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WO1996003751A1 - Procede et systeme de regulation d'energie, y compris dans les reacteurs a fusion - Google Patents

Procede et systeme de regulation d'energie, y compris dans les reacteurs a fusion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996003751A1
WO1996003751A1 PCT/IB1995/000511 IB9500511W WO9603751A1 WO 1996003751 A1 WO1996003751 A1 WO 1996003751A1 IB 9500511 W IB9500511 W IB 9500511W WO 9603751 A1 WO9603751 A1 WO 9603751A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lattice
ions
target lattice
diffusion
grid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB1995/000511
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English (en)
Inventor
Gregory Lowell Millspaugh
Original Assignee
Gregory Lowell Millspaugh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gregory Lowell Millspaugh filed Critical Gregory Lowell Millspaugh
Priority to GB9701212A priority Critical patent/GB2308006B/en
Priority to AU26285/95A priority patent/AU2628595A/en
Publication of WO1996003751A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996003751A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the production and controlling of energy through the acceleration of an array of hydrogen ions, providing improved methods of and apparatus for producing and controlling energy, and, more specifically, improved hydrogen ion acceleration generators.
  • the invention finds application wherever hydrogen ion generators are desired, as in any other systems requiring a hydrogen ion acceleration apparatus component as, for example, described in: "Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state", by Richard L. Liboff, in Physics Letters A, volume 174, number 4, pages 317 - 319; where the invention described herein would be modified by an addition 'pinch' magnetic field provided by two or more circular magnetic coils , with a radius large enough to encompass the entire
  • the utility of the present invention includes, but is by no means limited to lower temperature energy
  • the desirable mode of the fusion reaction can occur only when the lattice is fully saturated with nuclei of suitable ionic radii (preferably deuterons) at each interstitial site. It is believed, in accordance with the analysis underlying the present invention, that the observation of neutrons is evidence of an improperly prepared lattice.
  • the selection of the metal (s) used to compose the crystalline lattice do not depend primarily upon the ionic properties of the metallic element nor the atomic radius of the metal atoms per se, but rather upon the radius of the "free space” interstitial sites contained within the crystal lattice that results from the predominant crystalline metal and any selected dopants that are used to create the metallic crystalline lat-tice.
  • This "free space" interstitial site will accommodate the induction of fusion reactions any time that the "free space” interstitial site is closely approximate to the ionic radius of the reacting target isotope. However, undesirable modes of fusion reactions, resulting in highly energetic free neutrons will occur at any time that: 1.) An interstitial site adjacent to the site of a fusion reaction is empty at the time of the fusion reaction; or
  • An interstitial site located "downstream" of any of the three-dimensional components of the momentum of the original bombardment nuclei is empty at the time of the fusion reaction;
  • fusion reaction or any interstitial site that is adjacent or "downstream" of the fusion site is large compared to the ionic radius of the nuclei contained at that site.
  • the art of inducing controlled fusion reactions at low energy is dependent upon the physical chemistry of the interstitial sites of the lattice, and not especially upon the predominate large (heavy) metal chosen to produce the lattice.
  • Chemical dopants deliberately introduced into the lattice will be useful only to the extent that such dopants induce ionic adjustments to the radii of the interstitial sites, and then only within the narrow range of radii immediately less than or greater to the ionic radius of the. fusion target nuclei.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved hydrogen ion acceleration generator of general utility.
  • a further object based upon what are believed to be novel but sound theoretical analyses and insights into the necessary and sufficient conditions for lower temperature fusion as heat-generating reactions and associated problems, is to provide a new and improved method of and system for enhancing and sustaining such reactions with operational control, environmental safety and commercially useful and feasible technology.
  • the invention embraces a method of producing and controlling energy, that comprises, providing along a transversely extending diffusion/emission grid surface and within an evacuated contained environment an array of hydrogen ions at the interstitial sites of the grid surface, electrically accelerating the array of ions along a longitudinal direction substantially normal to said surface toward a transversely extending target lattice surface of a heavy metal of atomic radius between about 1.23 and 1.31 Angstroms; generating magnetic lines of flux along said longitudinal direction between said diffusion/ emission grid surface and target lattice surface; substan tially matching the interstitial sites on said grid surface with corresponding interstitial sites on the surface of the target lattice; and controlling the acceleration of the said ions as an array from said diffusion/emission grid surface and with the individual ions processing along said magnetic lines of flux to impact the hydrogen ions array upon the corresponding target lattice surface interstitial sites so as to bombard ions that may be already positioned at the corresponding target lattice inter
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view of a preferred system (not to scale) operating in accordance with the technique underlying the invention to attain its improved results;
  • Fig. 2 is a side view of the same, also not to scale;
  • Figs. 3A and 3B are fragmentary views respectively illustrating target lattice erosion effects and a preferred target lattice geometry for obviating the same.
  • the invention provides, under sound and well accepted theoretical principals, an operational environment which makes it possible for desirable modes of energy reactions including fusion-type reactions, to occur with regularity, subject to one or more methods of controlling the occurrence of such reactions, and the mode of fusion end products created, whether such method of control be by electronic manipulation of the stream, beam, or "plane wave" of Bombardment nuclei, by the manipulation of the physical chemistry of the interstitial site occupied by a
  • Target Nuclei or by physical means or processes whereby other interstitial sites are prepared or maintained in a condition chosen to facilitate or preclude fusion reactions that respectively are or are not desirable.
  • the selection of the predominate "heavy metals" to be used in the target lattice, as well as the potential "dopants”, for purposes of this application is defined as and is limited to metals, the atom or ion of which is electro-positive in the unionized state and which has of an atomic radius greater than 1.23 Angstroms and less than 1.31 Angstroms. Metals of larger atomic radius will lead to interstitial sites that are too large resulting in a "loose" fit and the appearance of undesirable modes of energy reactions; while metals with smaller atomic radius will result in a lattice whose interstitial sites are too small to freely admit the diffusion of
  • a plan (not necessarily to scale) is shown of an energy generator or controlled fusion system constructed in accordance with the invention within a conventional containment-wall longitudinally extending housing 1 containing conformal magnetic field magnet pole pieces M1 and M2 at opposing ends (shown curved in Fig. 2, with dotted lines indicating possible geometry variations).
  • the system components from left-to- right in the drawings are, in seriatum, a Platinum plate electrode PE extending transversely across the housing of the system for dissociation of heavy water and with a ceramic "flash protector" porous filter 3, bounding a chamber of heavy water solution or a deuterium ion vapor
  • a Palladium diffusion/emission grating or grid D follows, disposed also transversely across the housing, parallel to the electrode PE, as later described in detail, with a transverse bombardment control grid, also later defined, and acceleration control grid(s) shown at B and A, respectively, and with electrical connection terminals PE', D', B', A' illustrated symbolically by zig-zag lines at the bottom in Fig.1.
  • the interstitial pattern and spacing of the diffusion/emission grating/grid D is chosen to match the interstitial pattern and spacing of the target lattice surface layer T.
  • the barrier wall 5 may be plated or annealed to the target lattice T', with the same plated or annealed to the heat transfer pipe 7.
  • the pipe and lattice unit may be threaded as shown at TH for replacement.
  • Figs, 1 and 2 furthermore, longitudinally or axially extending magnetic lines of flux created between the centrally symmetrically shown pole pieces M1 and M2 are designated by arrows F, so- labelled, and in Fig . 1, the magnetic field electrical windings for excitation are shown at the bottom at M.
  • Helium exhaust ports 9 at the top and bottom are shown in concave wall sections in the region between the expulsion grid P and the target lattice assembly T-T', Fig. 2.
  • the magnetic lines of flux F map the trajectory of bombardment deuterium ions from the diffusion/emission interstitial site (D) to the target interstitial site on the surface of the target lattice T.
  • Such trajectory of bombardment deuterium ions is shown along the longitudinal axial direction in Fig. 2 as spiralling around the lines of flux F at S from the point of diffusion to the point of impact, proceeding as a two- dimensional array of deuterium ions to the target lattice.
  • ACCELERATION CONTROL GRID - (A in Figs. 1 and 2) - One or a series of electrical conductors or semiconductors in the form of a thin foil or wire mesh capable of having an external voltage potential and current applied to it (zigzag terminal shown at bottom of Fig. 1), accepting very
  • BOMBARDMENT CONTROL GRID (B) - One or a series of
  • the first state Used to rapidly switch between two states; the first state to preclude the passage of positively charged particles through the grid, and the second state to create anelectric field which rapidly attracts positively charged particles to the anterior face of the grid and then repels such particles past the posterior face of the grid, using extremely short rise times of voltage and extremely short durations of the second state.
  • DIFFUSION/EMISSION GRID (D) A thin metallic plate, foil, or film, capable of being maintained at an externally controlled voltage potential, including a zero voltage, whose metallic composition and metallic crystalline lattice geometry is chosen such that the composition of the diffusion/emission grid D will easily permit the diffusion of ions of Hydrogen isotopes through its
  • the emission surface of the diffusion/emission grid D will have the diffusion sites upon its surface match the order, array, separation, and geometry of the metallic crystalline lattice geometry of the target lattice T-T', as before stated.
  • EXPULSION CONTROL GRID One or a series of electrical conductors or semiconductors in the form of a thin foil or wire mesh capable of having an external voltage potential and current applied to it, accepting very large gradua- tions of electrical voltage, with very short rise times, for the rapid switching of electrical potential strength and polarity and the transmission of electrical fields within the operational environment; permitting the passage of charged particles transversely through the grid; having the Normal surface vector of the control grid parallel to the transit path of the charged particles. Used to rapidly switch between two states; the first state to permit the free and unhindered passage of positively charged
  • the second state to create an electric field which attracts positively charged ions or electrically neutral atoms of end products to the anterior face of the grid and then repels such particles past the posterior face of the grid, using extremely short rise times of voltage and extremely short durations of the second state.
  • EXHAUST CONTROL GRID One or a series of electrical conductors or semiconductors in the form of a thin foil or wire mesh capable of having an external voltage potential and current applied to it, accepting very large graduations of electrical voltage, with very short rise times, for the rapid switching of electrical potential strength and polarity and the transmission of electrical fields within the operational environment; permitting the passage of charged particles transversely through the grid; having the Normal surface vector of the control grid parallel to the transit path of the charged particles. Used to rapidly switch between two states; the first state to preclude the passage of positively charged particles through the grid, and the second state to create an electric field which permits the rapid migration of positively charged ions or electrically neutral atoms of end products past the grid .
  • FOCUS GRIDS (X1-Xn ; Y1 -Yn) - One or a series of electrical conductors or semi-conductors in the form of a thin foil, plate, or wire mesh capable of having an external voltage potential and current applied to it, accepting very fine graduations of electrical voltage, with very short rise times, to adjust the focal plane of an array of charged electrical particles; having the Normal surface vector of the focus grid(s) perpendicular to the transit "plane wave" of bombardment nuclei of macroscopic linear measurement released from the diffusion/emission grid D, in contradistinction to prior art investigatory use of a beam of particles.
  • T' INTERIOR INTERSTITIAL SITE (T') - A site within the body of a metallic crystalline lattice T-T' capable of containing an ion whose ionic radius is small by comparison to the atomic radius of the metallic elements constituting the lattice.
  • SURFACE INTERSTITIAL SITE T
  • T A site upon the surface boundary layer of a metallic crystalline lattice where an ion whose ionic radius is small by comparison to the atomic radius of the metal-lie elements constituting the lattice can be made to adhere to the lattice by ionic attraction, whether by the external applica-tion of a voltage potential to the lattice or in the absence of such an externally applied voltage potential.
  • the "Surface Interstitial Site” is a point on the outer surface of a crystalline lattice which lies on a line normal to the surface and intersects the interior interstitial site created by the first and second outermost lattice layers of the crystalline lattice.
  • TARGET LATTICE A metallic or semiconductor crystal- line lattice, as of the metals previously listed, chosen to afford an orderly array of surface interstitial sites which are receptive to the ionic binding of isotopes of hydrogen, where the constituent heavy metals of the lattice are chosen for the periodicity of the metallic lattice that will result, the inter-atomic distances between the "nearest neighbor" heavy metal atoms of the lattice, and the electro-potential of the metal lattice which is a measure of the propensity of the lattice to accept and retain ions of Hydrogen isotopes at interstitial sites upon the surface and within the interior of the lattice.
  • TARGET NUCLEI - Nuclei ionized or not, chosen to react by nuclear fusion with bombardment nuclei, and positioned in an array designed to maximize the probability of a fusion inducing collision.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 manipulates, induces, precesses, adjusts, accelerates and controls the trajectory of ions diffused, or otherwise released from the surface face of the diffu- sion/emission grating/grid D to a selected site on the surface face of the target lattice T, there to be inserted into the interstitial site of the target lattice for future reaction with a "bombardment" ion, or to be used for purposes of bombardment of an ion already positioned at the selected target lattice interstitial site.
  • Such manipulation, induction, precession, adjustment, acceleration and control of the trajectory of the ion in motion is accomplished by the series of magnetic fields F, with the electrical grids imparting voltage potential differences or electron current flows, whether of a direct current or alternating current, and radio frequency, microwave or optical frequency electromagnetic fields.
  • Such bombardment ions are manipulated, induced into trajectories S, Fig. 2, precessed, adjusted in their trajectories, accelerated and controlled in concert with large numbers of similar ions subjected to the same forms of manipulation, induction, precession, adjustment, acceleration, and control; this being effected among an array of ions of macro-scopic cross-section, ordered pattern, and controlled dimension of length, width, and height of the array of ions.
  • bombardment ions are directed into prospective fusion reactions at interstitial sites on the surface face and between the outermost lattice layers of the target lattice T (avoiding or minimizing crystalline deformities created by Helium end products imbedded at interior interstitial sites), and where such surface and outer layer interstitial sites are pre-populated by controlled means with suitable nuclei to effect energy reactions, including fusion reactions, to intercept such bombardment ions.
  • the diffusion and emission grating or grid D as of metallic or ceramic crystalline composition, whose chemical composition is chosen to create an orderly path of diffusion through the grating or grid by ions or neutral atoms of Hydrogen isotopes, while systematically excluding the diffusion of all atoms larger than Helium and varying in the degree to which Helium is allowed to diffuse, is disposed with its posterior surface face located opposite and facing the target lattice T.
  • it is chosen, designed, and metallurgically engineered to have a pattern of interstitial sites from which Hydrogen isotope ions are allowed to diffuse (and be emitted into open space) matching the pattern of interstitial sites located on the surface face of the target lattice T.
  • polyhedron Such is chosen to prohibit, retard, or obstruct the diffusion, effusion, migration, transmigration, drift, motion, acceleration, precession, movement, or "Brownian Motion” of ions or neutral atoms of Hydrogen or Helium isotopes, through or out of the treated face of the crystalline lattice T-T' which is used, or intended, for the inducement of energy reactions, including fusion reactions, and including, but not limited to, the pure elements or molecular compounds of Beryllium, Boron, and Carbon.
  • the sides 11 (Fig. 1) of the target lattice T-T' are preferably shaped (as an aerial view) as a partially completed Egyptian pyramid, Figs. 1 and 3; with receding steps of target lattice material with the sides and steps of the lattice, as mentioned, further treated with carbon or other diffusion preventatives.
  • the prospectively active portion of the front surface layer of the lattice T will be intentionally etched, Fig. 3B, into a depression of several atomic layers thick, below the plane of the "inactive" portion of the front surface, during the manufacturing and testing process for reasons later discussed.
  • the magnetic lines of flux F remain perpendicular (or nearly perpendicular) to the surface face of the target lattice T at the points of entering the face of the target lattice T-T' which faces the diffusion (and emission) grating or grid D for the beneficial purposes previously explained wherein the magnetic lines of flux induce or will induce an electrically charged particle or ion to precess about such line of flux from an interstitial site where the particle or ion was diffused or emitted to a corresponding interstitial site on the surface face of the target lattice T-T'.
  • these magnetic lines of flux induce such precession by an array of similar particles or ions each of which is precessed during its trajectory from the site of its diffusion or emission to its uniquely corresponding interstitial site on the surface face of the target lattice T.
  • Such rota- tional precession S, Fig. 2 of the two-dimensional array of bombardment particles (bullets) diffused from an array of interstitial sites about the magnetic lines of flux (rifling) carries the bombardment particles (bullets) into a corresponding two-dimensional array of interstitial sites on the surface of a target lattice T containing target nuclei (bulls-eyes) at such surface interstitial sites and the outermost interior interstitial sites located directly behind such surface interstitial sites.
  • each grid may have a width the same as, or different from, any other focus grid, which width is calculated and designed to impart an electromagnetic acceleration upon particles or ions of selected mass for a chosen duration of the particle's or ion's trajectory, and which width is designed to impart the same direction and intensity of acceleration to the entire array of similar particles or ions, retaining the order and pattern of the array while shifting, directing, or precessing the particles or ions comprising the array.
  • acceleration grid A one or a series of flat plates, films, wiremeshes, or wires, composed of a combination of metals, ceramics, and/or semiconductors, placed at spaced intervals, along the intended trajectory of a bombardment particle or ion, generally perpendicular to the trajectory; each grid having a width the same as, or different from, any other acceleration grid, which width again is calculated and designed to impart an electromagnetic acceleration upon particles or ions of selected mass for a chosen duration of the particle's or ion's trajectory, and which width is designed to impart the same direction and intensity of acceleration to the entire array of similar particles or ions, retaining the order and pattern of the array while increasing or retarding the velocity of the particles or ions as an array.
  • the end products expulsion control grid P which again may be one or a series of flat plates, films, wiremeshes, or wires, composed of a combination of metals, ceramics, and/or semiconductors, this time placed at spaced intervals in front of the target lattice T.
  • This grid P is for the purpose of impressing upon the target lattice T an electrical voltage potential, alternating current fields, radio frequency, microwave, or optical frequency electromagnetic fields for the purpose of stimulating the diffusion or emission of Helium and other energy reaction, including fusion reaction, end products; from the surface and outermost interior layers of the target lattice T, this, whether by inducing elevated energy states of the electrons comprising the atomic shells surrounding the end products, including ionization of the end products, or imparting an acceleration to the energy reaction, including fusion reaction, end products directly through the nuclear magnetic moments (see dotted trajectories to left of grid P) .
  • This expulsion grid P also cooperates with the before-described exhaust control grid E, more fully illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the exhaust control grid E again may be one or a series of flat plates, films, wiremeshes, or wires, composed of a combination of metals, ceramics, and/or semiconductors, placed at spaced intervals in front of orifices in containment wall sections between the expulsion control grid P and the target T-T' in the operational environment along the sides of the target lattice. It is designed to maintain an electrical voltage potential which precludes, prohibits, prevents or retards the wasteful loss of particles or ions desired for
  • controlled energy reactions including fusion reactions, being capable of being rapidly switched in voltage and polarity to facilitate the attraction of an energy
  • reaction including a fusion reaction, end product away from the target lattice T and to expel such energy
  • reaction products including fusion reaction products, through the exhaust orifices 9.
  • chemical dopants may sometimes be usefully employed in the target lattice structure T-T'.
  • Zinc to effect a modification of the ionic distances between adjacent atoms comprising the body of a metallic crystalline lattice T-T' may be beneficial.
  • Such metals are chosen to so modify the previous existing ionic distances between adjacent atoms as to establish the effect of a highly inelastic collision between such adjacent atoms and a nuclei of a Hydrogen (or Helium) isotope ion situated between or among such atoms comprising the metallic crystalline lattice T when the Hydrogen isotope nuclei reacts with another nuclei by the process of an energy reaction, including a fusion reaction (or when the Helium isotope nuclei as an end product of an energy reaction, including a fusion reaction, recoils from the incident momentum of the predecessor nuclei).
  • Such dopant use may be indicated where the adjustment of the ionic distances within the lattice so changes the nature of collisions between: a) the atoms comprising the metallic crystalline lattice T
  • bombardment nuclei should be prepared in advance by inducing an ion of the Deuterium isotope of Hydrogen into such interstitial sites.
  • the second stage of the immersion of the target lattice T' in a hyperbaric atmosphere should use the deuterium isotope of Hydrogen for the proper preconditioning of those interstitial sites on or close to the "active" surface of the target lattice T'.
  • the before-mentioned coating with graphite upon the target lattice across its sides and posterior surface is intended to bond, or otherwise attach, to the heat transfer pipe, channel or device 7, intended to draw heat from the reaction target lattice T-T'.
  • suitable dopants to match the metallurgy of the target lattice T-T') serving as cell cathode and capable of being impressed with varying electrical voltages to induce or retard the emission into the controlled environment of Hydrogen ions which have diffused through the electrode (grating/grid) D.
  • Appropriate voltage and current control Tiechanism maintains the electrical dissociation potential difference between the dissociation cathode and anode (D- PE) which controls the rate of dissociation, ergo the rate of ions available for introduction into the controlled environment; while the diffusion electrode D is impressed with varying electrical voltages relative to the bombard ment control grid(s) B to retain diffused Hydrogen isotope ions on the posterior surface of the dissociation/emission cathode/grating/grid until the time chosen to initiate an array of bombardment ions on their trajectories to the target lattice T-T'.
  • the before-mentioned ceramic filter 3 with small orifices of a size large enough to permit the diffusion of Heavy Water and ions of Oxygen or Hydrogen when in aqueous solution, contacts the interior of the chemical dissocia- tion cell, dividing the space containing the cathode from the space containing the anode,- this prevents the accidental admixture of ionic Hydrogen and ionic Oxygen in the gaseous state.
  • Further refinement would contra-indicate the use of Palladium in the anode, as use of Palladium would subject the cell to the inherent propensity of
  • the previously described electrical pulsing for the operation of the various electrodes and grids, etc. may be effected by an electrical pulse control system, centrally controlled by an analog electronic circuit, or digital computer with suitable programming, to induce a series of electrical voltages, alternating currents, radio frequency, microwave and/or optical frequency electromagnetic fields to induce the following behavior among the array of Hydrogen isotope ions:
  • the bombardment control grid B is made highly negative and then electrically neutral relative to the diffusion electrode D;
  • the acceleration grid(s) A is (are) made highly negative and then electrically neutral (and as ions pass in their trajectories to the posterior of each such acceleration grid, each such grid made highly positive) relative to the bombardment control grid B, suitable to impart such velocity to an array of Hydrogen isotope ions as to induce occurrence of nuclear energy reactions, including fusion reactions;
  • the series of electrical voltages, alternating currents, radio frequency, microwave and/or optical frequency electromagnetic fields stimulates, attracts or repels Helium nuclei from positions adhering to the surface interstitial sites of the target lattice T, (and further stimulates, ejects, or removes Helium nuclei from interior interstitial sites T' located in the outmost lattice layers of the target lattice T), and into open space near the exhaust orifice 9;
  • steps 1) through 3(b) above are repeated; with the acceleration imparted to the array sufficient to induce the Hydrogen isotope ions to reach the surface of the target lattice T at corresponding surface interstitial sites and adhere thereto, or to penetrate to the interior interstitial sites T' immediately behind the surface interstitial sites T, while being insufficient acceleration to induce nuclear energy reactions such as fusion reactions or to induce a Hydrogen isotope ion to penetrate further into the target lattice than the intended "active" interstitial site; and further repeating steps 3(c) and 3(d) above; and
  • steps 1) through 3(g), above are recycled while maintaining a controlled flow of refrigerant R sufficient to maintain a steady temperature within the target lattice T-T' and prevent heat-induced distortions and malformations of the target lattice.
  • the denser negative charge cloud shields the positive charge of the nucleus from an approaching positive nucleus (presumably a
  • Titanium Titanium
  • multi-body fusion reactions involving 3 and 4 seperate precurser nuclei involving 3 and 4 seperate precurser nuclei.
  • the present invention can indeed create the uniquely maximal utilization of Muonic Hydrogen, the invention is not dependent upon the occurrence of that nuclear species or upon theories of its operation generally, correct or otherwise.
  • the present invention involves a system and art designed to maximize the occurrence of energy reactions, including all modes of fusion reactions available with fusionable species, including deuterium ions, "screened ions", and Muonic Hydrogen, or any combination of additional theoretical mode of contribution to the observed reaction rates, and to limit to the greatest degree possible the subsequent decomposition of the fusion end product into free
  • the system and method of the present invention accomplish this generic result upon all modes of nuclear species which may occur, by maximizing the possibility that a fusion "mate" will be directed to such fusionable species at the greatest possible rate per unit of time and the greatest possible rate per quantity of fusionable species nuclei available.
  • the various embodiments fail to make maximal use of interstitial sites of the lattice located in the outermost layers of the lattice;
  • the various embodiments fail to provide a systems, means, art, and design to continuously and repetitively cleanse the apparatus of fusion end products from the interstitial sites in the outermost layers of the lattice (and not just from the surface of the lattice) which prevents the poisoning of the lattice, and subse quent stress fractures which destroy the utility of the lattice.
  • the system is designed to include the integrated
  • Heavy Water Dissociation cell C using electrical current at a voltage great enough to chemically dissociate Muonic Hydrogen and naturally occurring Hydrogen (including the isotope of Deuterium) from the Oxygen, while keeping the voltage below the level which would ionize the Muon from the proton in the Muon Hydrogen.
  • This integrated dissociation cell uses the diffusion/emission grating/grid D as the dissociation cathode electrode to which isotopes of Hydrogen and Muonic Hydrogen -- all referred to herein and in the claims generally as hydrogen ions -- are drawn by electric potentials.
  • the intended bombardment nuclei (isotopes of Hydrogen or Muonic Hydrogen) would be positioned by
  • awaiting emission will correspond to the spacing of target nuclei waiting at the interstitial sites of the target lattice T.
  • the bombardment control grid B is switched to having a negative electrical potential, keeping the voltage gradient low enough to prevent the ionization of any Muons from the nuclei of Muonic Hydrogen.
  • the bombardment control grid B is switched to a neutral potential and after the nuclei have passed, the grid is switched back to a positive electrical field.
  • the acceleration grid (s) A is (are) then switched in turn from a rest state at zero potential, to a negative potential until the nuclei approach (providing a pulling acceleration), back to a zero potential as the nuclei pass, then to a positive potential (providing a pushing acceleration). If more than one acceleration grid is used, each is switched in its own turn, keep-ing the voltage pulse gradients of each grid, and the combined pulse gradients of adjacent grids low enough to prevent an unintended ionization of Muonic Hydrogen.
  • Muonic Hydrogen if any is present
  • the series of focusing grids, X1, etc. - Y1, etc. located on opposite sides of the "Operational Environment” will have opposite electrical fields (keeping the voltage pulse gradients of each grid, and the combined pulse gradients of adjacent grids low enough to prevent an unintended ionization of Muonic Hydrogen) to induce alignment of the entire array of bombardment nuclei with the array of surface interstitial sites on the target lattice T.
  • the bombardment nuclei will be directed in matching trajectories to the interstitial sites of the target lattice T through the additional use of the
  • Conformal Mapping Magnetic Field F This magnetic field will use, as before stated, combinations of permanent magnets, and electro-magnets, with flat or shaped pole pieces (M1, M2, etc.) to align the trajectory from the diffusion/emission grating/grid D to the target lattice T.
  • the magnetic field lines F will be generally aligned longitudinally parallel to the bombardment trajectories, inducing the previously described spiralling effects to the trajectories of each of the bombardment particles, and intended to assist in overcoming internal repulsion of the bombardment particles in the array as they proceed in flight. This corrective measure is taken to offset the vertical and horizontal "spreading" of the array of bombardment nuclei which otherwise occurs because of theer mutual repulsion created by the positive Coulomb charge of each nuclei.
  • the bombardment nuclei (and late arrival Muonic Hydrogen) then impact with awaiting nuclei located at the interstitial sites on the target lattice T.
  • awaiting nuclei located at the interstitial sites on the target lattice T.
  • extra benefit is received.
  • Each target interstitial site on the surface and in the outermost layers of the target lattice is populated in advance to insure that all possible fusion reactions take place, and to further insure that bombardment nuclei do scatter as little as possible into the depths of the interior of the target lattice T.
  • the rigidity engineered into the lattice of the present invention facilitates the transmission of energy and momentum from the fusion end products into the lattice in the form of heat, which is then beneficially drawn off through the use of a refrigerant R and a series of heat transfer piping, heat exchangers, and turbines at 7.
  • Special coatings 5 on the rear and side faces of the target lattice T-T' reduce or eliminate the diffusion of hydrogen iso-tope nuclei whose loss would reduce the rigidity of the lattice for use in future fusion
  • the Expulsion Control Grid P is pulsed with a series of direct current voltage potentials, alternating current voltages at radio frequency, microwave, and/or optical frequencies to dislodge all fusion end products (including Hydrogen nuclei which failed to react by fusion) from their adhesion to the surface layer, and occupation of interstitial sites in the outermost layers, of the target lattice; keeping the voltage pulse gradients of the Expulsion Control Grid low enough to prevent an unintended ionization of Muonic Hydrogen.
  • the pulsed Exhaust control grids P exhaust the end products to a separation unit and, if desired, a subsequent stage "Operational Environment” or recycling into the input side of the diffusion/emission grating/ grid D, schematically represented by the dashed line
  • the system is also designed to operate with the diffusion/emission grating/grid D supplied by an external chemical dissociation cell, or by the refined products of a preceding stage "Operational Environment", wherein the hydrogen isotopes and Muonic Hydrogen which were used as target or bombardment nuclei in the first, or a previous, stage "Operational Environment", but which failed to react by fusion, and were exhausted from the first stage Environment at 9, would be separated by gaseous diffusion from the Helium fusion products and recycled (“Recycle”) as "fuel” to a second, or subsequent, stage "Operational Environment".
  • Recycle gaseous diffusion from the Helium fusion products and recycled
  • the bombardment control grid B is sequenced through a second subcycle releasing a second wave of nuclei in a pre-postioned array; and this is, in turn, accelerated by a much smaller acceleration potential which is designed to induce just the velocity necessary to ensure that the array arrives at the target lattice T properly aligned and with enough kinetic energy to effect an insertion of the second-wave bombardment nuclei into the outermost layers of interstitial sites of the target lattice. Excess kinetic energy is absorbed by the lattice and appears as
  • the system is processed repetitiously through series of the above steps.
  • the refrigerant flow is kept controlled at a rate to prevent wide fluctuations of temperature that may induce stress or dislocation of the target lattice.
  • the target lattice Prior to any production run of the system, moreover, the target lattice is subjected to an extended duration of low velo-city Deuteron bombardment, to introduce a Deuterium ion into every "active" interior interstitial site of the target lattice. Interior interstitial sites not desired for use as "active" sites would be pre-loaded with the mono-protonic isotope of hydrogen to the greatest extent possible, subsequently filling still remaining empty sites with deuterium.
  • the design and fabrication of the target lattice T- T' of the invention for use by bombardment with ions of Deuterium or Muonic Hydrogen for the purpose of inducing nuclear reactions, including fusion reactions, between the bombardment nuclei and a target nuclei already pre-posi- tioned within the target lattice is appropriate whether such bombardment nuclei is projected on a trajectory into the target lattice by the use of electrical or magnetic fields, or, indeed, by use of aqueous solutions under the influence of electrical fields, or further by use of hyperbaric atmospheres of Deuterium or Muonic Hydrogen.
  • the problem anticipated (and solved) by this design is the shearing effect upon a metallic lattice bynuclear fusion reactions occurring within the body of a metallic lattice of the heavy metal.
  • Such shearing effect beneath a surface layer of the lattice would cause the atoms of the metallic lattice to erode away during the operation of the lattice for the beneficial production of energy, with such erosions removing first those atoms along a transverse wall as shown in Fig. 3A.
  • This renders ever increasing portions of the lattice weakened, and insufficiently rigid properly to control the fusion reaction process to prevent undesirable modes of reaction products, including free neutrons from being released.
  • the lattice rapidly decays, numerous interstitial sites become "elastic" as opposed to "rigid”, and massive numbers of free neutrons are released by the fusion process.
  • the solution to this problem lies in astute use of geometry, with the design of such a target lattice having a geometry on the face of the lattice where the bombardment nuclei, however induced into bombardment, enter that lattice; such that the region intended for the active inducement of fusion reactions has a step-wise cavitation or depression as shown in Fig. 3B.
  • the active Interstitial sites are denoted by periods shown as " . " in the first four layers of the target area.
  • the cavitation or depression is created to establish a border region of the lattice comprised of atoms of heavy metal whose dimensions of atomic radius and propensity to form "closest packed lattices" is utilized to structure an array of interstitial sites within such a metal lattice that will accommodate the inclusion of an ion or neutral atom of Deuterium, mono- protonic, or Muonic Hydrogen, as previously outlined.
  • the greater depth of the border area relative to the depth of the active target area allows the distribution of shearing forces from the smaller number of atoms located adjacent to the interstitial sites where fusion is taking place to the much greater number of atoms of the lattice along the border areas. This will allow the absolute strength of the shearing forces resulting for one or a number of fusion reactions acting upon a given atom of the lattice to drop below the adhesive strength of the lattice, preventing the destructive erosion of the lattice during its use for the beneficial production of energy.
  • the border region is left in a condition of being on the same height (or depth) of the lattice as the lattice is shaped in the from of a rectilinear solid.
  • one or more such surfaces on an axis plane of the lattice is (are) chosen to be the future target surface (s). Portions of each of the intended target surfaces are then chosen to act as "active target areas", with an intermediate annulus about the active target area chosen as the "step-wise cavitation", and the remaining exterior annulus portion of the surface retained as “border areas”.
  • border areas are then masked in such a manner as to preclude the corrosive or erosive effects applied to the "active target area” and the “step-wise cavitation"
  • the remaining unmasked areas being the intended "target area” and the entire "step-wise
  • cavitation region are etched by a corrosive or erosive process, with the etching process being permitted to occur to the extent that only a small number of atomic layers of the lattice are removed from the etched regions.
  • the target lattice at the border region is numerous atomic layers thicker than at the target region, and multiple "steps" exist along the entire perimeter of the target area, each step being from one to a small number of atomic layers thick, and the surface breadth of each step is kept as nearly constant as possible around the perimeter.
  • the above-listed metals which are feasible for use as the primary lattice constituents or as dopants have an atomic radius between 1.23 and 1.31 Angstroms, consistent with the containment of a Hydrogen (or
  • each metal which is feasible for use in either capacity is notably spherical in the shape of its outermost electron orbitals; each of the metals has a ground state of either an S-orbital (angular momentum quantum number equal zero) or a D-orbital (permissible angular momentum quantum numbers of -2, -1, 0, +1, and +2) which when overlaid upon one another with a large compliment of electrons, lead to a very spherical outer electron transition layer;
  • the metals having the most spherical outer electron boundary are those suitable as the primary lattice constituents, and it is the sphericity of the electron boundary that gives rise to the formation of "Cubic Closest Packed" lattices, as explained on pages 94 and 95 of the said Mahan text, with "a,b,c” sites for packing.
  • the distortions from a true spherical shape of the electron boundary of the metals leads the first layer of the lattice to have a pattern of "protuberances" or "depressions" in the electron
  • the interstitial sites labelled "b" and “c” are no longer equal.
  • the sites “c” may be infused with the "protuberances” produced by the proximity of the first and second layers, raising the probability of finding an electron “sometimes” within the “c” sites. This in turn raises the Coulomb potential energy of the "c” sites, as opposed to the otherwise symmetrical "a” and “b” sites. Ergo, the next atoms added will avoid the "c” sites and the lattice will crystallize in the pattern cited by the text as
  • the site containing a target Deuteron is bounded on five of six "cubic" sides by a massive atom; that is, “massive” in comparison to the mass of Deuterium.
  • the sixth side is the open face through which a bombardment nucleon (deuterium or Muonic Hydrogen) would be guided by the electron fields of the lattice metal atoms, direct to a "bulls-eye".
  • the "phonon” is a mathematical construct used to simplify the treatment of quan- tized energy of elastic waves in solid state materials, in a manner analogous to the quantum of electromagnetic energy known as the "photon".
  • the neutron scattering case presumes that the scattering event itself is "inelastic"; that is, non- binding, non-absorbing, and between particles which are greatly different in mass (weight). This will still hold true for Deuterons or Helium-4 nuclei compared to the mass of a Palladium atom. The same is true if Ruthenium,
  • Rhodium or Tungsten through Platinum are involved; but it is not necessarily true if the lattice is composed of lighter Aluminum -- another potentially fatal flaw to the use of Aluminum; while Zinc would be a borderline
  • a composite system may be constructed of two operational
  • the concentration of Deuterium versus other isotopes of Hydrogen in front of the Heavy Water Dis- sociation Cell (or the Deuterium Vapor Barrier Wall) is:
  • Deuterium though such would waste electrical energy by accelerating an ion known in advance not to produce a fusion reaction.
  • Theoretical rationales which would justify such lower concentrations of Deuterium may be to moderate temperature, or dissociation current and voltage, variations within the dissociation cell C. Any use of Tritium will result in the release of free neutrons in the fusion and post-fusion nuclear reactions, both alter- natives are to be avoided as devoutly as possible.
  • composition of both the Heavy Water Dissociation Cell (or Deuterium Vapor Barrier Wall) Diffusion Grid D, from which Deuterium ions are accelerated to the Target Lattice T-T', and the Target Lattice is preferably a Palla- dium metal crystalline lattice. Both the component from which the ions are accelerated and the Target Lattice should have the same doping, or total lack of doping, as provided by the before-described "heavy metals".
  • the thickness of the Heavy Water Dissociation Cell (or Deuterium Vapor Barrier Wall) Diffusion Grid D should be as thin as possible within the design limitation that the Diffusion Grid must remain rigidly perpendicular to the axis of the conformal mapping magnetic field, at the surface of the Diffusion Grid.
  • the Diffusion Grid D may be convex or concave so long as the conformal mapping magnetic field is likewise and exactly convex or concave, at the external face of the Diffusion Grid which faces the Fusion Target Block, such that the Diffusion Grid and the Conformal Mapping Magnetic Field are perpendicular.
  • the thickness of the Fusion Target Block T-T' is also preferably as thin as possible within the design limitation that the Fusion Target Block must remain rigidly perpendicular to the axis of the conformal mapping magnetic field, at the surface of Fusion Target Block.
  • the cross-section of the Heavy Water Dissociation Cell (or the Deuterium Vapor Barrier Wall), the face of both the Diffusion Grid D and the Fusion Target Block T-T' . is desirably square, as that geometry provides the most efficient use the Conformal Mapping Magnetic Field, in concert with the accelerating electric fields, and the transfer of heat from the Fusion Target Block to a
  • the Acceleration Grids are preferably composed of any metal which conducts electricity with a low electrical resistance, such as Copper, Silver, Gold, or Aluminum, or a super-conducting thin film composed, in whole or in part, of Niobium, Gallium, Yttrium, Osmium, or Iridium.
  • the Acceleration Grids may be a fine wire mesh, provided that the axial cross-section of each Grid matches the axial cross-section of all other Acceleration Grids within the vacuum controlled contained-environment of the
  • a useful voltage to be used to accelerate the ions from the Diffusion Grid D into the Fusion Target Block T- T' is in the range of twenty thousand to fifty thousand volts.
  • the voltage potentials which will appear upon the Bombardment Control Grid, Focus Control Grids, and the Acceleration Control Grid(s) will range from negative 50,000 volts to positive 50,000 volts.
  • the system may, of course, be operated with other voltage ranges, but the above are considered preferable.
  • the desired operational temperature range to be maintained in the Refrigerant Flow is 900 - 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.
  • the Magnetic Flux applied to the system is the variable control feature which is adjusted in concert with the Focus Control Grid voltage potentials to create a family of functional operating parameter regimes.
  • the bombardment trajectory of the accelerated ions is, as previously described, a spiral about a tube of magnetic flux, which tube may contain a single quantum line of magnetic flux, or many quantum lines of flux so long as the density of magnetic flux is constant across the face of the Diffusion Grid or Grating at the surface of the Diffusion Grid or Grating.
  • the design could be made, using the energy and Magnetic Field Density stated above, by choosing the cross-section of the Diffusion Grating or Grid D to be fifty (50) centimeters in each axis, centered on the center-point of the Fusion Target Block T-T', which would have a cross-section of one-and-a- half (1.5) meters.
  • the spiral path of any bombardment ion would result in it (and all other bombardment ions) arriving at an interstitial site in the lattice of the Fusion Target Block.
  • the emission pattern which is initiated at the Diffusion Grid or Grating D is a repeated pattern of
  • the bombardment trajectory of each of the accelerated ions is a spiral about a tube of magnetic flux, which deposits the
  • Radiation measuring devices commonly used in the art of inducing nuclear reactions are then used to identify the presence or absence of fusion reactions.
  • the technique of the invention involves, thus, a three-stage process of impregnation, bombardment (inducement of fusion and transfer of heat), and removal and exhaustion of end products (Helium and unused Hydrogen ions which were not properly targeted).
  • the impregnation process is designed to take less than one second as the impregnation must occur only as deep as the third atomic layer of the Palladium lattice of the Fusion Target
  • the optimal design objective is to tune the expulsion process sufficiently fine so as to expunge interstitial lattice sites at only the first atomic layer; but the device, as described, will operate at less than that optimum. By minimizing the depth of expulsion, subsequent impregnation stages will require migration of target ions to only the first layer of interstitial sites.
  • the targeting systems composed of the interstitial lattice sites of the Diffusion Grating or Grid D, the Conformal Mapping Magnetic Field F, and the corresponding interstitial lattice sites of the Fusion Target Block T- T', moreover, will substantially limit active fusion reactions to the first layer of interstitial lattice sites of the Fusion Target Block.
  • the bombardment stage will also take less than a second, but there will be an intentional delay to initiate the exhaust stage so as efficiently to transfer heat from the Fusion Target Block T-T' to the Refrigerant R before subjecting the face of the Fusion Target Block T to applied microwave and optical laser excitation tuned to the nuclear resonances of Helium isotopes.
  • the optimal duration of the time delay between the bombardment stage and the exhaust stage will be determined as an economic operating characteristic.
  • the exhaust stage will take less than a second to excite the Helium nuclei that were created as a result of the fusion reactions.
  • the energy applied to operate the system is dominated by the power consumed by the conformal mapping magnetic field, which in turn is, as before noted, an economic decision as the the scale of the device to be built.
  • a unit containing a one- half (0.5) meter square Diffusion Grating or Grid, a one- and-a-half (1.5) meter Fusion Target Block approximately four (4) meters long, two (2) meters tall, two (2) meters wide, and having a Conformal Mapping Magnetic Field of with a Magnetic Field Density of approximately of one (1) Kilogauss, would require an input power of approximately 2 Kilowatts (2KW) for the magnetic field and five hundred watts (500 Watt) for the acceleration and control grids, and dissociation of Deuterium from heavy water.
  • the economically usable output power would be approximately two megawatts (2MW).
  • the utilization of super-conducting magnets may greatly reduce the input power consumption.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à un nouveau générateur d'accélération d'un groupement d'ions d'hydrogène permettant d'obtenir une fusion à haute et basse température et d'effectuer des réactions apparentées, et notamment, mais pas exlusivement, pour produire et réguler la fusion basse énergie. Le procédé consiste à disposer, le long d'une surface de la grille transversale de diffusion/émission et dans un environnement confiné sous vide, un groupement d'ions d'hydrogène au niveau des sites interstitiels de la surface de la grille; à accélérer électriquement le groupement d'ions le long d'un axe longitudinal, sensiblement perpendiculaire à cette surface vers une surface de réseau transversale d'un métal lourd dont le rayon atomique est compris entre 1,23 et 1,31 Ångströms; à générer et synchroniser la force de champ des lignes de flux magnétiques le long de cet axe, entre la surface de la grille de diffusion/émission et la surface du réseau cible; à faire correspondre sensiblement les sites interstitiels de la surface de la grille avec des sites interstitiels correspondants de la surface du réseau cible; et à réguler l'accélération des ions groupés à partir de la surface de la grille de diffusion/émission et de la précession des ions individuels le long des lignes de flux magnétiques afin qu'il y ait collision des ions d'hydrogène sur les sites interstitiels de la surface du réseau cible correspondante de façon à bombarder des ions éventuellement déjà positionnés sur les sites interstitiels internes du réseau cible correspondant; ou à effectuer une pénétration jusqu'à collision du groupement d'ions d'hydrogène placé dans les sites interstitiels internes du réseau cible correspondant de façon à bombarder des ions éventuellement déjà positionnés sur les sites interstitiels internes du réseau cible correspondant; ou bien, si aucun ion n'est positionné, à introduire un ion dans un site interstitiel interne du réseau cible pour obtenir une réaction ultérieure avec un ion de bombardement. L'invention se rapporte également à un appareil et à des structures de grille cibles en métal lourd pour réaliser ce procédé.
PCT/IB1995/000511 1994-07-21 1995-06-22 Procede et systeme de regulation d'energie, y compris dans les reacteurs a fusion WO1996003751A1 (fr)

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CN111637859A (zh) * 2020-06-18 2020-09-08 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 一种阻抗匹配靶的激光作用有效区域的确定方法
CN113066590A (zh) * 2021-03-17 2021-07-02 核工业西南物理研究院 一种等离子体诊断用三台阶式复合马赫探针

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CN113066590B (zh) * 2021-03-17 2022-06-10 核工业西南物理研究院 一种等离子体诊断用三台阶式复合马赫探针

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