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WO1997033832A1 - Systeme de dessalement de l'eau de mer - programme d'approvisionnement en eau 'kish' - Google Patents

Systeme de dessalement de l'eau de mer - programme d'approvisionnement en eau 'kish' Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997033832A1
WO1997033832A1 PCT/AU1997/000152 AU9700152W WO9733832A1 WO 1997033832 A1 WO1997033832 A1 WO 1997033832A1 AU 9700152 W AU9700152 W AU 9700152W WO 9733832 A1 WO9733832 A1 WO 9733832A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
membranes
high pressure
roof
sea
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1997/000152
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Colin Nicholas Kish
Original Assignee
Colin Nicholas Kish
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AUPN8574A external-priority patent/AUPN857496A0/en
Priority claimed from AUPN9828A external-priority patent/AUPN982896A0/en
Application filed by Colin Nicholas Kish filed Critical Colin Nicholas Kish
Publication of WO1997033832A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997033832A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/10—Accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the provision of an alternate water supply scheme, the KISH ("Keep hrigating for Sufficient Horticulture”) Water Supply Scheme (KWSS), that produces from seawater abundant desalted water for coastal cities, new inland Canberra-type cities and water for inland municipal, industrial and irrigated agriculture uses.
  • KISH Keep hrigating for Sufficient Horticulture
  • KWSS Water Supply Scheme
  • the existing Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) and other desalination processes are resource and energy intensive and provide limited quantities of water.
  • the KWSS seeks to provide relatively cheap and abundant quantities of desalted water for the varied consumers to assist development.
  • the system a number of modular devices, using the Reverse Osmosis principle, are sunk into the ocean to the appropriate depth anywhere along the continental shelf. These devices desalt the seawater - in effect the salt is filtered out of the water.
  • the desalted water is collected and brought, by means of large diameter pipes, to service reservoirs on the shore. From here it is distributed by means of conventional aqueducts to consumers be that municipal, industrial or inland irrigated agriculture .
  • the quantities envisaged for each module would be of the order of 250 Lday which is similar to Canberra's, a large Australian inland city's water needs.
  • the submarine pipeline from Malaysia to Penang Island carries 230ML day in twin 1100mm steel pipes between Penang Island and Butterworth - a distance of several kilometers.
  • Patent Application PCT/US93/ 11100 Patent withdrawn in 17/# 1995
  • the method consists of the positioning the separator means, establishing communication between the separator means and seawater, removing salt by forcing the seawater through the separator and transporting the desalted water to storage tanks.
  • PCT/US93/ 11100 does not contemplate the means for controlling the flow of the separator water to ensure that the seawater salinity is appropriately reduced to required levels. This aspect is critical in maintaining an acceptable level of the final salinity of the desalted water.
  • the aim of this invention is a complete system of water supply, for municipal, industrial and inland irrigated agriculture use, from deep sea seawater desalination.
  • the individual obj ectives are:
  • pumping means for example compressed air driven positive displacement pumps, that push the product water through conveying means, for example large diameter sleeved pipes, that resist the deep sea pressures;
  • the seawater desalination system comprises of one or more deep sea intake units. Each unit is fitted with semi-permeable membranes capable of desalting seawater by means of reverse osmosis (R.O.) in one or more passes. The units are located at a predetermined depth below the free sea or ocean surface, depending upon the incorporated R.O. membrane operating characteristics.
  • R.O. reverse osmosis
  • the roof of the intake unit is so shaped that the incorporated flat sheet semi
  • -permeable membranes are self cleaning by enabling the sea or ocean slime, sludge and brine to slide off, wash away, the leaving the membranes fully functional.
  • the incorporated flat sheet semi-permeable membranes pass the high pressure seawater through as desalted water by means of the reverse osmosis (R.O.) process to produce the First Pass Desalted Water (FPDW).
  • FPDW First Pass Desalted Water
  • the roof inside cavity is either evacuated or the remaining air within the cavity is kept at low pressure, to provide the necessary pressure differential for R.O. operation.
  • the intake unit contains a high pressure chamber (HPC) with the control means to control the flow of product FPDW depending on the level of salinity required.
  • the control means are one or more inlet or outlet valves allowing the stored FPDW, within the base of the roof cavity, to enter and exit the HPC.
  • the HPC inlet valves As the inlet valves to the HPC open, the FPDW at low pressure enters and fills the HPC.
  • the outlet valves are closed.
  • the HPC inlet valves close and the outlet valves open and high pressure air is forced into the HPC to enable the FPDW to pass from the HPC to enter a lower chamber (LC) at the base of the inlet structure.
  • LC lower chamber
  • This LC contains flat sheet semi-permeable membranes, possibly elliptical, but so shaped that the membranes are self cleaning by enabling the brine to wash away from the membrane leaving it clean and continuously fully functional.
  • the FPDW passes through these membranes as the Second Pass Desalted Water (SPDW).
  • SPDW Second Pass Desalted Water
  • control means here also to control the flow of product desalted water depending on the level of salinity of the product SPDW.
  • the control means are outlet valves at the base of the LC. If the salinity is high the control valve isolates the contaminated SPDW, in that module, from the product desalted water to prevent further contamination.
  • the rise in SPDW salinity may be due to seawater infiltration through membrane rupture or other means.
  • the SPDW is gathered in sumps in the LC or may flow to other sumps of other intake units where there are pumping means positioned in the unit or units to convey the desalted water through conveying means (large diameter pipes or conduits) to storage and service reservoirs on the shore.
  • a proportion of the feed FPDW passes through the membranes as SPDW, the remainder flows past the membranes cleaning them, removing the brine and exiting the LC through outlet valves.
  • the exiting feed FPDW forces the outside seawater to be circulated past the roof semi-permeable membrane and enhances its cleansing and brine removal .
  • the exhaust air also contributes to the outside seawater circulation past the roof semi-permeable membrane .
  • the present invention provides for modular devices in the form of deep sea intake units or structures, appropriately designed and constructed, to be sunk into the ocean anywhere along the continental shelf, to an approximate depth of 600 meters below the free sea or ocean surface - where the water pressure is compatible with the R.O . membrane operating requirements.
  • the Deep Sea Intake Units consist of Inlet Structures ( 1) which are appropriately sized and adequately strong, in possibly elliptical form and configured as shown.
  • Incorporated into the roof are flat sheet semi-permeable membrane modules (2). These membranes, according to the reverse osmosis process, in effect act similar to filters and desa the seawater as the water from the outside at high pressure passes through the membrane into the evacuated roof cavity.
  • the salt concentration of the water outside the membrane is increased raising its density. This increased density causes the brine and any incident slime/sludge to sink away from the membrane surface leaving the membrane clean and fully functional.
  • the invention allows for, within the structure in one or more chambers, for a second pass desalted water ( SPDW) and possible later passes.
  • the desalted water inside the structure collects in sumps from which it is removed by compressed air driven positive displacement pumps, (3) and pushed through large diameter sleeved pipes (4) to the service reservoirs (5) on the shore.
  • the water salinity inside and outside the conduits, together with the pump operation, is automatically controlled from sea surface craft or shore based operation stations.
  • the roof of the inlet structures is shaped to allow any ocean slime or sludge or even the remaining brine outside to wash away leaving the membranes clean and fully functional.
  • the self cleaning action of the membranes is enhanced by forcing high pressure air and water, emitted from the structure, to circulate the seawater past the membranes.
  • the membranes may be appropriately corrugated to increase the surface area available to the high pressure seawater outside.
  • the seawater outside the deep sea inlet structure is of sufficient pressure (approx. 800 psi, 60 kg/sq.cm) to drive the water through the semi-permeable membranes, fitted into the roof, desalting it in the process by means of reverse osmosis.
  • the desalted water, at low pressure is gathered in sumps from where it is lifted at low pressure, large quantities and pushed by large compressed air driven positive displacement pumps, through large diameter sleeved pipes, to service reservoirs on the shore.
  • the type of semi-permeable membrane determines the configuration of the inlet structure in whether a single pass or more passes of feed water are required, over the semi-permeable membranes, to achieve the required quality of desalted water.
  • the final desalted water is expected to be of high quality as it is drawn from approx. 600 metres below the sea or ocean surface where the water is relatively free of organic and inorganic pollution.
  • the water in the service reservoirs, prior to distribution, may or may not require further treatment depending on the type and quality of membrane used in the process.
  • the structure of the system is in modular form, to enable complete isolation of any one of the items, membranes or any one of the intake units for repairs and maintenance.
  • the modules may be possibly held together by pressure clamps of the high pressure seawater and released through the operation of compressed air.
  • conduits, pipes and pumps are also constructed in modules.
  • Each module, according to need, may be separated from the system and floated to the surface for appropriate maintenance and repair.
  • the whole system may be raised to the surface, using the buoyancy and trim tanks attached to the elements of the system.
  • HFF hollow-fine-fibre
  • the outside sea water at the appropriate high pressure, would be pumped through these units and past the hff and membranes.
  • the desalted water would percolate through the hff and membranes, exit the unit and be pumped to the shore reservoirs.
  • the Deep Sea Inlet Structure would be evacuated, or at least be at a low internal pressure to facilitate the reverse osmosis process. It would be modular, appropriately sized and adequately strong to withstand the high water pressures outside. It may be of any suitable material, for example, high strength non corrosive steel suitable for naval submarine construction. The desalted water, to prevent possible contamination, is separated from the outside seawater.
  • the structure would be modularised to allow the complete isolation of any membrane that may have ruptured, or structure portion that may leak and allow the ingress of the high pressure sea water from the outside.
  • each module there is a valve at the base of the structure which controls the flow of desalted water and this valve would automatically close when the salinity of the desalted water rose above acceptable levels. This way contamination of the desalted water would be prevented.
  • the water salinity and quality, inside and outside the structure, would be continuously monitored remotely from sea surface craft or shore installations.
  • the system operation would be fully automated.
  • the complete modules consisting of pipeline, pumps, power lines and inlet tanks or conduits would be constructed on shore, positioned off shore and sunk to the predetermined depth and location. For maintenance and repair the modules would carefully be floated to the surface through the activation of attached buoyancy devices similar to a naval submarine's buoyancy and trim tanks. The length of the module would be determined by the actual location. Marker buoys would locate the unit.
  • An alternative maintenance and repair method would be through submersibles or appropriate diving bells encompassing the module.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be proprietary or custom made to fit into the roof structure and within the chambers of the unit or inlet structure. These membranes can be produced in country under licence to the manufacturers. The membrane may be produced with corrugations to increase the surface area available to the high pressure seawater outside.
  • the functional requirements of the semi-permeable membrane determine the depth to which the inlet structure needs to be located, to attain the necessary pressures for reverse osmosis, and the number of saline water passes over the membranes to achieve the required quality of the desalted water.
  • the submarine pipeline comprising of large diameter pipes or conduits, carry the desalted water from the inlet structure to the service reservoirs on the shore and may be similar to existing submarine pipelines throughout the world.
  • Incorporated into the pipeline would be the compressed air driven positive displacement pumps. The number of pumps would be determined by the pipeline operating conditions.
  • the pipeline would need additional protection against deep sea conditions by the fitting of appropriate sleeving, consisting of buoyancy and trim tanks, and cathodic protection.
  • appropriate sleeving consisting of buoyancy and trim tanks, and cathodic protection.
  • the pipeline would be floated to the surface using the appropriately designed and constructed buoyancy tanks.
  • the buoyancy and trim tanks can be remotely activated allowing the pipeline to be carefully floated to the surface as a single entity, together with the other fittings which also may require maintenance and repair.
  • KWSS Kish Water Supply Scheme
  • AU elements KWSS are to be compatible with each other.
  • in-ground or above ground aqueducts need to be appropriately designed, sized and constructed as similar to conventional water supply proj ects. Aqueducts are cheaper than conventional pipelines.
  • Power would be required mainly to produce the compressed air to operate the system, drive the positive displacement pumps, activate the buoyancy devices as required and to drive the remote control equipment.
  • power requirements in the main, are for the pumping and pretreatment of the water.
  • KWSS it is expected that, due to the intake depths, no water pretreatment would be required with consequent savings in power requirements.
  • the existing reverse osmosis schemes, for example in Malta, are more power intensive due to the need for high pressure pumps and significant water pretreatment.
  • the maj ority of the scheme elements including the pipeline and pumps are similar to the elements of conventional water supply schemes.
  • the maj or difference is the deep sea inlet structure which is small in comparison to a water reservoir's huge concrete dam wall which holds back a lake of rain water.
  • the KWSS would eliminate the need for high pressure pumps and pretreatment of the incoming sea water. Considering the above it would appear that the KWSS is cheaper to build and operate than conventional water supply systems and existing reverse osmosis schemes.
  • Kish Water Supply Scheme The singular greatest benefit of the Kish Water Supply Scheme is the supply of abundant desahed water to varied consumers at apparently competitive or even lower cost per kilolitre than from conventional water supply, or proprietary high pressure reverse osmosis schemes such as used on Malta or Indian. There is no need for large dams and reservoirs which flood vast tracts of land.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

Ce système repose sur la construction de groupes modulaires d'admission d'eau en haute mer (1) comportant des membranes semi-perméables planes (2) produisant une eau dessalée de grande qualité par le biais de l'osmose inversée. Les dispositifs modulaires plongent dans l'océan à une profondeur convenable en n'importe quel point du plateau continental. Une fois dessalée, l'eau est recueillie et amenée, par une pompe volumétrique (3) actionnée à l'air comprimé, dans une canalisation modulaire chemisée (4), conçue et mise au point à cet effet, jusqu'à des réservoirs de service côtiers (5) à partir desquels elle est livrée aux utilisateurs par l'intermédiaire d'aqueducs classiques. La construction modulaire des éléments entrant dans le cadre de ce programme fait que la canalisation (4), les pompes (3) et les groupes d'admission d'eau (1) sont en mesure, du fait des dispositifs flottants auxquels ils sont attachés, d'être maintenus à la surface pour l'entretien et la réparation. La configuration des membranes permet un auto-nettoyage. Le passage forcé d'air et d'eau sous des pressions élevées à travers les membranes améliore le nettoyage et l'enlèvement de l'eau hypersaline. On sépare l'eau de mer mise sous des pressions élevées de l'eau dessalée afin d'éviter toute contamination. Il est possible de surveiller et de commander automatiquement le système dans son ensemble à partir de stations d'exploitation côtières ou de navires de haute mer. Des bouées repères situées en surface permettent de localiser les groupes d'admission d'eau.
PCT/AU1997/000152 1996-03-12 1997-03-12 Systeme de dessalement de l'eau de mer - programme d'approvisionnement en eau 'kish' WO1997033832A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPN8574A AUPN857496A0 (en) 1996-03-12 1996-03-12 The kish water supply scheme - a sea water desalination system
AUPN8574 1996-03-12
AUPN9828A AUPN982896A0 (en) 1996-05-15 1996-05-15 Seawater desalination system- Kish water supply scheme
AUPN9828 1996-05-15
AU15180/97 1997-03-10
AU15180/97A AU710973B2 (en) 1996-03-12 1997-03-10 Seawater desalination system - Kish water supply scheme

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997033832A1 true WO1997033832A1 (fr) 1997-09-18

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WO (1) WO1997033832A1 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000041971A1 (fr) * 1999-01-18 2000-07-20 Zhilong Gu Procede et systeme de dessalement et de prelevement d'eau des grands fonds
EP0968755A3 (fr) * 1998-05-25 2000-09-20 Wip Kg Installation pour la séparation/la concentration/le dessalement de liquides, en particulier l'eau de mer ou l'eau saumâtre, par osmose inverse en utilisant la pression hydrostatique
US7220358B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2007-05-22 Ecolab Inc. Methods for treating membranes and separation facilities and membrane treatment composition
US7247210B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2007-07-24 Ecolab Inc. Methods for treating CIP equipment and equipment for treating CIP equipment
US7392811B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2008-07-01 Ecolab Inc. Delivery head for multiple phase treatment composition, vessel including a delivery head, and method for treating a vessel interior surface
US7416666B2 (en) 2002-10-08 2008-08-26 Water Standard Company Mobile desalination plants and systems, and methods for producing desalinated water
WO2012026827A1 (fr) * 2010-08-25 2012-03-01 Seabox As Installation de traitement de l'eau, son procédé et son utilisation pour éliminer, sous l'eau, au moins un élément indésirable dans l'eau
WO2016010907A1 (fr) * 2014-07-13 2016-01-21 Phoenix Revolution Inc. Procédés et systèmes de dessalement
CN110240211A (zh) * 2019-02-01 2019-09-17 清华大学 太阳能光热转化净水装置以及净水方法
NO20181317A1 (en) * 2018-10-12 2020-04-13 Waterise As Modularized subsea seawater desalination system

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107381718B (zh) * 2017-08-25 2023-03-14 上海交通大学 一种无通气管的深海悬浮式海水淡化系统
CN108793290B (zh) * 2018-07-27 2024-02-23 珠海市江河海水处理科技股份有限公司 智能海上移动淡水厂

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DE2719907A1 (de) * 1977-05-04 1978-11-09 Drude Mittel zur behebung der konzentrationspolarisation bei submariner meerwasserentsalzung
DE2722975A1 (de) * 1977-05-20 1978-11-23 Drude Konstruktive massnahmen zur handhabung submariner entsalzungsanlagen
FR2484391A1 (fr) * 1980-06-12 1981-12-18 Lopez Fernand Procede et dispositif de production d'eau douce a partir d'eau de mer
DE3023524A1 (de) * 1980-06-24 1982-01-21 Burkhard Carl 8520 Erlangen Drude Vorrichtung zur submarinen meerwasserentsalzung durch umgekehrte osmose
US4414114A (en) * 1978-10-12 1983-11-08 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Discharge of gases from submarine desalination plants
US4770775A (en) * 1985-10-10 1988-09-13 Fernand Lopez Apparatus for the production of fresh water from sea water by reverse osmosis
AU5608294A (en) * 1992-11-27 1994-06-22 Global Water Technologies, Inc. Desalinization system
IL97062A (en) * 1991-01-27 1994-11-28 Verbitski David Installation for abtaining large quantities of sweet water by desalination of sea-water

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2719907A1 (de) * 1977-05-04 1978-11-09 Drude Mittel zur behebung der konzentrationspolarisation bei submariner meerwasserentsalzung
DE2722975A1 (de) * 1977-05-20 1978-11-23 Drude Konstruktive massnahmen zur handhabung submariner entsalzungsanlagen
US4414114A (en) * 1978-10-12 1983-11-08 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Discharge of gases from submarine desalination plants
FR2484391A1 (fr) * 1980-06-12 1981-12-18 Lopez Fernand Procede et dispositif de production d'eau douce a partir d'eau de mer
DE3023524A1 (de) * 1980-06-24 1982-01-21 Burkhard Carl 8520 Erlangen Drude Vorrichtung zur submarinen meerwasserentsalzung durch umgekehrte osmose
US4770775A (en) * 1985-10-10 1988-09-13 Fernand Lopez Apparatus for the production of fresh water from sea water by reverse osmosis
IL97062A (en) * 1991-01-27 1994-11-28 Verbitski David Installation for abtaining large quantities of sweet water by desalination of sea-water
AU5608294A (en) * 1992-11-27 1994-06-22 Global Water Technologies, Inc. Desalinization system

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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DERWENT ABSTRACT, Accession No. 95-025065/04, Class D15, 501; & IL,A,97 062, (VERBITSKID), 22 November 1994. *

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0968755A3 (fr) * 1998-05-25 2000-09-20 Wip Kg Installation pour la séparation/la concentration/le dessalement de liquides, en particulier l'eau de mer ou l'eau saumâtre, par osmose inverse en utilisant la pression hydrostatique
WO2000041971A1 (fr) * 1999-01-18 2000-07-20 Zhilong Gu Procede et systeme de dessalement et de prelevement d'eau des grands fonds
US7416666B2 (en) 2002-10-08 2008-08-26 Water Standard Company Mobile desalination plants and systems, and methods for producing desalinated water
US7220358B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2007-05-22 Ecolab Inc. Methods for treating membranes and separation facilities and membrane treatment composition
US7247210B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2007-07-24 Ecolab Inc. Methods for treating CIP equipment and equipment for treating CIP equipment
US7392811B2 (en) 2004-02-23 2008-07-01 Ecolab Inc. Delivery head for multiple phase treatment composition, vessel including a delivery head, and method for treating a vessel interior surface
WO2012026827A1 (fr) * 2010-08-25 2012-03-01 Seabox As Installation de traitement de l'eau, son procédé et son utilisation pour éliminer, sous l'eau, au moins un élément indésirable dans l'eau
WO2016010907A1 (fr) * 2014-07-13 2016-01-21 Phoenix Revolution Inc. Procédés et systèmes de dessalement
NO20181317A1 (en) * 2018-10-12 2020-04-13 Waterise As Modularized subsea seawater desalination system
NO344863B1 (en) * 2018-10-12 2020-06-02 Waterise As Modularized subsea seawater desalination system
US12186705B2 (en) 2018-10-12 2025-01-07 Waterise As Modularized subsea seawater desalination system
CN110240211A (zh) * 2019-02-01 2019-09-17 清华大学 太阳能光热转化净水装置以及净水方法
CN110240211B (zh) * 2019-02-01 2023-09-19 清华大学 太阳能光热转化净水装置以及净水方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU1518097A (en) 1997-09-18
AU2008201632A1 (en) 2009-09-24
AU710973B2 (en) 1999-09-30

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