[go: up one dir, main page]

WO1993016349A1 - Balles cassantes pour le tir d'entrainement - Google Patents

Balles cassantes pour le tir d'entrainement Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1993016349A1
WO1993016349A1 PCT/CA1993/000043 CA9300043W WO9316349A1 WO 1993016349 A1 WO1993016349 A1 WO 1993016349A1 CA 9300043 W CA9300043 W CA 9300043W WO 9316349 A1 WO9316349 A1 WO 9316349A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
nylon
practice ammunition
frangible
projectile
weight
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA1993/000043
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Germain Belanger
Marc Potvin
Original Assignee
Snc Industrial Technologies Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Snc Industrial Technologies Inc. filed Critical Snc Industrial Technologies Inc.
Priority to BR9305849A priority Critical patent/BR9305849A/pt
Priority to JP5513623A priority patent/JPH07503528A/ja
Priority to AU34879/93A priority patent/AU673155B2/en
Priority to CA002128696A priority patent/CA2128696C/fr
Priority to DE69309041T priority patent/DE69309041T2/de
Priority to KR1019940702717A priority patent/KR0146673B1/ko
Priority to EP93903743A priority patent/EP0625258B1/fr
Publication of WO1993016349A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993016349A1/fr
Priority to NO942927A priority patent/NO942927L/no

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/48—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using wave or particle radiation means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F42B12/745—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body the core being made of plastics; Compounds or blends of plastics and other materials, e.g. fillers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0094—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with organic materials as the main non-metallic constituent, e.g. resin

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a frangible practice ammunition or bullet for use in shooting galleries and the like.
  • Lead gallery bullets are well known; ⁇ they are characterized by the use of powders of lead consolidated into a bullet having sufficient strength for use and intended to be disrupted into small fragments on impact with a gallery target.
  • the problem is replacing lead for the purpose of a gallery shooting round is to find a materiel sufficiently heavy that the automatic weapons will be able to cycle and the shooter will see few differences. Costly, abrasive or toxic heavy metals should be avoided while a cheap production process is required to keep production costs low.
  • the main criteria for the ability of a round to cycle autoloader weapons is the amount of energy that it delivers to the cycling mechanism. For some type of weapons, this energy is delivered by the expanding gases pushing back the cartridge case. This type may be found with the 9 mm Browning Hi-Power pistol for example. For some others, high pressure gases are connected through a port pressure inside the barrel. The high pressured gases are then the source of energy for the cycling mechanism. This type is found in most 5.56 NATO nominated weapons, like the Colt M16.
  • Weapons and propellant powders are designed to work with a projectile of a certain mass that gives a typical pressure-vs-time curve. Using a lighter projectile will cause problems, the main one being too low an energy transfer to give the feeding mechanism the needed momentum to cycle, in certain type of weapons.
  • the selected material In order to replace lead in a projectile, the selected material should have a minimum weight so that the resulting projectile mass is compatible with commercially available propellants for that calibre. . This is important since it would not be economically viable to develop a lead-free round where a special propellant or other component would need to be developed.
  • European patent number 0,096,617 issued to Societe Francaise de Munitions, describes a training bullet having a mixture of nylon, a powder of a ductile metal and a solid lubricant. This patent describes practice ammunitions wherein the density of the compound is between 3 and 5 g/cm 3 .
  • metals lighter than copper are not suitable since they are too light to reach the above-mentioned required density of 5.7 g/cm 3 while metals heavier than copper are considered either as having high toxicity and abrasive effect or being simply too expensive for the task.
  • thermoplastic molding resin which will enable to obtain these characteristics is nylon 11, or nylon 12.
  • a compacted mixture of copper and nylon wherein copper is at least 92% by weight can best be achieved by injection -molding.
  • a lead-free training round breaks up into small particles when hitting a hard surface, like a steel plate. Each of these particles is then too light to carry enough energy to be considered as a dangerous projectile.
  • a projectile With the 5.56 mm, if the projectile hits an armoured steel plate with an incidence angle of 90° and a velocity of 2,000 feet per second, particles that should splash back will not perforate a sheet of newsprint grade of paper placed one meter from the steel plate.
  • such projectile should be sufficiently impact resistant to stand the high accelerations that occur on firing, plus the deformations that result from weapon rifling.
  • a nylon- copper compound as a lead replacement material should meet the following mechanical properties.
  • the Izod Impact should be between 120 J/m and 140 J/m and the percentage of elongation before breaking should be at least 1.7%. Should the Izod impact be too low, the projectile will break up on firing. If it is too high, the minimum angle of incidence at which the projectile will break up and not ricochet on hitting a target will be too large. If the percentage of elongation before breaking is too low, the projectile will break up when deformed by the rifling of the weapon.
  • Another important dimensional criteria is the volume of the projectile which should be optimized in order to obtain the heaviest projectile possible.
  • the inventors have worked with the ogive and the overall length of the projectile in order to push the weight of the 5.56 mm projectile up to 36 grains.
  • the gyroscopic stability factor of this projectile is 1.25. Trying to get a better gyroscopic stability factor means compromising on weight. With this stability factor and a weight of 36 grains, an optimal design has been reached.
  • Figures 2 and 3 are graphs illustrating the relationship of copper content to the flexural modulus and Iz_od impact
  • Figure 4 is a partly cross-sectional elevation of 9mm caliber made in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a partly cross-sectional elevation of 5.56mm caliber made in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • Figures 2 and 3 show a sharp decrease in elongation and Izod impact as the copper content increases. This also emphasises the need for a thoroughly controlled compounding process.
  • Compounding up to a 88% copper content by weight can be made by standard processes. Higher than 90%, a special technique is required.
  • Injection molding of mixtures of fine metal powders and plastic resins, or binders combines the strength and durability of metal with the design versatility of plastic injection molding. It is finding a place in metal parts with intricate geometries that would cost many times more to produce by machining, die casting, etc.
  • thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and others.
  • the low shrink factor, thermal stability and the available powder form grade are some of the major points which favor the choice of nylon 11 for the resin matrix function.
  • the particular frangible material of the present invention can be classified as a metal polymer composite due to its composition which includes:
  • - a metal filler ultra fine copper powder
  • - a binder thermoplastic polymer resin
  • wetting agent or lubricant calcium and zinc stearate, molybdenum disulphide, organo zirconate.
  • these components are mixed, homogenized and made up in granules in accordance with the following steps: a) raw materials are pre-weighed according to the determined final mix; b) then, there is dry blending or tumbling of dry metal powders, polymer particles and additives; c) a thermal blending or combination of solid particles is prepared with the use of equipment which will mix together different materials into a uniform single homogeneous mass; d) a screw extruder is used to optimize the quality of the extruded composite mass. Temperature are attained to melt the polymer, adhesively bonding it to the solid metallic particles. A conventional twin-screw extruder is preferably used to extrude the compound.
  • the output passes through a dicing chopper, or pelletizer, which delivers the material in a form suitable for feeding the hoppers of injection molding machines; e) the finely divided composite of metal and polymer which has been prepared by thermal extrusion blending is then classified in particle size according a specific pattern.
  • the frangible compound must have the following characteristics:
  • Nylon 11 and nylon 12 are preferred because they have the lowest moisture retention characteristics of the polymer family.
  • the morphology of nylon 11 and nylon 12 can be described by two phases: an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase where the crystaliinity is in the order of 20%.
  • nylon 11 se i-crystallinity nature of nylon 11 is characterized by its heat of fusion (11 calories/gram) , its melting point (185°C) , its high crystallization rate and its low water absorption to saturation which,
  • nylon 11 and nylon 12 are linear and semi-crystalline thermoplastics.
  • Nylon 11 is derived from castor oil and nylon 12 comes from butadiene. Because of differences in crystal structure caused through amide group, nylon 12 has a slightly lower melting point and density. Nylon 11 performs better at higher temperature and, in addition, has superior UV resistance. Both materials are not so sensitive to changes in humidity as other polyamides. Nylon 11 has a higher heat distortion and a better low temperature impact resistance.
  • nylon 11 and nylon 12 have a low melting point, low density, low shrink and, by far, the lowest moisture regain.
  • Copper is selected for the following characteristics: density: 8.8 - 8.95; lead free; ductibilit-y-;_good adherence to polymer; non abrasive; cost efficiency.
  • the selected grade is directly related to the particle geometry which has been determined to be spheroidal to allow high loading in thermoplastic resin and permit extrusion and injection molding.
  • Spheroidal is meant to designate copper particles which are not perfectly spherical. Satisfactory results have been obtained with particles having a form factor between 1 and 1.2 (which is the ratio of the longest diameter to the shortest diameter) .
  • two different grades of copper have been used: - US bronze C118 which is classified as a spherical powder 99.2% copper with a nominal mesh of less than 200;
  • a wetting agent or coupling agent may be used to facilitate a most uniform liaison between copper particles and improve the flexibility of the composite mix.
  • An organo-zirconate from Kenrich Petrochemical (KRN2 44) has been used and shown good results.
  • Many polymers are susceptible to oxydation which causes either a reduction in chain length and molecular weight (chain scission) leading to a loss of stiffness strength and embrittlement. Oxydation can be slowed down at moderate processing temperatures and its effects are then associated with ageing or quite fast at high processing temperatures and its effects are then associated with thermal stability.
  • Antioxydant represents one type of additive which contribute to the control of oxydation in frangible compound.
  • a primary oxydant which may be used in the present invention is of the type "hindered phenolic".
  • a secondary antioxydant engaged in a synergistic action with the primary oxydant is an organophosphite. The judicious combination of these two additives is a must to assure thermo-oxydative protection to the nylon during processing and after processing (long term protection) .
  • thermoplastic polymers such as nylon
  • metallic filler such as copper powder
  • the interaction between them in presence of oxygen can lead to polymer degradation.
  • Copper metal is easily oxydized and the presence of metal ions can act as a catalyst on the thermal oxydation of polymer, even in presence of hindered phenolic antioxydant.
  • Much more efficient inhibition will be achieved by using a metal deactivator together with antioxydants.
  • a metal deactivator/antioxydant should be selected for the frangible ammunition due to the fact that copper is in direct contact with nylon resin. It is classified as a diacylhydrazine resulting from a molecular combination of sterically hindered phenols and metal complexing group.
  • thermoplastic elastomer making super tough polyamide or nylon polymer is of the olefinic type. Linear elastomeric molecules or cross- linked very small elastomeric particles, most frequently ethylene-propylene are blended with a compatible thermoplastic, most commonly polypropylene in ratio that determines the stiffness of the resulting elastomer. This class is often referred to as the olefinic thermoplastic elastomer.
  • the compounding of frangible compound copper- nylon involves a molten-polymer-hot metal interface. It is often desirable to reduce the tendency of molten polymers to_ stick to hot metal surface during processing (roll mills, extrusion) .
  • Additives added to the polymer for this purpose are often referred to as external lubricant and their r ⁇ le is clearly different from that of internal lubricants which primarily affect the viscous flow of the polymer.
  • an aluminium salt of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids or aluminium stearate
  • this aluminium stearate additive is of great efficiency in the frangible compound with its high melting point and its chemical compatibility with copper.
  • Light in itself would not do much direct harm to polymers but the radiations, in particular ultra ⁇ violet (UV) radiations, tend to initiate or catalyse chemical degradation such as oxydation in a process often globally referred to as "photooxydation".
  • UV radiations in particular ultra ⁇ violet (UV) radiations
  • photooxydation chemical degradation
  • the reduction of the photooxydation can be done with suitable additives often distinguish between UV absorbers which reduces the essential factor of the degradation and light stabilizers which control its progress.
  • a UV absorber based on benzotriazole has been selected in combination an oligomeric light stabilizer belonging to the class of sterically hindered amine to achieve a synergistic effect.
  • These two additives have extreme low volatility and high thermal stability making them ideal for processing with this nylon resin compound.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
  • Sewing Machines And Sewing (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
  • Cleaning Or Drying Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
  • Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)
  • Cereal-Derived Products (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)
  • Eye Examination Apparatus (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
  • Harvester Elements (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des munitions pour tir d'entraînement, sans plomb, non abrasives et cassantes, comprenant un mélange compacté de poudre fine de cuivre et d'une résine thermoplastique choisie dans le groupe constitué par du nylon 11 et du nylon 12. Le mélange est rendu compact par moulage par injection, il renferme au moins 90 % en poids de cuivre et présente un poids spécifique minimum de 5,7.
PCT/CA1993/000043 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Balles cassantes pour le tir d'entrainement WO1993016349A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR9305849A BR9305849A (pt) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Minição de exercício quebradiça
JP5513623A JPH07503528A (ja) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 もろい練習用弾薬
AU34879/93A AU673155B2 (en) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Frangible practice ammunition
CA002128696A CA2128696C (fr) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Munition friable d'exercice
DE69309041T DE69309041T2 (de) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Brechbare Übungsmunition
KR1019940702717A KR0146673B1 (ko) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 부서지기 쉬운 연습용 탄약
EP93903743A EP0625258B1 (fr) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Munition fragile d'exercice
NO942927A NO942927L (no) 1992-02-07 1994-08-05 Sprö övelsesammunisjon

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/831,263 US5237930A (en) 1992-02-07 1992-02-07 Frangible practice ammunition
US07/831,263 1992-02-07

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993016349A1 true WO1993016349A1 (fr) 1993-08-19

Family

ID=25258681

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CA1993/000043 WO1993016349A1 (fr) 1992-02-07 1993-02-05 Balles cassantes pour le tir d'entrainement

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5237930A (fr)
EP (1) EP0625258B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07503528A (fr)
KR (1) KR0146673B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE150541T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU673155B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9305849A (fr)
CA (1) CA2128696C (fr)
DE (1) DE69309041T2 (fr)
NO (1) NO942927L (fr)
WO (1) WO1993016349A1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0752571A1 (fr) * 1995-07-07 1997-01-08 Giat Industries Projectile à trajectoire raccourcie
EP0641836A3 (fr) * 1993-09-06 1997-01-15 John Christopher Gardner Matériau avec haute densité.
WO1997038282A1 (fr) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-16 Cesaroni Technology Inc. Balle sans plomb
US5767438A (en) * 1995-09-20 1998-06-16 Adi Limited Frangible ammunition
DE19924747A1 (de) * 1999-05-31 2000-12-07 Dynamit Nobel Ag Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
US7607394B2 (en) 2001-04-24 2009-10-27 Anthony Joseph Cesaroni Lead-free projectiles
WO2013109634A1 (fr) * 2012-01-16 2013-07-25 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Projectile non mortel stabilisé par rotation avec fluide rhéofluidifiant

Families Citing this family (159)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5359936A (en) * 1993-03-08 1994-11-01 Regents Of The University Of California Non-detonable explosive simulators
US5913256A (en) 1993-07-06 1999-06-15 Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Non-lead environmentally safe projectiles and explosive container
WO1996001407A1 (fr) * 1994-07-06 1996-01-18 Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. Projectiles sans plomb ne nuisant pas a l'environnement et leur procede de fabrication
US5665808A (en) * 1995-01-10 1997-09-09 Bilsbury; Stephen J. Low toxicity composite bullet and material therefor
US5616642A (en) * 1995-04-14 1997-04-01 West; Harley L. Lead-free frangible ammunition
AU704676B2 (en) * 1995-09-20 1999-04-29 Adi Limited Frangible ammunition
KR20000022324A (ko) * 1996-06-28 2000-04-25 데이비드 더블유 더글라스 고밀도 복합재료
US6074454A (en) * 1996-07-11 2000-06-13 Delta Frangible Ammunition, Llc Lead-free frangible bullets and process for making same
US6536352B1 (en) 1996-07-11 2003-03-25 Delta Frangible Ammunition, Llc Lead-free frangible bullets and process for making same
US5950064A (en) * 1997-01-17 1999-09-07 Olin Corporation Lead-free shot formed by liquid phase bonding
US6457417B1 (en) * 1997-04-16 2002-10-01 Doris Nebel Beal Inter Vivos Patent Trust Method for the manufacture of a frangible nonsintered powder-based projectile for use in gun ammunition and product obtained thereby
US6551376B1 (en) * 1997-03-14 2003-04-22 Doris Nebel Beal Inter Vivos Patent Trust Method for developing and sustaining uniform distribution of a plurality of metal powders of different densities in a mixture of such metal powders
US6090178A (en) * 1998-04-22 2000-07-18 Sinterfire, Inc. Frangible metal bullets, ammunition and method of making such articles
US7267794B2 (en) * 1998-09-04 2007-09-11 Amick Darryl D Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same
US6270549B1 (en) 1998-09-04 2001-08-07 Darryl Dean Amick Ductile, high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing same
US6527880B2 (en) 1998-09-04 2003-03-04 Darryl D. Amick Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same
AU5439100A (en) * 1999-04-02 2000-11-14 Delta Frangible Ammunition, Llc Jacketed frangible bullets
US6248150B1 (en) 1999-07-20 2001-06-19 Darryl Dean Amick Method for manufacturing tungsten-based materials and articles by mechanical alloying
ES2209989T3 (es) * 1999-09-11 2004-07-01 Ruag Ammotec Gmbh Proyectil macizo de pequeño calibre.
JP3420730B2 (ja) * 1999-12-28 2003-06-30 旭精機工業株式会社 小火器用弾丸
JP3420731B2 (ja) * 1999-12-28 2003-06-30 旭精機工業株式会社 小火器用弾丸
US6546875B2 (en) 2001-04-23 2003-04-15 Ut-Battelle, Llc Non-lead hollow point bullet
NZ532694A (en) * 2001-10-16 2005-03-24 Internat Non Toxic Composites High density non-toxic composites comprising tungsten, another metal and polymer powder
EP1436436B1 (fr) * 2001-10-16 2005-04-20 International Non-Toxic Composites Corp. Materiau composite contenant du tungstene et du bronze
US7353756B2 (en) * 2002-04-10 2008-04-08 Accutec Usa Lead free reduced ricochet limited penetration projectile
US20050005807A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2005-01-13 Polytech Ammunition Company Lead free, composite polymer based bullet and cartridge case, and method of manufacturing
US8022116B2 (en) * 2003-07-18 2011-09-20 Advanced Shielding Components, Llc Lightweight rigid structural compositions with integral radiation shielding including lead-free structural compositions
US6799518B1 (en) * 2003-10-15 2004-10-05 Keith T. Williams Method and apparatus for frangible projectiles
CN102226039A (zh) * 2003-11-14 2011-10-26 瓦尔德瑞沃咨询集团公司 金属聚合物复合材料、其制备方法和由其制备的成型制品
US9105382B2 (en) 2003-11-14 2015-08-11 Tundra Composites, LLC Magnetic composite
US8841358B2 (en) 2009-04-29 2014-09-23 Tundra Composites, LLC Ceramic composite
US20050188890A1 (en) * 2004-02-26 2005-09-01 Alltrista Zinc Products, L.P. Composition and method for making frangible bullet
US9470485B1 (en) 2004-03-29 2016-10-18 Victor B. Kley Molded plastic cartridge with extended flash tube, sub-sonic cartridges, and user identification for firearms and site sensing fire control
US7380503B2 (en) * 2004-12-20 2008-06-03 Newtec Services Group Method and apparatus for self-destruct frangible projectiles
US7770521B2 (en) 2005-06-03 2010-08-10 Newtec Services Group, Inc. Method and apparatus for a projectile incorporating a metastable interstitial composite material
MX2008010212A (es) * 2006-02-10 2008-10-17 Wild River Consulting Group Ll Compuesto de polimero metalico con propiedades mejoradas.
US7503260B2 (en) * 2006-02-15 2009-03-17 Defense Technology Corporation Of America Non-lethal ammunition
US20070289475A1 (en) * 2006-06-16 2007-12-20 Kapeles John A Non-lethal munitions having densified materials
US7392746B2 (en) * 2006-06-29 2008-07-01 Hansen Richard D Bullet composition
EP2240540B1 (fr) 2008-01-18 2014-03-12 Wild River Consulting Group, LLC Composite polymère à moulage en fusion et procédé de préparation et d'utilisation de celui-ci
WO2010003013A1 (fr) 2008-07-02 2010-01-07 Safariland, Llc Projectile non létal en une seule pièce
WO2010083345A1 (fr) 2009-01-14 2010-07-22 Nosler, Inc. Balles, comprenant des balles sans plomb, et procédés associés
US8365672B2 (en) * 2009-03-25 2013-02-05 Aleaciones De Metales Sinterizados, S.A. Frangible bullet and its manufacturing method
CA2786331C (fr) 2010-01-06 2018-05-01 Ervin Industries, Inc. Objets composites ceramique-metal cassables et leurs procedes de fabrication
US8028626B2 (en) * 2010-01-06 2011-10-04 Ervin Industries, Inc. Frangible, ceramic-metal composite objects and methods of making the same
US8807008B2 (en) 2011-01-14 2014-08-19 Pcp Tactical, Llc Polymer-based machine gun belt links and cartridge casings and manufacturing method
US8763535B2 (en) 2011-01-14 2014-07-01 Pcp Tactical, Llc Narrowing high strength polymer-based cartridge casing for blank and subsonic ammunition
US12247819B2 (en) 2010-07-30 2025-03-11 Pcp Tactical, Llc Two-piece insert and/or flash tube for polymer ammunition cartridges
US8573126B2 (en) 2010-07-30 2013-11-05 Pcp Tactical, Llc Cartridge base and plastic cartridge case assembly for ammunition cartridge
US10352670B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2019-07-16 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Lightweight polymer ammunition cartridge casings
US11209252B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2021-12-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Subsonic polymeric ammunition with diffuser
US11047663B1 (en) 2010-11-10 2021-06-29 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of coding polymer ammunition cartridges
US11118875B1 (en) 2010-11-10 2021-09-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Color coded polymer ammunition cartridge
US11293732B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-04-05 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of making polymeric subsonic ammunition
US10408592B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2019-09-10 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc One piece polymer ammunition cartridge having a primer insert and methods of making the same
US10480915B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2019-11-19 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of making a polymeric subsonic ammunition cartridge
US10704876B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2020-07-07 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc One piece polymer ammunition cartridge having a primer insert and methods of making the same
US11047664B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2021-06-29 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Lightweight polymer ammunition cartridge casings
US10591260B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2020-03-17 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition having a projectile made by metal injection molding
US10876822B2 (en) 2017-11-09 2020-12-29 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Multi-piece polymer ammunition cartridge
US11215430B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-01-04 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc One piece polymer ammunition cartridge having a primer insert and methods of making the same
US11340050B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-05-24 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Subsonic polymeric ammunition cartridge
US10704877B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2020-07-07 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc One piece polymer ammunition cartridge having a primer insert and methods of making the same
US10429156B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2019-10-01 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Subsonic polymeric ammunition cartridge
US8561543B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2013-10-22 True Velocity, Inc. Lightweight polymer ammunition cartridge casings
US11300393B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-04-12 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition having a MIM primer insert
US11231257B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-01-25 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of making a metal injection molded ammunition cartridge
US10081057B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2018-09-25 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making a projectile by metal injection molding
US11313654B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2022-04-26 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition having a projectile made by metal injection molding
US10048049B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2018-08-14 True Velocity, Inc. Lightweight polymer ammunition cartridge having a primer diffuser
US10190857B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2019-01-29 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Method of making polymeric subsonic ammunition
US9644930B1 (en) 2010-11-10 2017-05-09 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making polymer ammunition having a primer diffuser
US10048052B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2018-08-14 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making a polymeric subsonic ammunition cartridge
US10041770B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2018-08-07 True Velocity, Inc. Metal injection molded ammunition cartridge
US9885551B2 (en) 2010-11-10 2018-02-06 True Velocity, Inc. Subsonic polymeric ammunition
EP2770293B1 (fr) 2011-01-14 2018-02-28 PCP Tactical, LLC Boîtier de cartouche à base de polymères à haute résistance et procédé de fabrication
US8869702B2 (en) 2011-01-14 2014-10-28 Pcp Tactical, Llc Variable inside shoulder polymer cartridge
US10197366B2 (en) 2011-01-14 2019-02-05 Pcp Tactical, Llc Polymer-based cartridge casing for blank and subsonic ammunition
MX371441B (es) * 2011-05-08 2020-01-30 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp Proyectil frangible y metodo para hacerlo.
USD861118S1 (en) 2011-11-09 2019-09-24 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Primer insert
AU2012358249B2 (en) 2011-12-22 2016-05-26 Quantum Ammunition, Llc Polymer-based composite casings and ammunition containing the same, and methods of making and using the same
USD715888S1 (en) 2012-01-13 2014-10-21 Pcp Tactical, Llc Radiused insert
US9134102B2 (en) * 2012-08-06 2015-09-15 William Franklin Flowers Light weight projectiles
US9322623B2 (en) * 2013-02-21 2016-04-26 Einstein Noodles, Llc Composite projectile and cartridge with composite projectile
US8689696B1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-04-08 Caneel Associates, Inc. Composite projectile and cartridge with composite projectile
US9921017B1 (en) 2013-03-15 2018-03-20 Victor B. Kley User identification for weapons and site sensing fire control
JP2014190618A (ja) * 2013-03-27 2014-10-06 Asahi- Seiki Manufacturing Co Ltd フランジブル弾丸の製造方法
CA2924103C (fr) * 2013-09-24 2021-07-27 Polycase Ammunition, Llc Projectiles pour munitions, et leurs procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation
WO2015199786A2 (fr) 2014-04-07 2015-12-30 Einstein Noodles, Llc Transmission de rotation à un projectile composite
US9587918B1 (en) 2015-09-24 2017-03-07 True Velocity, Inc. Ammunition having a projectile made by metal injection molding
US9835427B2 (en) 2016-03-09 2017-12-05 True Velocity, Inc. Two-piece primer insert for polymer ammunition
US9523563B1 (en) 2016-03-09 2016-12-20 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making ammunition having a two-piece primer insert
US9506735B1 (en) 2016-03-09 2016-11-29 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making polymer ammunition cartridges having a two-piece primer insert
US9551557B1 (en) 2016-03-09 2017-01-24 True Velocity, Inc. Polymer ammunition having a two-piece primer insert
US9518810B1 (en) 2016-03-09 2016-12-13 True Velocity, Inc. Polymer ammunition cartridge having a two-piece primer insert
US9869536B2 (en) 2016-03-09 2018-01-16 True Velocity, Inc. Method of making a two-piece primer insert
US10260850B2 (en) * 2016-03-18 2019-04-16 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US10690465B2 (en) * 2016-03-18 2020-06-23 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US20180156588A1 (en) * 2016-12-07 2018-06-07 Russell LeBlanc Frangible Projectile and Method of Manufacture
US11353302B1 (en) * 2017-01-13 2022-06-07 Thomas E. Steffner Bullet composition treatment to reduce friction
US10760882B1 (en) 2017-08-08 2020-09-01 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Metal injection molded ammunition cartridge
US11821714B2 (en) 2017-10-17 2023-11-21 Smart Nanos, Llc Multifunctional composite projectiles and methods of manufacturing the same
US10760885B2 (en) 2017-10-17 2020-09-01 Smart Nanos, Llc. Multifunctional composite projectiles and methods of manufacturing the same
USD882021S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD903038S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-11-24 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881327S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882720S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882724S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881325S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD903039S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-11-24 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882031S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882723S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881323S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881326S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882022S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882722S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881324S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD913403S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2021-03-16 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882032S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD881328S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-14 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882721S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882025S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882030S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882028S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882033S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882026S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882019S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882029S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD884115S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-05-12 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882023S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882027S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882024S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD882020S1 (en) 2018-04-20 2020-04-21 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
US10823540B2 (en) 2017-12-14 2020-11-03 Quantum Ammunition, Llc Projectiles for ammunition and methods of making and using the same
USD886231S1 (en) 2017-12-19 2020-06-02 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
USD886937S1 (en) 2017-12-19 2020-06-09 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge
US11435171B2 (en) 2018-02-14 2022-09-06 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Device and method of determining the force required to remove a projectile from an ammunition cartridge
AU2019299428A1 (en) 2018-07-06 2021-01-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Multi-piece primer insert for polymer ammunition
AU2019299431B2 (en) 2018-07-06 2023-06-15 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Three-piece primer insert for polymer ammunition
EP3847411A1 (fr) 2018-07-30 2021-07-14 Pcp Tactical, Llc Article de munition en polymère conçu pour être utilisé sur une large plage de températures
EP3821199B1 (fr) 2018-07-30 2024-04-17 Pcp Tactical, Llc Cartouche de polymère avec insert métallique à ajustement par encliquetage amélioré et rapports d'épaisseur améliorés
US10704872B1 (en) 2019-02-14 2020-07-07 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition and cartridge having a convex primer insert
US10731957B1 (en) 2019-02-14 2020-08-04 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition and cartridge having a convex primer insert
US10704879B1 (en) 2019-02-14 2020-07-07 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition and cartridge having a convex primer insert
US10704880B1 (en) 2019-02-14 2020-07-07 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition and cartridge having a convex primer insert
US10921106B2 (en) 2019-02-14 2021-02-16 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Polymer ammunition and cartridge having a convex primer insert
USD893666S1 (en) 2019-03-11 2020-08-18 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD893668S1 (en) 2019-03-11 2020-08-18 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD893665S1 (en) 2019-03-11 2020-08-18 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD893667S1 (en) 2019-03-11 2020-08-18 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD891569S1 (en) 2019-03-12 2020-07-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD891567S1 (en) 2019-03-12 2020-07-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD891568S1 (en) 2019-03-12 2020-07-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD892258S1 (en) 2019-03-12 2020-08-04 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose having an angled shoulder
USD891570S1 (en) 2019-03-12 2020-07-28 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition cartridge nose
EP3942250A4 (fr) 2019-03-19 2022-12-14 True Velocity IP Holdings, LLC Procédés et dispositifs de dosage et de compactage de poudres explosives
USD894320S1 (en) 2019-03-21 2020-08-25 True Velocity Ip Holdings, Llc Ammunition Cartridge
EP3999799A4 (fr) 2019-07-16 2023-07-26 True Velocity IP Holdings, LLC Munition polymère ayant un auxiliaire d'alignement, cartouche et procédé de fabrication associé
US11293726B2 (en) * 2019-12-11 2022-04-05 Midwest Outdoor Holdings, LLC Ballistic barrel cleaning cartridge

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR853026A (fr) * 1938-04-22 1940-03-08 Perfectionnements aux projectiles
US2409307A (en) * 1942-07-01 1946-10-15 Gen Motors Corp Projectile
US2995090A (en) * 1954-07-02 1961-08-08 Remington Arms Co Inc Gallery bullet
GB1175274A (en) * 1967-07-04 1969-12-23 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Improvements in Bullets.
GB2092274A (en) * 1981-01-29 1982-08-11 Spence Geoffrey Martin Projectiles
EP0096617A1 (fr) * 1982-06-11 1983-12-21 Societe Francaise De Munitions (S.F.M.) Balle d'exercice à base de matière plastique
WO1988009476A1 (fr) * 1987-05-21 1988-12-01 Sprintvale Limited Projectile d'exercice en materiau plastique
DE9011456U1 (de) * 1990-08-07 1990-11-15 Birkenstock, Dieter, 5409 Obernhof Geschoß

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3123003A (en) * 1962-01-03 1964-03-03 lange
US3785293A (en) * 1970-12-31 1974-01-15 Aai Corp Practice ammunition
DE3130569A1 (de) * 1981-08-01 1983-02-17 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, 4370 Marl In kleine teile zerfallbare hochgefuellte polyamidformmasse
US4603637A (en) * 1984-10-31 1986-08-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Variable density frangible projectile

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR853026A (fr) * 1938-04-22 1940-03-08 Perfectionnements aux projectiles
US2409307A (en) * 1942-07-01 1946-10-15 Gen Motors Corp Projectile
US2995090A (en) * 1954-07-02 1961-08-08 Remington Arms Co Inc Gallery bullet
GB1175274A (en) * 1967-07-04 1969-12-23 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Improvements in Bullets.
GB2092274A (en) * 1981-01-29 1982-08-11 Spence Geoffrey Martin Projectiles
EP0096617A1 (fr) * 1982-06-11 1983-12-21 Societe Francaise De Munitions (S.F.M.) Balle d'exercice à base de matière plastique
WO1988009476A1 (fr) * 1987-05-21 1988-12-01 Sprintvale Limited Projectile d'exercice en materiau plastique
DE9011456U1 (de) * 1990-08-07 1990-11-15 Birkenstock, Dieter, 5409 Obernhof Geschoß

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0641836A3 (fr) * 1993-09-06 1997-01-15 John Christopher Gardner Matériau avec haute densité.
US5786416A (en) * 1993-09-06 1998-07-28 John C. Gardner High specific gravity material
EP0752571A1 (fr) * 1995-07-07 1997-01-08 Giat Industries Projectile à trajectoire raccourcie
FR2736426A1 (fr) * 1995-07-07 1997-01-10 Giat Ind Sa Projectile a trajectoire raccourcie
US5767438A (en) * 1995-09-20 1998-06-16 Adi Limited Frangible ammunition
WO1997038282A1 (fr) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-16 Cesaroni Technology Inc. Balle sans plomb
DE19924747A1 (de) * 1999-05-31 2000-12-07 Dynamit Nobel Ag Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
DE19924747B4 (de) * 1999-05-31 2014-07-17 Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
US7607394B2 (en) 2001-04-24 2009-10-27 Anthony Joseph Cesaroni Lead-free projectiles
WO2013109634A1 (fr) * 2012-01-16 2013-07-25 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Projectile non mortel stabilisé par rotation avec fluide rhéofluidifiant
US9470492B2 (en) 2012-01-16 2016-10-18 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Spin-stabilized non-lethal projectile with a shear-thinning fluid
US9835426B2 (en) 2012-01-16 2017-12-05 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Spin-stabilized non-lethal projectile with a shear-thinning fluid
US10088287B2 (en) 2012-01-16 2018-10-02 Vista Outdoor Operations Llc Spin-stabilized non-lethal projectile with a shear-thinning fluid

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR950700530A (ko) 1995-01-16
EP0625258A1 (fr) 1994-11-23
NO942927L (no) 1994-08-08
CA2128696A1 (fr) 1993-08-19
EP0625258B1 (fr) 1997-03-19
CA2128696C (fr) 2003-07-22
KR0146673B1 (ko) 1998-12-15
DE69309041D1 (de) 1997-04-24
JPH07503528A (ja) 1995-04-13
BR9305849A (pt) 1997-02-18
AU673155B2 (en) 1996-10-31
US5237930A (en) 1993-08-24
DE69309041T2 (de) 1997-06-26
AU3487993A (en) 1993-09-03
ATE150541T1 (de) 1997-04-15
NO942927D0 (fr) 1994-08-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0625258B1 (fr) Munition fragile d'exercice
US5665808A (en) Low toxicity composite bullet and material therefor
US5616642A (en) Lead-free frangible ammunition
US9212878B2 (en) Composite projectile and cartridge with composite projectile
US5719352A (en) Low toxicity shot pellets
AU726340B2 (en) Lead-free frangible bullets and process for making same
US8833262B2 (en) Lead free reduced ricochet limited penetration projectile
US10190856B2 (en) Composite projectile and cartridge with composite projectile
CA2278166C (fr) Projectiles desintegrants a base de poudre de fer
US7159519B2 (en) Slug for industrial ballistic tool
US20020005137A1 (en) Lead-free frangible projectile
US20060283314A1 (en) Bismuth projectile
EP0890076A1 (fr) Balle sans plomb
CA2124420A1 (fr) Projectiles
GB2092274A (en) Projectiles
US20140326156A1 (en) Light Weight Projectiles
US20030192448A1 (en) Lead free reduced ricochet limited penetration projectile
WO2025122190A2 (fr) Cartouche de munitions avec projectile frangible
CA2202632A1 (fr) Projectile ferromagnetique
WO2021046639A1 (fr) Projectile friable à base de plastique thermodurcissable
HK1037009A1 (en) Frangible metal bullets and the method of making the same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AU BB BG BR CA CZ FI HU JP KP KR LK MG MN MW NO NZ PL RO RU SD SK UA

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR SN TD TG

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2128696

Country of ref document: CA

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1019940702717

Country of ref document: KR

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1993903743

Country of ref document: EP

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1993903743

Country of ref document: EP

WWG Wipo information: grant in national office

Ref document number: 1993903743

Country of ref document: EP