KR20110042026A - 저혈당증의 치료 및 검출을 위한 분석 및 방법 - Google Patents
저혈당증의 치료 및 검출을 위한 분석 및 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR20110042026A KR20110042026A KR1020107022650A KR20107022650A KR20110042026A KR 20110042026 A KR20110042026 A KR 20110042026A KR 1020107022650 A KR1020107022650 A KR 1020107022650A KR 20107022650 A KR20107022650 A KR 20107022650A KR 20110042026 A KR20110042026 A KR 20110042026A
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- Prior art keywords
- glutamate
- cells
- secretion
- compound
- glucagon
- Prior art date
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Abstract
Description
도 2 a-b는 인간 췌장의 췌도 내의 α-세포가 AMPA/카이네이트 타입의 기능적인 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체(iGluR)를 발현하는 예를 보인다. 도 2(a)는 인간 췌도 세포 내에 분산된 3G, 11G 및 글루타메이트에 반응하는 [Ca2 +]i를 나타내는 세개의 순차적인 영상(맨 위)를 보인다(슈도칼라(pseudocolor) 규격). 최하단 좌측 영상은 글루카곤(녹색) 및 인슐린(적색) 항체염색을 보인다. 글루카곤 면역반응성 세포 2 및 3은 글루타메이트에 반응했지만, 11G에 반응하지 않았다. 인슐린 면역반응성 세포 1 및 4는 11G에 반응했지만 글루타메이트에 반응하지 않았다. 이들 세포들의 [Ca2 +]i 반응의 흔적이 최하단 오른쪽에 보인다. 화살표는 영상을 찍은 시점을 나타낸다. 흔적 아래의 바는 자극 적용을 나타낸다. 규격 바 = 50 ㎛. 1 mM 글루코스(1G), 3 mM 글루코스(3G) 및 11 mM 글루코스(11G). 결과는 4 인간 췌도 제제를 나타낸다. 도 2(b)는 인간(적색 상징) 및 원숭이 췌도(흑색 상징)으로부터의 각각의 α-세포(좌측) 및 β-세포(우측)의 유전자 발현 프로파일을 보인다. 각각의 줄은 단일 세포를 나타내고, 각각의 열은 상이한 글루타메이트 수용체 유전자를 나타낸다. 상징(흑색 또는 적색 색칠한 원)은 RT-PCR 생성물이 검출되었다는 것을 표시한다.
도 3 a-c는 카이네이트에 대한 α-세포 반응이 전압-의존성 Ca2 + 채널을 통한 Ca2 + 유입을 요구한다는 것을 보인다. 도 3(a)는 iGluR의 활성화가 인간 췌도 세포 내의 내부 전류를 끌어내는 것을 보인다. 카이네이트(100 μM)에 의해 유발된 전체-세포 전류를 나타낸다(최상단 좌측 패널). 이들 전류의 진폭을 네 개의 세포에 대해 평균을 냈다(우측 패널). 카이네이트-유발 전류는 AMPA/카이네이트 수용체 길항제 NBQX (10 μM)에 의해 차단될 수 있다. 고정 전류 = -70 mV. 전류 흔적 위의 바는 카이네이트 적용을 나타낸다. 도 3(b)는 카이네이트(100 μM)가 세포 외 Ca2 +의 부재(0 Ca2 + + 1 mM EGTA) 하에 폐기되고 Ca2 +채널 차단제 La3 + (100 μM) 또는 특이적 Ca2 +채널 억제제 니모디핀(10 μM), 코노톡신 GVIA (1 μM), 아가톡신 IVA (0.1 μM) 및 미베프라딜(mibefradil)의 조합물의 존재 하에 강하게 감손된 글루카곤 분비에서 큰 증가를 자극(좌측 상의 반응)했다는 것을 입증하는 주변융합(perifusion) 분석법을 보인다. 평균 흔적을 나타내었다(± s.e.m., n = 3 인간 췌도 제제). 화살표는 새로운 용액으로의 전환을 나타낸다. 도 3(c)는 카이네이트에 대한 [Ca2 +]i 반응이 공칭 0 Ca2 +에서 폐기되는 것을 보이는 평균 흔적(± s.e.m., n = 9 세포; 3 개의 원숭이 췌도 제제)를 보인다. (d) 카이네이트에 대한 [Ca2+]i 반응이 CNQX(10 μM, n= 7 세포) 및 Ca2 + 채널 차단제 La3 +(30 μM, n = 14 세포) 및 니페디핀(10 μM, n = 18 세포; 스튜던트의 t-시험, P < 0.05)에 의해 억제되었다. 카이네이트에 대한 [Ca2 +]i 반응(340/380 형광 방출비에서의 변화)의 피크 진폭의 평균± s.e.m. 을 나타내었다. 세 마리의 별개의 원숭이 췌도 제제로부터의 자료이다.
도 4 a-d는 자극된 영장류 α-세포 내의 글루타메이트 분비의 예시를 보인다. 도 4(a)는 췌도를 포함하는 원숭이 췌장 절편의 공초점 영상을 보인다. 도면은 글루카곤과 동시-국소화(colocalize) 되지만 인슐린 항체염색성은 아닌 소포성 글루타메이트 수송체 1(vGluT1)의 면역 반응성을 또한 보인다. 결과는 3 개의 인간 췌장을 나타낸다. 도 4(b)는 형광 효소 분석법을 사용하여 글루타메이트 분비를 검출한 실험에서의 췌도의 대표 영상을 보인다. 본 분석법에서, 분비된 글루타메이트는 형광 생성물 레조루핀(resorufin)을 발생시키는 효소성 쇄 반응에서의 기질이다. 레조루핀 형광물질은 컬러-코딩되었다; 낮은(청색; 레스트(rest)) 것에서 높은(황색; 카이네이트) 것으로의 증가는 카이네이트에 대한 반응으로 증가된 글루타메이트 분비를 나타낸다. 효소 글루타메이트 옥시다제(-GO; 최하단 패널)의 부재에서 형광 증가는 거의 없거나 없었다. 도 4(c) 및 (d)는 효소 글루타메이트 옥시다제(-GO)의 부재 하에, 카이네이트 및 KCl의 적용이 레조루핀 형광을 증가시키지 않는 것을 보인다. 낮은 글루코스(1 mM, 1G; P = 0.005), 카이네이트 (100 μM, 카인(kain); P < 0.001), 및 KCl (30 mM; P < 0.001) 탈분극은 GO 없는 카이네이트에 비교하여 췌도로부터 현저한 글루타메이트 분비를 유도하였지만 높은 글루코스(11 mM, 11G; P = 0.289)는 그렇지 않았다(-GO; n = 3 원숭이 췌도 제제; 일 방향(one way) ANOVA 후에 다중 비교 과정, 스튜던트-뉴만-케울스(Student-Newman-Keuls) 방법). 규격 바 = A에서 20 ㎛ 및 B에서 50 ㎛. 임의 단위(a.u.).
도 5는 효과적인 글루카곤 분비에 필요한 자극성 자가분비 글루타메이트 피드백 루프의 예를 보인다. 도 5(a)는 글루카곤-감응성 바이오센서(biosensor) 세포를 사용한 실시간 췌도 글루카곤 분비를 측정하기 위한 실험적인 접근법의 도시를 보인다. 도 5(b)는 개개의 글루카곤 바이오센서 세포 내에서의 [Ca2 +]i 반응에 의해 측정된, 외인성 글루타메이트가 인간 췌도로부터 글루카곤 분비를 이끌어내는 것을 보인다(좌측 패널의 흔적). 인간 췌도의 부재 하에서 글루카곤 바이오센서 세포 내에서 아무 반응도 보이지 않았다(우측 패널의 흔적). 도 5(c) 및 (d)는 바이오센서 세포 내에서의 [Ca2 +]i 반응에 의해 측정된 글루코스 농도의 6 mM에서 1 mM로의 저하에 의해 글루카곤 분비가 유도되었음을 보인다(n- 당해 6 영역). 헹굼은 바이오센서 세포 내의 [Ca2 +]i의 갑작스러운 감소를 유발했다. AMPA/카이네이트 iGluR 길항제 CNQX (10 μM)는 글루카곤 분비를 54 %로 감소(글루코스 농도의 감소 후 8 분 후 측정; n = 3 췌도 제제, 스튜던트의 t-시험, P = 0.042)시키는 글루코스의 효과를 현저히 억제했다.
도 6 a-d는 영장류 췌도의 그것에 유사한 생쥐 췌도 내의 글루타메이트 신호의 예를 보인다. 도 6(a)는 DNQX (10 μM)(좌측; n = 6 주변융합)에 의해 차단되었던 글루카곤 분비를, 글루타메이트(100 μM)가 자극하는 것을 보인 생쥐 췌도의 주변융합 분석법을 보인다. 카이네이트 및 AMPA(모두 100 μM)도 글루카곤 분비를 또한 자극한다(우측; n = 3 주변융합). 도 6(b)는 대사성 글루타메이트 수용체 작용제 tACPD (100 μM) 및 ACPT-1 (100 μM)이 글루카곤 분비의 변화를 이끌어내지 않았음을 보인다(좌측). 대사성 글루타메이트 수용체 길항제 CPPG (100 μM)는 글루타메이트-유도된 글루카곤 반응에 영향을 주지 않았다(우측; n = 3 주변융합). 도 6(c)는 대사성 글루타메이트 수용체 mGluR4가 결핍된 생쥐들로부터의 췌도 내의 글루타메이트 (100 μM)에 대한 글루카곤 반응이 대조군 생쥐들로부터의 췌도의 그것과 상이하지 않았음을 보인다(n =1군 당 4 췌도 제제). 도 6(d)는 인슐린 분비가 높은 글루코스(11 mM, 11G)에 의해 유도되나 카이네이트(좌측), AMPA, 또는 글루타메이트(우측)에 의해서는 그렇지 않음을 보인다. 나타난 실험들은 대표적인 3 개의 췌도 제제들이다.
도 7 a-d는 글루카곤 분비를 자극하기 위한 iGluR의 생체 내 활성화의 예를 보인다. 도 7(a)는 글루타메이트(30 mg/kg; i.p.; n = 7 생쥐) 또는 AMPA (15 mg/kg, n = 8 생쥐)로 전신적으로 처리된 생쥐가 증가된 혈장 글루카곤 농도(좌측; ANOVA, P < 0.05)를 나타냄을 보인다. 혈장 인슐린 농도는 변하지 않았다(중간). AMPA 주입 30 분 후, 생쥐는 증가된 혈장 글루코스 농도를 보였다(우측; 색칠한 기호, n = 8 생쥐, 스튜던트의 t-시험, P < 0.05). 안이 비어있는 기호 = PBS-주입된 생쥐(n = 4). 도 7(b)는 ~3 mM 혈당 농도로 일정한 저혈당성 자극을 제공하기 위한 과인슐린성-저혈당성 클램프(좌측)가 인슐린 주입(중간)으로 유도된 것을 보인다. 저혈당증에 대한 반응인 글루카곤 분비는 식염수-주입된 생쥐(흑색 기호; n = 3; 반복된 측정 ANOVA, P < 0.05)에 비교하여 NBQX 주입 (10 mg/kg; 적색 기호, n = 7) 후에 생쥐 안에서 현저히 약화되었다. 바는 약물 주입을 지시한다. 도 7(c)는 약물 주입 후에 저혈당증을 유지하기에 필요한 글루코스 주입 속도가 식염수-처리된 생쥐(흑색 바; n = 3; 스튜던트의 t-시험, P < 0.05)보다 NBQX-처리된 생쥐(적색 바; n = 7)에서 현저히 컸음을 보인다. 도 7(d)는 글루카곤 분비의 조절을 위해 제안된 모델을 보인다. α-세포의 활성화는 최초 자극과 양성 피드백에 의존한다. 글루코스 수준이 떨어지면, β-세포-유래된 GABA, Zn2 + 또는 인슐린(=최초 자극)으로부터의 더 적은 억제가 있다. 글루타메이트에 의한 양성 피드백은 글루카곤 분비를 강하게 증폭시킨다. 글루코스 수준이 일단 증가하면, 글루카곤 분비는 인슐린, Zn2 +, GABA 또는 이 셋의 조합에 의해 억제된다. 글루타메이트 피드백 없이는, α-세포는 완전히 활성화되지 않고 글루카곤 분비는 부족해진다.
도 8은 AMPA/카이네이트 수용체 (GluR6)의 서브유닛 6이 결핍된 생쥐 상의 글루코스 상대(counter)-조절을 평가하기 위해 수행한 인슐린 내용성 검사(ITT)의 예를 보인다. 두 군 모두의 생쥐들에 t=0:00에서 인슐린을 주입하여 저혈당증을 유도하였다. GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐는 야생형 생쥐보다 저혈당으로 더 빠르고 더 깊게 진행되었으며, 이는 이 서브유닛의 존재는 글루코스 상대-조절 동안 중요하다는 것을 나타낸다. GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐가 억제된 시간(-2:00)부터 그들에 인슐린이 주입된 시간(0:00)까지, 혈당의 증가가 있었다는 것을 주목하라. 이 효과는 이 수준의 글루코스에서, 글루코스 상대-조절의 메카니즘이 가동적이지 않기 때문에, 글루코스 상대-조절에 독립적일 가능성이 높다. 특히, 글루코스 편위 곡선의 기울기에 의해 나타내어지는 바와 같이, GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐는 저혈당증으로 더 빨리 진행했다. 인슐린 투여 45 분 후, 생쥐는 노골적인 저혈당 상태로 들어섰고, 바로 이 시점이 글루코스 상대-조절의 메카니즘이 시작되어 정상 혈당 수준을 재설정하기 위해 작용하는 시점이다. GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐 및 야생형 생쥐 내에서, 혈당 수준은 45 분 후에 감소가 계속되었으나, 야생형 생쥐 내의 혈당은 1:45 후에 빠르게 회복되었고, 이는 인슐린 투여 후 3 시간에서 GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐보다 현저하게 더 높은 수준으로 그러했다. 에러 바는 n = 8 (야생형 생쥐) 및 n = 10 (GluR6가 결핍된 생쥐)의 평균의 표준오차를 나타낸다.
도 9는 글루타메이트에 의한 글루카곤 분비 강화가 β 세포의 부재 하에, 모델들이 당뇨병인 상황에서 감소되는 예를 보인다. 이 실험은 생쥐 췌도로 수행되었다. 두 개의 샘플을 병렬("a" 및 "b")로 주변융합하였다. "a" (청색 곡선 및 청색 바) 안에서는 스트렙토조토신으로 β 세포를 선택적으로 파괴하였으나, "b" (적색 곡선 및 적색 바) 안에서는 그렇지 않았다. 이러한 β 세포의 부재는 시험관 내에서 1형 당뇨병-유사 상태를 발생한다. 패널 "A" 내의 글루카곤 분비 프로파일은 이 모델을 사용하여 획득하였다. β 세포의 부재 하에서, 카이네이트는 글루카곤 분비를 강화시킴에 있어서, β 세포의 존재에서만큼 효과적이지 않다(패널 "B"에서 정량화). 비특이적 자극 알지닌이 β 세포의 부재 하에서 기능적으로 손상된 α-세포를 분별해내지 못함을 주목하라. 이들 자료는 카이네이트에 의한 감소된 글루카곤 분비의 강화가 1형 당뇨병에서의 저혈당증 동안의 글루카곤 분비의 결핍에 연관될 수 있다는 것을 보인다.
t=5 분에서, 두 샘플 모두는 5 분간 1OOμM 카이네이트로 자극되었다. 글루코스는 10 분간 11 mM로 증가되었고, 주변융합의 기간 동안 3 mM로 다시 감소되었다. t=45 분에서, 두 샘플(ν) 모두는 5 mM 알지닌으로 자극되었다. 카이네이트-유도된 글루카곤 분비 반응의 진폭은 55 % 감소하였다. 알지닌-유도된 글루카곤 분비 반응의 진폭은 통계학적으로 상이하지 않았다. 카이네이트는 대사성이 아니고, 따라서 바람직한 AMPA/카이네이트 수용체의 작용제인 글루타메이트 유사체이다. 에러 바는 n = 3 주변융합에 대한 표준 편차를 나타낸다. 비교는 독립적인 t-시험에 의해 수행되었다.
Claims (14)
- 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체를 활성화시켜 글루카콘 분비를 자극하는 화합물의 유효량을 투여하는 것을 포함하는 저혈당증의 치료 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 글루타메이트 수용체 서브유닛 GluR6를 활성화하는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체가 AMPA/카이네이트 타입 수용체인 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 카이네이트, AMPA, 및 (2S,4R)-4-메틸글루탐산, (RS)-2-아미노-3-(4-클로로-3-히드록시-5-이속사졸릴)프로피온산, 4,6-비스(벤조일아미노)-1,3-벤젠디카르복실산, (±)-4-(4-아미노페닐)-1,2-디히드로-1-메틸-2-프로필칼바모일-6,7-메틸렌디옥시프탈라진, 1-(4'-아미노페닐)-3,5-디히드로-7,8-디메톡시-4H-2,3-벤조디아제핀-4-온, 1,4-디히드로-6-(1H-이미다졸-1-일)-7-니트로-2,3-퀴녹살린디온 히드로클로라이드, GABA 및 비쿠쿨린으로 구성되는 군에서 선택되는 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 글루타메이드 유사체인 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 약 5 mg/kg/일 내지 약 200 mg/kg/일의 용량으로 투여되는 방법.
- 제1항 내지 제6항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 저혈당증이 진성 당뇨병과 관련된 방법.
- 저혈당증의 치료를 위한 제약의 제조에 있어서의 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체를 활성화시켜 글루카콘 분비를 자극하는 화합물의 용도.
- 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체의 글루타메이트 수용체 서브유닛 GluR6을 활성화시켜 글루카콘 분비를 자극하는 화합물을 투여하는 것을 포함하는 글루카콘 분비의 자극 방법.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 친이온성 글루타메이트 수용체가 AMPA/카이네이트 타입 수용체인 방법.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 카이네이트, AMPA 및 GABA으로 구성되는 군에서 선택되는 방법.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 글루타메이트 유사체인 방법.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 화합물이 약 5 mg/kg/일 내지 약 200 mg/kg/일의 용량으로 투여되는 방법.
- 췌도 세포를 2 군으로 제공하여, 제1 군은 대조군이고 제2 군에는 존재하는 β 세포를 파괴하기에 충분한 용량의 스트렙토조토신을 투여하는 것; 시험 화합물을 제1 및 제2 군 모두에 투여하는 것; 및 제1 및 제2 군에서 글루카곤 분비의 강화를 측정하여 시험 화합물의 효과를 결정하며, 여기에서 감소된 세포질 칼슘 동원 및/또는 글루카콘 분비는 조절자로서 유용한 화합물을 지시하는 것
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| CN120457493A (zh) | 2023-01-06 | 2025-08-08 | 英赛罗公司 | 自动或手动启动的随餐推注输送及随后的自动安全约束放宽 |
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| WO2002058691A1 (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-08-01 | Neurosearch A/S | Use of non-competitive and selective glur5 antagonists as glutamate receptor modulating compounds |
| JP2002226396A (ja) * | 2001-02-01 | 2002-08-14 | Nihon Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | 糖尿病罹病動物の血糖値の管理方法 |
| FR2849598B1 (fr) * | 2003-01-07 | 2006-09-22 | Merck Sante Sas | Utilisation d'inhibiteurs de la kynurenine-3-hydroxylase pour le traitement du diabete, par augmentation du nombre de cellules des ilots de langerhans |
| US20070243177A1 (en) * | 2006-02-23 | 2007-10-18 | Duke University | Methods and compositions for treatment of diabetes and related disorders |
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| CN101990431B (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
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| US20150105436A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
| WO2009114718A3 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| JP2014073133A (ja) | 2014-04-24 |
| US20110021584A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
| US20130217738A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
| US8466185B2 (en) | 2013-06-18 |
| EP2254568B1 (en) | 2017-06-07 |
| JP2011513500A (ja) | 2011-04-28 |
| WO2009114718A2 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
| CN101990431A (zh) | 2011-03-23 |
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