使用する「平均」なる用語は、モダフィニル粒子の粒度に関して使用す る場合、測定した全ての測定可能な粒子の粒径測定値の合計を、測定した粒子の 総数で割った値を意味する。例えば、測定できた測定可能な5つの粒子が、直径 20ミクロン、23ミクロン、20ミクロン、35ミクロンおよび20ミクロン を有すると測定された場合、平均直径は23.6ミクロンである。ここで使用す る「直径」なる語はモダフィニル粒子の推定球状に基づく容積測定である。 ここで使用する「中央値」なる語は、モダフィニル粒子の粒度に関して使用す る場合、測定した全ての測定可能な粒子の約50%が規定された中央値粒度より も小さい粒度を有し、測定した全ての測定可能な粒子の約50%が規定された中 央値粒度より大きい粒度を有することを示す。例えば、上記の5つの粒子の値に ついて、その中央値直径は20ミクロンである。 ここで使用する「最大頻数(mode)」なる語は、モダフィニル粒子の粒度に関 して使用する場合、最も頻繁に現れる粒度値である。例えば、上記の5つの粒子 の値について、その最大頻繁直径は20ミクロンである。 ここで使用する「%累積」なる語は、モダフィニル粒子の粒度に関して使用す る場合、測定した全ての測定可能な粒子についての、特定した2以上の直径にお ける個々の%値の合計である。 ここで使用する「約」は、個々の値のほぼ10%のプラス、マイナスを意味し 、「約20ミクロン」は、ほぼ18〜22ミクロンを示す。 ここに開示した発明によれば、モダフィニル粒子の平均粒度は約2〜約19ミ クロンの範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましくは、約5〜約18ミクロン、最も好ま しくは、約10〜約17ミクロンである。 ここに開示した発明によれば、モダフィニルの中央値粒度は、約2〜約60ミ クロンの範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましくは、約10〜約50ミクロン、最も好 ましくは、約20〜約40ミクロンである。 ここに開示した発明によれば、モダフィニルの最大頻数粒度は、約2〜約60 ミクロンの範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましくは、約10〜50ミクロン、最も好 ましくは、約20〜約40ミクロンである。 我々は、中央値が、所定の集団における測定した粒子の分布の示度を与える点 で、最大頻数または平均値と比較して、中央値測定がより重要であると考える。 必ずしも限定するものではなく、むしろ、測定した集団のばらつきのない指標と して、中央値:平均:最大頻数の比率は、1:1:1が理想的であるが、中央値 の平均に対する比率は1:2.50〜1:0.50が許容でき、中央値の最大頻数 に対する比率は1:2.50〜1:0.50が許容できる。理想的には、測定した 集団の各粒子が実質的に同じであるか、理想的な正規分布の基準を満たすことを 表すように、モダフィニル集団の平均、中央値および最大頻数測定値の標準偏差 を0に近づける。平均、中央値および最大頻数測定値の標準偏差が約25より少 なければ、測定した粒子の集団にばらつきのないことの指標となるので許容でき る。 ここに開示した発明によれば、約200ミクロンより大きい粒度の粒子は、哺 乳類に与えるいずれもの1用量におけるモダフィニル粒子の累積合計(%累積) の約5%以下が好ましい。さらに好ましくは、約190ミクロンより大きい粒度 の粒子が、哺乳類に与えるいずれもの1用量におけるモダフィニル粒子の累積合 計(%累積)の約5%以下であり、最も好ましくは、約180ミクロンより大き い粒度の粒子が、哺乳類に与えるいずれもの1用量におけるモダフィニル粒子の 累積合計(%累積)の約5%以下である。すなわち、ここで使用するモダフィニ ル粒子の「実質的に均質な混合物」は、混合物中の粒子の少なくとも約95%が 規定した粒度よりも小さいモダフィニル粒子の混合物である。 上記のように規定した値の範囲は、パシフィック・サイエンチフィック(Paci fic Scientific)のHiac/Royko Division(11801 Tech Road,Silver Spring, MD 20904,USA)によって開発された技術および器具を用いた測定に基づくもの である。当業者に明らかなごとく、異なる会社によって製造された異なる器具は 、同じ粒子について、異なる測定値を与えうる。例えば、特徴的なモダフィニル ・ロット(ロットL−2)において、コールター・カウンター(Coulter Counte r)TA II分粒カウンターを用いて得られた平均、中央値および最大頻数粒子 測定値は、各々、43、31および29ミクロンであった。Hiac/Roykoモデル 9046分粒カウンターを用いて得られたロットL−2の平均、中央値および最 大頻数粒子測定値は、各々、18.75、31.41および25.31ミクロンで あっ た。これらの相違は、このように非常に小さい粒度の粒子測定において使用する 異なるアプローチによって、多分、予測されるものである。したがって、上記の 値の範囲は相対的なものであり、最も好ましくは、Hiac/Roykoによって製造さ れた器具および操作システム、例えば、好ましくは、Hiac/Roykoモデル906 4システム分粒カウンターの利用によるものと考慮されるべきである。本発明の モダフィニル粒子は、医薬上許容される塩、例えば、酸または塩基付加塩の形で 使用できる。 他の態様において、本発明は、規定された粒度を有するモダフィニル粒子を使 用する、傾眠状態、例えば、ナルコレプシー、特発性過眠症および関連する睡眠 障害を変える方法を特徴とする。この方法は、規定された粒度の粒子形のモダフ ィニルの有効量からなる医薬組成物を哺乳類に投与することを包含する。 ここで用いる「有効量」とは、傾眠または嗜眠状態の治療に有効な医薬組成物 の量、すなわち、嗜眠状態の症候を減少または除去できる規定された粒度のモダ フィニルの量である。本発明の医薬組成物の有効量は、睡眠リズムの変更または 規則性増加に有用である。 ここで用いる「医薬組成物」は、哺乳類への投与に適した方法で調製された規 定された粒度のモダフィニルからなる、哺乳類の治療に使用する薬剤を意味する 。本発明の医薬組成物は、必須ではないが、非毒性の医薬上許容される担体を含 んでもよい。 本発明の医薬組成物は、少なくとも約50mg、好ましくは、少なくとも約10 0mg、より好ましくは、約200mgの、上記の規定された粒度を有するモダフィ ニルを含有することができる。医薬組成物は、好ましくは、約700mg以下、よ り好ましくは、約400mg以下の、上記の規定された粒度を有するモダフィニル を含有する。 本発明の他の特徴および利点は、以下の詳細な記載および請求項から明らかと なる。 詳細な記載 我々は、まず、図面を簡単に記載する。 I.図面 図1は、モダフィニルの6つのロット:ロットL−1、L−2、E−A、E− B、E−CおよびE−Dについての粒度分布を示すグラフである。 図2は、倍率50×での、ロットE−Dのモダフィニル試料の走査電子顕微鏡 写真である。 図3は、倍率100×での、ロットE−Dのモダフィニル試料の走査電子顕微 鏡写真である。 図4は、倍率50×での、ロットL−1のモダフィニル試料の走査電子顕微鏡 写真である。 図5は、倍率100×での、ロットL−1のモダフィニル試料の走査電子顕微 鏡写真である。 図6は、ロットE−D(中央値粒度94.05μm)およびロットL−1(中央 値粒度50.18μm)からのモダフィニル粒子の溶解速度を示すグラフである。 図7は、ロットE−B(中央値粒度89.10μm)およびロットE−D(中央 値粒度94.05μm)からのモダフィニル粒子の溶解速度を示すグラフである。 図8は、異なる粒度のロットからのモダフィニルのイヌにおける単独経口投与 後の平均血漿モダフィニル濃度を示すグラフである。 図9は、異なる粒度のロットからのモダフィニルのイヌにおける単独経口投与 後の、モダフィニル均等物、すなわち、モダフィニルおよびモダフィニル酸代謝 物の平均血漿濃度を示すグラフである。 II.本発明 本発明は、モダフィニルの粒度および、ばらつきのない粒度が、その効力およ び安全性プロフィールに著しく影響するという我々の知見からもたらされたもの である。 モダフィニルのナルコレプシーの治療への使用のための最初のヒトでの試験は 米国外で行われた。この最初の研究で使用されたモダフィニルは、非商業的スケ ールのロット(ここでは「初期」または「E」ロットと称する)で調製された。 本発明の我々の知見に従い、初期ロットは80ミクロン(μm)〜150μmの間 の 中央値粒度を有することが観察された。米国外で行われた最初の安全性研究では 、初期ロット・モダフィニルは、急性投与において臨床的に著しく悪い結果の報 告なく、ヒトに投与された。 その後、モダフィニルの別の安全性および効能研究が、セファロン・インコー ポレイテッドの指示の下、商業生産用にスケールアップした方法により調製され たモダフィニルのロット(ここでは「後」または「L」ロットと称する)を用い 、米国内で行われた。米国で、モダフィニルの後ロットをヒトに投与した場合、 最初の臨床試験で、先に、米国外で行った研究の間には許容されると決められた 用量レベル(800mg/日)で予期せぬ悪い結果が現れた。我々は、後ロットが 30〜50μmの間の中央値粒度を有していたことを見いだした。すなわち、米 国での最初のヒトでの試験は、著しく小さい粒度を有するモダフィニルで行われ たのである。 後に見いだしたように、より小さい粒度からなるロットは、モダフィニルの効 力の増加をもたらし、我々は、より大きな粒度からなるロットからのモダフィニ ルと比較した場合、薬物がより容易に吸収されることができるからであると結論 した。したがって、規定された粒度のモダフィニル粒子は、少なくとも2つの著 しい、予期せぬ利点を提供する。第1は、効力の増加である。より小さい平均粒 度はより低経口用量で、所定のモダフィニル血漿濃度を達成することができる。 第2は、粒度の効力に対する重要性の知識と共に、ばらつきのない、規定された 粒度は、所望の結果を達成するに必要な薬物投与における信頼性をより大きくす ることができるので、薬物の安全性プロフィールをより正確に制御できることで ある。 III.ヒト臨床安全性研究−外国 モダフィニルの安全性および薬力学は、最初、初期ロットから得られたモダフ ィニルを用いて米国外で行われた幾つかの研究で特徴づけられた。これらの研究 の間、4500mgまでの量のモダフィニルが著しい臨床的副作用の発生なしに摂 取された(例えば、上記Bastuji参照;また、Lyons,T.J.およびFrench,J.Av iation,Space and Environmental Medicine May,1991,432参照)。外国で試 験 されたモダフィニル服用の患者または健常ボランティアにおける心拍数または血 圧の統計的または臨床的な著しい血流力学的変化は何ら報告されていない。 IV.ヒト臨床安全性研究−米国 モダフィニルの重要な試験は米国外で行われたが、モダフィニルのような新薬 候補は、外国での研究で得られた情報を確認するため、典型的には、米国で臨床 研究に付される。モダフィニルの最初の米国での臨床評価は、健常男性(すなわ ち、肉体的、精神的に健常な18〜50才の男性;平均体重は年齢、身長、体格 および性別に対する正常体重の−10%〜+15%;2101)へのモダフィニ ルの経口投与を含む、二重盲検、増加する用量の研究であった。 最初の米国での臨床試験で計画された用量は、200、400、600、80 0、1000、1200および1400mg/日のモダフィニノレまたはプラセボ であった。これらの用量レベルは、モダフィニルの外国での臨床試験の間に観察 された安全性プロフィールに基づいたものであった。その後の投与は、前に投与 した用量が安全であり、十分許容されるものであることが判断された場合のみ、 行った。例えば、400mg用量を他のボランティアに投与する前に、200mgの 研究用量についての安全性データが再調査され、査定された。 この最初の米国でのフェーズI臨床研究においては、ロットL−1からのモダ フィニルが使用された。これら7つのモダフィニル用量レベルのうちの3つ、す なわち、200、400および600mg/日について完全なデータが得られた。 しかし、心拍数および血圧の上昇が、800mg用量レベルでの2人のボランティ アで認められた。これらの症候は、治療または後遺症なしに、薬物の中止により 解消された。外国での研究で見られたモダフィニル用量の増大からすると、これ は驚くべきことであり、全く予期できなかった。これらの結果が予期できないも のであり、また、健常ボランティアで起こったことから、これらの悪い結果から 、その原因が判断されるまで、1000、1200および1400mg/日レベル での用量増加は中止した。 V.外国および米国での結果の矛盾 この矛盾の原因の調査において、我々は、米国での最初の研究および先の外国 での研究で測定したモダフィニルの血漿濃度を比較した。我々は、所定の経口投 与量で、外国での研究における被験者と比較した場合、米国での研究における被 験者がより高いピーク・モダフィニル血漿濃度を有することを見いだした。 外国の研究で使用したモダフィニル錠剤は、モダフィニルの初期のロットに基 づくものであり、一方、米国での研究で使用したモダフィニル錠剤は、モダフィ ニルの後ロットに基づくものである。我々は、モダフィニルの異なるロットのバ イオアベイラビリティーにおける相違が、外国および米国での臨床研究において 観察された最大許容用量における相違に起因すると理論付けた。自明または容易 に明らかではないが、我々が仮定した幾つかの可能な説明の1つは、外国および 米国での研究で使用したモダフィニルの粒度の、ありうる相違であった。 VI.粒度分析 この推定に従い、我々は、バルク薬物のロット群からの種々のパラメータを比 較した。このような比較は、これまで行われたことがなく、米国で試験されたモ ダフィニルは、米国外で調査されたものと「同じ」と推定されていた。種々のパ ラメータのうち、バルク薬物の粒度分布を調べた。我々は、Hiac/Royokoモデル 9064分粒カウンター、コールター・カウンター(Coulter Counter)分粒カ ウンターを用い、光学顕微鏡および走査電子顕微鏡により、モダフィニルの粒度 分析を行った。 我々の粒度測定は、Hiac/Royokoモデル9064分粒カウンターを用い、製造 者の指示に従って得られたものである(400μm開口、モダフィニル溶液で飽 和された水、PDASプログラム)。測定結果の総括を表1に示す。表1は、モ ダフィニルの6つの代表的ロットの平均、中央値および最大頻数粒度を含んでい る。比較のため、平均、中央値および最大頻数測定値から誘導された標準偏差値 を、中央値:平均:最大頻数の比率として示す。ロットE−A、E−B、E−C およびE−Dは、いわゆる初期ロットのものであり、ロットL−1およびL−2 は、いわゆる後ロットのものであった。 図1は、後ロットL−1およびL−2ならびに初期ロットE−A、E−B、E −CおよびE−Dについての粒径:粒子%累積のグラフである。ロットL−1お よびL−2についての50%累積粒度は約30μmと約50μmの間にあり、ロッ トE−A、E−B、E−CおよびE−Dについての50%累積粒度は、約80μ mと約140μmの間にあった。 Hiac/Royokoデータに加えて、電子顕微鏡および光学顕微鏡を使用してモダフ ィニルの粒度および形態を証明した。初期ロットE−Dの代表的走査電子顕微鏡 写真を図2(50×倍率)および図3(100×倍率)に示す。後ロットL−1 の代表的走査電子顕微鏡写真を図4(50×倍率)および図5(100×倍率) に示す。 モダフィニル粒子の粒度は幾つかの従来の方法のいずれかによって測定できる ことに留意すべきである。限定するものではないが、100オングストロームか ら100μmまでの範囲の粒度の分析に有用な方法には、レーザー回折粒度分析 、機械的篩分け、光学的鏡検法、超遠心、沈降、通気度、電子鏡検法、走査電子 鏡検法およびコールター・カウンター法が包含される。粒度測定法の一般的な評 論は、Martin et al.,Physical Pharmacy,3rd Ed.,Lea & Febiger,Philadel phia(1983)参照。また、後記O'ConnerのRemington's、セクションIXも参照。 光学鏡検法は、0.2μm〜100μmの範囲の粒度測定に有用である。光学鏡 検法には、希釈または非希釈のエマルジョンまたは懸濁液をスライドまたは罫線 付きセルに載せる。顕微鏡接眼レンズを、粒子の大きさを評価することのできる マイクロメータに取り付ける。 機械的篩分けは、ナショナル・ビューロウ・オブ・スタンダード(National B ureau of Standards)によって検定された一連の標準篩を使用する。機械的篩分 けは、44μm(No.325篩)の細かさの物質のスクリーニングに使用できる。 光エッチングおよび電鋳によって製造された篩は、90μm〜5μmの開口を有す るものが利用できる。 Hiac/Royokoによって開発された器具および技術を用いて得られた測定値が好 ましい。Hiac/Royoko分粒カウンターは、粒度測定に吸光(掩蔽)の原理を利用 する。この原理は、液体中に懸濁した粒子が、窓を通してレーザー・ビームが向 けられているセンサー・マイクロセルを通過するときに、該液体中の粒子がレー ザー・ビームを吸光フォトダイオード(光検知器)を遮断し、光強度の損失をも たらすというものである。この光検知器による光強度の損失が、各粒子について 電気パルスを生ずる。これらのパルスは、光強度(吸光)にして、幅が比例して おり、粒度の尺度となる。 VII.モダフィニルの溶解速度に対するモダフィニル粒度の影響 我々は、モダフィニル粒度の溶解速度に対する影響を調べた。これらの実験の 結果を図6および図7に総括する。 第1の実験において、脱イオン水500mlを1リットルのビーカーに入れ、E −DまたはL−1 50mgを添加した。懸濁液を5cmのテフロン被覆マグネット ・スターラーとマグネット撹拌プレート(Thermolyne model #546725)で一定に 撹拌した。試料各1mlを0、1、5、10、15、20、25、30、40、5 0および60分の時間に取り、各試料を脱イオン水1mlで置換した。撹拌プレー トの速度設定は、最初の20分は「2」で、20〜60分は「7」であった。各 試料を直に、0.45μmの濾紙で濾過して未溶解の粒子を除去した。濾過試料の モダフィニルを、Moachon et al.(J.Chromatag.B 654:91(1994))の方法に 基づいてHPLC分析した。モダフィニル・ロットL−1(中央値:50.18 μm)は、モダフィニル・ロットE−D(中央値:94.05μm)よりも速い溶 解速度を有していた。第1の実験の結果を図6に総括する。 第2の溶解速度実験は、ロットE−B、E−DおよびL−1からのモダフィニ ルのイヌにおける経口投与後の血漿モダフィニル濃度の研究(後記する)におい て使用したカプセルからのモダフィニルの相対的溶解速度を測定して行った。第 2の溶解速度実験において、37℃に保持した0.01N塩酸900mlを溶媒と した。各試料を、溶媒に入れ、ゼラチン・カプセル入りのモダフィニル200mg とした。ステンレス・スチール・コイルをカプセルに取り付け、浮き上がるのを 防止した。撹拌羽根を100rpmで使用した。溶液試料を、0、5、10、15 、20、25、30、40および60分に取り出した。モダフィニル・カプセル 溶 解実験の結果を図7に総括する。 VIII.モダフィニル血漿濃度に対するモダフィニル粒度の影響 「同一」のモダフィニルとして推定されたものを使用した外国および米国での 研究結果の不一致から、ヒトでの臨床試験を続行する前に、さらなる非ヒト分析 が必要となった。したがって、イヌにおける動物実験を行い、大まかに「小さい 」(ロットL−1)および「大きい」(ロットE−BおよびE−D)中央値粒度 を湯数と称する、異なる平均粒径を有するモダフィニルのイン・ビボ薬物動力学 を測定した。9頭の雄イヌを、ランダムに、体重に従って、3投与群に分けた。 各群には、表2に示すように、ランダムな、クロスオーバー式で、1週、200 mgのモダフィニルの単独経口投与を3週間与えた。 全ての動物から、静脈穿剌により、各週の投与前(投与1時間以内)、投与後 0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、18、24および36時間に血 液試料(2ml)を引き抜いた。ヘパリン化(リチウムヘパリン)試験官に血液試 料を集め、2500〜3000rpmで遠心分離した。ガラスピペットで血漿を抜 き取り、分析まで冷凍(−20℃)保存した。モダフィニルおよびその酸および スルホン代謝物の血漿濃度を、Moachon et al.(J.Chromatag.B 654:91(1994 )) の方法に従って、HPLCにより、同時に測定した。 モダフィニル投与後0〜36時間の、9頭のイヌにおける平均血漿モダフィニ ル濃度を図8に示す。「小さい」粒子(ロットL−1)で、血漿モダフィニル濃 度のピークは10μg/mlであった。一方、「大きい」粒子(ロットE−Dまた はE−B)では、血漿モダフィニル濃度のピークは8μg/mlであった。このよ うに、中央値粒度50.18μmのモダフィニルは、より大きな粒子の形で投与し たモダフィニルの同じ用量で得られるよりも高いピーク血漿濃度をもたらす。同 様な結果は、図9に示すごとく、モダフィニルの酸代謝物、2−ベンズヒドリル スルフィニル酢酸に関しても観察された。 これらの結果は、異なる粒度の影響およびモダフィニル粒度の調節の重要性を 意味している。粒度を調節することにより、安全性の懸念に対応できる。例えば 、モダフィニル粒度の非均質な混合物は、ばらつきのない効力も、血漿モダフィ ニル濃度における望ましくない変動を避けることもできない。このような変動は 、望ましくない、予期せぬ結果を導く。さらに、規定された粒度のモダフィニル 粒子の使用は、低い経口用量で、所定の血漿モダフィニル濃度を達成できるので 、より効率的である。 外国および米国での最初の研究の間の矛盾が解決し、粒度の差に関係すると判 断された後、第2のフェーズI研究が米国で行われ、規定された粒度を有するモ ダフィニルの臨床的安全性、許容性および薬物動力学的性質がさらに測定された 。この第2の研究は、正常な若い男性と、米国での最初の研究と同様な(上記し た)実験計画含んでいた。 この第2の研究では、全ての被験者は、ロットL−1またはL−2からのモダ フィニルを用いる200mg/日から開始した。用量は、ついで目的の用量まで、 200mg/日の増加で決められた。この研究の結果は、600mg/日がモダフィ ニルの最大許容量(「MTD」)で、800mg/日が最小非許容量であることを 示唆した。 IX.規定された粒度を有するモダフィニルの製造方法 モダフィニルおよびモダフィニル関連化合物は従来の方法で製造できる。モダ フィニルおよびモダフィニル関連化合物の製造方法は'290特許に見れらる。 ここで規定した粒度のモダフィニルは、従来の方法、例えば、'290特許に開 示の方法、ついで規定されていない粒度のモダフィニルを従来の粉砕および篩分 けに付すことにより得ることができる。粉砕方法(すなわち、粒子または凝集物 の大きさを減ずる機械的方法)は当業者に公知である。例えば、O'Conner et al .,Chpt.88,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Edition,Mack Pub lishing Co.,Easton,PA(1990)にある。粉砕後、粒子を、垂直に積み重ねた、 減少するメッシュ・サイズの複数の、動揺させた篩を上から下へ通過させ、各篩 または底のパンに保持された粒子を集めて一連の篩カットに分けることができる 。所望の範囲外の粒子は、再び粉砕し、篩分けすることができる。 X.処方および投与 規定された粒度を有するモダフィニルの適当な投与量は、モダフィニルの約5 0mg〜約700mgである。 ここに記載した医薬組成物は、最も好ましくは、錠剤、カプセル、粉末、ピル 、液体/懸濁液またはエマルジョンのような、ビヒクルの形態で経口的に投与さ れる。投与ビヒクルは、医薬上許容される担体を含むことができる。担体は、ビ ヒクルまたはその内容物の溶解、吸収、風味、色調またはテクスチャーを補助す る薬剤を含むことができる。表皮パッチ等による局所投与、または薬物の直接注 射による投与も許容できる。本発明のビヒクルは、ビヒクル製造耐性および期待 されるモダフィニルの商品寿命のようなファクターにより、モダフィニル粒子の ±10〜15%を含有することができる。例えば、50mgを含有すると表示され ているビヒクルは、当初、例えば、55または58mgのモダフィニルを用いて調 製でき、1カ月〜2年の貯蔵が予想され、モダフィニルの活性量が減少する。そ のような、予想される分解を補償するために調節して製造されたビヒクルも本発 明範囲のものである。 本発明を詳細に記載したが、ここに開示の発明は、実際に記載したものに限定 されるものではなく、請求の範囲の全範囲およびその全ての均等物を提供するも のである。ここに記載した具体的な例は、ナルコレプシーの介在における規定さ れた粒度のモダフィニルの使用を意図するものであるが、モダフィニルの他の用 途(例えば、パーキンソン症候群、尿失禁、アルツハイマー疾患等の治療)も当 該分野に存在しており、これらの用途も本発明に関して適当である。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Modafinil having a defined particle size Background of the Invention The present invention relates to the acetamide derivative modafinil. Modafinil (C Fifteen H Fifteen NO 2 S) is 2- (benzhydrylsulfinyl) acetamide, also known as 2-[(diphenylmethyl) sulfinyl] acetamide. Modafinil is "a neuropharmacological spectrum characterized by the presence of excitability with hyperactivity and hypermotility, absence of stereotypy (except at high doses), and absence of latentizing effects of apomorphine and amphetamine." (US Pat. No. 4,177,290, hereinafter referred to as “'290 patent”). Modafinil monotherapy results in increased locomotor activity in mice and increased nocturnal activity in monkeys [Deteil et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 189 : 49 (1990)]. The neuropharmacological profile of modafinil is distinct from that of amphetamines [Saletu et al., Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res. 9 : 183 (1989)]. Modafinil is believed to regulate central postsynaptic α1-adornarinergic receptors that do not involve the dopaminergic system (Duteil et al., Supra). Modafinil has been successfully tested in the treatment of idiopathic macrosomia and sleep attacks in humans [Bastuji et al., Prog. Neuro-Psych. Biol. Psych. 12 : 695 (1988)]. Narcolepsy is caused by intermittent sleep attacks, persistence, excessive daytime sleepiness, and abnormal rapid eye movement (REM) sleep manifestations such as sleep onset REM, weakness, sleep paralysis and half sleep hallucinations or both. It is a chronic disorder characterized [Assoc. of Sleep Disorders Centers, Sleep 2: 1 (1979)]. Many patients with narcolepsy also have schizophrenia in night sleep (Montplaisir, in Guilleminault et al. Eds., Narcolepsy, Spectrum Pub., New York, pp. 43-56). Whether due to narcolepsy or other causes, pathological somnolence incapacitates humans and is potentially dangerous. Causes of pathological somnolence other than narcolepsy include chronic insomnia [Carskadon et al., Sleep, 5: S73 (1982); Carskadon et al., Psychophysiology, 18: 107 (1981)], sleep apnea [Kryger et al., Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, WB. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA (1989)] and other sleep disorders (International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Coding Manual, American Sleep Disorder Association, Rochester, MN (1990)], or by narcolepsy. Pathological somnolence, whether due to any other cause, results in unintended sleep episodes, diminished attention and malfunction, resulting in various transport and industrial accidents (Mitleret al., Sleep 11). : 100 (1988)]. Therapeutic agents that reduce or eliminate pathological somnolence have important implications for the health and safety of the individual as well as the public.Other uses of modafinil are also offered. No. 5,180,745 discloses providing a neuroprotective effect in humans, in particular its use for the treatment of Parkinson's syndrome, the levorotatory form of modafinil, ie (−) Benzhydrylsulfinylacetamide may have potential effects in the treatment of depression, hypersomnia and Alzheimer's disease (US Pat. No. 4,927,855) Published European patent application 5 47952. (Published June 23, 1993) discloses the use of modafinil as an anti-ischemic agent. Published European patent application 594507 (published April 27, 1994) discloses modafinil for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Discloses the use. Summary of the invention Our invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition consisting of modafinil in particulate form having a defined particle size and the use of said composition. We have found that the size of modafinil particles is important for the efficacy and safety profile of the drug. The term "particles" as used herein refers to the assembled physical units of the acetamide compound, i.e., one mass or grain of the acetamide. For example, Figures 2-5 are photographs of various modafinil particles from lots ED and L-1. As used herein, the term "average", when used in reference to the size of modafinil particles, means the sum of the particle size measurements of all measurable particles measured, divided by the total number of particles measured. For example, if the five measurable particles that could be measured were measured to have diameters of 20 microns, 23 microns, 20 microns, 35 microns and 20 microns, then the average diameter is 23.6 microns. The term "diameter" as used herein is a volumetric measurement based on a putative sphere of modafinil particles. As used herein, the term "median" as used in reference to the particle size of modafinil particles has a particle size of about 50% of all measurable particles measured is less than the defined median particle size and is measured. It is shown that about 50% of all measurable particles have a particle size larger than the defined median particle size. For example, for the 5 particle values above, the median diameter is 20 microns. As used herein, the term "mode" is the most frequently occurring particle size value when used with respect to the size of modafinil particles. For example, for the 5 particle values above, the maximum frequent diameter is 20 microns. As used herein, the term "% cumulative", when used with respect to the size of modafinil particles, is the sum of the individual% values for all measured measurable particles at two or more specified diameters. As used herein, "about" means plus or minus approximately 10% of an individual value, and "about 20 microns" indicates approximately 18-22 microns. According to the invention disclosed herein, the average size of the modafinil particles is preferably in the range of about 2 to about 19 microns, more preferably about 5 to about 18 microns, and most preferably about 10 to about 17 microns. In accordance with the invention disclosed herein, the median particle size of modafinil is preferably in the range of about 2 to about 60 microns, more preferably about 10 to about 50 microns, and most preferably about 20 to about 40 microns. . In accordance with the invention disclosed herein, the modafinil maximum frequency particle size is preferably in the range of about 2 to about 60 microns, more preferably about 10 to 50 microns, and most preferably about 20 to about 40 microns. . We consider the median measurement to be more important than the maximum frequency or mean in that the median gives an indication of the distribution of measured particles in a given population. The ratio of the median: average: maximum frequency is ideally 1: 1: 1 as an index without variation of the measured population, but the ratio of the median to the average is not necessarily limited. 1: 2.50 to 1: 0.50 is acceptable, and the ratio of the median to the maximum frequency is 1: 2.50 to 1: 0.50. Ideally, the standard for the mean, median, and maximal frequency measurements of the modafinil population to represent that each particle in the measured population is substantially the same or meets the criteria for an ideal normal distribution. The deviation approaches 0. Standard deviations of the mean, median, and maximum frequency measurements less than about 25 are acceptable, as they are indicative of no variation in the measured population of particles. In accordance with the invention disclosed herein, particles of size greater than about 200 microns are preferably less than or equal to about 5% of the cumulative total (% cumulative) of modafinil particles in any one dose given to a mammal. More preferably, particles with a size of greater than about 190 microns are less than or equal to about 5% of the cumulative total (% cumulative) of modafinil particles in any one dose given to the mammal, and most preferably with a size of greater than about 180 microns. The particles are about 5% or less of the cumulative total (% cumulative) of modafinil particles at any one dose given to the mammal. That is, a "substantially homogeneous mixture" of modafinil particles as used herein is a mixture of modafinil particles in which at least about 95% of the particles in the mixture are smaller than the specified particle size. The range of values defined above is measured using techniques and instruments developed by Pacific Scientific's Hiac / Royko Division (11801 Tech Road, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA). It is based on. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, different devices manufactured by different companies may give different measurements for the same particles. For example, in the characteristic Modafinil lot (Lot L-2), the average, median and maximum frequency particle measurements obtained using a Coulter Count TA II sizing counter are respectively: 43, 31 and 29 microns. The average, median and maximum modal particle measurements of lot L-2 obtained using a Hiac / Royko model 9046 sizing counter were 18.75, 31.41 and 25.31 microns, respectively. These differences are probably predicted by the different approaches used in measuring such very small particle sizes. Thus, the ranges of values above are relative, most preferably by the use of instruments and operating systems manufactured by Hiac / Royko, eg, preferably the Hiac / Royko Model 9064 system sizing counter. Should be considered. The modafinil particles of the invention can be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, eg acid or base addition salts. In another aspect, the invention features a method of altering a drowsiness condition, such as narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and related sleep disorders, using modafinil particles having a defined particle size. The method comprises administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of modafinil in a particulate form of defined size. As used herein, an "effective amount" is an amount of a pharmaceutical composition that is effective in treating somnolence or drowsiness, that is, an amount of modafinil of a defined particle size that can reduce or eliminate symptoms of drowsiness. An effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is useful for altering sleep rhythm or increasing regularity. As used herein, "pharmaceutical composition" means an agent used in the treatment of mammals which comprises modafinil of defined particle size prepared in a manner suitable for administration to mammals. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may, but need not, include a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may contain at least about 50 mg, preferably at least about 100 mg, more preferably about 200 mg modafinil having the above defined particle size. The pharmaceutical composition preferably contains no more than about 700 mg, more preferably no more than about 400 mg modafinil having the above defined particle size. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims. Detailed description We first briefly describe the drawings. I. Drawing FIG. 1 is a graph showing the particle size distribution for six lots of modafinil: lots L-1, L-2, EA, EB, EC and ED. FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a modafinil sample of Lot ED at 50 × magnification. FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of a modafinil sample of Lot ED at 100 × magnification. FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a Lod L-1 modafinil sample at 50 × magnification. FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of a modafinil sample of Lot L-1 at 100 × magnification. FIG. 6 is a graph showing the dissolution rate of modafinil particles from Lot E-D (median particle size 94.05 μm) and Lot L-1 (median particle size 50.18 μm). FIG. 7 is a graph showing the dissolution rate of modafinil particles from Lot EB (median particle size 89.10 μm) and Lot ED (median particle size 94.05 μm). FIG. 8 is a graph showing the mean plasma modafinil concentration after single oral administration in dogs of modafinil from lots of different particle sizes. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the mean plasma concentrations of modafinil equivalents, ie, modafinil and modafinilate metabolites, after single oral administration in dogs of modafinil from lots of different particle sizes. II. The present invention The present invention stems from our finding that modafinil particle size and consistent particle size significantly affect its efficacy and safety profile. The first human trials for the use of modafinil for the treatment of narcolepsy were conducted outside the United States. The modafinil used in this first study was prepared in a non-commercial scale lot (referred to herein as the "early" or "E" lot). In accordance with our findings of the present invention, initial lots were observed to have a median particle size of between 80 microns (μm) and 150 μm. In a first safety study conducted outside the United States, early lot modafinil was administered to humans with no acutely clinically reported adverse clinical consequences. Later, another safety and efficacy study of modafinil showed that lots of modafinil (herein referred to as “after” or “L” lots) prepared by a scaled-up method for commercial production under the direction of Cephalon, Inc. ) Was used in the United States. In the US, when a lot of modafinil was subsequently administered to humans, the first clinical trial predicted the dose level (800 mg / day) that was previously tolerated during studies conducted outside the US A bad result appeared. We found that the latter lot had a median particle size of between 30 and 50 μm. That is, the first human trials in the United States were conducted with modafinil, which has a significantly smaller particle size. As we found later, lots of smaller particle size resulted in increased potency of modafinil, and we can more easily absorb the drug when compared to modafinil from lots of larger particle size. It was concluded that Therefore, modafinil particles of defined size provide at least two significant and unexpected advantages. The first is increased efficacy. A smaller average particle size can achieve a given modafinil plasma concentration at a lower oral dose. Second, along with a knowledge of the importance of particle size on potency, consistent and defined particle size can provide greater confidence in drug administration necessary to achieve the desired result, thus ensuring drug safety. More precise control of the sex profile. III. Human Clinical Safety Research-Foreign The safety and pharmacodynamics of modafinil were first characterized in several studies conducted outside the United States using modafinil obtained from early lots. During these studies, modafinil in amounts up to 4500 mg were ingested without the occurrence of significant clinical side effects (see, eg, Bastuji, supra; also Lyons, TJ. And French, J. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine May. , 1991, 432). No statistically or clinically significant hemodynamic changes in heart rate or blood pressure have been reported in foreign-tested patients or healthy volunteers taking modafinil. IV. Human Clinical Safety Study-USA While significant trials of modafinil were conducted outside the United States, new drug candidates such as modafinil are typically submitted to clinical studies in the United States to confirm the information gained from foreign studies. The first clinical evaluation of modafinil in the United States was for healthy men (ie, physically and mentally healthy men aged 18-50 years; average weight was -10% to +15 of normal weight for age, height, size and sex). %; 2101) was a double-blind, increasing-dose study involving oral administration of modafinil. The doses planned in the first US clinical trials were 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mg / day modafininole or placebo. These dose levels were based on the safety profile observed during a foreign clinical trial of modafinil. Subsequent doses were given only if it was determined that the previously administered dose was safe and well tolerated. For example, safety data for the 200 mg study dose was reviewed and assessed prior to administration of the 400 mg dose to other volunteers. Modafinil from lot L-1 was used in this first US Phase I clinical study. Complete data were obtained for three of these seven modafinil dose levels, namely 200, 400 and 600 mg / day. However, elevated heart rate and blood pressure were observed in two volunteers at the 800 mg dose level. These symptoms were resolved by drug discontinuation without treatment or sequelae. This was surprising, and quite unexpected, given the increased modafinil dose seen in foreign studies. Because these results were unpredictable and occurred in healthy volunteers, dose escalation at the 1000, 1200 and 1400 mg / day levels was discontinued until their cause was determined from these adverse results. V. Foreign and US conflicting results In investigating the cause of this discrepancy, we compared plasma concentrations of modafinil measured in the first study in the United States and in a previous foreign study. We found that at a given oral dose, subjects in the US study had higher peak modafinil plasma concentrations when compared to subjects in the foreign study. The modafinil tablets used in the foreign studies are based on the early lots of modafinil, while the modafinil tablets used in the US studies are based on the post-modafinil lots. We theorized that the differences in the bioavailability of different lots of modafinil were due to the differences in the maximum tolerated dose observed in clinical studies in foreign countries and the United States. Although not obvious or readily apparent, one of the several possible explanations we hypothesized was the possible difference in modafinil particle size used in foreign and US studies. VI. Particle size analysis Following this estimate, we compared various parameters from lot groups of bulk drugs. Such a comparison has never been done, and modafinil tested in the United States was presumed to be "same" as that studied outside the United States. Among various parameters, the particle size distribution of bulk drug was investigated. We performed modafinil particle size analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy using a Hiac / Royoko model 9064 sizing counter, a Coulter Counter sizing counter. Our particle size measurements were obtained using a Hiac / Royoko model 9064 sizing counter according to the manufacturer's instructions (400 μm aperture, water saturated with modafinil solution, PDAS program). Table 1 shows a summary of the measurement results. Table 1 contains the mean, median and maximum frequency granularity of six representative lots of modafinil. For comparison, the standard deviation values derived from the mean, median and maximum frequency measurements are shown as the ratio of median: average: maximum frequency. Lots EA, EB, EC and ED were of the so-called initial lot, and lots L-1 and L-2 were of the so-called post-lot. FIG. 1 is a graph of particle size:% particle accumulation for post-lots L-1 and L-2 and initial lots EA, EB, EC and ED. The 50% cumulative particle size for lots L-1 and L-2 is between about 30 μm and about 50 μm and the 50% cumulative particle size for lots EA, EB, EC and ED is about It was between 80 μm and about 140 μm. In addition to Hiac / Royoko data, electron and light microscopy were used to demonstrate the particle size and morphology of modafinil. Representative scanning electron micrographs of initial lots ED are shown in Figure 2 (50x magnification) and Figure 3 (100x magnification). Representative scanning electron micrographs of post lot L-1 are shown in Figure 4 (50x magnification) and Figure 5 (100x magnification). It should be noted that the size of modafinil particles can be measured by any of several conventional methods. Methods useful for, but not limited to, particle size analysis in the 100 angstrom to 100 μm range include laser diffraction particle size analysis, mechanical sieving, optical microscopy, ultracentrifugation, sedimentation, air permeability, electronic Microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Coulter counter methods are included. For a general review of particle size measurement methods, see Martin et al., Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadel phia (1983). See also O'Conner's Remington's, section IX below. Optical microscopy is useful for particle size measurements in the range 0.2 μm to 100 μm. For optical microscopy, diluted or undiluted emulsions or suspensions are placed on slides or scored cells. The microscope eyepiece is attached to a micrometer capable of assessing particle size. Mechanical sieving uses a series of standard sieves calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards. Mechanical sieving can be used for screening materials with a fineness of 44 μm (No. 325 sieve). As the sieve manufactured by photoetching and electroforming, one having an opening of 90 μm to 5 μm can be used. Measurements obtained using the instruments and techniques developed by Hiac / Royoko are preferred. The Hiac / Royoko sizing counter uses the principle of absorption (obscuration) for particle size measurement. The principle is that when particles suspended in a liquid pass through a sensor microcell in which the laser beam is directed through a window, the particles in the liquid absorb the laser beam by a photodiode (photodetector). ) Is blocked, resulting in a loss of light intensity. The loss of light intensity due to this photodetector produces an electrical pulse for each particle. These pulses are proportional in width to light intensity (absorption) and are a measure of particle size. VII. Effect of modafinil particle size on the dissolution rate of modafinil We investigated the effect of modafinil particle size on the dissolution rate. The results of these experiments are summarized in Figures 6 and 7. In the first experiment, 500 ml deionized water was placed in a 1 liter beaker and 50 mg ED or L-1 was added. The suspension was constantly stirred with a 5 cm Teflon coated magnetic stirrer and a magnetic stir plate (Thermolyne model # 546725). 1 ml of each sample was taken at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes and each sample was replaced with 1 ml of deionized water. The speed setting of the stir plate was "2" for the first 20 minutes and "7" for 20-60 minutes. Each sample was immediately filtered through 0.45 μm filter paper to remove undissolved particles. The filtered sample modafinil was prepared according to Moachon et al. (J. Chromatag. B 654: 91 (1994)). Modafinil lot L-1 (median: 50.18 μm) had a faster dissolution rate than modafinil lot ED (median: 94.05 μm). The results of the first experiment are summarized in Figure 6. The second dissolution rate experiment was the relative dissolution of modafinil from the capsules used in the study of plasma modafinil concentration after oral administration in dogs of modafinil from lots EB, ED and L-1 (described below). The speed was measured. In the second dissolution rate experiment, 900 ml of 0.01N hydrochloric acid kept at 37 ° C. was used as a solvent. Each sample was placed in a solvent to give 200 mg of modafinil in a gelatin capsule. A stainless steel coil was attached to the capsule to prevent it from rising. A stirrer blade was used at 100 rpm. Solution samples were taken at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 60 minutes. The results of the modafinil capsule dissolution experiment are summarized in FIG. VIII. Effect of modafinil particle size on modafinil plasma concentration The discrepancy in foreign and US studies using what was presumed to be "identical" modafinil necessitated further non-human analysis before continuing clinical trials in humans. Therefore, animal studies in dogs were performed and modafinil with different mean particle sizes, referred to generally as the "small" (lot L-1) and "large" (lots EB and ED) median particle sizes, were the hot water numbers. In vivo pharmacokinetics were measured. Nine male dogs were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups according to body weight. As shown in Table 2, each group was given a single oral administration of 200 mg of modafinil in a random, crossover manner for 1 week for 3 weeks. From all animals by venipuncture before each week (within 1 hour) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours after administration. A blood sample (2 ml) was drawn. Blood samples were collected in a heparinized (lithium heparin) tester and centrifuged at 2500-3000 rpm. Plasma was drawn with a glass pipette and stored frozen (-20 ° C) until analysis. Plasma concentrations of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites were determined by Moachon et al. (J. Chromatag. B 654: 91 (1994)) and simultaneously measured by HPLC. Mean plasma modafinil concentrations in 9 dogs 0-36 hours after modafinil administration are shown in FIG. With "small" particles (Lot L-1), the peak plasma modafinil concentration was 10 μg / ml. On the other hand, for the "large" particles (Lot ED or EB), the peak plasma modafinil concentration was 8 μg / ml. Thus, median particle size 50.18 μm modafinil results in higher peak plasma concentrations than obtained with the same dose of modafinil administered in the form of larger particles. Similar results were observed for the acid metabolite of modafinil, 2-benzhydrylsulfinyl acetic acid, as shown in FIG. These results imply the effect of different particle sizes and the importance of controlling modafinil particle size. Addressing safety concerns by adjusting the particle size. For example, a non-homogeneous mixture of modafinil particle size cannot avoid consistent potency or avoid unwanted fluctuations in plasma modafinil concentration. Such variations lead to undesirable and unexpected results. In addition, the use of modafinil particles of defined size is more efficient as it is possible to achieve a given plasma modafinil concentration at low oral doses. A second Phase I study was conducted in the United States after the conflict between the first studies in foreign countries and the United States was resolved and it was determined to be related to the difference in grain size, and the clinical safety of modafinil with the prescribed grain size. The sex, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties were further measured. This second study included a normal young man and an experimental design (described above) similar to the first study in the United States. In this second study, all subjects started at 200 mg / day with modafinil from lots L-1 or L-2. The dose was then titrated up to the target dose in 200 mg / day increments. The results of this study suggested that 600 mg / day was the maximum tolerated dose (“MTD”) of modafinil and 800 mg / day was the minimum untolerated dose. IX. Method for producing modafinil having a defined particle size Modafinil and modafinil-related compounds can be prepared by conventional methods. Methods for making modafinil and modafinil-related compounds can be found in the '290 patent. Modafinil with a particle size as defined herein can be obtained by conventional methods, such as the method disclosed in the '290 patent, followed by conventional milling and sieving modafinil with an unspecified particle size. Milling methods (ie, mechanical methods of reducing the size of particles or agglomerates) are known to those skilled in the art. For example, O'Conner et al., Chpt. 88, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA (1990). After milling, the particles are passed vertically through multiple agitated sieves of decreasing mesh size, from top to bottom, collecting the particles retained in each sieve or pan at the bottom to make a series of sieve cuts. Can be divided into Particles outside the desired range can be reground and screened. X. Prescription and administration A suitable dosage of modafinil having a defined particle size is from about 50 mg to about 700 mg modafinil. The pharmaceutical compositions described herein are most preferably orally administered in the form of a vehicle, such as a tablet, capsule, powder, pill, liquid / suspension or emulsion. The administration vehicle can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier can include agents that aid in dissolving, absorbing, flavoring, tinting or texture of the vehicle or its contents. Topical administration by epidermal patch or the like, or administration by direct injection of drug is also acceptable. The vehicle of the present invention may contain ± 10-15% of modafinil particles, depending on factors such as vehicle manufacturing resistance and expected modafinil shelf life. For example, a vehicle labeled as containing 50 mg can be prepared initially with, for example, 55 or 58 mg modafinil, and storage for 1 month to 2 years is expected, with a reduced amount of modafinil activity. Vehicles tailored to compensate for such expected degradation are also within the scope of the invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail, the invention disclosed herein is not limited to what is actually described, but provides the full scope of the claims and their equivalents. Although the specific examples provided herein are intended for the use of modafinil of defined particle size in the intervention of narcolepsy, other uses of modafinil (eg, treatment of Parkinson's syndrome, urinary incontinence, Alzheimer's disease, etc.) Are also present in the art and these applications are also suitable for the present invention.
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (81)指定国 EP(AT,BE,CH,DE, DK,ES,FR,GB,GR,IE,IT,LU,M C,NL,PT,SE),OA(BF,BJ,CF,CG ,CI,CM,GA,GN,ML,MR,NE,SN, TD,TG),AP(KE,MW,SD,SZ,UG), AM,AT,AU,BB,BG,BR,BY,CA,C H,CN,CZ,DE,DK,EE,ES,FI,GB ,GE,HU,IS,JP,KE,KG,KP,KR, KZ,LK,LR,LT,LU,LV,MD,MG,M N,MW,MX,NO,NZ,PL,PT,RO,RU ,SD,SE,SG,SI,SK,TJ,TM,TT, UA,UG,US,UZ,VN (72)発明者 ストング,デビッド アメリカ合衆国19320ペンシルベニア州、 コーツビル、ビー・レイド・ボックス193、 アール・ディー・ナンバー7(番地の表示 なし)────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (81) Designated countries EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, M C, NL, PT, SE), OA (BF, BJ, CF, CG , CI, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG), AP (KE, MW, SD, SZ, UG), AM, AT, AU, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, C H, CN, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB , GE, HU, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LK, LR, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, M N, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU , SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, TJ, TM, TT, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN (72) Inventor Stong, David 19320 Pennsylvania, Coatesville, Be Raid Box 193, RD number 7 (display of street address None)
Claims (1)
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004517052A (en) * | 2000-10-11 | 2004-06-10 | セフアロン・インコーポレーテツド | Modafinil compound-containing composition |
| JP2005533114A (en) * | 2002-07-12 | 2005-11-04 | セフアロン・インコーポレーテツド | Modafinil pharmaceutical composition |
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