[go: up one dir, main page]

WO1993003505A1 - Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve - Google Patents

Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1993003505A1
WO1993003505A1 PCT/US1991/005319 US9105319W WO9303505A1 WO 1993003505 A1 WO1993003505 A1 WO 1993003505A1 US 9105319 W US9105319 W US 9105319W WO 9303505 A1 WO9303505 A1 WO 9303505A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particles
catalyst
catalyst layer
electrode
cathode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/005319
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Douglas A. Landsman
Paul A. Plasse
Original Assignee
International Fuel Cells Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Fuel Cells Corporation filed Critical International Fuel Cells Corporation
Priority to EP91917217A priority Critical patent/EP0660969A1/fr
Priority to PCT/US1991/005319 priority patent/WO1993003505A1/fr
Publication of WO1993003505A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993003505A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to fuel cell electrodes and particularly to electrodes for fuel cells having an acid electrolyte.
  • a fuel cell is a device for converting chemical energy into electricity.
  • An acid fuel cell comprises an anode, a cathode and an acid electrolyte held within a porous nonconducting matrix between the anode and the cathode.
  • the anode and cathode each comprise a porous substrate and a porous catalyst layer supported on the porous substrate.
  • Phosphoric acid is typically used as the acid electrolyte because it is nonvolatile and stable in both hydrogen and oxygen at the operating temperatures of an acid fuel cell.
  • a flow of hydrogen ions through the acid electrolyte completes the electrical circuit.
  • catalyst layer typically consists of a mixture of supported catalyst particles, e.g. a finely divided noble metal dispersed over a porous conductive support and a porous hydrophobic binder, e.g. sintered submicron size particles of polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the electrochemical reactions occur at the surfaces of the supported catalyst particles.
  • the support material forms a network of electrolyte filled channels and the porous hydrophobic binder provides an interpenetrating network of hydrophobic channels for gas transport.
  • the reactant gases gain access to the catalytic surfaces and gaseous products escape from the catalyst layer through the network of hydrophobic channels.
  • the performance of an acid fuel cell is limited at high current densities by phenomena termed "flooding" and "pumping".
  • “Flooding” refers to the penetration of electrolyte into hydrophobic regions of the catalyst layer which should contain only gas. This misplaced liquid hinders and may totally obstruct the supply of reactant gas to local regions of the catalyst. As a result there is an increase in electrode polarization as the non-flooded regions of the electrode are forced to carry more current. The process is self-propagating and will eventually lead to cell failure. In fuel cells having an acid electrolyte the flooding phenomenon is most prevalent at the cathode i.e., at the water-producing electrode.
  • plating refers to the bulk movement of electrolyte from one side of the cell to the other.
  • electrolyte results from the electromigration of the non-electroactive phosphate anions towards the anode.
  • sufficient pressure can be built up in the anode to force electrolyte out of the back of the electrode. Accumulation of electrolyte on the gas side of the electrode restricts the supply of reactant and can lead to severe concentration polarization.
  • the conventional approach to the problems of electrolyte intrusion into gas electrodes has been to make the catalyst layers of the electrodes more hydrophobic.
  • the catalyst layer may be made more hydrophobic by increasing the relative amount of hydrophobic polymer in the layer or by increasing the temperature or the process time during the sintering of the electrode.
  • a gas diffusion electrode for conducting an electrochemical reaction in an acid fuel cell includes a porous substrate and a catalyst layer disposed on the substrate.
  • the catalyst layer includes a catalytically effective amount of catalyst particles for promoting the electrochemical reaction, a porous hydrophobic binder for providing a network of hydrophobic gas pathways communicating with the catalyst particles and hydrophilic catalytically inactive particles in an amount effective to provide a network of liquid transport pathways throughout the catalyst layer.
  • the electrodes of the present invention provide improved • liquid transport and are resistant to flooding and electrolyte pumping.
  • a fuel cell and a method for generating electricity using gas diffusion electrodes according to the present invention are also disclosed.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic cross section of an acid fuel cell
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a portion of a catalyst layer of a conventional electrode
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a portion of a catalyst layer of an electrode of the present invention.
  • the fuel cell includes an anode 1, a cathode 2, an electrolyte matrix 3 between the anode 1 and the cathode 2, an anode current collector 4 and a cathode current collector 5.
  • the current collectors 4 and 5 may be porous and provide reservoirs for electrolyte expansion and/or storage.
  • ⁇ h e anode 1 comprises a substrate 6 and an anode catalyst layer 7.
  • the cathode 2 comprises a substrate 8 and a cathode catalyst layer 9.
  • the catalyst layers 7 and 9. are oriented toward the matrix 3.
  • Each of the elements of the cells contain some electrolyte with the distribution of the electrolyte being determined by the relative pore sizes of the individual elements.
  • the matrix 3 has the finest pores and is always full of electrolyte.
  • the anode 1 and the cathode 2 are electrically connected by an external circuit (not shown) . Gas flow passages 10 and 11 direct reactant gases to the electrodes.
  • the porous substrate of an electrode of the present invention may be any porous substrate conventionally used in acid fuel cell electrodes.
  • the porous substrate may comprise a paper or fabric composed of carbon or graphite fibers.
  • the porous substrate of the electrodes of the present invention comprises graphitized carbon paper.
  • the hydrophobic binder of the catalyst layer of an electrode of the present invention may be any hydrophobic polymer conventionally used for making acid fuel cell electrodes.
  • the hydrophobic binder of the electrode of the present invention comprises a fluoropolymer.
  • the hydrophobic binder comprises polytetra- fluoroethylene.
  • the catalyst layer of the present invention may comprise between about 20 weight percent and about 60 weight percent of the hydrophobic polymer.
  • the catalyst layer of the anode of the present invention includes catalyst particles that promote the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen in an acid electrolyte.
  • the catalyst particles of the catalyst layer of the anode of the present invention may be any catalyst particles conventionally used as an anode catalyst in an acid fuel cell electrode.
  • catalyst particles comprise a metal dispersed on a chemically inert support and the term "catalyst particles" as used herein means the combination of metal crystallites on a support.
  • Metals suitable for use as the metal of the anode may, for example, comprise a platinum group metal, i.e. platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium or iridium, as well as combinations and alloys thereof.
  • the catalyst particles of the anode catalyst layer of the electrode of the present invention comprise finely divided platinum dispersed on the surface of a conductive particulate carbon black support, e.g. Vulcan XC-72 (Cabot Corporation) .
  • the anode catalyst particles of the preferred embodiment provide an initial platinum surface area of 100 2 /g and include between 10 weight percent and 20 weight percent platinum and between 80 weight percent and 90 weight percent carbon support.
  • the catalyst layer of an electrode of the present invention includes hydrophilic particles in an amount effective to provide a ngtwork of liquid transport pathways throughout the catalyst layer.
  • the hydrophilic particles of the anode of the present invention may be any particles that have hydrophilic, i.e. wettable by water, surfaces and that are stable under the operating conditions of the anode. Suitable hydrophilic particles include, e.g. carboia particles, graphitized carbon particles, silicon carbide particles and tungsten carbide particles.
  • the hydrophilic particles of the anode catalyst layer comprise graphitized carbon particles.
  • the ratio of weight of hydrophilic particles/weight of catalytic particles may range from about 0.2 to about 1.0.
  • the composition of the anode catalyst layer, considered as a whole is about 40 weight percent hydrophobic polymer, about 40 weight percent catalyst particles and about 20 weight percent hydrophilic particles.
  • the catalyst layer of the cathode of the present invention includes catalyst particles that are catalytically active in electrochemically reducing oxygen in an acid electrolyte.
  • the catalyst particles of the cathode catalyst layer may be any catalyst particles conventionally used as a cathode catalyst in an acid fuel cell.
  • cathode catalyst particles comprise a metal dispersed on a chemically inert support.
  • Metals suitable for use as the metal of the catalyst particles of the cathode may, e.g. , comprise a platinum group metal as well as combinations and alloys thereof.
  • the catalyst particles of the cathode catalyst layer comprise finely divided platinum alloy dispersed on the surfaces of particles of graphitized carbon black.
  • the cathode catalyst particles of the preferred embodiment provide an initial platinum alloy surface area between about 40 m 2 /g and 80m 2 /g and include between about 10 weight percent and 20 weight percent platinum alloy and between 80 weight percent and 90 weight percent carbon support.
  • the hydrophilic particles of the cathode catalyst layer may be any particles that have hydrophilic surfaces and that are stable under the operating conditions of the cathode. Suitable hydrophilic particles include, e.g. carbon black, graphitized carbon black and silicon carbide. Preferably, the hydrophilic particles of the cathode catalyst layer comprise graphitized carbon particles. The ratio of weight of hydrophobic particles/weight of catalyst particles may range between about 0.015 to about 2.5. In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the cathode catalyst layer, considered as a whole, is about 40.5 weight percent polytetrafluoroethylene, about 49.5 weight percent catalyst particles and about 10 weight percent hydrophilic particles.
  • FIG. 2 A schematic diagram of a portion of a catalyst layer 12 of a conventional electrode is shown in Figure 2.
  • the layer 12 includes catalyst particles 13 associated with a porous hydrophobic binder 14.
  • FIG. 3 A schematic diagram of a portion of a catalyst layer 15 of an electrode of the present invention is shown in Figure 3.
  • the layer 15 includes catalyst particles 16 associated with a porous hydrophobic binder 17 which provides a network of hydrophobic gas pathways communicating with the catalyst particles 16.
  • Hydrophilic particles 18 are distributed throughout the layer 15 to provide an interpenetrating network of catalytically inactive liquid transport pathways throughout the catalyst layer 15.
  • the surfaces of the catalyst particles of the electrode of the present invention are associated with the hydrophobic polymeric binder to control the wettability of the surfaces, i.e. to provide hydrophobic pathways to the surfaces for gas transport. Typically, this is accomplished by flocculating an aqueous dispersion of hydrophobic polymer and catalyst particles.
  • hydrophilic particles of the present invention are incorporated into the catalyst layer in a manner which maintains the wettability of the surfaces of the hydrophilic particles.
  • One method of incorporating hydrophilic particles into a catalyst layer while maintaining the wettability of the surfaces of the hydrophobic particles is described below.
  • Electrodes of the present invention may be made by dispersing the catalytic particles and the hydrophobic polymer in water and flocculating the dispersion.
  • the hydrophilic particles are then added to the catalyst particle/hydrophobic polymer floe with agitation.
  • the mixture is filtered and transfer pressed onto a suitable porous substrate.
  • the catalyst layer and substrate are dried and sintered to form the electrode.
  • a small amount of hydrophobic polymer i.e. binder may be added with the hydrophilic particles, i.e. an amount effective to bind the hydrophilic particles within the layer without rendering them hydrophobic, e.g. from about 10 weight percent to about 20 weight percent based on the combined weight of hydrophilic particles and hydrophobic polymer added.
  • the hydrophilic particles are relatively inactive in catalyzing the reaction under the operating conditions of the cell i.e. make no significant contribution to the current generated within the catalyst layer which includes the hydrophilic particles.
  • the surfaces of the hydrophilic particles remain wettable and the particles form a network of liquid transport pathways throughout the catalyst layer so that, during operation of the cell, liquid flows along the pathways and substantially surrounds the hydrophilic particles. Since liquid surrounding the particles hinders transport of gaseous reactants to the surfaces of the particles, the hydrophilic particles are substantially inactive in the electrochemical reaction occurring at the electrode, even in embodiments of the present invention wherein the hydrophilic particles comprise a material that is catalytically active in the reaction occurring at an electrode that includes the hydrophilic particles.
  • the hydrophilic particles of the electrode of the present invention provide a network of wettable surfaces throughout the catalyst layer. Since the hydrophilic particles of the electrode are not active in promoting the electrochemical reaction occurring at the surfaces of the catalyst particles of the electrode, i.e. the hydrophilic particles make no substantial contribution to hydrogen ion generation at the anode or to water generation at the cathode, the network of wettable surfaces provided by the hydrophilic particles functions primarily as a passive network of liquid transport pathways.
  • An anode (Al) was fabricated according to the method of the present invention.
  • a PTFE/catalyst dispersion (X) was formed.
  • a carbon-supported platinum catalyst (0.170g of 10% by weight Pt on Vulcan XC-72) was stirred into 30 ml distilled water and then dispersed ultrasonically.
  • Into this dispersion of catalyst was stirred 2 ml of a diluted TFE-30 solution containing 0.170g polytetrafluoroethylene solids and the resulting catalyst/PTFE mixture was blended ultrasonically. On standing a floe of catalyst and PTFE settled out of the dispersion leaving a clear supernatant liquid.
  • a PTFE/hydrophilic particle dispersion (Y) was formed.
  • 0.076g of uncatalyzed support material Vulcan XC-72
  • 0.1 ml of diluted TFE-30 were stirred into 30 ml distilled water and then dispersed ultrasonically.
  • Dispersion X was stirred for 15 seconds and then dispersion Y was added to dispersion X.
  • the mixture (X + Y) was stirred for 10 seconds and immediately vacuum filtered on to filter paper using a (3" x 3") square crock.
  • the moist filter cake was press transferred to a graphite paper substrate, dried, rolled and sintered at 660 0 F for 15 minutes.
  • An anode (A2) was fabricated as described above with the exceptions that the dispersion of hydrophilic particles contained 0.085g Vulcan XC-72 and had no PTFE binder.
  • a conventional anode (A3) was fabricated by a process analogous to that described above except that steps involved in adding the hydrophilic particles were omitted.
  • the catalyst layers of the anodes in Example 1 each contained 0.25 mg Pt/cm 2 : the compositions of the catalyst layers are summarized in Table 1.
  • a cathode (Cl) was fabricated according to the method of the present invention.
  • a PTFE/catalyst dispersion (S) was formed.
  • a graphite-supported platinum alloy catalyst (0.275g of 11.3 weight percent platinum relative to the graphitized support) was stirred into 30ml distilled water and the dispersed ultrasonically.
  • Diluted aluminum nitrate solution was added and the pH of the dispersion was adjusted by means of dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute ammonium hydroxide solutions.
  • Hydrophobic polymer (2.70 ml of a diluted TFE-30 solutioncontaining a total of 0.225g PTFE solids) was added and the catalyst/PTFE mixture was blended ultrasonically. On standing, this dispersion separated into a floe and a clear supernatant liquid.
  • a PTFE/hydrophilic particle dispersion (T) was formed.
  • a separate vessel 0.193g graphitized Vulcan XC-72 and 0.25 ml of diluted TFE-30 solution were dispersed ultrasonically in 30 ml distilled water.
  • Dispersion S was stirred and dispersion T was added to it.
  • the mixture (S + T) was stirred for 10 seconds and immediately poured into a 3" x 311 filter crock and vacuum filtered.
  • the moist filter cake was press transferred to a graphite paper substrate, dried, rolled and sintered at 660 0 for 15 minutes.
  • a cathode (C2) was fabricated as described above with the exceptions that the dispersion of hydrophilic particles contained 0.056g graphitized Vulcan XC-72 and had no PTFE binder.
  • a conventional cathode (C3) was fabricated by a process analogous to that described above with the exception that steps involving the addition of the hydrophilic particles were omitted.
  • the catalyst layers of the cathodes in Example 2 all contained 0.5mg Pt/cm .
  • the compositions of the catalyst layers are summarized in Table 2.
  • Cell 4329 (biphase electrodes, Al and Cl) and cell 4330 (conventional electrodes, A3 and C3) were assembled and operated at atmospheric pressure and 415 0 F.
  • the fuel was (70% H2 29% CO 2 and 1% CO) and the oxidant was air.
  • the flow rates of fuel and oxidant were such that 80% of the hydrogen and 60% of the oxygen fed to the cells were consumed.
  • Cell performances as a function of current density, after 300 hours of operation, are shown in Table 3.
  • the cell 4329 with electrodes of the present invention, not only gave better performance, but was able to operate at higher current densities than the cell 4330 with conventional electrodes. Tests showed that the main reason for the differences in voltage was polarization of the anode - ie. the conventional anode in cell 4330 showed clear symptoms of anode flooding particularly at the higher current densities.
  • Cell 4362 (biphase electrodes, A2 and C2) and cell 4383 (conventional electrodes, A3 and C3) were assembled and operated at 300 Amp/ft 2 /415 0 F/14.7 psia on the same reactant gases and at the same reactant utilizations as described in Example 3.
  • both cells were subjected to operations which typically cause an increase in cathode polarization due to flooding.
  • the chief indicator of flooding is the oxygen gain, i.e., the increase in cell voltage when oxygen is substituted for air as the cathode reactant.
  • Flooded electrodes suffering from diffusion problems, show a larger improvement in performance when operated on oxygen rather than air, i.e., they show higher gains.
  • Table 4 shows cathode gains for cells 4362 and 4383 following (i) three shutdown/restart cycles, (ii) a wet-up i.e., a temporary expansion of the electrolyte volume caused by generating water faster than it is being removed, and (iii) and addition of electrolyte which increased the volume of electrolyte within the cells by about 30%.
  • the hydrophilic particles of the electrodes of the present invention provide hydrophilic conduits for liquid transport through the electrodes.
  • the hydrophilic particles are catalytically inactive with respect to the electrochemical reaction occurring at the electrode and therefore provide hydrophilic conduits which do not generate either ions or water.
  • the provision of hydrophilic catalytically inactive pathways through the electrode catalyst layer directly addresses the cause of the flooding and pumping problems experienced with conventional electrodes and results in substantial improvements in electrode performance. While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustrations and not limitation.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention décrit des électrodes conçues pour une pile à combustible acide. Ces électrodes comprennent un substrat poreux et une couche catalytique située sur ledit substrat. La couche catalytique comporte des particules catalytiques, un liant hydrophobe servant à constituer un réseau de passages de gaz hydrophobe communiquant avec les particules catalytiques, ainsi que des particules hydrophiles catalytiquement inactives servant à constituer un réseau de passages de circulation de liquide à travers la couche catalytique. Lesdites électrodes améliorent la résistance à la pénétration de l'électrolyte dans des régions hydrophobes de la couche catalytique, ainsi qu'au déplacement massif de l'électrolyte d'un côté à l'autre de la pile et peuvent fonctionner à une densité de courant élevé sans créer de polarisation de concentration importante.
PCT/US1991/005319 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve WO1993003505A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP91917217A EP0660969A1 (fr) 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve
PCT/US1991/005319 WO1993003505A1 (fr) 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1991/005319 WO1993003505A1 (fr) 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993003505A1 true WO1993003505A1 (fr) 1993-02-18

Family

ID=22225694

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1991/005319 WO1993003505A1 (fr) 1991-07-26 1991-07-26 Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0660969A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1993003505A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1519433A1 (fr) * 2003-09-26 2005-03-30 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Electrode à diffusion pour pile à combustible
EP1693913A4 (fr) * 2003-12-11 2007-05-09 Toyota Motor Co Ltd Pile a combustible
WO2017142859A1 (fr) 2016-02-15 2017-08-24 Doosan Fuel Cell America, Inc. Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de pile à combustible

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3386859A (en) * 1964-11-04 1968-06-04 Union Oil Co Porous electrode comprising hydrophobic binder and hydrophilic material incorporated therein and method of fabricating same
EP0110491A2 (fr) * 1982-08-27 1984-06-13 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Electrodes à diffusion gazeuse multi-couches présentant une gradation en poids et en taille

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3386859A (en) * 1964-11-04 1968-06-04 Union Oil Co Porous electrode comprising hydrophobic binder and hydrophilic material incorporated therein and method of fabricating same
EP0110491A2 (fr) * 1982-08-27 1984-06-13 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Electrodes à diffusion gazeuse multi-couches présentant une gradation en poids et en taille

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 102, no. 14, 1984, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 116629R, MAOKA, TADANORI: 'Gas-diffusion Electrodes' & JP,A,59 181 463 (TOSHIBA K.K.) 15 October 1984 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 102, no. 18, 1984, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 152252W, KUWABARA, TAKESHI: 'Fuel Cells' & JP,A,59 224 067 (TOSHIBA CORP.) 15 December 1984 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 107, no. 6, 1987, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 43164B, TAKEUCHI, SEIJI ET AL: 'Fuel Cells' & JP,A,62 086 662 (HITACHI LTD) 21 April 1987 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 12, no. 101 (E-595)(2948) 2 April 1988 & JP,A,62 232 858 ( TANAKA KIKINZOKU KOGYO K.K. ) 13 October 1987 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1519433A1 (fr) * 2003-09-26 2005-03-30 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Electrode à diffusion pour pile à combustible
EP1693913A4 (fr) * 2003-12-11 2007-05-09 Toyota Motor Co Ltd Pile a combustible
US7592092B2 (en) 2003-12-11 2009-09-22 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel cell having a hydrogen electrode catalyst layer porosity that is lower than the air electrode catalyst layer porosity
WO2017142859A1 (fr) 2016-02-15 2017-08-24 Doosan Fuel Cell America, Inc. Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de pile à combustible
EP3417504A4 (fr) * 2016-02-15 2019-10-23 Doosan Fuel Cell America, Inc. Procédé de fabrication d'un composant de pile à combustible

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0660969A1 (fr) 1995-07-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US5480735A (en) High current alkaline fuel cell electrodes
US4248682A (en) Carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, assembly and electrochemical cells comprising the same
US6838205B2 (en) Bifunctional catalytic electrode
US4478917A (en) Fuel cell
US7226689B2 (en) Method of making a membrane electrode assembly for electrochemical fuel cells
EP1383185B1 (fr) Anode pour pile à combustible à électrolyte polymérique
US4293396A (en) Thin carbon-cloth-based electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrodes, and electrochemical cells comprising the same
US6106965A (en) Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
US6828056B2 (en) Electrode catalyst composition, electrode, and membrane electrode assembly for electrochemical cells
US20050282061A1 (en) Catalyst support for an electrochemical fuel cell
WO2006119147A2 (fr) Supports destines a des catalyseurs de cellule electrochimique
WO2004010521A2 (fr) Compositions de catalyseurs d'anode ameliorees pour une pile a combustible resistante aux inversions de tension
US20040166397A1 (en) Cathode structure for direct methanol fuel cell
US5217821A (en) High current acid fuel cell electrodes
EP1693913B1 (fr) Pile a combustible
US20060287194A1 (en) Electrode for solid polymer type fuel cell and manufacturing method therefor
JPH09167622A (ja) 電極触媒およびそれを用いた固体高分子型燃料電池
CA2242085A1 (fr) Electrode de platine-zinc, tolerant le co, pour piles a combustible
US6864011B2 (en) Fuel-cell electrode and method of manufacturing the fuel-cell electrode
WO1993003505A1 (fr) Electrode de pile a combustible acide a courant eleve
JP2003142111A (ja) 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極およびその製造方法
JP4149244B2 (ja) 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極構造体
JP4872194B2 (ja) 液体燃料直接型燃料電池
JP2003242989A (ja) 燃料電池
WO1993003506A1 (fr) Electrodes pour cellule electrochimique alcaline a courant fort

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): CA DK JP

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IT LU NL SE

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1991917217

Country of ref document: EP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: CA

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1991917217

Country of ref document: EP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 1991917217

Country of ref document: EP