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WO1997016553A1 - MUTANT DE CYTOCHROME MONO-OXYGENASE P-450cam - Google Patents

MUTANT DE CYTOCHROME MONO-OXYGENASE P-450cam Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997016553A1
WO1997016553A1 PCT/GB1996/002693 GB9602693W WO9716553A1 WO 1997016553 A1 WO1997016553 A1 WO 1997016553A1 GB 9602693 W GB9602693 W GB 9602693W WO 9716553 A1 WO9716553 A1 WO 9716553A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mutant
450cam
amino acid
residue
cysteine
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1996/002693
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Luet-Lok Wong
Sabine Lahja Flitsch
Darren Paul Nickerson
Alwyn James Hart
Original Assignee
Bg Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB9522407A external-priority patent/GB2294692B/en
Application filed by Bg Plc filed Critical Bg Plc
Priority to PL96326445A priority Critical patent/PL326445A1/xx
Priority to SK555-98A priority patent/SK55598A3/sk
Priority to AU73236/96A priority patent/AU716583B2/en
Priority to EP96935162A priority patent/EP0906431A1/fr
Priority to US09/068,132 priority patent/US6117661A/en
Priority to NZ320497A priority patent/NZ320497A/en
Priority to JP9517168A priority patent/JP2000508163A/ja
Publication of WO1997016553A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997016553A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12N9/0077—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14) with a reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor (1.14.15)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a mutant of the mono-oxygenase cytochrome P-450cam.
  • Mono-oxygenases catalyse the selective oxidation of activated and unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds using oxygen 1 , and are therefore of great interest for potential use in organic synthesis.
  • progress in this area has been hampered by the difficulty in isolating sufficient quantities of the mono- oxygenase enzyme and/or the associated electron-transfer proteins.
  • amino acid sequences of more than 150 different cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenases to date structural date of only three are available 234 , and few have been successfully over-expressed in bacterial systems .
  • cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase which is soluble and can be expressed in sufficient quantities, is the highly specific P-450cam from P. putida which catalyses the regio- and stereo- selective hydroxylation of camphor to 5-exo-hydroxycamphor 6 .
  • the high resolution crystal structure of P-450cam has been determined 2 , and since the mechanism of action of this bacterial enzyme is believed to be very similar to that of its mammalian counterparts, it has been used as a framework on which structural models of mammalian enzymes are based.
  • the nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence of P-450cam have been described 5,7 .
  • the location of an active site of the enzyme is known and structure-function relationships have been investigated 8,9 .
  • Mutants of P-450cam have been described at the 101 and 185 and 247 and 295 positions 910 "- and at the 87 position 12 .
  • a mutant in which tyrosine 96 (Y96) has been changed to phenylalanine 96 (the Y96F mutant) has been described 1113 ' 413 .
  • the papers report effects of the mutations on the oxidation reactions of molecules which had previously been shown to be substrates for the wild-type enzyme. There is no teaching of how mutations might be used to provide biocatalysts for oxidation of different, novel substrates.
  • the three dimensional structure of P-450cam shows the active site to provide close van der aals contacts with the hydrophobic groups of camphor as shown in Figure 1. Of particular significance are the contacts between camphor and the side chains of leucine 244, valine 247 and valine 295. Three aromatic residues (Y96, F87 and F98) are grouped together and line the substrate binding pocket, with a hydrogen bond between tyrosine 96 and the camphor carbonyl oxygen maintaining the substrate in the correct orientation to ensure the regio- and stereo- specificity of the reaction.
  • the mutant F98A appeared to have the strongest binding interaction within the active site cavity accessible to the aromatic probe, with that of Y96A being slightly smaller, and that of F87A being substantially less. It was decided in the first instance to mutate tyrosine 96 to alanine as it is more central to the binding pocket, whereas phenylalanine 98 is in a groove to one side. Also, removal of tyrosine 96 should decrease the specificity of the enzyme towards camphor due to the loss of hydrogen bonding to the substrate.
  • a mutant of the mono-oxygenase cytochrome p-450cam is provided in which the cysteine residue at position 334 is removed.
  • the removal is by the substitution of another amino acid except cysteine for the cysteine residue.
  • the removal is by the deletion of the entire cysteine 344 residue from the enzyme.
  • the tyrosine residue at position 96 in the mutant is replaced by the residue of any amino acid except tyrosine.
  • the amino acid is selected from any one of the following: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine except that in the case of the cysteine residue at position 334, the amino acid is not cysteine and in the case of the tyrosine residue at position 96 the amino acid is not tyrosine.
  • amino acid residue at one or more of the positions 87, 98, 101, 185, 193, 244, 247, 295, 297, 395 and 396 is replaced by another amino acid residue.
  • the C334A mutation has the obvious benefit of removing unwanted protein dimerisation, thus ensuring the presence of a single species in solution at all times.
  • wild-type P-450cam shows aggregation upon standing. The reasons why proteins aggregate are not clear, but the P-450cam aggregates are insoluble and catalytically inactive.
  • the wild-type and C58A, C85A, C136A and C148A mutants all showed dimerisation as well as aggregation upon storage at 4"C, and even in 50% glycerol solutions at -20°C. Aggregation will also occur during turnover, especially at the higher P-450cam concentrations required in any economically viable industrial application in, for example, synthesis of organic molecules.
  • the C334A mutant did not show any evidence of aggregation even at mM concentrations at room temperature over a period of three days. Thus, the C334A mutation has beneficial effects in protein handling, storage, and increased catalyst lifetime.
  • amino acid at one or more of these positions may be replaced by: a small hydrophobic amino acid so as to enlarge the active site,- or a large hydrophobic amino acid so as to reduce the size of the active site,- or by an amino acid having an aromatic ring to interact with a corresponding aromatic ring of a substrate.
  • the enzyme system typically includes putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase together with NADH as co-factors in addition to the mutant enzyme.
  • the example of cyclohexylbenzene oxidation is described in the experimental section below.
  • Various classes of organic compounds are envisaged and described below.
  • the wild-type P-450cam is active towards the oxidation of a number of molecules included in the following sections. However, in all cases the mutant P-450cam proteins show much higher turnover activities.
  • the organic compound is an aromatic compound, either a hydrocarbon or a compound used under conditions in which it does not inactivate or denature the enzyme. Since the mutation has been effected with a view to creating an aromatic-binding pocket in the active site of the enzyme, the mutant enzyme is capable of catalysing the oxidation of a wide variety of aromatic compounds. Oxidation of example aromatic and polyaromatic compounds is demonstrated in the experimental section below and is believed very surprising given that the wild-type enzyme has been reported to catalyse the oxidation of only members of the camphor family and shows low activity towards a few other molecules such as styrene 19 , ethylbenzene 910 , a tetralone derivative 20 , and nicotine 21 .
  • the organic compound may be a hydrocarbon, e.g. aliphatic or alicyclic, carrying a functional group (see Scheme l) .
  • An aromatic protecting group is attached to the functional group prior to the oxidation reaction and removed from the functional group after the oxidation reaction.
  • a suitable aromatic group is a benzyl group.
  • the protecting group serves two purposes: firstly it makes the substrate more hydrophobic and hence increases binding to the hydrophobic enzyme pocket; secondly it may help to hold the substrate in place at the active site. Thus, with the correct aromatic protection group, both regio- and stereo-selective hydroxylation of the substrate may be achieved.
  • Examples of monofunctionalised hydrocarbons are cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and alkyl derivatives (Scheme 1) .
  • the oxidation products of these compounds are valuable starting materials for organic synthesis, particularly when produced in a homochiral form.
  • a range of aromatic protecting groups are envisaged, e.g. benzyl or naphthyl ethers and benzoyl ethers and amides (Scheme 1) .
  • Of interest are also benzoxazole groups as carboxyl protecting groups and N- benzyl oxazolidine groups as aldehyde protecting groups. Both can be easily cleaved after the enzymatic oxidation and have previously been described in the literature for the microbial oxidations of aldehydes and acids 22 .
  • the organic compound is a C4 to C12 aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon. Oxidation of cyclohexane and linear and branched hydrocarbons is demonstrated in the experimental section below. We have found that wild-type P-450cam is also capable of oxidising these molecules, but the activities are low and in all cases the mutants show substantially higher activities.
  • the organic compound is a halogenated aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon. Oxidation of lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane) is also describe below.
  • Mutants were constructed in which active site substitutions were combined with the surface mutation of cysteine at position 334 to alanine and contained alanine, leucine, valine, or phenylalanine instead of tyrosine at position 96 (Y96) . Lastly several active site mutations and the surface mutation were combined to constitute mutant enzymes with multiple mutations.
  • the genes encoding cytochrome P-450cam, and its natural electron-transfer partners putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase, were amplified from the total cellular DNA of P. Putida using the polymerise chain reaction (PCR) .
  • PCR polymerise chain reaction
  • coli host combinations employed were pRH1091 23 in strain JM109 for P-450cam, pUC 118 in strain JM109 for putidaredoxin, and pGL Wll in strain DH5 for putidaredoxin reductase.
  • Oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis was carried out using an M13 mp 19 subclone by the method of Zoller and Smith 24 , and mutant selection was by the method of Kunkel 25 .
  • Binding of potential substrates was investigated by spectroscopic methods.
  • the wild-type enzyme in the absence of substrate is in the 6-co-ordinated, low-spin form with a weakly bound water occupying the sixth co-ordination site, and shows a characteristic Soret maximum at 418 n .
  • Binding of camphor and the substrate analogues adamantanone, adamantane and norbornane fully converted the haem to the 5-co-ordinated, high-spin form which has a characteristic Soret band at 392 nm.
  • This haem spin-state shift is accompanied by an increase in the haem reduction potential which enables the physiological electron- transfer partner putidaredoxin to reduce P-450cam and initiate the catalytic hydroxylation cycle 26 .
  • the haem spin state shift is thus a qualitative indication of the likelihood of molecules shown in Tables 1 and 2 being oxidised by the wild- ype and mutant P-450cam enzymes.
  • a buffered solution (50 mM Tris.HCI, pH 7.4), typically 3ml in volume, containing lOuM putidaredoxin, 2 uM putidaredoxin reductase, 1 uM cytochrome P-450cam mono-oxygenase (wild-type or mutant) , 200 mM KCI, 50 ug/ml bovine liver catalase (Sigma) , and 1 mM target organic compound such as cyclohexylbenzene (added as a 0.1 M stock in ethanol) was preincubated at 30"C for 5 minutes. The enzymatic reaction was initiated by adding NADH to a total 11 concentration of 2 mM.
  • the chloroform extracts are evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the residues were extracted with hexane and the oxidation products separated by high performance liquid chromatography, eluting with a hexane/isopropanol gradient.
  • the purified products were then identified by mass spectroscopy and particularly nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  • the amount of substrate added to the incubation mixtures varies from 0.2 mM to 4 mM final concentration.
  • the NADH concentration can be monitored at 340 nm and, in all cases, more substrates and NADH are added during the incubation.
  • the results for C334A and C334A-Y96A are set out in Table 1 and 2, in which structurally related molecules are grouped together.
  • Table 1 details the NADH consumption for oxidation of small linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons by the mutant Y96A- C334A.
  • Tables 2(a) to 2(h) details the product distributions for mutant and substrate combinations where these have been elucidated to date.
  • the cysteine residue at position 344 can be deleted by any well known and freely available standard restriction techniques and will therefore not be described in detail herein.
  • Phenanthrene Products (%) for mutants: Products WT Y96A Y96F Y96L Y96V F87A-F96G

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Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à un mutant de la cytochrome mono-oxygénase P-450cam dans lequel on a supprimé le reste cystéine en position 334.
PCT/GB1996/002693 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 MUTANT DE CYTOCHROME MONO-OXYGENASE P-450cam WO1997016553A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL96326445A PL326445A1 (en) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 Mutant of cytochrome p450cam mono-oxygenase
SK555-98A SK55598A3 (en) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 Mutant mono-oxygenase cytochrome p450cam
AU73236/96A AU716583B2 (en) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 Mutant mono-oxygenase cytochome P450cam
EP96935162A EP0906431A1 (fr) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 MUTANT DE CYTOCHROME MONO-OXYGENASE P-450cam
US09/068,132 US6117661A (en) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 Mutant mono-oxygenase cytochrome P450cam
NZ320497A NZ320497A (en) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 Mutant mono-oxygenase cytochrome p450cam
JP9517168A JP2000508163A (ja) 1995-11-01 1996-11-01 モノオキシゲナーゼシトクロムＰ４５０ｃａｍ変異体

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9522407A GB2294692B (en) 1994-11-03 1995-11-01 Enzyme mutant and method
GB9522407.7 1995-11-01
AUPCT/GB95/02588 1995-11-02
PCT/GB1995/002588 WO1996014419A1 (fr) 1994-11-03 1995-11-02 Cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase mutante

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WO1997016553A1 true WO1997016553A1 (fr) 1997-05-09

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CN (1) CN1212015A (fr)
CA (1) CA2236381A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2306485B (fr)
SK (1) SK55598A3 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997016553A1 (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000078973A1 (fr) * 1999-06-18 2000-12-28 Isis Innovation Limited Procede d'oxydation de composes aromatiques
US6902918B1 (en) * 1998-05-21 2005-06-07 California Institute Of Technology Oxygenase enzymes and screening method
US7211420B1 (en) 1998-11-19 2007-05-01 Isis Innovation Limited Process for oxidizing terpenes
US7435570B2 (en) 2003-08-11 2008-10-14 California Institute Of Technology Thermostable peroxide-driven cytochrome P450 oxygenase variants and methods of use
US7465567B2 (en) 2001-04-16 2008-12-16 California Institute Of Technology Peroxide-driven cytochrome P450 oxygenase variants
US7524664B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2009-04-28 California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US7691616B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2010-04-06 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US8026085B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2011-09-27 California Institute Of Technology Methods and systems for selective fluorination of organic molecules
US8252559B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2012-08-28 The California Institute Of Technology Methods and systems for selective fluorination of organic molecules
US8715988B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2014-05-06 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US9133443B2 (en) 2007-10-08 2015-09-15 Isis Innovation Limited Mutant enzymes
US9322007B2 (en) 2011-07-22 2016-04-26 The California Institute Of Technology Stable fungal Cel6 enzyme variants
US9737425B2 (en) 2005-07-07 2017-08-22 Nellix, Inc. System and methods for endovascular aneurysm treatment
US11214817B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2022-01-04 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2285044C2 (ru) * 1999-07-27 2006-10-10 Басф Акциенгезельшафт Новые цитохром р450-монооксигеназы и их применение для окисления органических соединений
MY126592A (en) 1999-07-27 2006-10-31 Basf Ag Novel cytochrome p450 monooxygenases and their use for the oxidation of organic compounds
US9683220B2 (en) * 2015-07-07 2017-06-20 Codexis, Inc. P450-BM3 variants with improved activity

Citations (3)

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WO1995016041A1 (fr) * 1993-12-08 1995-06-15 Ciba-Geigy Ag Mono-oxygenases du cytochrome p-450
WO1995034679A2 (fr) * 1994-06-16 1995-12-21 The Government Of The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Metabolisme defectueux de medicaments
WO1996014419A1 (fr) * 1994-11-03 1996-05-17 British Gas Plc Cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase mutante

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995016041A1 (fr) * 1993-12-08 1995-06-15 Ciba-Geigy Ag Mono-oxygenases du cytochrome p-450
WO1995034679A2 (fr) * 1994-06-16 1995-12-21 The Government Of The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Metabolisme defectueux de medicaments
WO1996014419A1 (fr) * 1994-11-03 1996-05-17 British Gas Plc Cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase mutante

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Title
C. DI PRIMO ET AL.: "Mutagenesis of a single hydrogen bond in cytochrome p450 alters cation binding and heme solvation.", THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 265, no. 10, 5 April 1990 (1990-04-05), pages 5361 - 5363, XP002025959 *
C.A.D. SMITH ET AL: "Debrisoquine hydoxylase gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.", THE LANCET, vol. 339, no. 8806, 6 June 1992 (1992-06-06), pages 1375 - 1377, XP000565682 *
DAWSON E ET AL: "An association study of debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) polymorphisms in schizophrenia.", PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS 4 (4). 1994. 215-218. ISSN: 0955-8829, XP000565684 *
S. F. TUCK ET AL.: "Active sites of the cytochrome p450cam {CYP101} F87W and F87A mutants.", THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 268, no. 1, 5 January 1993 (1993-01-05), pages 269 - 275, XP002025961 *
W. M. ATKINS ET AL.: "Tyrosine-96 as a natural spectroscopic probe of the cytrochrome P-450cam active site", BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 29, no. 5, 6 February 1990 (1990-02-06), pages 1271 - 1275, XP002025960 *
W.M. ATKINS ET AL.: "The role of active site hydrogen bonding in cytochrome P-450 cam as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis.", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 263, no. 35, 15 December 1988 (1988-12-15), pages 18842 - 18849, XP002025958 *

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6902918B1 (en) * 1998-05-21 2005-06-07 California Institute Of Technology Oxygenase enzymes and screening method
US7211420B1 (en) 1998-11-19 2007-05-01 Isis Innovation Limited Process for oxidizing terpenes
US6794168B1 (en) 1999-06-18 2004-09-21 Isis Innovation Limited Process for oxidising aromatic compounds
WO2000078973A1 (fr) * 1999-06-18 2000-12-28 Isis Innovation Limited Procede d'oxydation de composes aromatiques
US7704715B2 (en) 2001-04-16 2010-04-27 California Institute Of Technology Peroxide-driven cytochrome P450 oxygenase variants
US7465567B2 (en) 2001-04-16 2008-12-16 California Institute Of Technology Peroxide-driven cytochrome P450 oxygenase variants
US8367386B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2013-02-05 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US8076114B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2011-12-13 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US9322001B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2016-04-26 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US7691616B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2010-04-06 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US8722371B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2014-05-13 California Institute Of Technology Cytochrome P450 oxygenases
US9145549B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2015-09-29 The California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US8741616B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2014-06-03 California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US8343744B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2013-01-01 The California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US7524664B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2009-04-28 California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US7863030B2 (en) 2003-06-17 2011-01-04 The California Institute Of Technology Regio- and enantioselective alkane hydroxylation with modified cytochrome P450
US7435570B2 (en) 2003-08-11 2008-10-14 California Institute Of Technology Thermostable peroxide-driven cytochrome P450 oxygenase variants and methods of use
US8715988B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2014-05-06 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US12258605B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2025-03-25 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US11214817B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2022-01-04 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US10648006B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2020-05-12 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US9404096B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2016-08-02 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US9963720B2 (en) 2005-03-28 2018-05-08 California Institute Of Technology Alkane oxidation by modified hydroxylases
US9737425B2 (en) 2005-07-07 2017-08-22 Nellix, Inc. System and methods for endovascular aneurysm treatment
US8026085B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2011-09-27 California Institute Of Technology Methods and systems for selective fluorination of organic molecules
US8252559B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2012-08-28 The California Institute Of Technology Methods and systems for selective fluorination of organic molecules
US9834759B2 (en) 2007-10-08 2017-12-05 Oxford University Innovation Limited Mutant enzymes
US10501727B2 (en) 2007-10-08 2019-12-10 Isis Innovation Limited Mutant enzymes
US11155790B2 (en) 2007-10-08 2021-10-26 Oxford University Innovation Limited Mutant enzymes
US9133443B2 (en) 2007-10-08 2015-09-15 Isis Innovation Limited Mutant enzymes
US9322007B2 (en) 2011-07-22 2016-04-26 The California Institute Of Technology Stable fungal Cel6 enzyme variants

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SK55598A3 (en) 1999-04-13
CA2236381A1 (fr) 1997-05-09
GB2306485A (en) 1997-05-07
JP2000508163A (ja) 2000-07-04
GB2306485A8 (en) 1997-05-19
GB9622819D0 (en) 1997-01-08
CN1212015A (zh) 1999-03-24
GB2306485B (en) 1998-12-09

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