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WO1998004245A1 - Utilisation de modulateurs de la transglutaminase pour favoriser la cicatrisation - Google Patents

Utilisation de modulateurs de la transglutaminase pour favoriser la cicatrisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998004245A1
WO1998004245A1 PCT/GB1996/001785 GB9601785W WO9804245A1 WO 1998004245 A1 WO1998004245 A1 WO 1998004245A1 GB 9601785 W GB9601785 W GB 9601785W WO 9804245 A1 WO9804245 A1 WO 9804245A1
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Prior art keywords
transglutaminase
wounds
inhibitor
healing
promoting
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PCT/GB1996/001785
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English (en)
Inventor
Mark William James Ferguson
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The Victoria University Of Manchester
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Priority to PCT/GB1996/001785 priority Critical patent/WO1998004245A1/fr
Priority to AU66205/96A priority patent/AU6620596A/en
Publication of WO1998004245A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998004245A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/18—Sulfonamides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/145—Amines having sulfur, e.g. thiurams (>N—C(S)—S—C(S)—N< and >N—C(S)—S—S—C(S)—N<), Sulfinylamines (—N=SO), Sulfonylamines (—N=SO2)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/40—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against enzymes

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns inhibitors of transglutaminase for use in promoting the healing of wounds and fibrotic disorders, in particular for promoting the healing of wound and fibrotic disorders with reduce scarring, together with methods for same. Also provided are stimulators of transglutaminase for use in promoting the healing of chronic wounds, together with methods for same.
  • wounds and “fibrotic disorders” is meant any condition which may result in the formation of scar tissue.
  • this includes the healing of skin wounds, the repair of tendon damage, the healing of crush injuries, the healing of eye wounds, including wounds to the cornea, the healing of central nervous system (CNS) injuries, conditions which result in the formation of scar tissue in the CNS, scar tissue formation resulting from strokes, and tissue adhesion, for example, as a result of injury or surgery (this may apply to e.g. tendon healing and abdominal strictures and adhesions).
  • fibrotic disorders include pulmonary fibrosis, glomerulonephritis, cirrhosis of the liver, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
  • compositions for use in the treatment of chronic wounds for example venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers and bed sores (decubitus ulcers), especially in the elderly and wheel chair bound patients.
  • Such compositions may be extremely useful in patients where wound healing is either slow or in whom the wound healing process has not yet started.
  • Such compositions may be used to "kick-start" wound healing and may then be used in combination with compositions (e.g. those of PCT/GB93/00586) which promote the healing of wounds or fibrotic disorders with reduced scarring.
  • compositions e.g. those of PCT/GB93/00586) which promote the healing of wounds or fibrotic disorders with reduced scarring.
  • a chronic wound be healed, but it may be healed with reduced scarring.
  • LTGF- ⁇ (Latent TGF- ⁇ ) to active TGF- ⁇ is a critical step in the wound healing process.
  • LTGF- ⁇ [which comprises TGF- ⁇ bound to the LAP (Latency Associated Peptide) which in turn may be bound to the LTBP (LTGF- ⁇ Binding Protein)] binds to cell-surface M6P receptors via mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)- containing carbohydrates in the LAP. This binding allows the activation of the LTGF- ⁇ .
  • Transglutaminase is important in this activation by cross-linking the LTGF- ⁇ to the cell surface and cross-linking cell-surface plasminogen which is activated to plasmin (see Kojima, S., et al.. 1993, Journal of Cell Biology, 121(2): 439-448, and references therein).
  • Published research has so far indicated that a general activation of TGF- ⁇ (the TGF- ⁇ family as a whole) is achieved by transglutaminase.
  • the present inventor has found that, surprisingly, a differential activation of fibrotic and non-fibrotic TGF- ⁇ may be achieved via the use of transglutaminase at the wound site.
  • compositions which may be used to differentially inactivate and activate fibrotic TGF- ⁇ relative to non-fibrotic TGF- ⁇ and therefore either promote the healing of wounds or fibrotic disorders with reduced scarring or promote the healing of chronic wounds respectively.
  • fibrotic TGF- ⁇ s include TGF- ⁇ , and TGF- ⁇ 2 .
  • Non-fibrotic TGF- ⁇ s include TGF- ⁇ 3 .
  • activate fibrotic TGF- ⁇ is meant that the fibrotic TGF- ⁇ is not converted from its inactive form to its active form.
  • transglutaminase for use in promoting the healing of wounds or fibrotic disorders with reduced scarring.
  • the transglutaminase may be type II transglutaminase.
  • transglutaminases Inhibition of transglutaminases is well known (for example see US 4968713, EP 0465343, CAPLUS 1987: 642618, CAPLU 1980: 453964 and CAPLUS 1978: 11937). However, the ability of inhibitors of type II transglutaminase to promote the healing of wounds or fibrotic disorders with reduced scarring has neither been suggested nor disclosed.
  • the inhibitor may be an active site inhibitor or a substrate competitive inhibitor.
  • the inhibitor may, for example, be cystamine, monodansylcadaverine (MDC), putrescine, bacitracin, 2-[3-(diallylamino)propionyl]benzothiophene, a neutralising antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof specific to transglutaminase and a derivative of 2[(2-oxopropyl) thio] imidazolium.
  • Cystamine, MDC and putrescine are inhibitors of type II transglutaminase.
  • a neutralising antibody may be an IgG antibody specific to transglutaminase.
  • a neutralising antibody may for example be a monoclonal , polyclonal or genetically engineered antibody (e.g. diabody) or antibody derived from a transgenic animal.
  • a neutralising antibody may for example be an IgG antibody specific to type II transglutaminase.
  • a derivative of 2[(2-oxopropyI)thio]imidazolium may for example be 1 ,2,3,4-tetramethyI-2[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium chloride. 1 ,3-dimethyl-4,5- diphenyl-2[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazoliumtrifluoromethylsuifonate. and 1 ,3-dimethyl-4- phenyl-2[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium chloride.
  • cystamine MDC and putrescine.
  • Other inhibitors of transglutaminase in particular of type II transglutaminase, may be used to equal effect.
  • active site inhibitors such as cystamine are more effective than substrate competitor inhibitors such as MDC and putrescine. Cystamine was found to be more effective than MDC, and both were found to be more effective than putrescine.
  • Such an inhibitor may be used in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • Such an inhibitor may comprise approximately 0.5 - 5 mM MDC or 10 ⁇ l - 1 mM cystamine.
  • the volume of solution applied may vary greatly, for example between about 100 ⁇ l and 10 ml.
  • Such an inhibitor may be for use in conjunction with a composition for promoting the healing of wounds with reduced scarring, or for use in conjunction with a composition for promoting the healing of chronic wounds.
  • Such an inhibitor may be used in a method of treatment or diagnosis of the human or animal body.
  • transglutaminase may be type II transglutaminase.
  • Such a method may comprise the use of an inhibitor of transglutaminase according to the present invention.
  • transglutaminase may be inhibited for less than 7 days after wounding. It may be inhibited for less than 120 hours after wounding. It may be inhibited for not more than 60 hours after wounding. It may be inhibited for not more than 48 hours after wounding. It may be inhibited for not more than 36 hours after wounding. It may be inhibited for not more than 24 hours after wounding.
  • the inventor has found that the time and duration of inhibition of the activity of type II transglutaminase also affects the efficacy of treatment - it appears that the profile of members of the TGF- ⁇ family present at the wound site varies over time.
  • the anti-scarring treatment works best if applied at the time of wounding, and immediately following wounding.
  • the relative amounts of fibrotic and non-fibrotic TGF- ⁇ at the wound site may be affected.
  • amounts of fibrotic and non-fibrotic TGF- ⁇ is meant the quantities of active growth factor.
  • Such a method may comprise the application or administration of an inhibitor according to the present invention to a site of wounding or fibrosis.
  • the dose may comprise the use of an approximately 0.5 - 5 mM dose of MDC. It may comprise the use of an approximately 10 ⁇ M - 1 mM dose of cystamine.
  • the dose may be of a volume of approximately 100 ⁇ l - 10 ml.
  • the present invention also provides stimulator of transglutaminase activity for use in promoting the healing of chronic wounds.
  • the transglutaminase may be type II transglutaminase.
  • the stimulator may increase the level of type II transglutaminase at the wound site.
  • the stimulator may comprise type II transglutaminase or a partially modified form thereof.
  • Partially modified forms include those modified by, for example, addition, deletion or substitution of amino acid residues. For example, substitutions may be conserved.
  • partially modified molecules may be homologues of type II transglutaminase. They may for example have at least 40% homology with type II transglutaminase. They may for example have at least 50, 60, 70. 80, 90 or 95% homology with type II transglutaminase.
  • the stimulator may, for example, increase the level of production of transglutaminase or it may be an inhibitor of transglutaminase breakdown, increasing the half-life of transglutaminase.
  • Such a stimulator may be used in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
  • Such a stimulator may be used in conjunction with a composition for promoting the healing of wounds with reduced scarring.
  • Such a stimulator may be for use in a method of treatment or diagnosis of the human or animal body.
  • Also provided according to the present invention is a method of promoting the healing of chronic wounds comprising stimulating the activity of transglutaminase. It may comprise stimulating the activity of type II transglutaminase.
  • Such a method may comprise the use of a stimulator of transglutaminase activity according to the present invention.
  • transglutaminase may be stimulated for not more than 72 hours after wounding. It may be stimulated for not more than 60 hours after wounding. It may be stimulated for not more than 48 hours after wounding. It may be stimulated for not more than 36 hours after wounding. It may be stimulated for not more than 24 hours after wounding.
  • TGase inhibitors Three types of transglutaminase (TGase) inhibitors (MDC, putrescine and cystamine) were tested for their effect upon wound healing. MDC and putrescine are substrate competitors for TGase. and cystamine is an active-site induced inhibitor.
  • TGase family consists of several members including plasma TGase (XIII) which catalyses fibrin cross-linking
  • injection of TGase inhibitors into wounds could also down-regulate this event.
  • fibrin clot looser i.e. less highly cross-linked
  • TGase inhibitors decrease fibrin cross-linking.
  • mice were divided into two groups - a first group in which TGase inhibitors were injected into wounds just prior to wounding and a second group in which TGase inhibitors were injected after wounding (when bleeding had stopped). Bleeding times for each wound were measured. All wounds were injected every day for 3 days. The wounds were harvested at days 3 and 80 pw. The wounds harvested at day 3 pw were examined for fibrin clot pattern (below). The wounds harvested at day 80 pw were assessed for scar quality.
  • Wounds were fixed in 10 % formal saline and further processed for paraffin embedding and sectioned at 7 ⁇ m thickness. Mascon's trichrome staining was used to highlight the major component of ECM (extracellular matrix) - collagen. All slides were examined under a light microscope. The architecture of the wounds was assessed and scored according to the size, density and orientation of newly formed collagen. The wounds harvested at day 3 pw were stained with the MSB method to examine fibrin cross-linking patterns. Photographs were taken using a Leitz Dialux microscope on Kodak 160 ASA Tungsten colour film. At day 80 pw, wounds were photographed by image capture.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the wounds were embedded in OCT and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryosections, 7 ⁇ m in thickness, were cut onto poly-L-lysine coated slides and stored at - 20 °C until they were used for staining. All immunostainings were carried out using the biotin- streptavidin amplification technique. Sections were incubated with the primary antibody for one hour and then washed three times for five minutes with PBS.
  • the sections were then incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody for 40 minutes; washed three times with PBS and finally incubated with FITC (fluorescein-isothiocyanate) conjugated streptavidin for 40 minutes; washed three times with PBS and finally incubated with FITC-conjugated streptavidin for 40 minutes followed by three washes for five minutes with PBS.
  • the sections were mounted on Gelvatol or DARCOL and visualised by epifluorescence microscopy using a Leitz Dialux microscope. Photographs were taken using identical exposure times on Kodak 400 ASA colour film.
  • Macrophages and monocytes monoclonal mouse anti-rat macrophages and monocytes (EDI , Serotec, Oxford, UK) was used to observe inflammatory cells.
  • Fibronectin polyclonal rabbit anti-rat plasma fibronectin (Chemicon Int. Inc., Temceula, CA, USA) was used to examine fibronectin.
  • von Willebrand factor Polyclonal rabbit anti-rat human plasma von Willebrand factor (Dakopatts. Glostrup, Denmark) was used to study new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis).
  • a polyclonal rabbit antibody against guinea pig tissue TGase was diluted 1 in 20 and cryosections from normal wounds 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours and 3, 4, 7, 14 and 40 days pw were used for immunostaining to localise the expression and distribution of TGase in the wounds. Normal skin tissue was used for comparison. Procedures for streptavidin-biotin amplification immunostaining were followed as above. Non-specific binding was blocked with 1% BS.A/TBS solution.
  • an antibody to total TGF- ⁇ and a truncated TGF- ⁇ type II receptor (RJIX) for active TGF- ⁇ were used in dual immunostaining to detect the relative amounts of active and latent TGF- ⁇ in the wound.
  • Chicken anti-human TGF- ⁇ antibody (AB-101-NA, R&D Systems) can bind both active and latent TGF- ⁇ .
  • RIIX can only bind to active TGF- ⁇ which was purified from RIIX transformed E. coli cells and labelled with FITC using a standard protocol.
  • AB- 101-NA was detected by TRITC labelled rabbit anti-chicken secondary antibody (T6903, Sigma). Cryosections from days 3 and 7 pw were tested in this assay. Slides were visualised and photographed by double exposure using the FITC and TRITC filters.
  • wounds were treated with a single injection of 1 mM MDC at the time of wounding. Control wounds were injected with PBS. Five rats were used in the first experiment. The wounds were excised at 1 , 3, 4, 24 and 48 hours pw. All of the wounds were embedded in OCT. Cryosections were examined for the fluorescence of MDC using a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence was rather weak and became invisible three hours after injection. A repeat experiment was performed using 5 mM MDC, examination timing being set at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours pw. Bright fluorescence was observed at 0 hours pw, the fluorescence lasting until 6 hours pw. The distribution of transglutaminase in the connective tissue was observed very clearly, a lot of fluorescence-stained fibres being observed in the ECM. Results
  • the scale is linear, scoring reflecting the density, spacing and orientation of collagen fibres and their diameter in the wound site compared to the surrounding normal dermis.
  • the number of EDI positive cells in the wound treated with MDC and cystamine appeared little different to that of the control wounds at day 3 pw. It was found that there were more EDI positive cells at the injection site of 5 mM MDC at this time point, but that these cells were no longer present at day 7 pw. At day 7 pw, the number of inflammatory cells in treated wounds was reduced compared to the number in the control wounds.
  • TGF- ⁇ activation may be down-regulated by TGase inhibitors.
  • inhibitors themselves might elicit a transient inflammatory response at high concentrations in the first four days post-wounding. This is a surprising result as normally anti-scarring agents decrease inflammation, or agents which increase inflammation are not anti-scarring.
  • TGase inhibitors may be acting either by preventing activation of TGF- ⁇ , for some time post-wounding and/or by interfering with the structure of the fibrin clot.
  • the treated wounds showed a marked decrease in the intensity of staining for fibronectin at days 3 and 7 pw compared to the control wounds.
  • Fibronectin is a major component of the extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts at the early stages of wound repair, which plays an important role in matrix organisation. It facilitates the adhesion of connective tissue cells and other extracellular matrix molecules simultaneously and may serve as a template for collagen deposition.
  • TGF- ⁇ is a powerful stimulant of fibroblast fibronectin production. Reduced fibronectin in the treated wounds may be due to inhibition of TGF- ⁇ , activity by TGase inhibitors.
  • Angiogenesis is regulated by several factors simultaneously, such as VEGF and FGF as well as TGF- ⁇ , 2 .
  • TGF- ⁇ functions on angiogenesis indirectly, by the recruitment of more macrophages to the wound site, which in turn secrete angiogenic molecules.
  • TGF- ⁇ activity was found to be down-regulated by TGase inhibitors, macrophage numbers in the wounds were not dramatically decreased, possibly due to the pro- inflammatory effect of TGase inhibitors.
  • the angiogenic cytokines produced by these inflammatory cells in the wounds may stimulate blood vessel formation which could balance the effect of the reduction of TGF- ⁇ , activity by TGase inhibitors.
  • TGase was absent or very weakly localised in the epidermis, hair follicles and muscle tissue. After wounding, TGase was localised to the fibrin clot, sebaceous glands and endothelial cells as well as epithelial cells and hair follicles from 6 hours to 7 days pw. TGase stained with the greatest intensity at the wound margins during this time period, with the highest intensity from 3 to 5 days pw. After 7 days pw, TGase staining became much weaker, and staining disappeared thereafter. TGF- ⁇ activation
  • TGF- ⁇ The activation of TGF- ⁇ in the treated wounds appeared to be down-regulated as shown by decreased RJIX staining in the double stained wounds at day 3 pw, but this down- regulation was not obvious at day 7 pw. This may be due to rapid clearance of TGase inhibitors from the wounds.
  • TGase inhibitors in particular cystamine and MDC. have an anti-scarring effect upon wounds.
  • the optimum dose of MDC and cystamine is 0.1 - 1 mM, and early administration of TGase inhibitors appears to be necessary in order to optimise wound healing, inhibiting the autocatalytic and autoinductive cascade of TGF- ⁇ amplification at the wound site.
  • MDC and cystamine have a better anti-scarring effect than putrescine. and cystamine has a better anti-scarring effect than MDC.
  • 0.1 mM cystamine has the same anti-scarring effect as 0.5 mM MDC, but has no pro-inflammatory effects at any concentration tested. Additionally, because cystamine is an active-site induced TGase inhibitor, its inhibitory effect is irreversible. In contrast, MDC is a substrate competitor and its inhibitory function is reversible, depending upon its concentration relative to that of the natural substrate. In addition, MDC appears to be cleared from the injection site very quickly (approximately 6 hours after injection).
  • Putrescine belongs to the same class of inhibitor as MDC, but it has a less potent inhibitory effect then MDC. It needs to be given at higher doses to inhibit TGase. However, toxic effects occur at concentrations of 5 mM and higher.

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Abstract

On décrit des inhibiteurs de la transglutaminase et leurs procédés d'utilisation pour favoriser la cicatrisation de blessures et la disparition de désordres fibreux, avec une cicatrice réduite. On décrit aussi des stimulateurs de la transglutaminase et leurs procédés d'utilisation pour favoriser la cicatrisation de blessures chroniques.
PCT/GB1996/001785 1996-07-25 1996-07-25 Utilisation de modulateurs de la transglutaminase pour favoriser la cicatrisation WO1998004245A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/GB1996/001785 WO1998004245A1 (fr) 1996-07-25 1996-07-25 Utilisation de modulateurs de la transglutaminase pour favoriser la cicatrisation
AU66205/96A AU6620596A (en) 1996-07-25 1996-07-25 Use of transglutaminase modulators to promote wound healing

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PCT/GB1996/001785 WO1998004245A1 (fr) 1996-07-25 1996-07-25 Utilisation de modulateurs de la transglutaminase pour favoriser la cicatrisation

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Cited By (12)

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WO1999065516A1 (fr) * 1998-06-17 1999-12-23 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Methodes et compositions pour traiter les maladies ayant pour origine l'action de la tranglutaminase
EP0950406A3 (fr) * 1998-01-26 2000-11-29 Niigata University Médicament contre les maladies provoqées par l'expansion de séquences CAG récurrentes
US6794414B1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2004-09-21 Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. Method and compositions for treating diseases mediated by transglutaminase activity
WO2006100679A3 (fr) * 2005-03-22 2007-03-29 Quark Biotech Inc Anticorps de recombinaison diriges contre la transglutaminase humaine de type ii et utilisations de ces anticorps
WO2005072057A3 (fr) * 2004-01-30 2007-07-19 Quark Biotech Inc Oligoribonucleotides et procedes d'utilisation de ceux-ci dans le traitement d'etats fibreux et d'autres maladies
WO2009038289A3 (fr) * 2007-09-17 2009-05-07 Seoul Nat Univ Ind Foundation Compositions pharmaceutiques pour prévenir ou traiter la fibrose
US20100075923A1 (en) * 2008-09-16 2010-03-25 Jung San Huang Method of enhancing tgf-beta signalling
WO2010105302A1 (fr) * 2009-03-19 2010-09-23 Queensland University Of Technology Cibles pour la signalisation des facteurs de croissance et procédés thérapeutiques
WO2011151395A3 (fr) * 2010-06-02 2012-04-19 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Inhibiteurs de la transglutaminase 2 destinés être utilisés dans la prévention ou le traitement de la glomérulonéphrite maligne
US8946201B2 (en) 2007-08-27 2015-02-03 Saint Louis University Methods for inhibiting TGF-β
US10005846B2 (en) 2012-05-24 2018-06-26 Lifearc Anti-transglutaminase 2 antibodies
WO2018232527A1 (fr) * 2017-06-23 2018-12-27 Vivier Canada Inc. Formulations topiques de putrescine

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0950406A3 (fr) * 1998-01-26 2000-11-29 Niigata University Médicament contre les maladies provoqées par l'expansion de séquences CAG récurrentes
US6355690B1 (en) 1998-01-26 2002-03-12 Niigata University Remedy for CAG repeat expansion diseases
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