US6438481B1 - Selectable trims for a control system algorithm - Google Patents
Selectable trims for a control system algorithm Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6438481B1 US6438481B1 US09/521,045 US52104500A US6438481B1 US 6438481 B1 US6438481 B1 US 6438481B1 US 52104500 A US52104500 A US 52104500A US 6438481 B1 US6438481 B1 US 6438481B1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- algorithm
- vehicle component
- component identification
- parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
- B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
- B60T8/88—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means
- B60T8/885—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means using electrical circuitry
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60T2270/00—Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
- B60T2270/30—ESP control system
- B60T2270/311—Predefined control maps, lookup tables
Definitions
- This invention relates in general to a method of selecting a trim set for a control system algorithm, and in particular, selecting a performance trim set for a vehicle control system which corresponds to a particular vehicle from a plurality of trim sets.
- FIG. 1 typical brake control system 10 .
- the system 10 is intended to be exemplary and it will be appreciated that there are other brake control systems having more or less components.
- hydraulic brake lines are shown as solid lines while electrical connections are shown as dashed lines. While single dashed lines are shown, it will be understood that the lines can represent a plurality of individual wires or a data buss. Additionally, mechanical connections are shown by dotted lines.
- the system 10 shown is for a front wheel drive vehicle having a pair of front wheels 11 driven through a transaxle 12 by a transversely mounted engine 13 .
- the transaxle 12 and engine 13 both include a microprocessor, 14 and 15 , respectively for controlling the unit.
- Both front wheels 11 have associated front wheel brakes 16 which are connected though a pair of normally open solenoid actuated front isolation valves 18 to the front reservoir of a dual reservoir master cylinder 20 .
- a pair of solenoid operated front dump valves 22 are connected to the hydraulic lines between the front wheel brakes 16 and the isolation valves 18 .
- the front dump valves 22 are operable to bleed hydraulic fluid from the front wheel brakes 16 to an front wheel brake accumulator 24 and to an input port of a front wheel brake pump 26 .
- the discharge of the front pump 26 is connected through a pair of check valves 28 and dump valves 22 to the front wheel brakes 16 .
- the rear reservoir of the master cylinder 20 is connected through a single rear isolation valve 30 and a single rear dump valve 32 to the wheel brakes 34 associated with the vehicle rear wheels 35 .
- the rear dump valve 32 is operable to bleed hydraulic fluid from the rear wheel brakes 34 to an rear wheel brake accumulator 36 and to an input port of a rear wheel brake pump 38 .
- the discharge of the rear pump 38 is connected through a check valve 40 and the rear dump valve 32 to the rear wheel brakes 34 .
- Both the front and rear pumps 26 and 38 are driven by a common electric motor 42 .
- solenoid valves 18 , 22 , 32 and 36 are mounted within a control valve body (not shown).
- the pumps 26 and 38 also are included within the control valve body while the pump motor 42 is mounted upon the exterior of the control valve body.
- the brake control system 10 further includes an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) 44 which has a microprocessor 45 .
- the ECU 44 receives electric power through a vehicle ignition switch 46 .
- the ECU 44 is electrically coupled to the pump motor 42 , the solenoid valve coils associated with the solenoid valves 18 , 22 , 30 and 32 and a plurality of wheel speed sensors 47 for monitoring the speed and deceleration of the controlled wheels.
- the ECU 44 may also be connected to acceleration sensors 48 mounted upon directly upon the vehicle.
- the ECU 44 is typically mounted upon the control valve body to form a compact unit which is often referred to as an electro-hydraulic control unit.
- the microprocessor 45 in the ECU 44 continuously receives speed signals from the wheel speed sensors 47 and any acceleration sensors 48 .
- the microprocessor 45 monitors the wheel speed signals for a potential wheel lock-up condition.
- the microprocessor 45 is operative to actuate the pump motor 42 and selectively operate the solenoid valves 18 , 22 , 30 and 32 to cyclically relieve and reapply hydraulic pressure to the controlled wheel brakes 16 and 34 .
- the hydraulic pressure applied to the controlled wheel brakes 16 and 34 is adjusted by the operation of the solenoid valves 18 , 22 , 30 and 32 to limit wheel slippage to a safe level while continuing to produce adequate brake torque to decelerate the vehicle as desired by the driver.
- the brakes are applied to the driven wheels 11 to assure that the wheel does not begin spinning on a low mu surface.
- Some traction control systems also communicate with the engine control microprocessor 14 to reduce engine speed and/or torque upon sensing wheel slippage.
- the wheel brakes 16 and 34 are selectively actuated to maintain the vehicle upon a desired course.
- a control algorithm is stored in a Read Only Memory (ROM) 49 for the microprocessor 45 in the ECU 44 .
- the control algorithm includes the formulas and threshold values utilized by the microprocessor 45 when the control system is actuated. While a single control algorithm can be used for a variety of vehicles, the threshold values and constants loaded into the algorithm need to be selected to correspond to characteristics of the particular vehicle. Such vehicle characteristics include the vehicle weight, braking capacity, engine size, transaxle characteristics, ect.
- the threshold values and constants which are loaded into the control algorithm are commonly referred to as a performance trim set for the algorithm.
- a specific performance trim set for a vehicle requires programming in a programmable memory, such as an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), during production of the control module or when the control module is delivered to the customer.
- EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
- the trim set may provide target information for a vehicle control system, such as, a Traction Control System (TCS), a Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), and an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), and the like.
- TCS Traction Control System
- VSC Vehicle Stability Control
- ABS Anti-Lock Braking System
- This invention relates to selecting a performance trim set for a vehicle control system which corresponds to a particular vehicle from a plurality of trim sets.
- a performance trim set corresponding to a particular vehicle is loaded into an electronic control module. Once loaded, the trim set is fixed. Should the control module be installed in a different vehicle or a vehicle component, such as the engine and/or transaxle or transmission be changed, the algorithm would no longer be trimmed for optimal operation of the brake control system. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a method for matching the performance trim set to the particular vehicle components associated with the vehicle in which the control module is installed.
- the present invention contemplates a method of selecting a trim set for a vehicle control system algorithm from a plurality of trim sets which includes determining a parameter related to at least one vehicle component. A trim set corresponding to the parameter is then selected and loaded into the vehicle control system algorithm.
- the method also includes comparing the determined parameter to a set of allowable parameters and loading the corresponding trim set only upon the parameter being included in the set of allowable parameters. If the parameter is not included in the set of allowable parameters, an error flag is set and the control system is disabled.
- the method includes sending an interrogatory message over a vehicle communication bus to the vehicle component and receiving a reply from the vehicle component which identifies the system parameter over the vehicle communication bus.
- the interrogatory message is sent to an engine control computer and the parameter is an engine identification code.
- the interrogatory message is sent to a transaxle control computer and the parameter is a transaxle identification code.
- the invention also contemplates determining a plurality of parameters related to a plurality of vehicle components and then selecting a trim set which corresponds to the plurality of parameters. As described above, each of the parameters so determined is compared to a set allowable parameters and the method proceeds only upon each of the parameters being included in the set of allowable parameters.
- the method further includes selecting a trim set identification code, the trim set identification code being a function of the plurality of system parameters.
- the trim set identification code is compared to a set of allowable trim set identification codes and an error flag is set if the trim set identification code is not included in the set of allowable trim set identification codes.
- the trim set identification code is then utilized to select the trim set which is loaded into the control algorithm.
- a default trim set identification code can be selected upon closure of the vehicle ignition switch and the trim set corresponding to the default trim set identification code is loaded into the vehicle control algorithm.
- the algorithm can be for an anti-lock brake system, a traction control system or a vehicle stability control system.
- the invention also contemplates a system for controlling at least one vehicle wheel brake which includes at least solenoid valve adapted to be connected to a vehicle brake system.
- a microprocessor is electrically connected to the solenoid valve and adapted to be connected to a vehicle ignition switch.
- the microprocessor is operative to selectively actuate said solenoid valve.
- the system also includes a memory associated with the microprocessor.
- a control algorithm for controlling the microprocessor and a plurality of sets of trim values for the algorithm are stored in the memory.
- the microprocessor is operative, upon closure of the ignition switch to determine a parameter related to at least one vehicle component, select a trim set corresponding to the parameter, and load the trim set into the control algorithm.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical prior art brake control system.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart for a subroutine for selection algorithm trims in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 3 is an alternate embodiment of the flow chart shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 4 is another alternate embodiment of the flow chart shown in FIG. 2 .
- FIG. 2 a flow chart for a subroutine 50 in accordance with the invention for selection of a set of trims for a control algorithm.
- the control algorithm is utilized to control a system included in a vehicle.
- the control algorithm controls a traction control system; however, the algorithm also can be used to control other vehicle systems, such as, for example, anti-lock brake and vehicle stability control systems.
- a traction control system will be described in the following discussion. Also, the following discussion will refer to brake control system components illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- the subroutine 50 is entered upon the vehicle ignition switch being closed.
- the closure of the ignition switch provides power to a number of other systems included in the vehicle and which are controlled by dedicated microprocessors having memory capability. Examples of such vehicle systems include the engine 13 , automatic transmission, and trans axle 12 . As shown in FIG. 1, all such systems are typically interconnected by a vehicle communication bus. Additional vehicle identification data, such as the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) also can be stored in the memory of one of the system microprocessors.
- VIN Vehicle Identification Number
- the traction control microprocessor 45 interrogates one of the other vehicle system microprocessors, such as, for example, the engine control microprocessor 15 , as shown in functional block 56 .
- the interrogation consists of a request for an engine identification code sent over the vehicle communication bus from the traction control microprocessor 45 to the engine control microprocessor 15 .
- the engine control microprocessor 15 retrieves the engine identification code from the memory associated with the engine control microprocessor and sends the code to the traction control microprocessor 45 .
- the traction control microprocessor compares the engine identification code to a set of possible engine identification codes stored in the microprocessor ROM 49 . If the engine identification code does not correspond to one of the stored codes, the subroutine 50 transfers to functional block 60 where an error flag is set and then to functional block 62 where the traction control system is disabled. The subroutine 50 then exits to the main traction control algorithm through functional block 64 . Upon return to the main algorithm, the error flag will cause a signal to be generated to warn the vehicle operator that the traction control system is disabled and that service is needed.
- the subroutine 50 transfers to functional block 66 where a trim set corresponding to the particular engine type is selected from a plurality of trim sets stored in the Read Only Memory (ROM) 49 . In the preferred embodiment, seven trim sets are stored in the ROM 49 ; however, more or less trim sets can be included in the ROM 49 .
- the selected trim set is loaded into the traction control algorithm in functional block 68 .
- the subroutine then exits through functional block 64 to return to the main traction control algorithm.
- the subroutine 50 is used only once upon closure of the ignition switch. Accordingly, a flag would be set in the main traction control algorithm to bypass the subroutine 50 upon the subsequent entry into the traction control algorithm.
- the use of the engine control microprocessor 15 above is intended to be exemplary and it will be appreciated that other vehicle system microprocessors could be used for alternate vehicle parameters.
- the microprocessor 14 for controlling the transaxle 12 could be interrogated to obtain a transaxle identification code for selection of the traction control trim set.
- the flow chart shown in FIG. 2 is intended to illustrate the invention and it will be appreciated that the invention can be practiced with other flow charts.
- the disabling of the traction control system in functional block 62 could alternately be accomplished by the main traction control algorithm in response to the setting of the error flag.
- the invention also contemplates an alternate embodiment which selects a trim set that corresponds to a plurality of vehicle parameters.
- An exemplary flow chart for a subroutine 70 for such an alternate embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- Blocks shown in FIG. 3 which are similar to blocks shown in FIG. 2 have the same numerical designators.
- the following description is for a traction control system; however, it will be appreciated the invention also can be practiced with other systems, such as, for example, anti-lock brake or vehicle stability control systems.
- the subroutine 70 is entered through functional block 55 upon closure of the vehicle ignition switch.
- the subroutine 70 then proceeds to functional block 72 , where an index, N, is. set equal to one.
- the index N corresponds to the number of vehicle parameters which are used to select the trim set.
- the subroutine then transfers to functional block 74 where the first vehicle parameter is requested from the corresponding microprocessor.
- the received vehicle parameter is compared to valid parameters in decision block 76 .
- the valid parameters are stored in the microprocessor ROM 49 . If the received vehicle parameter does not correspond to a valid value, the subroutine 70 transfers to functional block 60 where an error flag is set and then to functional block 62 where the traction control system is disabled.
- the subroutine 70 then exits to the main traction control algorithm through functional block 64 .
- the error flag will cause a signal to be generated to warn the vehicle operator that the traction control system is disabled and that service is needed.
- the subroutine 70 transfers to functional block 78 where the vehicle parameter is stored.
- the subroutine 70 then transfers to functional block 80 where the current value of the index N is compared to a maximum index value, NMAX.
- NMAX is equal to two for the preferred embodiment; however, the invention can be practiced for checking any number of vehicle parameters. If NMAX has not been reached, the subroutine transfers to functional block 82 where the index N is incremented by one.
- the subroutine 70 then returns to functional block 74 where the next vehicle parameter is checked and, if the received vehicle parameter is valid, the subroutine 70 proceeds again to functional block 78 where received vehicle parameter is stored.
- the subroutine 70 continues to iterate until either a parameter does not match a valid value, or the maximum index value NMAX is reached. Upon reaching the maximum index value NMAX, the subroutine transfers from decision block 80 to functional block 84 where a trim set identification code, ID, which corresponds to the stored vehicle parameters, is selected from a look up table.
- a trim set identification code, ID which corresponds to the stored vehicle parameters.
- An example of such a look up table is shown below for a vehicle which can be built having one of three engine types and four transmission types:
- the manufacturer has provided seven combinations of the three engines and four transmissions for a particular vehicle. Each engine and transmission combination is identified by a trim identification code. For example, a vehicle having a 3.0 liter V6 engine coupled to a 4 speed manual transmission would use trim set no. 5.
- the subroutine 70 transfers to decision block 86 where the selected trim set ID is compared to a list of valid trim set ID's. If the selected trim set ID does not match one of the valid choices, the subroutine 70 transfers to functional block 60 where the error flag is set and then exits through functional block 62 where the system is disabled.
- the subroutine 70 proceeds to functional block 88 where the trim set corresponding to the value of the trim identification code is selected from the ROM 49 .
- the selected trim set is loaded into the algorithm in functional block 68 and the subroutine exits through functional block 64 back to the main traction control algorithm.
- seven trim sets are stored in the ROM 49 ; however, the invention also can be practice for more or less trim sets.
- the invention further contemplates providing a default trim set identification code, DID, until the vehicle component identification for a particular motor vehicle is received through the system messages.
- DID trim set identification code
- An alternate subroutine which is incorporates this feature is illustrated by the flow chart 90 shown in FIG. 4 . Blocks shown in FIG. 4 which are similar to blocks shown in FIG. 3 have the same numerical designators.
- the subroutine 90 transfers to decision block 92 where a default trim set identification code DID is set. One of the valid trim ID's for the vehicle is used for DID.
- the subroutine 90 then proceeds to blocks 94 and 96 to select and load the corresponding trim set into the control algorithm.
- the subroutine 90 then continues as described above for the preceding subroutine 70 .
- subroutine 90 assures that a trim set is provided immediately upon vehicle start-up.
- the subroutine 90 also provides a fail-safe function since if the subroutine 90 does not receive the needed vehicle component identification data to determine the trim set identification, the control system is still provided with a performance trim set.
- the invention also contemplates generating a warning signal (not shown), such as illumination of a warning light, if the default trim set identification is used for greater than a predetermined period of time or for greater than a predetermined number of ignition switch closures.
- a warning signal such as illumination of a warning light
- the invention allows storage of multiple vehicle-specific performance trim sets in a ROM associated with the system microprocessor. This allows a single algorithm to be used for multiple vehicles with the appropriate performance trim set used in the algorithm.
- the trim set that is used is determined by the type of vehicle that the module is placed in.
- the type of vehicle is determined at power up through messages that are received over the serial communications with the rest of the vehicle.
- the engine type and tire/axle scaling factor messages are used to determine the vehicle type; however, other parameters can be used to select the trims. If either message is not received or the engine type and/or tire/axle scaling factors do not correspond to a vehicle type that there are trims for, then the performance control is inhibited.
- the selectable trims is dynamic and allows the same module to be moved from vehicle to vehicle (as long as the vehicles are a valid configuration) while enabling the proper trim set to be used by the different vehicle. This also allows proper compensation for any changes of vehicle components after production.
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- Regulating Braking Force (AREA)
Abstract
Description
| Trim ID | Engine | Transmission Type | |
| 1 | 2.4 Liter I4 | 3 Speed Automatic | |
| 2 | 2.4 Liter I4 | 4 Speed Manual | |
| 3 | 3.0 Liter V6 | 3 Speed Automatic | |
| 4 | 3.0 Liter V6 | 4 Speed Automatic | |
| 5 | 3.0 Liter V6 | 4 Speed Manual | |
| 6 | 3.4 Liter V6 | 4 |
|
| 7 | 3.4 Liter V6 | 4 Speed Manual | |
Claims (31)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/521,045 US6438481B1 (en) | 1999-03-08 | 2000-03-08 | Selectable trims for a control system algorithm |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12339699P | 1999-03-08 | 1999-03-08 | |
| US09/521,045 US6438481B1 (en) | 1999-03-08 | 2000-03-08 | Selectable trims for a control system algorithm |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US6438481B1 true US6438481B1 (en) | 2002-08-20 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/521,045 Expired - Lifetime US6438481B1 (en) | 1999-03-08 | 2000-03-08 | Selectable trims for a control system algorithm |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6438481B1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6695748B2 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2004-02-24 | Borgwarner Inc. | Transmission control apparatus |
| US20050197750A1 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2005-09-08 | Honeywell International Inc. | Cross-engine aircraft communication system |
| WO2008022665A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | Wabco Gmbh | Commercial vehicle trailer with an electronically controlled braking system |
| US20120295592A1 (en) * | 2011-05-17 | 2012-11-22 | General Motors Llc | Vehicle Component Identification and Configuration Registry Reporting System |
| US8661020B2 (en) * | 2012-01-30 | 2014-02-25 | Truecar Inc. | System, method and computer program product for decoding vehicle identification numbers |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4130095A (en) * | 1977-07-12 | 1978-12-19 | General Motors Corporation | Fuel control system with calibration learning capability for motor vehicle internal combustion engine |
| US4550360A (en) | 1984-05-21 | 1985-10-29 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker static trip unit having automatic circuit trimming |
| US5465209A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1995-11-07 | General Motors Corporation | Vehicle level control system |
| US6167354A (en) * | 1998-10-19 | 2000-12-26 | Alliedsignal Truck Brake Systems Company | Method and apparatus for monitoring brake operation in an anti-lock or electronic braking system |
-
2000
- 2000-03-08 US US09/521,045 patent/US6438481B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4130095A (en) * | 1977-07-12 | 1978-12-19 | General Motors Corporation | Fuel control system with calibration learning capability for motor vehicle internal combustion engine |
| US4550360A (en) | 1984-05-21 | 1985-10-29 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker static trip unit having automatic circuit trimming |
| US5465209A (en) * | 1994-06-10 | 1995-11-07 | General Motors Corporation | Vehicle level control system |
| US6167354A (en) * | 1998-10-19 | 2000-12-26 | Alliedsignal Truck Brake Systems Company | Method and apparatus for monitoring brake operation in an anti-lock or electronic braking system |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6695748B2 (en) * | 2000-09-08 | 2004-02-24 | Borgwarner Inc. | Transmission control apparatus |
| US20050197750A1 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2005-09-08 | Honeywell International Inc. | Cross-engine aircraft communication system |
| US7107131B2 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2006-09-12 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Cross-engine aircraft communication system |
| WO2008022665A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | Wabco Gmbh | Commercial vehicle trailer with an electronically controlled braking system |
| US20100017086A1 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2010-01-21 | Holger Barlsen | Commercial vehicle trailer with an electronically controlled braking system |
| CN101490718B (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2011-10-19 | 威伯科有限公司 | Commercial vehicle trailer with an electronically controlled braking system |
| RU2438181C2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2011-12-27 | Вабко Гмбх | Truck trailer with electronically controlled brake system |
| US8135527B2 (en) | 2006-08-24 | 2012-03-13 | Wabco Gmbh | Commercial vehicle trailer and method for avoiding error in the storage of vehicle data therein |
| US20120295592A1 (en) * | 2011-05-17 | 2012-11-22 | General Motors Llc | Vehicle Component Identification and Configuration Registry Reporting System |
| US9269203B2 (en) | 2011-05-17 | 2016-02-23 | General Motors Llc | Vehicle component identification and configuration registry reporting system |
| US8661020B2 (en) * | 2012-01-30 | 2014-02-25 | Truecar Inc. | System, method and computer program product for decoding vehicle identification numbers |
| US9116964B2 (en) | 2012-01-30 | 2015-08-25 | Truecar, Inc. | System, method and computer program product for decoding vehicle identification numbers |
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