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WO1993008230A1 - Composition epaississante a base d'ether cellulosique - Google Patents

Composition epaississante a base d'ether cellulosique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993008230A1
WO1993008230A1 PCT/GB1992/001914 GB9201914W WO9308230A1 WO 1993008230 A1 WO1993008230 A1 WO 1993008230A1 GB 9201914 W GB9201914 W GB 9201914W WO 9308230 A1 WO9308230 A1 WO 9308230A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
cellulose ether
thickening agent
electrolyte
silicate
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1992/001914
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Scott Rangus
David Brian Shaw
Patrick Jenness
Original Assignee
Laporte Industries Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Laporte Industries Limited filed Critical Laporte Industries Limited
Publication of WO1993008230A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993008230A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/26—Aluminium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
    • A61K8/731—Cellulose; Quaternized cellulose derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
    • C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K3/346—Clay
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/26—Cellulose ethers
    • C08L1/28—Alkyl ethers
    • C08L1/286—Alkyl ethers substituted with acid radicals, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/43—Thickening agents
    • C09D7/44—Combinations of two or more thickening agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/14—Clay-containing compositions
    • C09K8/18—Clay-containing compositions characterised by the organic compounds
    • C09K8/20—Natural organic compounds or derivatives thereof, e.g. polysaccharides or lignin derivatives
    • C09K8/206—Derivatives of other natural products, e.g. cellulose, starch, sugars
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/59—Mixtures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B2103/44—Thickening, gelling or viscosity increasing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/16—Esters of inorganic acids

Definitions

  • This invention relates to cellulose ether-containing thickening compositions, a method for their production, and to thickened compositions containing them.
  • Cellulose ethers are widely used to thicken aqueous or organic liquids. It has been found that combinations of cellulose ethers with other thickening agents show a synergistic thickening effect and there are a number of publications which disclose particular synergistic thickening compositions. Examples of such compositions are mixtures of cellulose ethers with polyacrylamidomethyl propane sulphonic acid as disclosed in United States Patent Specification No. 4540510, with Xanthan gum as disclosed in US Patent Specification No. 4,313,765, with a ' maleic anhydride/olefin copolymer as disclosed in US Patent Specification No. 4172055, with a cross-linked acrylic copolymer as disclosed in US Patent Specification No. 4798682 or with hydroxyethyl starch as disclosed in GB Patent Specification No. 2110698 and 2110699.
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET the medium to be thickened is a high electrolyte composition.
  • the present invention therefore relates to cellulose ether thickening compositions which are suitable for use to thicken high-electrolyte compositions.
  • a high electrolyte concentration is regarded as one above which the performance of a cellulose ether thickener other than as claimed is impaired.
  • this effect may show itself at around 0.02 to 0.2 meq/g of electrolyte in the total solution.
  • compositions containing a high solids concentration such as a toothpaste formulation it may show itself around 0.5-0.8 meq/g of the total composition.
  • the high electrolyte effect may occur between these figures.
  • the present invention provides a composition suitable for use to thicken electrolyte containing compositions comprising a cellulose ether thickening agent and another thickening agent, the composition being characterised in that the cellulose ether is a substituted cellulose ether having an average degree of substitution of at least from 0.7 and not more than l.l, and in that the other thickening agent is a swelling silicate thickening agent.
  • the cellulose molecule is reacted with alkali and then with a reagent such as chloroacetic acid to cause conversion of one or more of the three hyroxyl groups present in each anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose chain, first to the alkali metal salt and then ro tne alkali metal acetate ether.
  • the chloroacetic acid may be replaced by other reagents to produce other cellulose ethers.
  • the degree of substitution can be controlled by, amongst other factors, the concentration of the alkali.
  • the degree of substitution is the number of hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit which are substituted and is usually stated as a range defining the minimum and maximum degree of substitution.
  • the average degree of substitution is the weight mean average appropriate to a range. It is envisaged that to practical purposes a cellulose ether product will be outside the invention if any substantial part of the range, for example 20% or more is outside the range selected according to the invention.
  • the average degree of substitution of the cellulose ether is advantageous for the average degree of substitution of the cellulose ether to be above 0.7 and up to 1.1, Cellulose ethers having a range of substitution which extends substantially below 0.65 are undesirably difficult to dissolve while those having a degree of substitution which extends substantially above 1.1 or even above 1.0, show a diminution of synergism to some degree.
  • the cellulose ether has a minimum degree of substitution of above 0.7 for example of at least 0.8.
  • the cellulose ether utilised herein is preferably on anionic cellulose ether such as for example sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • silicates have swelling or thickening properties. These are layered silicates, which swell by the entry of water or other polar liquids between the layers thereby causing an increase in the basal spacing, and are typified by the layered clay minerals of the smectite series such as the saponites, including saponite and hectorite or the montmorillonites. There also exists a range of synthetic silicates having structures of the smectite type which show greatly enhanced swelling properties. Detail concerning the identification of structure types in clay minerals is given in "X-ray identification and crystal structure of clay minerals" Minerlogical Society (G. Brown) 1961. Suitable synthetic silicates are described in US Patent ' Specification No. 4049780 together with a process for their preparation and are hydrous magnesium silicates having a crystal structure similar to that of a hectorite and a composition
  • Such hydrous magnesium silicates are available under the LAPONITE Trade Mark from Laporte Industries Limited.
  • the particular effectiveness of the combination according to the invention may be connected to an inter-reaction between the anionic sites on the cellulose ether and hydroxyl sites on the silicate and that an extended cage type of structure is thereby obtained when the degree of substitution of the cellulose ether is as selected herein which structure is sufficiently stable to resist degradation in the presence of high electrolyte concentrations.
  • This theory is supported by the fact that certain non-ionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose have been found not to be operative in the present invention.
  • the silicates preferably contains at least 1 hydroxyl group for each 8 silicon atoms in the framework e.g.
  • y in the above general formula is preferably 3 or less. To maximise the opportunities for inter-reaction between the silicate and the cellulose ether it is preferred that the number of hydroxyl groups on the silicate is as high as possible. Preferably therefore in the above general formula "y" is less than 1 or 0.
  • the relative weights of the cellulose ether and the clay may, for example, be from 5:95 to 95:5, preferably from 30:70 to 70:30.
  • the present invention may be utilised in the production of thickened high-electrolyte compositions by including the cellulose ether and the silicate, together or separately in an aqueous or suitable polar medium containing the other components of the composition to be thickened.
  • the cellulose ether and the 'silicate' are both included in a liquid medium before contact with a high concentration of electrolyte.
  • the cellulose ether and the silicate may be premixed into a liquid medium which is then added to the main composition or they may be added to the main composition before any substantial quantity of electrolyte, sufficient to give a high electrolyte concentration, is included with the main composition. It is believed that an interaction between the cellulose ether and the electrolyte could prevent the desired cellulose ether/silicate structure from developing.
  • the present invention may be utilised in many differing applications in which high electrolyte concentration liquids require to be thickened.
  • Dentrifice compositions intended for special "purposes, for example antiplaque dentrifices can contain high concentrations of electrolyte in the form of sodium pyro- or poly-phosphates.
  • Other examples of high electrolyte systems which require to be thickened are drilling muds in situations where high salt strata are penetrated, concrete mixes, aqueous emulsion paints and coating mixes which may contain highly charged polymers such as polyacrylic copolymers, and the like.
  • Samples of water containing varying quantities of sodium sulphate were thickened with 2% by weight of the total composition of a 50/50- weight blend of a silicate thickener (Laponite RD) and one of 3 different carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) ethers having degrees of substitution of 0.65-0.9, 0.8-0.95 and 1.15-1.45 denoted hereafter for convenience CMC/.65, CMC/.8 and CMC/1.15.
  • the solutions were stored for 24 hours and the viscosities of the samples was determined using a Brookfield LVT (T-bar) viscometer at 0.6 rpm. The results are depicted in Figure 1 attached hereto.
  • Example numbered 6 The subject of these Examples is a typical high electrolyte dentrifice composition.
  • sorbitol syrup 70% aq
  • 6.0 g of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC .65 or CMC .8) was added to a polythene beaker, stirred under high shear whilst adding 6.0 g of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC .65 or CMC .8) and mixing was continued for 15 minutes until the cellulose was completely dispersed.
  • CMC .65 or CMC .8 a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the Laponite dispersion was added to the cellulose/Sorbitol mucilage and mixed thoroughly. Then 15.0 g sodium saccharin solution (10% aq) , 10.0 g sodium fluoride solution (25% aq) and 50.0 g tetrasodiu pyrophosphate was added to the mucilage which was transferred to a vacuum mixer and to which was added 200 g of dentifrice grade silica abrasive and 10.0 g of titanium dioxide. Mixing under vacuum was continued for 5 minutes to deaerate the composition.
  • flavour oil 0.5 mg of preservative and 50.0 g of sodium lauryl sulphate solution (30% aq ⁇ were added and the resulting product was then further mixed under vacuum until completely deaerated.
  • TSPP Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
  • TKPP Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate
  • CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
  • CMC .65 Grade 7M4XF available from Aqualon Corp.
  • CMC .8 Grade 9M31XF available from Aqualon Corp.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

La combinaison d'un agent épaississant à base d'éther cellulosique présentant un degré de substitution moyen compris entre 0,7 et 1,1, et d'un agent épaississant et gonflant à base de silicate, tel que l'argile à smectite ou une argile synthétique présentant une structure analogue à l'hectorite, permet d'obtenir d'excellentes performances en matière d'épaississement dans des compositions contenant un électrolyte telles que du dentifrice, par exemple. La composition peut également être utilisée dans des boues de forage, des mélanges de béton et des peintures en émulsion.
PCT/GB1992/001914 1991-10-24 1992-10-19 Composition epaississante a base d'ether cellulosique WO1993008230A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB919122607A GB9122607D0 (en) 1991-10-24 1991-10-24 Cellulose ether thickening compositions
GB9122607.6 1991-10-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993008230A1 true WO1993008230A1 (fr) 1993-04-29

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WO (1) WO1993008230A1 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0691381A4 (fr) * 1994-01-24 1996-07-17 Sumitomo Chemical Co Composition, film et moulage de resine biodegradable
EP0773198A1 (fr) * 1995-11-10 1997-05-14 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Système épaississant pour mélanges pour matériaux de construction
EP0786249A1 (fr) 1996-01-23 1997-07-30 L'oreal Composition gélifiée stable à porte teneur en électrolyte
EP0795320A1 (fr) 1996-03-12 1997-09-17 L'oreal Composition gélifiée stable à forte teneur en électrolyte
WO2002062310A1 (fr) * 2001-02-05 2002-08-15 Amcol International Corporation Additif particulaire multifonctionnel pour compositions cosmetiques et de soins personnels, et leur procede de fabrication
WO2003004562A1 (fr) * 2001-07-03 2003-01-16 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Composition de liant pour la preparation de colle a appliquer au rouleau
EP1553152A3 (fr) * 2004-01-09 2008-12-03 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH Composition pour la protection contre le gel et pour l'élimination de la glace épaissis par des silicates en couches
US7744908B2 (en) * 2003-10-28 2010-06-29 Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. Spill resistant formulations containing clays
ITVA20100020A1 (it) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-05 Lamberti Spa Modificatore di reologia per smalti ceramici
EP2591825A1 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-05-15 PeGoMa B.V. Compositions pour le traitement de dents et utilisation

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3998973A (en) * 1975-04-07 1976-12-21 R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. Thickening composition
US4267062A (en) * 1977-10-21 1981-05-12 Nl Industries, Inc. Abandoned borehole compositions
US4497919A (en) * 1983-09-22 1985-02-05 Turtle Wax, Inc. Emulsion polish compositions
US4818293A (en) * 1985-08-01 1989-04-04 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Stable slurries comprising powdered activated carbon
EP0327382A2 (fr) * 1988-02-05 1989-08-09 Ecc International Limited Composition thixotrope contenant un alcool et de l'eau
EP0445653A1 (fr) * 1990-03-06 1991-09-11 Rheox International, Inc. Epaississeur d'argile pour utilisation en systèmes à base de l'eau et matériaux de joints contenant telles compositions

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3998973A (en) * 1975-04-07 1976-12-21 R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. Thickening composition
US4267062A (en) * 1977-10-21 1981-05-12 Nl Industries, Inc. Abandoned borehole compositions
US4497919A (en) * 1983-09-22 1985-02-05 Turtle Wax, Inc. Emulsion polish compositions
US4818293A (en) * 1985-08-01 1989-04-04 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Stable slurries comprising powdered activated carbon
EP0327382A2 (fr) * 1988-02-05 1989-08-09 Ecc International Limited Composition thixotrope contenant un alcool et de l'eau
EP0445653A1 (fr) * 1990-03-06 1991-09-11 Rheox International, Inc. Epaississeur d'argile pour utilisation en systèmes à base de l'eau et matériaux de joints contenant telles compositions

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6146750A (en) * 1994-01-24 2000-11-14 Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Bio-degradable resin composition, film and shaped article
EP0691381A4 (fr) * 1994-01-24 1996-07-17 Sumitomo Chemical Co Composition, film et moulage de resine biodegradable
EP0773198A1 (fr) * 1995-11-10 1997-05-14 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Système épaississant pour mélanges pour matériaux de construction
EP0786249A1 (fr) 1996-01-23 1997-07-30 L'oreal Composition gélifiée stable à porte teneur en électrolyte
EP0795320A1 (fr) 1996-03-12 1997-09-17 L'oreal Composition gélifiée stable à forte teneur en électrolyte
WO2002062310A1 (fr) * 2001-02-05 2002-08-15 Amcol International Corporation Additif particulaire multifonctionnel pour compositions cosmetiques et de soins personnels, et leur procede de fabrication
US6500411B2 (en) 2001-02-05 2002-12-31 Amcol International Corporation Multifunctional particulate additive for personal care and cosmetic compositions, and the process of making the same
WO2003004562A1 (fr) * 2001-07-03 2003-01-16 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Composition de liant pour la preparation de colle a appliquer au rouleau
US8211451B2 (en) 2003-10-28 2012-07-03 Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. Spill resistant formulations containing clays
US7744908B2 (en) * 2003-10-28 2010-06-29 Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. Spill resistant formulations containing clays
US7981435B2 (en) 2003-10-28 2011-07-19 Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc. Spill resistant formulations containing clays
EP1553152A3 (fr) * 2004-01-09 2008-12-03 Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH Composition pour la protection contre le gel et pour l'élimination de la glace épaissis par des silicates en couches
WO2011107563A1 (fr) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-09 Lamberti Spa Modificateur rhéologique destiné à des glaçures pour céramique
ITVA20100020A1 (it) * 2010-03-05 2011-09-05 Lamberti Spa Modificatore di reologia per smalti ceramici
CN102906052A (zh) * 2010-03-05 2013-01-30 蓝宝迪有限公司 陶瓷釉的流变改进剂
US8628611B2 (en) * 2010-03-05 2014-01-14 Lamberti Spa Rheology modifier for ceramic glazes
EP2591825A1 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-05-15 PeGoMa B.V. Compositions pour le traitement de dents et utilisation
WO2013068495A3 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-09-26 Pegoma B.V. Composition pour le traitement des dents, et utilisation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9122607D0 (en) 1991-12-04

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