WO1996007997A1

WO1996007997A1 - Warning system

Info

Publication number: WO1996007997A1
Application number: PCT/GB1995/002064
Authority: WO
Inventors: Elliot Kelman; Joseph Rogozinski
Original assignee: Elliot Kelman; Joseph Rogozinski
Priority date: 1994-09-04
Filing date: 1995-09-01
Publication date: 1996-03-14
Also published as: AU3393095A; IL110860A0

Abstract

A warning system including apparatus for sensing at least two factors, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

Description

WARNING SYSTEM FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to remote warning systems generally and more particularly to warning sys¬ tems based on human or biological factors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various types of human factor warning systems are known. These include systems which provide heart condition monitoring and warning of the occurrence of a heart emergency to a remote center. There also exist warning systems based on monitoring blood pressure, respiration and other vital signs.

Additionally various types of polygraphs provide monitoring of combinations of human factors, such as sweating, respiration, pulse and blood pressure.

U.S. Patent 4,696,307 describes a device for continuously detecting the breathing rhythm of an infant which provides an audio or visual alarm upon termination of breathing.

U.S. Patent 2,135,476 describes a body-mounted hold up alarm which provides an alarm in response to a voluntary exaggerated movement of the human body.

U.S. Patent 4,818,974 describes a robbery in process warning system operated by a teller-actuated switch.

In addition, devices which signal and warn of danger to property are well known, such as devices which detect opening of a safe or of unauthorized entry into a home. However, such devices do not generally operate in conjunction with a human factor sensor. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention seeks to provide an im¬ proved warning system which is particularly suitable for providing remote warnings of external events, as distin¬ guished from health emergencies. There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a warning system including apparatus for sens¬ ing at least two factors at least one of which is an involuntary human factor, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one of the at least two factors may be a voluntary human factor. In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, one of the at least two factors may be a property factor, such as opening of a door or safe.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a warning system including apparatus for sensing at least two human factors at least one of which is involuntary, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two human factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a warning system including apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is a biological factor, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

The apparatus may sense the biological factor subcutaneously or without contact.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a warning system including apparatus for sensing at least one human factor of at least two individuals, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least one human factor for the at least two individuals so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event which affects both individuals and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a warning system including apparatus for sensing at least one human factor and at least one property factor, apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least one human factor and the at least one property factor so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event which causes such changes and appara¬ tus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correla¬ tion.

Throughout the specification, the reference to an involuntary "human factor" is to be taken to refer to a vital sign, such as respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves or any other indication, such as skin conductivity, sweating or shivering, which can provide an indication of the occurrence of an unusual event. A voluntary "human factor" may be any action taken voluntarily by an individual, such as pressing a button, making a sound, winking an eye or carrying out a given natural or unusual body movement. It is appreciated that for each individual one or more such involuntary human factors may be sensed and that the human factor or fac¬ tors sensed for each individual in a pair or group which is correlated may be the same or differ.

Throughout the specification, the reference to a "biological factor" is to be taken to refer to a vital sign, such as respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves or any other involuntary or voluntary indica¬ tion, such as skin conductivity, sweating or shivering of an animal, or making a sound, winking an eye or carrying out a given natural or unusual body movement which can provide an indication of the occurrence of an unusual event.

Throughout the specification, the reference to a "property factor" is to be taken to refer to any indica¬ tion or signal related to belongings, such as a sensor which detects opening of a door or a safe, or a smoke or fire detector, or temperature or humidity indicators.

The present invention is applicable to detection of any unusual occurrence but is believed to be particu¬ larly suitable for detection of a frightening occurrence, such as a bank robbery, holdup or a surprise attack on a guard.

The present invention is applicable to detec¬ tion of changes in biological factors in animals and implementation of such detection, such as warning of an attack by a predator on a flock, wherein two or more of the animals in the flock are equipped with an embodiment of the present invention. By introducing the sensing of an involuntary human factor, the present invention is also applicable to detection of danger to property wherein sensing of changes to property alone is inadequate to warn of dan¬ ger. For example, authorized personnel may enter a safe without setting off any alarm. If an unscrupulous author¬ ized person were to attempt an unauthorized entry into a safe, no detector will sense an unusual occurrence. However, if the unscrupulous authorized person were to attempt an unauthorized entry into a safe in the presence of a second person, a change in an involuntary human factor, for example in the second person, such as a change in pulse caused for example by fear, in conjunc¬ tion with a detector which senses the opening of the safe may be used to warn of the unauthorized entry.

It is a particular feature of the present inven¬ tion that it provides detection of involuntary reactions of individuals and does not require necessarily any action of the individual, other than initial mounting of the sensor prior to the event, in order to provide detec¬ tion. Thus even if an event causes immobilization of an individual, suitable detection and warning may be provided. In one embodiment of the invention, however, a voluntary action of the individual may be used as one of a plurality of human factors whose correlation leads to an alarm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed de¬ scription, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a pictorial illustration of a warning system useful for detecting bank robberies, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a pictorial illustration of a body mounted sensor for multiple human factors, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is an electronic block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a body mounted sensor;

Fig. 4 is an electronic block diagram of appa¬ ratus for correlation of the outputs of a plurality of individuals;

Fig. 5 is an electronic block diagram of a monitoring center useful in the apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 6A is an electrical block diagram illus¬ tration of circuitry useful in providing a warning output in response to sensed human factors in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 6B is an electrical block diagram illus¬ tration of circuitry useful in providing a warning output in response to sensed human factors in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 6C is an electrical block diagram illus¬ tration of circuitry useful in providing a warning output in response to sensed human or biological factors and property factors in accordance with yet another embodi¬ ment of the present invention;

Fig. 6D is an electrical block diagram illus¬ tration of circuitry useful in providing a warning output in response to sensed human or biological factors and property factors in accordance with still another embodi¬ ment of the present invention;

Fig. 7 is a diagram comparing a typical pulse curve of a human as a function of time compared to an accelerated pulse;

Fig. 8 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a warning system useful for detecting unauthorized entry into a safe, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 9 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a warning system for a vehicle and driver, constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 10 is an electrical block diagram illus¬ tration of circuitry useful in the system of Fig. 9; and

Fig. 11 is a simplified pictorial illustration of a warning system for an animal, constructed and opera¬ tive in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which illus¬ trates a warning system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The warning system is shown here in the con¬ text of a bank holdup prevention system. However, it is appreciated that in other embodiments of the invention, a wide variety of other applications may exist.

In the illustrated embodiment one and prefera¬ bly more than one bank employees are each provided with a body mounted sensor assembly 10, each of which is operative to sense at least one human factor. At least one of the human factors is involuntary. An involuntary "human factor" is to be taken to refer to a vital sign, such as respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves or any other indication, such as skin conductivity, sweating or shivering, which can provide an indication of the occurrence of an unusual event. In contrast, a volun¬ tary "human factor" may be any action taken voluntarily by an individual, such as pressing a button, making a sound, winking an eye or carrying out a given natural or unusual body movement.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is also illustrated in block diagram form in Fig. 6A, to which reference is also now made, each of at least two sensor assemblies 10, desig¬ nated A and B, sense at least two involuntary human factors, as defined above, from at least two different persons. In response to sensing of the involuntary human factors, sensor assemblies A and B provide output indica¬ tions of detection of involuntary human factors to a coincidence logic circuit 12, which is typically located in the vicinity of the persons whose human factors are being sensed and may form part of alarm control circuitry 14, illustrated in Fig. 1.

In the event that involuntary human factors are detected, within a given time difference, in at least two persons, the coincidence circuitry may activate an alarm 16 automatically or alternatively may provide an output indication of coincidence to processing circuitry 18 which may apply at least one predetermined criterion to indicate the existence of an unusual emergency situation, such as a holdup and then provide an actuation output to alarm 16.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in Fig. 6B, the inputs to the coincidence circuitry 12 may come from a single sensor assembly which senses plural human factors, at least one of which is involuntary. The remainder of the logic may be identical to that of Fig. 6A. In this case, the logic circuitry of Fig. 6B may also be body mounted.

An alarm indication produced by the alarm cir¬ cuitry 16 of Figs. 6A and 6B may provide a local alarm, such as an audio or visual alarm in the bank, and suit¬ able alarm indicating apparatus may be incorporated in alarm control circuitry 14 of Fig. 1. Additionally or alternatively, alarm control circuitry 14 may comprise a transmitter (not shown) which is operative when actuated in an alarm situation to automatically provide an alarm indication output signal with appropriate identification information to a remote sensing center 20, Fig. 1.

Remote sensing center 20 may be a manned or an unmanned center and typically comprises a transceiver 22 which is operative to receive alarm indication output signals from a multiplicity of locations, such as banks, and to provide an alarm indication output on a console 24, in the situation for which the center is manned. Additionally or alternatively, the remote sensing center 20 may comprise an automatic message generating apparatus 21, such as a voice message generator for automatically generating a voice message to mobile security personnel 23, providing them with the appropriate information for them to locate and identify the alarm event. Voice mes¬ sage generating apparatus suitable for use in this con¬ text is commercially available, for example from Trilogue Inc. of Long Island, New York, U.S.A..

Normally communications between the body mounted sensor assembly 10 and the alarm control circuitry 14 is wireless. Communication between the alarm control cir¬ cuitry 14 and the remote sensing center 20 is preferably wireless but alternatively may be by means of telephone lines.

Reference is now made to Fig. 2, which illus¬ trates a typical sensor assembly 10. In this embodiment the sensor assembly comprises a pair of electrodes 30 and 32, which are typically mounted under the arras of an individual. Electrodes 30 and 32 are preferably QUIKTRODE electrodes, commercially available from Survival Technol¬ ogy, Inc. of Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. and which are covered by U.S. Patent 3,792,700. Additional elec¬ trodes 33 may be provided to sense involuntary human factors such as pulse. A typical pulse electrode is commercially available from ARBO Gmbh, Medizin-Technolo- gie, Wendenstrasse 2-3, D-3300 Braunschwieg, Germany.

Electrodes 30 and 32 preferably output to a signal converter circuit 34. Circuit 34 also provides an audio output, which is picked up by a microphone 36. Microphone 36 outputs to a monitoring circuit 38, which may also receive an output from electrode 33 and may incorporate a push button switch 40 for permitting the entry of a voluntary human factor. The output of monitor¬ ing circuit 38 is preferably supplied to a radio trans¬ mitter 42, such as an H99XP transmitter receiver Expo Series, available from Motorola. It is appreciated that the sensor assembly 10 described above is suitable for use in both the embodiments of Figs. 6A and Fig. 6B, i.e. it may provide one or more outputs of human factors of an individual, at least one of which is involuntary. It is expressly noted that although a specific construction of a sensor assembly is shown in Fig. 2, any alternative sensor assembly may be employed and may include a lesser or greater number of elements than are shown herein. For example, the circuitry 38 may be incor¬ porated into the transmitter 42 and the audio processing may be entirely eliminated.

Reference is now made to Fig. 3, which illus¬ trates monitoring circuitry 38 in greater detail.

Reference is now made to Fig. 7, which illus¬ trates the typical operation of the circuitry of Fig. 3. Curve A demonstrates a typical human pulse curve over a given period of time. An event as described hereinabove will cause an accelerated pulse as shown by curve B. The monitoring circuit 38 measures the average pulse, typi¬ cally every 3 seconds. The circuit 38 compares the maxi¬ mum difference between the averaged pulse of the previ¬ ous time period with the maximum pulse in the following time period. If the difference is greater than a given value an alarm indication is provided.

As an example, defining 7 beats per minute as the required maximum difference, if in the previous time period an average of 68 beats per minute were measured, an alarm will be provided if the pulse reaches a value of 75 beats per minute, or if the pulse dropped to below 61 beats per minute, as for example in the case of a person being badly injured, an alarm signal will also be gener¬ ated.

Reference is now made to Fig. 4, which illus¬ trates apparatus employed in alarm control circuitry 14 (Fig. 1) and remote sensing center 20. A receiver 48, typically a Motorola receiver provides an output to signal processing circuitry 50 and is operative to apply at least one predetermined alarm criterion to at least two signals received from at least a sensing assembly 10. Circuitry 50 outputs to transmitter circuitry 52, typi- cally a Motorola Model F 6573.

The remote sensing center 20 typically com¬ prises a transceiver 22, such as a Motorola MSR 2000 Base Station Model No. C 73GSB1106, which preferably operates as a transceiver, receiving the output of transmitter 52 as well as providing communication with mobile units 23.

As noted above in connection with Fig. 1, both a manned console 24, such as an IGC FIU T5166 Integrated Graphic Center, 26, and an automatic message generator 21 interfaces with the transceiver 22.

Reference is now made to Fig. 5, which illus¬ trates one possible configuration of manned console 24, which includes an interface circuit 60 which interacts with a computer 62, such as an IBM PS 2. The computer may be coupled to a printer 64 and external monitor 66, as shown.

Reference is now made to Fig. 8 which illus¬ trates a warning system 80 constructed and operative in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Warning system 80 may be useful for protecting property or belongings, such as detecting unauthorized entry into a safe.

Warning system 80 preferably comprises body mounted sensor assembly 10 worn by a user 82. As de¬ scribed above with reference to Fig. 4, sensor assembly 10 is operative to sense at least one involuntary human factor and includes, inter alia, transmitter 42. Warning system 80 also preferably includes a property sensor 84, such as a microswitch, which may be mounted on an object to be protected, such as a safe 86. Property sensor 84 may, for example, send a signal to a transmitter 88 upon sensing opening of a door 90 of safe 86. Alternatively, the signal from sensor 84 may be sent through a telephone line or other communication apparatus.

Warning system 80 preferably also comprises an alarm control 92 which includes receiver 48 and which is in communication with mobile units 23, as described hereinabove with reference to Fig. 4.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is also illustrated in block diagram form in Fig. 6C, to which reference is also now made, sensor assembly 10 and property sensor 84 provide output indications of detection of involuntary human factors and property factors respectively to a coinci¬ dence logic circuit 112, which is typically located in the vicinity of the persons whose human factors are being sensed and may form part of alarm control 92, illustrated in Fig. 8.

In the event that involuntary human factors or property factors are detected, the coincidence circuitry of circuit 112 may activate an alarm 116 automatically or alternatively may provide an output indication to proc¬ essing circuitry 118 which may apply at least one prede¬ termined criterion to indicate the existence of an unusu¬ al emergency situation, such as an unauthorized entry and then provide an actuation output to alarm 116.

For example, authorized personnel may normally enter safe 86 without property sensor 84 providing any indication to operate alarm 116. However, if an unscrupu¬ lous authorized person were to attempt an unauthorized entry into safe 86 in the presence of user 82, a change in an involuntary human factor, for example in user 82, such as a change in pulse caused for example by fear, in conjunction with property sensor 84 sensing the opening of safe 86 may be used to warn of the unauthorized entry.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in Fig. 6D, the inputs to the coincidence circuitry 112 may come from a single sensor assembly which senses plural human factors, at least one of which is involuntary and at least one of which is voluntary. The remainder of the logic may be identical to that of Fig. 6C. In this case, the logic circuitry of Fig. 6D may also be body mounted.

Reference is now made to Fig. 9 which illus¬ trates a warning system 120 constructed and operative in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Warning system 120 may be useful for protecting and/or providing information relating to the relative position of property or belongings, such as a taxi 122 shown in Fig. 9.

Warning system 120 preferably comprises body mounted sensor assembly 10 worn by a user 124. As de¬ scribed above with reference to Fig. 4, sensor assembly 10 is operative to sense at least one involuntary human factor and includes, inter alia, transmitter 42. Alterna¬ tively, an auxiliary transmitter, such as vehicle trans¬ mitter 126, may be used to transmit signals from sensor assembly 10.

Warning system 120 also preferably includes a property sensor 128. Property sensor 128 may be for example a switch which indicates opening of a vehicle door, or breaking or opening of a window separating driver and passenger in a taxi. Warning system 120 may also include a position identification sensor 140, such as a GPS sensor. Position identification sensor 140 may send a signal via vehicle transmitter 126 or any other suitable transmitter. Position identification sensor 140 may send a signal continuously or in the event of an alarm. Position identification sensor 140 may thus be used to identify the position of the user or belongings in the event of an alarm.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is also illustrated in block diagram form in Fig. 10, to which reference is also now made, sensor assembly 10 and property sensor 128 provide output indications of detection of involuntary human factors and property factors respectively to a coinci¬ dence logic circuit 132. In the event that involuntary human factors or property factors are detected, the coincidence circuitry of circuit 132 may activate an alarm 136 automatically or alternatively may provide an output indication to proc¬ essing circuitry 138 which may apply predetermined crite¬ ria to indicate the existence of an unusual emergency situation, such as an attempted theft and then provide an actuation output to alarm 136.

Reference is now made to Fig. 11 which illus¬ trates a warning system 150 constructed and operative in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Warning system 150 may be useful for protecting and/or providing information relating to the relative position of property, such as animals 152 shown in Fig. 11.

Warning system 150 preferably comprises sensor assembly 154, which may be attached directly to an animal 152 or worn such as on a halter 156. Sensor assembly 154 may include sensors for monitoring vital signs, such as pulse, and a transmitter, such as transmitter 42 de¬ scribed hereinabove with reference to Fig. 2. Sensor assembly 154 may include subcutaneous sensors. Alterna¬ tively, sensor assembly 154 may be located at a distance from animal 152 and include non-contact sensors, such as optical or infrared sensors.

Warning system 150 may also include a property sensor 160, such as a microswitch, which, for example, may detect and signal opening of a door 162 in an enclo¬ sure 164.

Warning system 150 may also include a position identification sensor mounted on each animal 152, such as position identification sensor 140 described hereinabove with reference to Fig. 9.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, sensor assembly 154 and property sensor 160 provide output indications of detection of biological factors and property factors respectively to a coincidence logic circuit, similar to the coincidence logic circuits of Figs. 6A - 6D and Fig. 10.

In the event that biological factors or property factors are detected, the coincidence circuitry may activate an alarm automatically, such as the alarms of Figs. 6A - 6D and Fig. 10, or alternatively may provide an output indication to processing circuitry, similar to the processing circuitry of Figs. 6A - 6D and Fig. 10, which may apply predetermined criteria to indicate the existence of an unusual emergency situation, such as an attempted theft or a fire danger, and then provide an actuation output to an alarm.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims which follow:

Claims

C L A I M S

1. A warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is an involuntary human factor; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

2. A warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least two human fac¬ tors at least one of which is involuntary; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two human factors so as to identi¬ fy such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusu¬ al event; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

3. A warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least one human factor of at least two individuals; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least one human factor for the at least two individuals so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event which affects both individuals; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

4. A warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is a biological factor; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

5. A warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is a property factor; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least two factors so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of an unusual event; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of such an unusual event in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correlation.

6. A system according to claim 1 and wherein one of said at least one human factor is selected from among the following: respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves, skin conductivity, sweating and shivering.

7. A system according to claim 2 and wherein one of said at least one human factor is selected from among the following actions: pressing a button, making a sound, winking an eye and carrying out a predetermined natural and unusual body movement.

8. A system according to claim 2 and wherein said human factor for each of said at least two individuals is different.

9. A system according to claim 2 and wherein said human factor for each of said at least two individuals is the same.

10. A system according to claim 1 and comprising a position identification sensor.

11. A holdup warning system comprising: apparatus for sensing at least one human factor of at least two individuals; apparatus for sensing and correlating changes in the sensed at least one human factor for the at least two individuals so as to identify such changes that indicate the occurrence of a holdup; and apparatus for providing an output indication of the existence of the holdup in response to the occurrence of such changes having a predetermined degree of correla¬ tion.

12. A system according to claim 11 and wherein one of said at least one human factor is selected from among the following: respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, brain waves, skin conductivity, sweating and shivering.

13. A system according to claim 11 and wherein said human factor is selected from among the following ac¬ tions: pressing a button, making a sound, winking an eye and carrying out a predetermined natural and unusual body movement.

14. A system according to claim 11 and wherein said human factor for each of said at least two individuals is different.

15. A system according to claim 11 and wherein said human factor for each of said at least two individuals is the same.

16. A system according to claim 1 and wherein said apparatus for providing an output indication is located remotely from the individual and is coupled to said apparatus for sensing and correlating by a radio link.

17. A system according to claim 4 and wherein said apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is a biological factor, is operative to sense said biological factor subcutaneously.

18. A system according to claim 4 and wherein said apparatus for sensing at least two factors at least one of which is a biological factor, is operative to sense said biological factor without contact.