JPH0325782A - Cassette tape recording and reproducing unit - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To secure the transportability, portability and containability by miniaturizing the subject unit, building in an audio system on vehicle and performing the recording and reproducing. CONSTITUTION:A cassette tape 100 is formed smaller than a compact cassette. Then, cover panel parts 120 and 130 provided on a plate-like base part 110 made of a resin material and on both upper and lower surfaces of this base part 110, for covering over a magnetic tape 100 externally, are provided to package the tape 100 inside. When the recording and reproducing unit of the tape 100 is disposed in the audio system 452 on vehicle, terminals in the device 452 are brought into contact with a power input terminal 410, a sound output terminal 411 and operation terminal 413. Then, a power is supplied from a battery on vehicle via the terminal 413 to the recording and reproducing unit 400 to operate a transport part. At this time, each switch on a front panel of the system 452 is operated via the terminal 413, to control fast forward and rewinding function of the recording and reproducing unit 400. Thus, the recording and reproducing unit is miniaturized, while the transportability, portability and containability of the unit can be improved.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a cassette tape recorder/player, and particularly to a cassette tape recorder/player that is incorporated into a car-mounted audio device. [Prior Art 1] Conventionally, audio devices installed on dashboards and the like in the interior of automobiles have been widely used. and,
In particular, with the spread of cassette tapes, component stereo systems including cassette tape players, amplifiers, and speakers have come into widespread use. On the other hand, portable cassette tape recorders or playback-only machines have been widely used in the past, and these portable recorders can be used outdoors to record on cassette tapes or to record on cassette tapes. It is now possible to listen to the recorded contents of a cassette tape, but it would be very useful if a portable recording/playback device taken outdoors could be incorporated into the above-mentioned in-vehicle audio equipment. It is convenient for In this case, there have been portable cassette tape recorders and other devices that can be used by connecting to an in-vehicle audio device using a connection cord. These portable cassette tape recorders were placed on the top of the dashboard or on the passenger seat cushion in the limited space inside the vehicle. Therefore, it is not possible to place the recorder/player etc. in a fixed state in the vehicle interior, so depending on the driving condition of the vehicle, the recorder/player device etc. may move within the vehicle interior, which may interfere with driving. Another drawback was that it was difficult to operate the recorder/player. Additionally, as portable cassette tape recorders and other devices have become smaller and lighter, they would like to further downsize the cassette tape itself to ensure good transportability, portability, and storage! There was a request. Therefore, the technical problem of the present invention is to miniaturize the cassette tape itself, to be able to record and play back the miniaturized cassette tape, and to also be able to record and play back the cassette tape that can be used by being incorporated into a car audio device. The point is to provide a machine. [Technical means 1 for solving the problem] In order to solve such a technical problem, the present invention uses a resin that is formed smaller overall than a compact cassette and houses a magnetic tape! l8! A cassette tape comprising a base and cover panel parts provided on the upper and lower circular parts of the base and covering the magnetic tape from the outside is loaded and played back, and is removably attached to an in-vehicle audio device for operation. It has a power input terminal to which power is supplied from the vehicle's battery, and an audio output terminal to output an electric signal obtained by converting the magnetic signal remaining on the magnetic tape by the magnetic head. [Example] A cassette tape recorder/player according to the present invention will be described in detail below based on an example shown in the accompanying drawings. As shown in FIG. 1, the cassette tape recording/reproducing AL400 according to this embodiment is a cassette tape l
00 is loaded and recorded and played back. It is configured so that it can be detachably attached to an in-vehicle audio device. That is, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 to 4, the cassette tape loo loaded into the cassette tape playback machine 400 according to the present embodiment is formed smaller overall than the compact cassette, and has a magnetic tape 10
1 and 1 made of resin, and cover panel parts 120 and 130 provided on both upper and lower surfaces of the base 110 and covering the Ia air tape 101 from the outside. The cassette tape 100 has a plate-shaped base 1 formed of a resin material so that a magnetic tape 101 can be housed therein.
10, and a cover panel portion 1 provided on both upper and lower surfaces of the base portion 11O and covering the magnetic tape lot from the outside.
20,130. The magnetic tape 101 contained in the cassette tape lOO according to this embodiment has the same width (3.8
1mm). And the above cassette tape
The thickness dimension of 00 is slightly larger than the width dimension of magnetic tape 101, and the width dimension 1 of cassette tape lOO is 5.
5mm. The length dimension 2 is 87 mm, and the cassette tape 100 as a whole is much thinner and smaller than conventionally used compact cassettes. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the cassette tape lOO according to the present embodiment has a base 110 in which a magnetic tape storage section 150 and a guide roller storage section 170 are formed as integral voids. , this 1 & part 110
It is attached to both upper and lower sides of the base 110 so as to cover the magnetic tape 100 that is housed inside the hub and wound around the two hubs 311 and 311, respectively, and the magnetic tape storage sections 140 and 150 formed in the above-mentioned 3 and Bixo. transparent oil-repellent sheets 310 and 310, and stainless steel cover panel sections 120 and 13 attached to both upper and lower surfaces of the X section 110 on the outside of the sheets 310 and 310.
0. The base 110 is made of a synthetic resin mold, and two tape guide parts 352, 352 are formed protruding from the front side of the base 100 at a predetermined interval. These two tape guide parts 352, 352 are provided with magnetic tape sliding protrusions 280a and 280a, which are provided at a predetermined interval.
280b, and these two tape guide parts 35
A magnetic head entry section 160 is formed between 2 and 352. In addition, the Tj&Ki tape sliding contact protrusion 280
When the cassette tape is loaded into a recording/playback machine or a playback-only machine, a cassette tape fixing protrusion provided on the recording/playback machine or a playback-only machine is inserted between the magnetic tape sliding protrusion 280b and the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 280b. Recesses 290 and 290 are formed, respectively. Then, magnetic tape WI contact protrusions 280a + 2 are provided facing each other with the magnetic head entry section 160 interposed therebetween.
80a has two slits 353 and 3, respectively.
54 is provided, and in the slit 353 on the back side,
Both ends of the shield plate 230 are inserted and locked, and the pressure pad 220 is inserted into the slit 354 on the front side.
Both ends are 4R shaped so that they can be inserted and locked. On the front side of the base 110, the cassette tape 1
0 is inserted into the above-mentioned cassette tape adapter 400 and loaded into a recording/reproducing device or a reproduction-only machine.
70 is formed. Further, magnetic tape protection members 210 are attached to the magnetic tape sliding protrusions 280a and 280b forming the tape guide portions 352 and 352, respectively. Each of the magnetic tape protection members 210 has a substantially U-shaped side surface, is made of metal, and includes a magnetic tape protection portion 356 and two upper and lower mounting pieces 357 and 357 extending from the magnetic tape protection portion. The magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 2
By locking the mounting pieces 357 to the fixing protrusions 358 provided on the upper and lower sides of the magnetic tape protection members 210 and 280b, the magnetic tape protection member 210 is attached and fixed to the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusions 280, respectively. ing. In this way, when the magnetic tape protection members 210 are respectively attached and fixed to the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusions 280, the magnetic tape protection of the magnetic tape protection members 210:
A gap is formed between 4g@35B and the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 280, and the magnetic tape 101 runs within this gap while contacting the surface of the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 280. It is configured to do so. As described above, on the front side of the base 110, the base 1
ml3.10 consisting of four parts penetrating in the thickness direction. A head entry section 160 and pinch roller entry sections 270, 270 are provided, and the reinforcing panels 120, 130 are provided.
A shirt opening recess 312 having a shape corresponding to the magnetic head entry portion 160 and the Vinci roller entry portions 270 and 270 is also provided on the front side. Further, at both ends of the shutter opening recess 312, engaging protrusion entry recesses 313, 313 are provided to accommodate an engaging protrusion 300 provided on the shutter 180, which will be described later. And above! Ball 110 and cover panel part 120,1
30, there is a magnetic head entrance fl formed by the above-mentioned recess.
! Two upper and lower shutters 180 and 180 are provided that can openably cover l80 and Vinci roller entry portions 270, 270. The shutters tao, tao have a substantially rectangular shape as a whole, and have a concavity that can cover the 5a air head entry portion 160, the Vinci roller entry portions 270, 270, and the recesses 290, 290 into which the stopper provided on the recorder/player side enters. The shutter W1 is arranged to be slidable in the width direction of the base 110 within a shutter W1 moving recess 314 formed on the front upper surface of the base 110. On the other hand, a groove-shaped housing recess 315 for the spring 200 is provided along the width direction in the center portion of the base 110 in the length direction, and the springs 200, 200 for returning the shirt shutters 180, 180 are placed in this groove. It is stored in the storage recess 315. And the shutters 180, 18
At the center of the rear end of 0, an extension part 359 with an elliptical hole 360 is provided, and this extension part 359 engages with the connecting member 190. The protrusion is in contact with the front end of the shutter return spring 200 housed in the housing recess 315. Furthermore, at the front ends of the shutters 180, 180,
In order to prevent the magnetic tape protection part of the upper magnetic tape protection member 210 from colliding with the shutters 180, 180, recesses 361 are provided at four locations corresponding to the magnetic tape protection part 356. Furthermore, this shutter 1
At both ends of the front edge of 80.180, there is a cassette tape recorder/player 4.
A locking part 416 for opening the shutter, which will be described later, is provided in 00.
, 416 is provided in a protruding manner on the upper surface of the shutter. In addition, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, on the back surface 320 of the cassette tape 100, recording and erasing 11 stoppers 317 and 31 are provided at both longitudinal ends of the base 110, respectively.
The holes 31B and 316 into which the screws 7 are removably inserted are I3! I have been established. And this recording erasure prevention body 3
17,317 is a cassette tape lOO recorded and played @400
The recorder 400 is configured to press a recording erasure detection protrusion (not shown) provided on the recorder/player 400 to make the associated recording switch operable. There is. Further, the upper machine magnetic tape 101 is wound around hubs 311, 311, and guide rollers 240,
240 and is housed in the base 110 in contact with the front surface of the magnetic tape sliding protrusion 280. The guide rollers 240, 240 are connected to the base 11 by guide roller fixed shafts 250, 250.
It is rotatably attached to 0. That is, the guide roller 240 has a cylindrical gap 363 formed therein, and the guide roller fixing shaft 250, which is formed to have a diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the guide roller 240, is inserted into the gap 363 of the guide roller 240. The base 11 in the stored state
The guide roller is housed in a guide roller housing section 170 formed at 0. The guide roller fixing shaft 250 is formed into an elongated cylindrical shape.
A screw groove is carved on the inner peripheral surface of the cover panel 50, and the upper and lower cover panel parts 12 are screwed together by screws 260 and 280.
It is fixed at 0,130. On the other hand, the two upper and lower cover panel parts 120 and 130 each have five screws 26 in a total of five fixing holes 364 provided at the four corners and approximately in the center of the front end.
0 to be tightened and fixed to the upper and lower surfaces of the base 110, respectively, and among the five fixing holes 364, the fixing holes 364 formed on both sides of the front end
The guide roller fixing shaft 250 is directly below a and 364b.
, 250 are located. Therefore, the screws 260a, 260b for tightening and fixing the fixing holes 364a, 384b are inserted into the respective fixing holes 384a, 384b, and the respective fixing holes 364a. A screw is attached to the guide roller fixed shafts 250, 250 arranged directly below the guide roller 364b. -260&
, 2sob, and guide rollers 240 , 240
is rotatably attached to the base 110 and configured so that it can be rolled around. Furthermore, bent portions 330 each consisting of a protruding piece protruding toward the base portion 110 are formed on the periphery of the two upper and lower cover panel portions 120 and 130, respectively. That is,
The peripheries of the cover panel parts 120 and 130 are folded back and protrude toward the base 110 in areas other than the four corner peripheries and the front end periphery forming the shutter opening recess 312 of the cover panel parts 120 and 130. Bending part 3
30 are under threat. Further, in the peripheral edge of the base 110, on both upper and lower sides of the base 110, there is a groove 365 that can accommodate the bent part 330 provided at the peripheral edge of the -L cover panel parts 120, 130.
is provided, and when assembling, the above-mentioned bending part 33
0 are inserted into the grooves 365, 365 on both upper and lower surfaces of the base 110, respectively, and are inserted into the cover panel portion 120.
．． Reference numeral 130 covers and fixes the upper and lower surfaces of the base parts 110, 110. Therefore, in this embodiment, the cover panel section 12
Since the bent portions 330 are formed at the peripheries of the cassette tapes 100 and 130, bending of the cover panel portions 120 and 130 is prevented, and the strength of the cassette tape 100 is improved. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 1, cassette tape recording/reproduction
Reference numeral 400 includes a recorder/player main body 401 which has a cassette tape storage section 403 in which the above-mentioned cassette tape 100 can be stored, and is formed as a generally rectangular box, and one of the long sides of this recorder/player main body 401. A lid 402 is attached to the main body 401 via a suitable hinge and can cover the top surface of the recording/playback main body 401.
It is equipped with A cassette tape storage section 403 in which the cassette tape 100 can be stored is formed within the recording/reproducing machine main body 401. On the bottom panel 421 that defines the cassette tape storage section 403, there is a hub hole 368 that is opened in the cassette tape 100 when the cassette tape 100 is loaded.
．． 368 and a reel stand 41 at a position where money can be reached.
4,414 are provided, and these reel stands 414
, 414 engages with the hubs 311, 311, and the hub 3
Bosses 415, 415 for rotating the parts 11, 311 are provided in a protruding manner. Capstans 406, 406 are protruded at a predetermined interval from the widthwise end of the player body 401 in the vicinity of the reel stands 414, 414. On the other hand, on the short side surface portion 420 of the upper recording/reproducing machine body 401,
An operation switch section 407 is provided with buttons for recording, playback, rewind, fast forward, etc., and a microphone terminal 408 is provided on the side of this operation switch section 407.
and an earphone terminal 409. If necessary, after loading the cassette tape 100, attach an appropriate microphone to the microphone terminal 408 and press the recording switch and playback switch of the operation switch section 407 to record an appropriate sound on the cassette tape 100. By attaching appropriate earphones to the earphone terminal 409, the cassette tape 100 can be loaded, and by pressing the play button of the operation switch section 407, the cassette tape can be recorded. It is designed so that the contents recorded on the tape 100 can be heard. Further, terminals fi 422 are provided at one end of the long side surface portion 419 of the recorder/player main body 401, and terminals fi 422 are provided at predetermined intervals. A power input terminal 410, an audio output terminal 411, an audio output terminal 411, and an operation terminal 413 are provided, and as shown in FIG. In this case, they are configured to make contact with the amplifier-side connection terminals provided in the amplifier section 453, respectively. Therefore, the recording/playback a4 of the cassette tape according to this embodiment
00 is inserted into the vehicle audio system 1452 with the cassette tape 100 loaded, each of the power input terminal 410, audio output terminal 411, and operation terminal 413 that constitute the terminal section 422, By contacting each terminal provided in the audio device W452, power is transferred from the vehicle's battery to the power input terminal 41.
0 to the upper recorder/player 61400, and the recorder/player main body 40! It is configured to operate a drive unit such as a motor installed inside the machine. In addition, by operating each switch provided on the front of the in-vehicle audio device 452 via the operation terminal 413, the recording/reproducing chant 400 according to this embodiment can be played back, fast-forwarded,
It is designed in such a way that operations such as rewinding can be controlled. In addition, when operations such as playback, fast forwarding, and backward play are performed by operating the switches provided on the in-vehicle audio device 452 in this way, the The audio output terminal 411 outputs the audio recorded on the cassette tape 100 as an electrical signal obtained by converting the magnetic signal remaining on the magnetic tape 101 of the cassette tape 100 by the magnetic head.
Amplifier section 4 installed in car audio equipment 1t452
53, the output electric signal is amplified so that the audio recorded on the cassette tape 100 can be played back from speakers appropriately installed in the vehicle interior. Furthermore, as shown in the ffil figure, a mounting panel 417 is attached to the base end side in the width direction of the rear panel 402 attached to the recording/reproducing machine main body 401, and extends over the length of the lid 402. Along with this, it is configured to work together with Lid 402. This mounting panel 417 is formed into an elongated plate shape, and cassette tape both side support parts 418, 418 are protruded from both ends of this mounting panel 417. and lid 40
A cassette tape support part 424 is formed by the two back parts, and when the cassette tape 100 is inserted into this cassette tape support part 424, the front end of the side parts 362, 362 of the cassette tape lOO can be supported. It is composed of. A magnetic head 404 for recording and playback is attached to the longitudinal center of this mounting panel 417.
A cassette tape l is placed on both sides of the magnetic head 404.
When OO is loaded, the recess 2 formed between the magnetic tape sliding contact protrusions 280a and 280b of the cassette tape 100
Stoppers 423, 423 which are pushed into the inside of the cassette tape 90 and can control the loading position of the cassette tape 100 are provided in a protruding manner. Further, when the cassette tape 100 is loaded, the cassette tape lOOO is attached to the rear end of the mounting panel 417.
Shutter opening locking portions 416, 416 are protrudingly provided at the front end portions of the shutters 180, 180, and the lower ends of the shutter opening locking portions 41B, 416 are arranged inwardly. The whole is formed in an L-shape,
Pinch rollers 405, 405 are pivotally supported inside the shutter opening locking portions 416, 416. Therefore, using the cassette tape recorder/player 400 according to this embodiment, the compact cassette tape lOO can be played back!
! When playing sound, etc., one of the cover panels 120 and 130 of the cassette tape 100 is placed along the back surface of the lid 402, and the side portions 362 and 362 of the cassette tape 100 are placed along the cassette tape side support portions 41.
8, 418, and bring the front end of the cassette tape 100 into contact with the magnetic head 404.
Install the OO into the cassette tape support section 424. In this way, when the cassette tape lOO is attached to the cassette tape support section 424, the shutter opening locking sections 41B and 416 are connected to the shutter provided at the front end of the cassette tape 100, as described above. 180,18
The engaging protrusions 300, 300 protruding from both ends of the
The shutters 180, 180 are
is pushed to the rear of the cassette tape 100 and the shutter 18
0,180 slides, the shutters 180, 180 are opened, and as a result, the front part 3 of the cassette tape 100
The magnetic head 4 is attached to the magnetic tape 101 exposed at 67.
04 are placed in pressure contact. Then, the lid 402 is rotated and the recorder/player main body 4 is opened.
Covering the cassette tape storage section 403 of 01, and inside the hub holes 368, 368 opened in the cassette tape l00,
Reel stands 414, 414 provided on the recorder/player main body 401
A boss 415.415 is arranged, and a capstan 4
06 and 406 are located inside the magnetic tape, operations such as recording and playback on the cassette tape 100 become possible. Therefore, the cassette tape recorder/player 4 according to this embodiment
For 00, operate the switch in this state! By operating the play button 407, the earphone terminal 409
Connect a suitable earphone etc. to the cassette tape 10.
You can play back and listen to the audio recorded in 0. In addition, the cassette tape recorder/player 400 in this state is shown on a dashboard 450 inside an automobile, as shown in FIG.
By incorporating it into the audio system il 452 or the like installed in the center console 451W of the car, the recorded contents of the cassette tape 100 can be played back by the speakers constituting the car's audio system 1452, as described above. ．． That is, as shown in FIG.
Insert into the insertion hole 454 provided in 3. In this case, as described above, the long side surface portion 419 of the recorder/player main body 401
Each terminal 410, 411, 4 of the terminal part 422 provided in
13 come into contact with respective connection terminals provided inside the audio device 21452, and the recording/reproducing Jll 400 is electrically connected to the in-vehicle audio device 21452, and is incorporated into the audio device 21452. In this case, as described above, via the power input terminal 410,
Power is supplied to the recorder/player 400 from the on-board battery,
The recorder/player 400 becomes operational, and various operation switches 455 provided on the surface of the in-vehicle audio device 452 are operated via the operation terminal 413 to perform playback, fast forward, and
It becomes possible to perform operations such as rewinding and control the operation of the player 400. Therefore, the recording and reproducing unit 400 according to this embodiment is inserted into the audio system @452 installed in the car, and the audio system W1452
When used in combination with the audio equipment 8145
By operating various operation switches 455 provided in the recorder/player 400,
cassette tape 100 as appropriate without operating 07.
The recorded contents are outputted via the audio output terminal 411, amplified by the amplifier section 453, and reproduced by the speakers in the vehicle interior for listening. In addition, in this embodiment, the recording/playback A4 of the cassette tape is
The terminal 6'B422 provided on the long side surface 419 of the recorder/player main body 401 of the 00 is an operation terminal for controlling the recording/playback AL400 by operating the operation switch 455 provided on the car audio system M452. 413 is provided, but when the operation terminal 413 is not provided and it is incorporated into the audio device 452, by appropriately operating the operation buttons of the operation switch section 407 provided on the recording/playback a400, It is not limited to this embodiment, and may be a J# configured to operate the recorder/player 400. [Effects of the Invention] Since the cassette tape recorder/player according to the present invention has the above-described configuration, it can be easily carried around with the cassette tape loaded, allowing users to listen to the recorded contents of the cassette tape and listen to audio. In addition to being able to record data, it can also be used as is, completely integrated into the car's audio equipment. Therefore, unlike conventional recorders, etc., which are connected to an audio device using a connection cord and placed on the top of the dashboard, this device can monitor the driver's driving movements and passengers in the limited space inside the vehicle. This makes it possible to easily and comfortably record and play cassette tapes without interfering with the comfort of the car, and to listen to the contents of the cassette tapes through the speakers built into the in-vehicle audio system. Become. Furthermore, in the cassette tape recorder/player according to the present invention, the cassette tape itself is loaded. Because it is compact, it is possible to ensure good transportability and portability of the cassette tape itself, and the recording and reproducing of the cassette tape can also be made smaller than conventional ones. It is also possible to improve the portability and portability of a cassette tape recorder/player.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a cassette tape recorder/player according to the present invention and a cassette tape used in the recorder/player, and FIG. 2 is a cassette tape recorder/player according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing an example of a cassette tape used in
The figure is a sectional view taken along the line ff-IV in FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a state in which the cassette tape player according to the present invention is installed in an audio device installed in the passenger compartment of an automobile. 100...Cassette tape 101...Magnetic tape 110...Base 120.
...Cover panel section 130...Cover panel section 140...Magnetic tape storage section 150...Magnetic tape storage section 160...Magnetic head entry section 170...Guide roller storage section 180...Shutter 190 ...Connection member 20
0... Spring 210... Magnetic tape protection member 220... Pressure pad 230... Shield plate 240... Guide roller 250... Guide roller fixing shaft 260... Screw 270... Vinci roller Entry portion 280a... Inner magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 280b...
Outer magnetic tape sliding contact protrusion 290... recess 3
00... Engaging protrusion 310... Seat 311
...Hub 312...Shutter opening recess 313...Engaging protrusion entry recess 314...Shutter panel sliding recess 315...Spring storage recess 31B...Hole 317...Recording Erasing prevention body 400...Cassette tape recorder/player 401...Cassette tape recorder main body 402...Lid 403...Cassette tape storage section 404...Magnetic head 405...Vinci roller 40B...・Capstan 407... Operation switch part 408... Microphone terminal 409... Earphone terminal 410... Electric cooling input terminal 411... Audio output terminal 413... Operation terminal 414... Reel stand 415 ...Boss 416...Shutter opening locking part 417...Mounting panel 418...Both side support parts 4
19... Long side side part 420... Short side side part 42
1...Bottom panel 422...Terminal section 423...
- Stopper 424...Cassette tape support section 450...Dashboard 451...Center console 452...Audio device 453...Amplifier section 454...Insertion hole section 45
5... Look at the operation switch 1... Look at the width of the cassette tape? ...Length dimension of cassette tape

Claims (1)

[Claims] The cassette is smaller overall than a compact cassette, and includes a resin base that houses a magnetic tape, and cover panel parts that are provided on both upper and lower surfaces of the base and cover the magnetic tape from the outside. When a cassette tape is loaded and recorded and played back, it is removably attached to the in-vehicle audio system and operates.The system has a power input terminal that can receive power from the in-vehicle battery, and a magnetic signal that remains on the magnetic tape. A cassette tape recorder/player comprising an audio output terminal capable of outputting an electrical signal converted by a head.