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WO1996033378A1 - Systeme de pompe a chaleur et procede de climatisation - Google Patents

Systeme de pompe a chaleur et procede de climatisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996033378A1
WO1996033378A1 PCT/US1996/004935 US9604935W WO9633378A1 WO 1996033378 A1 WO1996033378 A1 WO 1996033378A1 US 9604935 W US9604935 W US 9604935W WO 9633378 A1 WO9633378 A1 WO 9633378A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
brine
pump system
heat
heat pump
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/004935
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gad Assaf
Original Assignee
Wolin, Susan, Barbie
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wolin, Susan, Barbie filed Critical Wolin, Susan, Barbie
Priority to US08/973,090 priority Critical patent/US6018954A/en
Priority to JP8531798A priority patent/JPH11504105A/ja
Priority to DE69629368T priority patent/DE69629368D1/de
Priority to EP96912664A priority patent/EP0824659B1/fr
Priority to AU55399/96A priority patent/AU5539996A/en
Priority to US10/059,826 priority patent/USRE39288E1/en
Priority to AT96912664T priority patent/ATE246787T1/de
Publication of WO1996033378A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996033378A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F24F3/1417—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant with liquid hygroscopic desiccants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/0014—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning using absorption or desorption
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00—Heat pumps
    • F25B30/02—Heat pumps of the compression type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/144—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by dehumidification only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/1458—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification using regenerators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heat pump systems and in particular to heat pump systems utilizing two subcycles, the first involving brine and the second a common refrigerant.
  • the invention also relates to a method of air conditioning, utilizing the heat pump systems.
  • Space heating and cooling installations are known. Essentially, such installations comprise a closed top refrigerant circulated by means of a compressor through finned pipes located inside a house and outside thereof. In winter, the compressor forces compressed and warmed refrigerant into finned pipe sections within the house where condensation takes place. The liberated heat is usually dispensed into the house by means of a fan. The condensed refrigerant then passes through a throttle valve to an evaporator. The heat of evaporation is provided by the colder outside air. During summer, the sense of circulation of the refrigerant is reversed. The outside finned pipes constitute the condenser, while the. inside finned pipes operate as the evaporator.
  • a heat pump system comprising two, at least similar units in fluid communication with each other, each unit including a housing, a first air/brine heat exchanger, a second brine/refrigerant heat exchanger, brine inlet means for applying brine onto at least one of said heat exchangers, a brine reservoir and means for circulating said brine from the reservoir to said inlet means, said first and second heat exchangers being in closed loop fluid communication with each other and having compressor means for circulating a refrigerant therethrough in selected directions.
  • the invention further provides a method for air conditioning, comprising providing a housing, a first air/brine heat exchanger, a second brine/refrigerant heat exchanger, brine inlet means for applying brine onto at least one of said heat exchangers, a brine reservoir and means for circulating said brine from the reservoir to said inlet means, said first and second heat exchangers being in closed loop fluid communication with each other and having compressor means for circulating a refrigerant therethrough in selected directions, wherein the refrigerant's evaporator and the refrigerant's condenser exchange heat with brine solution, whereby the temperature of condensation of said refrigerant is reduced while the temperature of said evaporator is raised, thereby increasing the efficiency of the system.
  • Hygroscopic brine such as LiBr, MgCl 2 , Ca_cl and mixtures thereof, can be advantageously used.
  • concentrations of these brines will be such that no precipitation of salts or ice throughout the working range of temperatures of the heat pump will be formed.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a heat pump system according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of a heat pump according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a modification of the heat pump of Fig. 1.
  • a heat pump system 2 essentially comprising two substantially similar units 4 and 6, each acting in its turn as an evaporator and a condenser, one located inside an enclosure (not seen) to be air conditioned and the other, outside the enclosure exposed to ambient air.
  • Each unit respectively includes a housing 8,8' and brine inlet means 10,10' disposed in the upper portion of the housing.
  • the liquid inlet means is advantageously embodied by a set of drip or spray nozzles or apertures.
  • a brine/air heat exchanger 12,12' below the brine/air heat exchanger 12,12'.
  • the latter can be made of densely folded carton paper or of packed particles, e.g., glass or ceramic, pebbles of beads.
  • the lower portion of the housing constitutes a brine reservoir 14,14' while the space 16,16' inside the housing delimited by the liquid level 18,18' and the heat exchanger 12,12', respectively, acts as a brine dripping space exposed to ambient air introduced thereinto, for example, by a blower 20,20' or by any other natural or forced means.
  • Each of the brine inlet means 10,10' is respectively connected via conduit 22,22' to a second heat exchanger 24,24'.
  • a conduit 26,26' leads from the heat exchanger 24,24' to the brine reservoir 14,14' via a circulation pump 28,28', respectively.
  • the reservoirs 14,14' are in liquid communication via conduits 30 and 32 and advantageously, pass through a third heat exchanger 34.
  • the heat exchangers 24,24' in their simple embodiment are composed of a closed vessel 36,36' each housing a coil 38,38', respectively.
  • the coils 38,38' are interconnected, in a closed loop, by pipes 40,42.
  • a compressor 44 fitted on the pipe 40 forces a refrigerant through the coils 38,38' via a throttle valve 46.
  • the brine exchange flow rate between the reservoirs 14,14' via pipes 30,32 should be smaller than the circulation rate of the brine in the units 4 or 6 themselves. For operation under certain conditions, it is also possible to stop the circulation of the brine between the two units, if desired.
  • the size of the reservoirs will determine the capacity thereof acting as heat accumulators for eventual utilization.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown another embodiment of the invention in which the housing 50,50' also encloses the refrigerant coils 52,52' and the brine inlet means 54,54'. The latter are located above the coils 52,52', so as to drip or spray brine on the coils.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 can be furnished with an inlet port 56 for introducing water to the brine reservoirs 14,14'. This will enable the dilution of the brine when operating the system in very dry and hot climate, to further increase the efficiency thereof.
  • FIG. 3 A modification of the system is illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the system (of Fig. 1) is further provided with an external source of humidity in the form of plants 58, in order to increase the efficiency of the heat pump during the summer time.
  • an external source of humidity in the form of plants 58, in order to increase the efficiency of the heat pump during the summer time.
  • a source of such hot air can be provided in the form of a hot water to air heat exchanger 60, having a hot water inlet 62 leading to a drip or spray head 64, a heat exchange media 66 and a water outlet 68.
  • the cold ambient air otherwise directly blown into the space 16 will thus be heated first and only thereafter introduced into the space 16.
  • the outside or room air introduced by blowers 20,21' into the housings 8,8' flows as counter current or cross current to the droplets of brine dripping in the space 16,16', so as to exchange heat and vapor with the brine.
  • the brine maintains the unit acting as an condenser at a temperature which is lower than the normal temperature, e.g., at 37°C instead of 47°C, and parallely, maintains the evaporator's temperature higher than the normal temperature, e.g., 4°C instead of 0°C, it can be shown that the efficiency of the cycle will be superior at a ratio, of about, e.g.:
  • the coefficient of performance of the brine heat pump, according to the present invention as compared with conventional heat pumps, is substantially higher.
  • the brine heat pump will remove 40% more heat from an enclosure in which it is installed as compared with conventional heat pumps, provided that the mechanical efficiency of the two compressors is the same.
  • the average temperature head between the fluid inside and the brine in the above example is 6°C and it is anticipated that for an area of 1 square meter of heat exchanger, the heat transfer rate will be about 6 Kw.
  • the heat exchange area between the brine and the working fluid (in heat exchangers 24 and 24') will be small compared with the area required to transfer heat from the working fluid to the air in conventional heat pumps.
  • the air conductivity is characterized by 70 watt units only (Watts/ (square C) .
  • the invention is also usable for refrigeration purposes.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un système de pompe à chaleur comportant au moins deux (4, 6) unités similaires en communication fluidique, chacune de ces unités comportant un logement (8, 8'), un premier échangeur thermique air/saumure (12, 12'), un second échangeur thermique saumure/réfrigérant (24, 24'), un orifice d'admission de la saumure (10, 10') permettant d'appliquer de la saumure sur au moins un des échangeurs thermiques, un réservoir à saumure (14, 14') et une pompe (28) servant à faire circuler la saumure du réservoir vers l'orifice d'admission. Le premier et le second échangeurs thermiques sont en communication fluidique en circuit fermé et ils disposent d'un compresseur (44) pour mettre en circulation un réfrigérant suivant une direction choisie. La présente invention concerne également un procédé de climatisation.
PCT/US1996/004935 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Systeme de pompe a chaleur et procede de climatisation WO1996033378A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/973,090 US6018954A (en) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Heat pump system and method for air-conditioning
JP8531798A JPH11504105A (ja) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 空調用ヒートポンプシステム及び空調方法
DE69629368T DE69629368D1 (de) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Wärmepumpenanlage und klimatisierungsverfahren
EP96912664A EP0824659B1 (fr) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Systeme de pompe a chaleur et procede de climatisation
AU55399/96A AU5539996A (en) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Heat pump system and method for air-conditioning
US10/059,826 USRE39288E1 (en) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Heat pump system and method for air-conditioning
AT96912664T ATE246787T1 (de) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Wärmepumpenanlage und klimatisierungsverfahren

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IL113446 1995-04-20
IL113446A IL113446A (en) 1995-04-20 1995-04-20 Heat pump system and a method for air conditioning

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996033378A1 true WO1996033378A1 (fr) 1996-10-24

Family

ID=11067379

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1996/004935 WO1996033378A1 (fr) 1995-04-20 1996-04-09 Systeme de pompe a chaleur et procede de climatisation

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0824659B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11504105A (fr)
CN (1) CN1139773C (fr)
AT (1) ATE246787T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU5539996A (fr)
DE (1) DE69629368D1 (fr)
IL (1) IL113446A (fr)
WO (1) WO1996033378A1 (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999022180A1 (fr) 1997-10-29 1999-05-06 Agam Energy Systems Ltd. Systeme de pompe a chaleur/moteur et son mode d'utilisation
WO1999026026A1 (fr) * 1997-11-16 1999-05-27 Drykor Ltd. Systeme de deshumidificateur
WO2002044624A1 (fr) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-06 Daimlerchrysler Ag Dispositif d'humidification et de deshumidification en continu de l'air fourni dans des processus de fabrication et des installations de conditionnement de l'air
WO2002086391A1 (fr) * 2001-04-23 2002-10-31 Drykor Ltd. Dispositif de conditionnement d'air
US6494053B1 (en) 1999-03-14 2002-12-17 Drykor, Ltd. Dehumidifier/air-conditioning system
US6976365B2 (en) 1997-11-16 2005-12-20 Drykor Ltd. Dehumidifier/air-conditioning system
US7942387B2 (en) 2006-08-25 2011-05-17 Ducool Ltd. System and method for managing water content in a fluid
US7942011B2 (en) 2005-12-07 2011-05-17 Ducool Ltd. System and method for managing water content in a fluid
US8943844B2 (en) 2010-11-23 2015-02-03 Ducool Ltd. Desiccant-based air conditioning system

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IL134196A (en) * 2000-01-24 2003-06-24 Agam Energy Systems Ltd System for dehumidification of air in an enclosure
JP4384699B2 (ja) 2008-05-22 2009-12-16 ダイナエアー株式会社 調湿装置
JP4374393B1 (ja) * 2008-05-27 2009-12-02 ダイナエアー株式会社 調湿装置
CN101839542A (zh) * 2009-03-18 2010-09-22 李建锋 不结霜的热泵室外机系统装置
CN101706136B (zh) * 2009-11-21 2012-04-18 青岛大学 一种溶液调温调湿空气处理系统
CN107110527B (zh) * 2014-10-27 2020-04-07 英德科斯控股私人有限公司 通过潜能传递进行冷却的系统和方法
US10408503B2 (en) 2016-11-08 2019-09-10 Agam Energy Systems Ltd. Heat pump system and method for air conditioning
CN106940055B (zh) * 2016-12-31 2019-06-04 安徽工业大学 一种户式五联供thic空调系统及其运行方法
CN110986405B (zh) * 2019-11-26 2021-06-22 重庆美的通用制冷设备有限公司 换热组件、换热系统和空调设备

Citations (2)

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US2672024A (en) * 1951-01-12 1954-03-16 Carrier Corp Air conditioning system employing a hygroscopic medium
US4700550A (en) * 1986-03-10 1987-10-20 Rhodes Barry V Enthalpic heat pump desiccant air conditioning system

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US2798570A (en) * 1956-02-20 1957-07-09 Surface Combustion Corp Air conditioning
US3747362A (en) * 1972-03-29 1973-07-24 Leach G Space cooling system
US4259849A (en) * 1979-02-15 1981-04-07 Midland-Ross Corporation Chemical dehumidification system which utilizes a refrigeration unit for supplying energy to the system
IL64915A (en) * 1982-02-02 1985-04-30 Joel Harband Apparatus and method for temperature and humidity control
US4941324A (en) * 1989-09-12 1990-07-17 Peterson John L Hybrid vapor-compression/liquid desiccant air conditioner

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2672024A (en) * 1951-01-12 1954-03-16 Carrier Corp Air conditioning system employing a hygroscopic medium
US4700550A (en) * 1986-03-10 1987-10-20 Rhodes Barry V Enthalpic heat pump desiccant air conditioning system

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999022180A1 (fr) 1997-10-29 1999-05-06 Agam Energy Systems Ltd. Systeme de pompe a chaleur/moteur et son mode d'utilisation
AU738856B2 (en) * 1997-10-29 2001-09-27 Agam Energy Systems Ltd. Heat pump/engine system and a method for utilizing same
WO1999026026A1 (fr) * 1997-11-16 1999-05-27 Drykor Ltd. Systeme de deshumidificateur
US6976365B2 (en) 1997-11-16 2005-12-20 Drykor Ltd. Dehumidifier/air-conditioning system
US6546746B2 (en) 1997-11-16 2003-04-15 Drykor Ltd. Dehumidifier system
US6487872B1 (en) 1997-11-16 2002-12-03 Drykor Ltd. Dehumidifier system
US6494053B1 (en) 1999-03-14 2002-12-17 Drykor, Ltd. Dehumidifier/air-conditioning system
US6887303B2 (en) 2000-12-01 2005-05-03 Daimlerchrysler Ag Device for continuously humidifying and dehumidifying feed air
WO2002044624A1 (fr) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-06 Daimlerchrysler Ag Dispositif d'humidification et de deshumidification en continu de l'air fourni dans des processus de fabrication et des installations de conditionnement de l'air
WO2002086391A1 (fr) * 2001-04-23 2002-10-31 Drykor Ltd. Dispositif de conditionnement d'air
US7942011B2 (en) 2005-12-07 2011-05-17 Ducool Ltd. System and method for managing water content in a fluid
US7942387B2 (en) 2006-08-25 2011-05-17 Ducool Ltd. System and method for managing water content in a fluid
US8943844B2 (en) 2010-11-23 2015-02-03 Ducool Ltd. Desiccant-based air conditioning system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU5539996A (en) 1996-11-07
CN1182475A (zh) 1998-05-20
IL113446A0 (en) 1995-07-31
EP0824659A1 (fr) 1998-02-25
IL113446A (en) 1998-04-05
EP0824659A4 (fr) 2000-12-06
ATE246787T1 (de) 2003-08-15
CN1139773C (zh) 2004-02-25
JPH11504105A (ja) 1999-04-06
DE69629368D1 (de) 2003-09-11
EP0824659B1 (fr) 2003-08-06

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