WO1997039168A1 - Electrolyte pour l'electropolissage, procede d'electropolissage d'un acier inoxydable ou d'un alliage de nickel mettant en oeuvre cet electrolyte, et son application a la decontamination - Google Patents
Electrolyte pour l'electropolissage, procede d'electropolissage d'un acier inoxydable ou d'un alliage de nickel mettant en oeuvre cet electrolyte, et son application a la decontamination Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997039168A1 WO1997039168A1 PCT/FR1997/000648 FR9700648W WO9739168A1 WO 1997039168 A1 WO1997039168 A1 WO 1997039168A1 FR 9700648 W FR9700648 W FR 9700648W WO 9739168 A1 WO9739168 A1 WO 9739168A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electropolishing
- electrolyte
- acid
- stainless steel
- nickel alloy
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/001—Decontamination of contaminated objects, apparatus, clothes, food; Preventing contamination thereof
- G21F9/002—Decontamination of the surface of objects with chemical or electrochemical processes
- G21F9/004—Decontamination of the surface of objects with chemical or electrochemical processes of metallic surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/16—Polishing
- C25F3/22—Polishing of heavy metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/16—Polishing
- C25F3/22—Polishing of heavy metals
- C25F3/24—Polishing of heavy metals of iron or steel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolyte for electropolishing, a method of electropolishing a stainless steel or a
- this process can be used in particular for electropolishing and decontamination of austenitic, ferritic and austeno-ferritic stainless steels and
- Electropolishing is a process known since 1930 and in particular from document FR-A-707526. This process consists in carrying out an anodic dissolution of the metal part to be treated. This
- Electropolishing can be used on various metals, but is particularly suitable for stainless steel or for alloys such as
- 'electropolishing can be used in particular on
- -osurisee REP
- these metals for example Inconel 600 and AISI 308L steel
- such a treatment can be carried out either as a surface preparation method to reduce the susceptibility of the material to be contaminated, or as a method of decontamination by dissolution of the contaminated oxides.
- polishing electrolytes have a high viscosity - which makes them difficult to use - and contain very little water: namely substantially less than 20% by mass.
- Electropolishing electrolytes are generally very concentrated acidic media which can be classified into two main categories: - a first category includes electrolytes formed from a mixture based on sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and water with possible addition of chromic acid or other organic agents. These electrolytes are the most common in the field of electropolishing.
- compositions of the solutions which give, either on the one hand an anodic passivatjon, or on the other hand a shine are very different; in particular, the brightening and polishing solutions have a zero or very low water concentration, the authors conclude that the brightening conditions are obtained by an anion ratio (such as sulphate, phosphate) on water which is sufficiently high.
- an anion ratio such as sulphate, phosphate
- a second category of electrolyte for electropolishing includes electrolytes based on perchloric acid.
- the solvent is therefore of the organic type: it may for example be acetic acid or acetic anhydride of methanol or alternatively monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol: these electrolytes are gradually being abandoned, because they are very dangerous and have explosive properties as described in the book by WJ TEGART "Electrolytic and chemical polishing of metals". Editions Dunod, Paris, 1960. As a result, during the manufacture and use of many baths must be taken.
- the electrolyte used for electropolishing austenofer ⁇ mila steels is the same as that used for Inconel 600 and belongs to the first category mentioned above: it is a ternary mixture of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and water in very small quantities, to which we can add certain additives such as oxalic acid, chromium or aluminum oxides.
- the electrolyte must not contain sulfuric acid, since sulfur is prohibited from these primary circuits because it is likely to cause corrosion problems.
- the third reason is that the phosphoric acid added to this electrolyte has the disadvantage, as well as the phosphates which are derived therefrom, of posing significant problems in terms of the treatment of the effluents charged with these compounds resulting from the electropolishing treatment.
- nitric acid has the same troublesome properties as perchloric acid already mentioned above, insofar as it is oxidizing.
- nitric acid like perchloric acid
- a body or an organic compound capable of being oxidized in particular in the presence of water the oxidation reaction can cause an explosion.
- the electrolyte must be safe and risk-free to use and inexpensive.
- the electrolyte must also be free from fluoride, chloride and sulfur ions. Its processing temperature should preferably be less than 60 ° C.
- This electrolyte must also not contain phosphoric acid and / or phosphates and be completely recyclable or destructible by current effluent treatment techniques.
- the use of one electrolyte must be compatible with the possibilities of nuclear sites and in particular with the possibilities of treatment of effluents in nuclear power plants.
- the volume of general solid and liquid waste likely to be stored must be reduced to a minimum.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an electrolyte for electropolishing which satisfies, inter alia, all the requirements mentioned above.
- Another subject of the present invention is an electropolishing and / or decontamination process using the above electrolyte which can give satisfactory results on all types of stainless steel, as well as on nickel alloys such as Inconels used in particular in the nuclear industry.
- nitric acid as the main basic constituent of melanaea, responds to an approach which differs fundamentally steps previously taken in this area of technology.
- glycolic acid into the mixture while retaining a high water concentration also goes against another prejudice in this field of the technique which is reflected by numerous documents and which wanted that does not mix in an electrolyte for electropolishing an oxidizing acid such as nitric acid with compounds
- glycolic acid incorporated in the e1 ectrolyte makes it possible in particular to increase the viscosity while maintaining a high water concentration, namely greater than or equal to 28-29% by mass.
- glycolic acid or hvdroxyacetic acid also denoted by the letters HOAC is part of the series of hydroxycarboxylic acids.
- Glycolic acid is a relatively strong organic acid, soluble in water in all proportions and combines the acid and alcohol functions.
- the alcohol function can be used in particular for its solvent power; 1 HOAC also has bactericidal and descaling properties and is commonly used as a base for the formulation of cleaners intended for household and collective use.
- Glycolic acid is also used, as mentioned in document US-A-4 137 132 in the chromating baths.
- Document JP-A-55047399 describes an electrolyte for electropolishing Fe-Al-Si alloys which comprises a binary mixture of glycolic acid (40 to 60% by volume) and sulfuric acid. This mixture contains neither water nor nitric acid.
- the HILL EF document "Development of the glycolic-cit ⁇ c acids (GCA) process for decontamination of LMFBR components", Trans. Am. N ⁇ cl. Soc, 30, 1978 relates to the use of a mixture of glycolic acid (2.5% by weight) and citric acid (2.5% by weight) in aqueous solution, called CGA mixture, a 70 -90 ° C, with a view to chemically decontaminating and without supply of current to the weakly contaminated components in stainless steel 304 and 316 from the LMFBR sector. This document therefore does not describe a electrolyte for electropolishing and further relates to a mixture of two organic acids.
- GCA glycolic-cit ⁇ c acids
- the electrolyte according to the invention based on a specific ternary mixture from the point of view of its constituents and their proportions, makes it possible to obtain a shiny surface of the samples of treated metals.
- austemitic stainless steels such as steels 316L and 304L, as ferritic steels such as steel 430, as austenitic-ferritic steels such as l 308L steel, or Inconels such as the Inconel 600, 690 or 800.
- the electrolyte according to the invention will be particularly suitable for treating the surfaces of such devices.
- the electrolyte according to the invention is therefore characterized by great versatility.
- the electrolyte according to the invention also allows smoothing and polishing of austenitic-ferritic steel samples, for example of the 308L type without a preferential attack on the ferritic network, which constitutes a decisive advantage of the electrolytes according to the invention over the electrolytes of the prior art , in particular the phosphophoric electrolytes.
- the electrolyte according to the invention also has the obvious advantage over the electrolytes of the prior art of being free of fluoride ions, chlorides and sulphates which are corrosive with respect to stainless steels and nickel alloys.
- the electrolyte according to the invention has the additional advantage of not containing phosphates and / or phosphoric acid, which reduces the volume of the general waste and makes it easier to alternate.
- This electrolyte according to the invention does not require heating to be able to be used, it is in fact usable generally at room temperature, that is to say generally from 15 ° C to 45 ° C, preferably from 20 to 30 ° C, more preferably from 20 to 25 ° C and in any case at a temperature below 45 ° C.
- the elecfrolyte according to the invention has a favorable viscosity, generally between errr ⁇ 1.3 and 3 mm / s.
- the electrolyte according to the invention also exhibited good conservation properties in the 39168 PCI7FR97 / 00648
- time at room temperature and it can be stored for a period of for example from one to two months without its essential characteristics being affected.
- the electrolyte does not contain reagents capable of giving rise to very aggressive, oxidizing or explosive reactions. It can be prepared and used without taking any special precautions and safe for the user.
- the spent electrolyte can be easily and completely reprocessed by distillation, since the mixture contains a high proportion by mass of nitric acid and water and the glycolic acid is transformed into oxalic acid.
- It can also be mineralized in a caicinator, which allows this electrolyte to be used to decontaminate components from reprocessing plants.
- the nitric acid recovered in the distillate can be recycled, which, from an economic point of view is particularly advantageous.
- the electrolyte generally has the composition expressed in mass fractions mentioned above.
- a preferred composition will include:
- Such a preferred electrolyte is more chemically stable, the instability being characterized by the production of nitrous acid, nitrous vapors and the formation of oxalic acid beyond its solubility limit.
- the invention also relates to a method of electropolishing a stainless steel or a nickel alloy in which said stainless steel or said nickel alloy is brought into contact with
- This process has all the advantageous characteristics linked to the electrolyte and already mentioned above; this process according to the invention using the specific electrolyte of the invention also makes it possible to achieve high Faradic dissolution yields, generally greater than 80, or even 85%, the dissolution rate being in particular 950 ⁇ m / h .
- This process can be used for electropolishing all types of stainless steels - both austemetic, for example 316L, 304L, and ferritic, for example 430 or austenoferritic, for example 308L, but also nickel alloys such as Inconels, for example 1 'Inconel 600 or 1' Inconel 640 or 1 'Inconel 800.
- the invention also relates to a method of electrodecontamination of stainless steels or of nickel alloys contaminated in particular on their surface by radioelements, for example Cobalt 60, in which the contaminated metallic wing is brought into contact with the electrolyte described above.
- radioelements for example Cobalt 60
- These stainless steels and / or alloys are, for example, those encountered in the nuclear industry or in another industry.
- Stainless steels and / or nickel alloys are for example constituent of a component of a nuclear power plant or a reprocessing plant and are encountered in particular in the primary circuit of nuclear power plants such as piping, steam generators. ...
- the process allows in particular the dissolution of contaminating metallic elements, contained essentially in the oxides of the surface layer, and therefore a significant reduction in contamination to allow intervention by maintenance personnel.
- the operating conditions of the electropolishing and decontamination process can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art in this field of the technique depending in particular on the material to be treated. They will generally be as follows.
- composition of the electrolyte for electropolishing and / or decontamination is that already indicated above, namely: - glycolic acid: from 152 to 538 g / kg,
- the current density is generally greater than or equal to 0.5 A / cm 2 , it is preferably between 0.5 A / cm 2 and 1.5 A / cm 2 , for example lA / cm 2 ; in fact, a certain risk of overheating can cause pitting beyond 1.7 A / cm 2 .
- the temperature is generally room temperature, preferably at 45 ° C, preferably 20 to 30 ° C, more preferably 20 to 25 ° C and the hydrodynamic regime is preferably a laminar regime.
- the duration of the process is generally from 60 sec to 80 sec for an erosion, for example of 20 ⁇ m. 5
- the operating conditions for the electropolishing and electrodecontamination procedures are generally identical.
- the used electrolysis is thus treated with a view to its elimination, its recycling and / or its rejection.
- the electrolyte used contains neither phosphoric acid nor phosphate, and the treatment of effluents is thereby greatly facilitated.
- glycolic acid can oxidize to oxalic acid.
- reaction between nitric acid and oxalic acid is a slow reaction and that the gases given off: carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide and water do not react with the mixture of acids. .
- the treatment of the electrolyte used at the end of the electropolishing process with a view to its destruction and / or -> its recycling can therefore comprise:
- nitric effluent which can be sent to the effluent treatment station; or a distillation of the used electrolyte, followed for example by a calcinator. concentrates sleep the residues can be vitrified, for example, as is the case for certain waste from reprocessing plants.
- the distillate can optionally be recycled for the reuse of nitric acid in the electropolishing process.
- FIGS. 4 to 9 represent two- and three-dimensional anamorphic roughness profiles of the surface of the Inconel 600.
- FIGS. 2 to 9 therefore represent and illustrate the method according to the invention implementing the specific electrolyte according to the invention in the particular case of an electropolishing treatment of an austeno-ferritic steel 308L.
- FIG. 1 makes it possible to visualize the results obtained with an electrolyte of the prior art (sulfuric and phosphoric acid) and to compare the results obtained with the electrolyte of the invention. The following examples describe and illustrate the invention.
- Example 1 Results in electropolishing on Inconel 600. This electropolishing treatment is carried out with an electrolyte whose composition is as follows:
- the treatment is carried out on Inconel 600 samples.
- Electrolyte flow rate 20 1 / h
- Treated area 30 cm 2 .
- the objective of such a treatment is to achieve smoothing and shining of the surface of the samples in Inconel 600.
- the filter possibly used was 0.8 mm.
- the starting samples in Inconel 600 are sanded and the values of the starting parameters are therefore the following: 0, 9 ⁇ Ra ⁇ 1, 35 ⁇ m.
- the bi- and three-dimensional roughness profiles present in FIGS. 4 to 9 show that we observe a disappearance of the micro-roughnesses, a decrease in the arithmetic roughness, as well as a leveling of the sample.
- the optical haze index is defined by measuring the diffuse light in a geometry at 20 degrees and the brightness index by the reflected intensity / emitted intensity ratio, following a specular reflection. The results are given in the tables
- Table 2 gives the results when the measurement is made perpendicular to the sanding lines; this is the worst case.
- Table 3 gives the results carried out parallel to the stripes • this is the most favorable case, since the light is not diffracted by the stripes, but by the surface micro-faults TABLE 2
- the electropolishing treatment is carried out with an electrolyte according to the invention, the composition of which is as follows:
- the intensity-potential curves are produced (Fig. 10) using a rotating disk electrode with a surface area of 0.2 mm 2 at 25 ° C and a speed of rotation of 1000 rpm.
- the intensity-potential curves obtained (where the potential expressed in V on the abscissa is plotted relative to the saturated calomel electrode (DHW) and on the ordinate the current density in mA / cm 2 ) for 304L steel (in dashes) ) for 316L steel (solid line), for 308L steel (dashed line) and for Inconel (dotted line) show that the electrolyte according to the invention makes it possible to polish all types of stainless steels , whether they are austemetic (304L and 316L), fer ⁇ tic or austeno-fer ⁇ tic (308L as in Example 1), and Inconel type alloys. The surface obtained is in all cases polished and shiny.
- EXAMPLE 3 (COMPARATIVE):
- An electrolyte according to the invention having the same composition as that of Example 1 is used under the following conditions:
- the treated surface is a Cobalt 60 contaminated surface forming part of a thermal sleeve in 304L stainless steel taken from the Blayais power station (Jende - France).
- the electrolyte according to the prior art has also been used under the same conditions and on the same surface.
- the electrolyte according to the invention allows a significant reduction in activity, greater than the comparison electrolyte, without having the drawbacks thereof.
- the electrolyte of the invention can be used in particular to decontaminate the components of PWR pressurized water reactors and makes it possible to sufficiently reduce "hot spots” to allow the intervention of operators in maintenance.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69701135T DE69701135T2 (de) | 1996-04-12 | 1997-04-11 | Elektropolierelektrolyt und seine verwendungen zum elektropolieren von rostfreiem stahl oder nickellegierungen sowie zur dekontanimierung |
EP97918208A EP0892862B1 (fr) | 1996-04-12 | 1997-04-11 | Electrolyte pour l'electropolissage, procede d'electropolissage d'un acier inoxydable ou d'un alliage de nickel mettant en oeuvre cet electrolyte, et son application a la decontamination |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9604586A FR2747399B1 (fr) | 1996-04-12 | 1996-04-12 | Electrolyte pour l'electropolissage, procede d'electropolissage d'un acier inoxydable ou d'un alliage de nickel mettant en oeuvre cet electrolyte, et son application a la decontamination |
FR96/04586 | 1996-04-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997039168A1 true WO1997039168A1 (fr) | 1997-10-23 |
Family
ID=9491143
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1997/000648 WO1997039168A1 (fr) | 1996-04-12 | 1997-04-11 | Electrolyte pour l'electropolissage, procede d'electropolissage d'un acier inoxydable ou d'un alliage de nickel mettant en oeuvre cet electrolyte, et son application a la decontamination |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0892862B1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69701135T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2747399B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997039168A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7501051B2 (en) | 2004-10-06 | 2009-03-10 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Electropolishing electrolyte and method for planarizing a metal layer using the same |
US10309032B2 (en) * | 2013-10-29 | 2019-06-04 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Targeted heat exchanger deposit removal by combined dissolution and mechanical removal |
CN112730004A (zh) * | 2020-12-21 | 2021-04-30 | 安徽工业大学 | 一种1Cr13马氏体不锈钢中δ-铁素体的金相腐蚀方法 |
Families Citing this family (8)
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN102797029B (zh) * | 2012-09-10 | 2015-04-15 | 广州波耳化工材料有限公司 | 电解抛光剂 |
US11447887B2 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2022-09-20 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Surface smoothing of copper by electropolishing |
US11512400B2 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2022-11-29 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide |
US11578016B1 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2023-02-14 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Olefin production via dry reforming and olefin synthesis in a vessel |
US12258272B2 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2025-03-25 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Dry reforming of methane using a nickel-based bi-metallic catalyst |
US11718575B2 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2023-08-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Methanol production via dry reforming and methanol synthesis in a vessel |
US11787759B2 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2023-10-17 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Dimethyl ether production via dry reforming and dimethyl ether synthesis in a vessel |
US11617981B1 (en) | 2022-01-03 | 2023-04-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method for capturing CO2 with assisted vapor compression |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2442591A (en) * | 1942-09-30 | 1948-06-01 | American Rolling Mill Co | Electrolytic polishing of stainless steel |
US2607722A (en) * | 1947-01-28 | 1952-08-19 | Armco Steel Corp | Electrolytic polishing of stainless steel |
US2695872A (en) * | 1948-12-15 | 1954-11-30 | Armco Steel Corp | Electrolytic polishing method |
-
1996
- 1996-04-12 FR FR9604586A patent/FR2747399B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-11 DE DE69701135T patent/DE69701135T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-11 WO PCT/FR1997/000648 patent/WO1997039168A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1997-04-11 EP EP97918208A patent/EP0892862B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2442591A (en) * | 1942-09-30 | 1948-06-01 | American Rolling Mill Co | Electrolytic polishing of stainless steel |
US2607722A (en) * | 1947-01-28 | 1952-08-19 | Armco Steel Corp | Electrolytic polishing of stainless steel |
US2695872A (en) * | 1948-12-15 | 1954-11-30 | Armco Steel Corp | Electrolytic polishing method |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7501051B2 (en) | 2004-10-06 | 2009-03-10 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Electropolishing electrolyte and method for planarizing a metal layer using the same |
US10309032B2 (en) * | 2013-10-29 | 2019-06-04 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Targeted heat exchanger deposit removal by combined dissolution and mechanical removal |
CN112730004A (zh) * | 2020-12-21 | 2021-04-30 | 安徽工业大学 | 一种1Cr13马氏体不锈钢中δ-铁素体的金相腐蚀方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69701135D1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
DE69701135T2 (de) | 2000-08-31 |
FR2747399B1 (fr) | 1998-05-07 |
EP0892862A1 (fr) | 1999-01-27 |
FR2747399A1 (fr) | 1997-10-17 |
EP0892862B1 (fr) | 2000-01-12 |
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