KR102745845B1 - System for lid sheet layer by using variable allocation area and selective process of surface - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention discloses a technical idea including a metal layer part forming a base layer, having preset lines formed therein and stacking a predetermined layer on the preset lines; a coating layer part stacked within the preset lines on the metal layer part and coating the surface of the metal layer within the preset lines; and a dissipative layer part stacked on the coating layer part and selectively absorbing a wavelength range of an incident electromagnetic wave and reflecting the remaining wavelength range.

Description

{System for lid sheet layer by using variable allocation area and selective process of surface}

The present invention relates to a system for layering, i.e., laminating, of a lid sheet to cover an upper opening of a container, and more particularly, to a technical field relating to a laminating mechanism, i.e., a system for layering lid sheets by using surface treatment of the lid sheet and variable area allocation.

As the margins of digital label printing increase compared to traditional printing methods, cases of label printing using single-sheet digital label printers are also increasing in label printing methods that used to be performed using flexo printing or offset printing.

In addition, since it is not easy to differentiate work using matte or semi-gloss paper that anyone can do, competition is becoming fierce, and the margins in each field of printing markets that utilize unique and special materials are relatively high.

In line with this trend, printing companies in major printing-advanced countries such as Japan, the United States, and the EU are pursuing sustainable growth by pursuing convergence and business diversification management with other industries beyond the existing market scope of the printing culture industry, and printing technologies that are integrated with other industries are being developed accordingly. Among them, technologies related to fancy businesses utilizing messenger emoticons and building materials are being developed.

"Adhesive sheet for construction and its manufacturing method (Registration No. 10-1484660, hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 1)" exists.

In the case of patent document 1, it relates to an adhesive sheet for construction and a method for manufacturing the same, and discloses an adhesive sheet for construction, characterized by including: a silicone-treated release paper; a border having a predetermined height by line printing along the perimeter of a shaped portion on the upper surface of the release paper; and a shaped portion formed by screen printing on the upper surface of the release paper inside the border to have a texture.

Likewise, there is also “Adhesive interior material using digital printing technology and its manufacturing method (Registration No. 10-0948628, hereinafter referred to as patent document 2).”

In the case of Patent Document 2, an interior material is formed with a base layer, a printing layer positioned on the upper part of the base layer and having characters and patterns printed on it, and an adhesive layer positioned on the lower part of the base layer and having an adhesive treated on the lower surface, wherein the printing layer is formed by digital printing using an indirect printing method or a direct printing method, and the adhesive layer is formed by forming a silicone coating layer on a release paper made of paper material and coating an adhesive on the surface thereof, and the interior material using a digital printing technology is described. In addition, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing an interior material using a digital technology, characterized by including the steps of: a) producing a PVC sheet using a PVC calendar; b) laminating a PVC sheet and a PET film; c) treating an adhesive on the release paper; d) bonding the release paper to the surface of the PET film; and e) performing digital real-life printing on a transfer paper coated with an acrylic film and then transfer-printing the same on a PVC sheet.

In addition, there is also a “Method for manufacturing interior materials using a transfer paper and interior materials using the method (Registration No. 10-0791774, hereinafter referred to as “Patent Document 3).”

Patent Document 3 relates to a method for manufacturing interior materials using transfer paper, and in particular, it discloses a technical idea for a method for manufacturing interior materials using transfer paper, including a release paper processing step for coating a silicone release agent on the surface of release paper; an acrylic resin layer coating step for thinly coating an acrylic resin layer on the surface of release paper manufactured by the release paper processing step to improve the surface printing suitability of the release paper to facilitate digital printing; an image printing step for manufacturing transfer paper by printing various designs of photographs, pictures, and patterns desired by consumers on the acrylic resin layer of the release paper formed by the resin layer coating step using a digital inkjet printer; a base paper bonding step for bonding the image of the transfer paper manufactured through the image printing step to base paper to which it is to be transferred; and a base paper post-processing step for bonding a cover layer or a surface reinforcing layer to the surface of the base paper to which the image of the transfer paper is transferred to the base paper in order to strengthen the durability of the base paper after the image of the transfer paper is transferred to the base paper in the base paper bonding step.

In addition, there is also “Interior decorative sheet and its manufacturing method (Publication No. 10-2008-0024351, hereinafter referred to as “Patent Document 4).”

In the case of Patent Document 4, technical ideas are disclosed regarding a transfer film in which a transparent printing layer, a metal deposition layer, and an adhesive layer are sequentially laminated on a PET carrier film, and a method for manufacturing the same, and a decorative sheet in which an adhesive layer, a metal deposition layer, a transparent printing layer, and a transparent PVC film as a surface layer are sequentially laminated on a colored PVC film as a base layer, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Lastly, there is also “Mural tile using digital printer and epoxy and its manufacturing method (Publication No. 10-2010-0110200, hereinafter referred to as patent document 5).”

Patent Document 5 relates to a mural tile using a digital printer and epoxy and a manufacturing method thereof. More specifically, it provides a mural tile using a digital printer and epoxy and a manufacturing method thereof, which enables easy composition of mural tiles with various pictures indoors and outdoors and allows the pictures to be expressed clearly and transparently.

The invention according to Patent Document 5 is characterized in that a base material is prepared and cut at an acute angle of 1 degree to 45 degrees or less like a tile according to the size of the adjustment, thereby naturally forming a space like a tile, and, breaking away from the method of directly printing on the base material prepared as described above, an image is printed on a material such as paper, fabric, or PVC paper that is most suitable for dye or pigment ink, and an image sheet is adhered to the base material with an adhesive, and epoxy is poured over it to form an epoxy layer in the shape of a convex film, and after going through a first natural drying process, it is dried in an artificial dryer for 12 hours or more, and then UV coated.

There exists a “priming and coating process (registration number 10-1260264, patent document 6).”

Patent Document 6 relates to a method for priming a substrate by contacting the substrate with a primer supplied from a primer source and depositing the primer on the substrate.

Registration No. 10-1484660 Registration No. 10-0948628 Registration No. 10-0791774 Publication number 10-2008-0024351 Publication number 10-2010-0110200 Registration No. 10-1260264

The lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention has been devised to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems, and enables printing even on a metal surface such as a metal layer, and prevents the printing from being easily removed.

The problems to be solved by the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

The lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention has the following problem-solving means to solve the above-mentioned problems.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the system may be characterized by including: a metal layer section forming a base layer, having preset lines formed thereon, and stacking a predetermined layer on the preset lines; a coating layer section stacked within the preset lines on the metal layer section and coating the surface of the metal layer within the preset lines; and a discharge layer section stacked on the coating layer section, selectively absorbing a wavelength range of an incident electromagnetic wave and reflecting the remaining wavelength range.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the metal layer portion may be characterized in that the preset lines include i) a preset horizontal line, and ii) a preset vertical line.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, each of the preset horizontal lines and the preset vertical lines may be virtually set on the metal layer portion and confirmed through lamination of the predetermined layers.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the preset horizontal line may be characterized in that a horizontal area on which the predetermined layer is laminated is adjusted by variably horizontally expanding and contracting a virtually set boundary line.

In the case of a lead layering system using a selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the preset vertical line may be characterized in that a virtually set boundary line is variably vertically expanded and reduced, so that the degree of vertical stacking of the predetermined layer is adjusted.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, it may be characterized by further including a wrapping layer part that is arranged on the preset line of the metal layer part, is arranged below the coating layer part, and wraps the surface of the metal layer part.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the coating layer portion may be characterized in that, after being applied in a liquid state, it is cured on the metal layer portion after a predetermined period of time.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, it may be characterized by further including a surface treatment section in which at least one of the upper or lower surface of the wrapping layer section, or at least one of the upper surface of the metal layer section, is surface treated to increase the surface friction coefficient.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the surface treatment section may be characterized by increasing the surface friction coefficient through a primer coating.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, it may be characterized by further including a sticky layer portion that is selectively arranged on a lower surface of the metal layer portion so that the lower surface of the metal layer portion covers the opening of the sealing case through at least one of heat fusion, compression, adhesive, and bonding.

The lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention having the above configuration provides the following effects.

Through multiple layering, printing is possible even on metal surfaces such as metal layers, and printing is not easily removed.

The effects of the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

FIG. 1 is a side exploded view illustrating a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a coating layer part and a discharge layer part are laminated on a metal layer part.
FIG. 2 is a side exploded view illustrating a layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a wrapping layer part, a coating layer part, and a dissipation layer part are laminated on a metal layer part.
FIG. 3 is a side exploded view illustrating a layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a wrapping layer part, a second surface treatment part, a coating layer part, and a dissipation layer part are laminated on a metal layer part.
FIG. 4 is a side exploded view illustrating a layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a wrapping layer part, a coating layer part, a third surface layer part, and a dissipation layer part are laminated on a metal layer part.
FIG. 5 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer portion, a first surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, and a discharge layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer portion, a coating layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, and a discharge layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer portion, a first surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, and a discharge layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer portion, a wrapping layer portion, a first surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, and a discharge layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a side exploded view illustrating a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a sticky layer is laminated on the lower side, and then a metal layer, a first surface treatment, a coating layer, a second surface treatment, and a discharge layer are laminated.
FIG. 10 is a side exploded view illustrating a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention, in which a sticky layer is laminated on the lower side, and then a metal layer, a wrapping layer, a first surface treatment, a coating layer, a second surface treatment, and a discharge layer are laminated.
FIG. 11 is a conceptual diagram illustrating preset horizontal lines and preset vertical lines formed on a metal layer in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to one embodiment of the present invention.

The lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention can have various modifications and various embodiments, and specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the detailed description. However, this is not intended to limit the present invention to specific embodiments, but should be understood to include all modifications, equivalents, or substitutes included in the technical spirit and technical scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a side exploded view illustrating a method for laminating a coating layer portion and a discharge layer portion on a metal layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side exploded view illustrating a method for laminating a wrapping layer portion, a coating layer portion, and a discharge layer portion on a metal layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a side exploded view illustrating a method for laminating a wrapping layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, and a discharge layer portion on a metal layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a side exploded view illustrating a method for laminating a wrapping layer portion, a coating layer portion, a third surface layer portion, and a discharge layer portion on a metal layer portion in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer part, a first surface treatment part, a coating layer part, and a discharge layer part in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer part, a coating layer part, a second surface treatment part, and a discharge layer part in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer part, a first surface treatment part, a coating layer part, a second surface treatment part, and a discharge layer part in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a side exploded view illustrating the lamination of a metal layer part, a lapping layer part, a first surface treatment part, a coating layer part, a second surface treatment part, and a discharge layer part in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is an exploded side view illustrating a process in which a sticky layer portion is laminated on the lower side, and then a metal layer portion, a first surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, and a disconnect layer portion are laminated, in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is an exploded side view illustrating a process in which a sticky layer portion is laminated on the lower side, and then a metal layer portion, a wrapping layer portion, a first surface treatment portion, a coating layer portion, a second surface treatment portion, and a disconnect layer portion are laminated, in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 11 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a preset horizontal line and a preset vertical line formed on a metal layer, in a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the layering of the dissipation layer (300) is not directly laminated on the metal layer (100) corresponding to the base layer, or even if the layering of the dissipation layer (300) is directly layered on the metal layer (100), it corresponds to a technical idea to prevent cases in which it is arbitrarily or easily removed after direct layering.

In the case of a lead layering system using selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, the metal layer portion (100) forms a base layer, and a preset line is formed, corresponding to a configuration in which a predetermined layer is laminated on the preset line.

In the case of a preset line, as illustrated in FIG. 11, it corresponds to a virtual line formed on the metal layer portion (100), which is an area conceptually set for lamination, i.e. layering, on the metal layer portion (100), and is a set line that cannot be directly observed with the naked eye, but can be confirmed as a result through layering of a predetermined layer, such as the coating layer portion (200).

The pre-determined lines correspond to the concept of including i) a pre-determined horizontal line (PHL) and ii) a pre-determined vertical line (PVL), as illustrated in Fig. 11.

As described above, each of the pre-determined horizontal line and the pre-determined vertical line is virtually set on the metal layer section and can be confirmed through lamination of a predetermined layer.

As illustrated in Fig. 11, a preset horizontal line is a virtually set boundary line that can be variably expanded and reduced horizontally, so that a horizontal area on which a given layer is laminated can be adjusted.

As illustrated in Figure 11, a preset vertical line is a virtually set boundary line that can be variably expanded and reduced vertically, so that the vertical height at which a given layer is stacked, i.e. the degree of layering, can be adjusted.

In the case of the metal layer portion (100), it is a layer made of a material such as a metal, such as aluminum, or including a material such as aluminum. The metal layer portion (100) has a thickness in the range of about 0.01 mm to 2.0 mm, and is preferably made of a material that can be bent or flexible to a certain degree.

The coating layer portion (200) corresponds to a layer that is directly or indirectly laminated on the metal layer portion (100). In the case of the coating layer portion (200), it is laminated within a preset line (PVL, PHL) on the metal layer portion (100) and is configured to coat the surface of the metal layer portion (100) within the preset line (PVL, PHL).

In the case of the coating layer portion (200), it may be configured to be applied in a liquid form and then hardened on the metal layer portion (100) after a predetermined period of time.

The coating layer portion (200) may be a primer coating, i.e., a preliminary finishing coating applied to a surface to be painted or otherwise finished. Technical descriptions and principles thereof are disclosed in patent documents (KR101260234B), etc., and thus a detailed description thereof will be omitted.

In the case of the discern layer (300), it is laminated on the coating layer (100) and is configured to selectively absorb the wavelength range of the incident electromagnetic wave and reflect the remaining wavelength range.

In the case of the dissipative layer section (300), the particles are positioned at a target location in the form of fine particles through a spray nozzle or other device, and the fine particles in the corresponding section absorb or reflect different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves to have a certain color or line or other form observable with the naked eye.

The degree of stacking between particles in the form of fine particles forming the dissipation layer (300) can be controlled by controlling the degree of spraying by the spray nozzle, such as the size of the sprayed particles, the spraying speed of the sprayed particles, the spraying timing between the sprayed particles, etc. Through this, the degree of vertical stacking of the fine particles of the dissipation layer (300) can be controlled depending on the positioning, and through this, the degree of reflected light amount and the degree of refraction of incident light can be controlled.

In the case of the wrapping layer part (400), it is arranged on a preset line of the metal layer part (100) and is configured to be selectively arranged on top of the metal layer part (100).

The wrapping layer (400) is preferably made of a material such as PET (Polyethylene terephthalate). Polyethylene terephthalate is a relatively high-density saturated polyester resin that is a crystalline or amorphous thermoplastic plastic and has the characteristics of being highly transparent, lightweight, and not easily broken.

It is also a preferred embodiment that the wrapping layer (400) is made of a transparent resin, a transparent film, or the like in addition to PET.

In the case of the surface treatment section (510, 520), a first surface treatment section (510) and a second surface treatment section (520) are included, and the surface treatment section (510, 520) is an area where the surface is treated to increase the surface friction coefficient.

In the case of the surface treatment section (510, 520), a corona treatment, for example, a corona discharge, is applied to the surface of a plastic film, paper, metal foil, etc. to vary a certain surface friction coefficient, that is, to increase the surface friction coefficient.

In the case of the surface treatment section (510, 520), it corresponds to a configuration in which it is applied and arranged on at least one surface among the upper surface of the wrapping layer section (400), the upper surface of the coating layer section (200), and the upper surface of the metal layer section (100).

In the case of the sticky layer portion (600), it is selectively formed on the lower surface of the metal layer portion (100), and is an element formed by being positioned at the edge or an inner part of the metal layer portion (100).

In the case of the sticky layer portion (600), it is selectively arranged on the lower surface of the metal layer portion (100), so that the lower surface of the metal layer portion (100) covers the opening of the sealing case (not shown) through at least one of heat fusion, compression, adhesive, glue, and high-frequency bonding.

As described above, in the case of the lead layering system using the selective surface treatment and variable area allocation according to the present invention, a predetermined downward pressure can be selectively applied within the planar range of a preset line, so that a step in the vertical height between a portion to which the predetermined downward pressure is applied and a portion to which it is not applied can be selectively formed.

The technical components described above may have various embodiments as follows.

[Example 1]

As shown in Fig. 1, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, they can be laminated in the following order: metal layer portion (100); coating layer portion (200); and dissipative layer portion (300).

[Example 2]

As shown in Fig. 2, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, they can be laminated in the following order: metal layer part (100); wrapping layer part (400); coating layer part (200); and dissipation layer part (300).

[Example 3]

As shown in Fig. 3, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the layers may be laminated in the following order: metal layer part (100); wrapping layer part (400); first surface treatment part (510); coating layer part (200); and dissipation layer part (300).

[Example 4]

As shown in Fig. 4, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the layers may be laminated in the following order: metal layer part (100); wrapping layer part (400); coating layer part (200); second surface treatment part (520); and dissipation layer part (300).

[Example 5]

As shown in Fig. 5, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, they can be laminated in the following order: metal layer portion (100); first surface treatment portion (510); coating layer portion (200); and dissipation layer portion (300).

[Example 6]

As shown in Fig. 6, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, they can be laminated in the following order: metal layer portion (100); coating layer portion (200); second surface treatment portion (520); and dissipation layer portion (300).

[Example 7]

As shown in Fig. 7, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the layers may be laminated in the following order: metal layer portion (100); first surface treatment portion (510); coating layer portion (200); second surface treatment portion (520); and dissipation layer portion (300).

[Example 8]

As shown in Fig. 8, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the layers may be laminated in the following order: metal layer part (100); wrapping layer part (400); first surface treatment part (510); coating layer part (200); second surface treatment part (520); and dissipation layer part (300).

[Example 9]

As shown in Fig. 9, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the layers may be laminated in the following order: metal layer part (100); wrapping layer part (400); first surface treatment part (510); coating layer part (200); second surface treatment part (520); and dissipation layer part (300).

[Example 10]

As shown in Fig. 10, in the case of layers laminated from the bottom to the top, the following order may be applied: sticky layer portion (600); metal layer portion (100); wrapping layer portion (400); first surface treatment portion (510); coating layer portion (200); second surface treatment portion (520); and dissipative layer portion (300).

The scope of the rights of the present invention is determined by the matters described in the claims, and the parentheses used in the claims are not described for optional limitation, but are used to indicate clear elements, and the description within the parentheses should also be interpreted as essential elements.

PHL: pre-determined horizontal line
PVL: pre-determined vertical line
100: Metal layer
200: Coating layer
300: Dissun Layer
400: Wrapping layer
510: First surface treatment section
520: Second surface treatment section
600: Sticky layer

Claims (10)

A metal layer section forming a base layer, in which preset lines are formed, and a predetermined layer is laminated on the preset lines;
A coating layer portion laminated within the preset line on the metal layer portion and coating the surface of the metal layer portion within the preset line;
A dissipative layer layered on the coating layer to selectively absorb wavelengths of incident electromagnetic waves and reflect the remaining wavelengths;
A wrapping layer portion arranged on the preset line of the metal layer portion, arranged below the coating layer portion, and wrapping the surface of the metal layer portion;
i) a surface treatment part in which at least one of the upper or lower surfaces of the coating layer part, or ii) at least one of the upper surfaces of the metal layer part is surface treated to increase the surface friction coefficient; and
A sticky layer part is selectively arranged on the lower surface of the metal layer part, and the lower surface of the metal layer part covers the opening of the sealing case through at least one of heat fusion, compression, adhesive, glue, and high-frequency bonding.
If the dissipation layer part exists in the metal layer part and the wrapping layer part, it includes one or more surface treatment parts laminated on the upper and lower surfaces of the coating layer part,
The above metal layer portion,
The above preset lines include i) a preset horizontal line, and ii) a preset vertical line,
Each of the above preset horizontal lines and the above preset vertical lines,
It is set virtually on the above metal layer,
It can be confirmed through the lamination of the above-mentioned layers,
The above preset horizontal lines are,
The virtually set boundary line is variably expanded and reduced horizontally, so that the horizontal area on which the predetermined layer is laminated is adjusted.
The above preset vertical lines are,
The virtually set boundary line is variably vertically expanded and reduced so that the degree of vertical stacking of the above-mentioned predetermined layer is adjusted,
The above coating layer portion,
After application, after a certain period of time, it hardens on the metal layer portion.
The above dissun layer part is,
A lead layering system characterized by controlling the amount of reflected light by positioning it at a target location through a spray nozzle in the form of fine particles.

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