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WO1992022033A1 - Systeme de transmission de messages actifs - Google Patents

Systeme de transmission de messages actifs Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1992022033A1
WO1992022033A1 PCT/US1992/000935 US9200935W WO9222033A1 WO 1992022033 A1 WO1992022033 A1 WO 1992022033A1 US 9200935 W US9200935 W US 9200935W WO 9222033 A1 WO9222033 A1 WO 9222033A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
instructions
active message
recipient
predetermined
active
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/000935
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Nathaniel Solomon Borenstein
Original Assignee
Bell Communications Research, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bell Communications Research, Inc. filed Critical Bell Communications Research, Inc.
Publication of WO1992022033A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992022033A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L51/00—User-to-user messaging in packet-switching networks, transmitted according to store-and-forward or real-time protocols, e.g. e-mail
    • H04L51/07—User-to-user messaging in packet-switching networks, transmitted according to store-and-forward or real-time protocols, e.g. e-mail characterised by the inclusion of specific contents
    • H04L51/18—Commands or executable codes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
    • G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
    • G06F21/56—Computer malware detection or handling, e.g. anti-virus arrangements
    • G06F21/562—Static detection
    • G06F21/563—Static detection by source code analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
    • H04L63/145—Countermeasures against malicious traffic the attack involving the propagation of malware through the network, e.g. viruses, trojans or worms

Definitions

  • a passive message i.e., a piece of text conveying some information
  • a passive message can only convey information, it cannot collect information. The task of a passive message is complete when it is read by a recipient.
  • an active message In contrast to a passive message, an active message is a program that is run. It carries on a dialogue with a recipient, asking questions and collecting answers. The sender does not need to depend upon the recipient creating another passive message in response to some question, as this may be done by the active message itself. Conventional electronic mail messaging is static. The original sender specifies a list of recipients and the message is sent to exactly the destinations on that list.
  • an active message is a program, in the course of being run on behalf of one recipient, the active message may route itself to other recipients.
  • Active messaging can provide numerous benefits to users.
  • One important use of active messaging is to implement a communal memory in which a user sends messages to potential "experts" to elicit answers to questions. If one potential expert does not know the answer, the active message will try to elicit the identities of additional potential experts and cause itself to be transmitted to these additional potential experts. When an expert who knows the answer is found, the active message causes the answer to be transmitted back to the original sender of the question.
  • an active message can make the rounds of all the participants who are supposed to attend a meeting. From each one, the active message collects one or more plausible dates and times for the meeting. The active message then sends a copy of itself, augmented with the collected data, to the next participant. Eventually, possibly after several iterations, the active message will find a date and time when all the participants can meet. The active message will then inform all the participants of this date and time.
  • Active messaging may also be utilized for paperwork automation. Many organizations have large numbers of routine processes that are handled by massive amounts of paperwork. A significant portion of such paperwork has to be routed through several organizational centers in sequence for approvals or other kinds of intermediate actions. Using active messaging, much of this processing could be automated. An active message can be received at one organizational center for asking a few questions to collect certain information. The active message then sends itself off to the next link in the organizational chain. For example, expense vouchers, purchase orders, and insurance claims can be processed in this manner.
  • a still further application of active messaging is the collection of information for opinion surveys.
  • R2D2 One active messaging system known as “R2D2” has no provisions for security (see, e.g., John Vittal, "Active Message Processing: Messages As Messengers", in Computer Message Systems, R.P. Uhlig, editor, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1981) .
  • Another active messaging system is known as "imail” (see, e.g, John Hogg et al, "An Active Mail System", Proceedings of SIGMOD '84, Boston 1984).
  • the "imail” system gains security from a rather crucial restriction. Active messages can only be exchanged among users of a single machine using specialized software.
  • Specialized active messaging functionality i.e., a mail system that implements one or a few special cases of active messaging, such as return-receipt mail, requests for votes, and other specific types of active messages have also been developed.
  • active messaging system is the "Andrew” system (see e.g., Borenstein, et al, "Architectural Issues in the Andrew Message Systems”; E. Stefferud et al, “Message Handling Systems and Distributed Applications”; and Borenstein et al, "Power, Ease of Use and Cooperative Work in a Practical Multimedia Message System", Int. J. Man-Machine Studies (1991) 34, pp. 229-259) .
  • Ness programs have the capability of doing great harm such as by deleting the recipient files. Thus if a recipient wrongly indicates trust, great harm can occur.
  • Strudel see, e.g., Alan Shepherd et al, "Strudel - An Extensible Electronic Conversion Took Kit", Proceedings of CSCW '90, October 1990) .
  • the Strudel system allows arbitrary LISP expressions to be sent through the mail so that Strudel is very powerful. However, because of this, Strudel also has the power to cause great harm.
  • a computer system for receiving and processing electronic mail in the form of active messages comprises a central processing unit and one or more peripheral devices connected to the central processing unit.
  • the peripheral devices include for example a file memory system for storing a file system of a recipient of an active message.
  • the peripheral devices also include input/output devices for interfacing the computer system with the outside world such as printers, display terminals, and interfaces with external networks.
  • the computer system for processing active messages includes a mail reader for reading electronic mail received at the computer system via a communications channel. If the electronic mail contains only a passive message, the mail reader causes the passive message to be displayed for the recipient, for example, on the recipient's display terminal.
  • the mail reader may also indicate that the received electronic mail comprises an active message in the form of a program which is made up of one more instructions to be executed by the central processing unit.
  • an interpreter is utilized to interpret the instructions contained in the active message so that the instructions may be executed by the central processing unit.
  • the interpreter converts the instructions into machine language instructions for this purpose.
  • the instructions might be converted into machine language instructions by a compiler rather than an interpreter.
  • active messages pose a security threat to their recipients because they have the capability of depriving the recipient of computer resources. For example, an active message may access the file system of the recipient to delete or write over certain files, or simply write an extremely large amount of data into the file system. Similarly, an active message may cause the deprivation of CPU time by transmitting a program which takes a large amount of time to execute. Alternatively, the active message may deprive a recipient of an input/output resource such as a printer by causing a large amount of material to be printed. To eliminate such a deprivation of resources in accordance with the present invention, the interpreter can only interpret a limited set of instructions. If an active message may access the file system of the recipient to delete or write over certain files, or simply write an extremely large amount of data into the file system. Similarly, an active message may cause the deprivation of CPU time by transmitting a program which takes a large amount of time to execute. Alternatively, the active message may deprive a recipient of an input/output resource such as
  • the interpreter of the present invention can interpret the subset of a general purpose computer language such as LISP, which subset does not include instructions relating to the transmitting of data to or from the peripheral devices such as the file system memory and I/O devices.
  • the interpreter of the present invention can also interpret a set of instructions to access the peripheral devices in a manner which does not cause a deprivation of resources.
  • the interpreter can interpret instructions for accessing only a predetermined limited portion of the file system of the recipient of the active message.
  • files can be read, new files can be created (subject to limitations on their size and number), but no files can be deleted or overwritten.
  • the interpreter also places limitation on the number of bytes which can be transferred to a peripheral device by an instruction of an active message. In addition, there may also be a limit on the amount of execution time required for the instructions of an active message.
  • an active messaging system When constructed in the foregoing manner, an active messaging system provides a high level of generality for its users so that it may be utilized in a wide variety of applications, while protecting recipients against serious resource deprivation problems.
  • FIG 1 schematically illustrates a network in which active messages may be transmitted among users.
  • FIG 2 schematically illustrates the programs that are executed to transmit and receive active messages.
  • FIG 3 schematically illustrates an interpreter that may be utilized to interpret the instructions comprising active messages, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG 1 illustrates a network 10 in which active messaging may be utilized by various users.
  • the network 10 comprises the main frame system 12 and the workstations 14 and 16.
  • the main frame system 12 comprises a CPU 21 and a main program and data memory 22.
  • the memory 22 stores programs being executed by the CPU 21 and is utilized in connection with the execution of these programs.
  • the mainframe computer system 12 includes a number of peripheral devices which are connected to the CPU 21 and main memory 22 via the local area network 23.
  • the peripheral devices include the memory systems 24 and 25.
  • the memory systems 24 and 25 are illustratively implemented by magnetic disks and their - 11 -
  • the memory systems 24 and 25 store the file systems of the various users of the mainframe computer system 12. Also connected to the local area network 23 are a plurality of I/O devices such as the printer 26 and the display terminals 27 and 28. Instead of the local area network 23, the elements comprising the main frame system 12 may be interconnected by a bus system or other interconnection medium.
  • the network 10 of FIG 1 includes the workstations 14 and 16.
  • Each workstation includes a CPU 31, a main memory 32, and a bus system 33. Connected to the bus system 33 are a disk memory 34, a printer 35, and a display terminal 36.
  • Users of the computer system 12 can send electronic mail to and receive electronic mail from the workstations 14 and 16 via the telecommunications network 40 which illustratively is the public switched telephone network.
  • the computer system 12 and the workstations 14 and 16 include the modems 41, 42, and 43, respectively, for interfacing with the telecommunications network 40.
  • mail may be transmitted between the systems 12, 14, and 16 via another network such as Ethernet or the Arpa network.
  • an active or passive message may be generated at the workstation 14 by the user by typing on the keyboard associated with display terminal 36.
  • an active message may be generated automatically at the workstation 14 by an active mail generator 50.
  • the message to be sent is transmitted to the electronic mailer 52.
  • the mailer 52 then transmits a piece of electronic mail containing the message via modem 42 and the telecommunications network 40 to the computer system 12.
  • active messages are tagged with an active message header field.
  • the message arrives at the computer system 12 via the modem 41 (see FIG 1) and main memory 22 and is stored under the control of the CPU 21 in a file system of the intended recipient, which file system is maintained in the memory 24 or 25.
  • the programs which are executed when the recipient at the computer system 12 receives his/her mail are illustrated in FIG 2.
  • the first program which is executed by the recipient who wishes to read his/her mail is the mail reader 60 which for example is a conventional UNIX mail reader.
  • the mail reader 60 (which in order to be executed is resident in the main memory 22 of FIG 1) , fetches the recipient's messages from the file system memory 24 or 25 (see FIG 1) and stores the messages in the main memory 22.
  • the message is transmitted by the mail reader 60 to a display program 62 so that the message is displayed, for example, on the recipient display terminal which may be the display terminal 27 or 28.
  • a message is an active message as indicated by an active message header
  • the active message is transmitted by the mail reader 60 to the active message interpreter 70.
  • the active message interpreter 70 interprets the instructions contained in the active message by converting the instructions into machine language instructions which are executed by the CPU 21.
  • the active message instructions may include instructions for processing data and instructions for performing input/output operations. To prevent the recipient from experiencing a deprivation of resources from the execution of an active message, the active message interpreter can only execute a certain limited set of instructions.
  • the active messaging system and method of the present invention work best when the transmitter of an active message composes the active message from the instruction set of the interpreter 70 of FIG 2. If an active message contains instructions outside the instruction set of the interpreter, such instructions will not be executed and execution of the active message will be halted.
  • the instruction set of the interpreter 70 includes the instructions of a general purpose computer language such as LISP except for instructions relating to the input/output of data to and from various peripheral devices such as the memories 24, 25, the printer 26, and the display terminals 27 and 28.
  • the instruction set of the interpreter 70 also includes a set of instructions for accessing the peripheral devices in a manner which does not lead the recipient to experience a deprivation of computer resources.
  • the interpreter 70 can only execute instructions for accessing a special limited subdirectory of a recipient's file system. Files elsewhere in a recipient's file system simply do not exist as far as the interpreter 70 is concerned.
  • any files can be read.
  • Files can also be created subject to limitations on size and number. However, files cannot be deleted or overwritten.
  • a further restriction on file names involves the use of symbolic links.
  • users can create symbolic links that make files outside the special subdirectory for active messaging accessible through the special subdirectory.
  • the interpreter restricts symbolic links so that file names which follow symbolic links beyond a single step are not interpreted. That is, a user can create symbolic links to specific files outside the special active message subdirectory but entire directory structures cannot be made so readable.
  • the instruction set of the interpreter 70 of FIG 2 is limited so that there is a limit on the total number of bytes that may be written into the active message directory area of a recipient and a limit on the number of bytes that may be sent to a printer or other peripheral device to produce output.
  • a complete instruction set for an active messaging interpreter is based on the general purpose and widely available language known as LISP.
  • LISP general purpose and widely available language
  • the instruction set of the interpreter is derived from the instruction set of a general purpose computer language such as LISP. This makes the active messaging system highly portable over a wide variety of user interface platforms, operating systems, hardware environments and file systems.
  • FIG 3 is a flowchart which schematically illustrates the operation of the interpreter 70 of FIG 2.
  • Each instruction of an active message to be executed is fetched from a main memory (e.g. 22) associated with the CPU (e.g. 21) which executes the instruction (step 100 of FIG 3) .
  • the instructions comprising an active message are transferred from a file system to the main memory to be executed) .
  • a test is then made to determine if the fetched instruction is safe (step 110 of FIG 3) . This test is implemented by determining if the fetched instruction is in the instruction set of the interpreter. If the instruction is not in the instruction set, execution is halted (step 120) . If the instruction is in the instruction set, the instruction is executed (step 130) .
  • the step 110 may be implemented by means of a table lookup, i.e., to carry out the step 110, for each instruction in an active message, a table lookup is performed to see if the instruction is in the interpreter's instruction set. Note that an instruction may be outside the instruction set because an operator is excluded or because an operand is excluded such as in the case of an instruction which tries to output more than a predetermined number of bytes to a printer.
  • the execution step 130 usually involves converting the active message instructions to machine language instructions which are then executed by the CPU (e.g. 21) .
  • the execution step 130 may be implemented through use of a LISP engine, for example, ELI (Embedded LISP Interpreter) which is available for example from IBM.
  • LISP engine for example, ELI (Embedded LISP Interpreter) which is available for example from IBM.
  • the portion of the flowchart relating to this feature is designated by 200 in FIG 3.
  • an instruction which is not indicated as safe by the step 110 is subjected to a test (step 210) to determine if the instruction is potentially safe.
  • This test may be implemented through use of a second table lookup which contains a list of the potentially safe instructions.
  • a potentially safe instruction is an instruction which may be safe or unsafe depending on the specific operators and operands and depending on the specific circumstances of the message recipient. If an instruction fails the test 110 and the test 210, execution is terminated (step 120) . If an instruction fails the test 110 but the test 210 indicates that the instruction is potentially safe, the recipient is asked if he/she wants the instruction executed (step 220) . If the recipient desires the instruction to be executed, then control passes to step 130. If the recipient does not want the instruction executed, control passes to the step 120.
  • An example of an instruction which is potentially safe is an instruction for sending mail. Therefore, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, whenever an active message running in a recipient's computer environment tries to send mail, the recipient is told of this attempt and given an opportunity to inspect the mail and decide whether the mail should be sent. Without this restriction, it would be easy to create viruses, chain letters and other undesirable phenomena using active messaging.

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Abstract

Système informatique (12) destiné à recevoir des messages actifs qui comprend une unité centrale (21) et un ou plusieurs dispositifs périphériques (24, 25, 26, 27, 28) connectés à l'unité centrale, tels qu'un système de mémoire de fichiers (24, 25) destiné à mettre en mémoire un système de fichiers d'un destinataire du message actif. Ledit système informatique comporte également un interprèteur (70) destiné à décoder les instructions contenues dans le message actif afin de convertir lesdites instructions en instructions machine devant être exécutées par ladite unité centrale. Pour éviter qu'un message actif ne provoque une privation de ressources chez le destinataire, le jeu d'instructions décodée par l'interprèteur est limité. L'interprèteur décode un sous-ensemble d'instructions d'un language informatique à usage général qui n'agit pas sur l'entrée et la sortie de données des dispositifs périphériques. L'interprèteur décode un jeu d'instructions d'entrée et de sortie qui ne peut accéder que de manière limitée au système de fichiers du destinataire et qui gère la quantité de données transmises aux dispositifs périphériques et depuis ces derniers.
PCT/US1992/000935 1991-05-24 1992-02-06 Systeme de transmission de messages actifs WO1992022033A1 (fr)

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US70518891A 1991-05-24 1991-05-24
US705,188 1991-05-24

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EP0669733A3 (fr) * 1994-02-28 1996-02-07 At & T Corp Agents de réseau.
WO1996018257A3 (fr) * 1994-12-02 1996-08-22 Xcellenet Inc Systeme et procede d'attribution et de repartition de taches d'un serveur alimentant des n×uds mobiles/eloignes
WO1996019064A3 (fr) * 1994-12-16 1996-09-06 Xcellenet Inc Systemes et procedes de partage automatique d'informations entre des n×uds a distance/mobiles
WO1998051051A1 (fr) * 1997-05-02 1998-11-12 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Systeme de communication pour messages electroniques
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EP1003307A3 (fr) * 1998-11-17 2001-04-04 Ricoh Company Sistème et procédé permettant de communiquer avec un dispositif raccordé à un ordinateur utilisant un courrier électronique
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WO2001052161A3 (fr) * 2000-01-07 2003-01-16 Multicity Com Inc Systeme et procede permettant d'etablir un groupe de discussion en ligne
EP1294128A1 (fr) * 2001-09-17 2003-03-19 Ricoh Company Surveillance à distance de dispositifs de réseau au moyen du courrier électronique
EP1182834A3 (fr) * 2000-08-24 2003-08-06 Sony Corporation Procédé et dispositif pour courrier électronique
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EP1271377A3 (fr) * 2001-06-22 2004-05-06 Xerox Corporation Méthode, système et article de manufacture pour accéder à des ressources informatiques via messages électroniques
EP1163568A4 (fr) * 1998-11-30 2005-08-17 Microsoft Corp Systeme, procede, et progiciel de traitement d'un flux de travail par messagerie electronique internet a type de contenu mime en plusieurs elements
EP1303090A3 (fr) * 2001-10-09 2006-01-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de transmission de données
WO2008021735A1 (fr) * 2006-08-07 2008-02-21 Qualcomm Incorporated Appareils et procédés pour une messagerie perfectionnée en code
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US8949417B2 (en) 1987-05-07 2015-02-03 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Method and system for remote diagnostic, control, and information collection based upon a connection or connectionless communication method for sending messages to the resource manager
EP0669733A3 (fr) * 1994-02-28 1996-02-07 At & T Corp Agents de réseau.
WO1996018257A3 (fr) * 1994-12-02 1996-08-22 Xcellenet Inc Systeme et procede d'attribution et de repartition de taches d'un serveur alimentant des n×uds mobiles/eloignes
US5680548A (en) * 1994-12-02 1997-10-21 Xcellenet, Inc. Systems and methods for work assignment and distribution from a server to remote/mobile nodes
US5887141A (en) * 1994-12-02 1999-03-23 Xcellenet, Inc. Systems for work assignment and distribution from a server to remote/mobile nodes by a hierarchy of session work objects into which events can be assigned
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