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WO1998009267A1 - Generateur d'images condensees a deux reseaux d'emetteurs de lignes - Google Patents

Generateur d'images condensees a deux reseaux d'emetteurs de lignes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998009267A1
WO1998009267A1 PCT/US1997/014993 US9714993W WO9809267A1 WO 1998009267 A1 WO1998009267 A1 WO 1998009267A1 US 9714993 W US9714993 W US 9714993W WO 9809267 A1 WO9809267 A1 WO 9809267A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
elements
image
line
linear array
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1997/014993
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Maurice S. Karpman
Allen Becker
Original Assignee
Reflection Technology, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Reflection Technology, Inc. filed Critical Reflection Technology, Inc.
Priority to JP10511831A priority Critical patent/JP2001501318A/ja
Publication of WO1998009267A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998009267A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/02—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes by tracing or scanning a light beam on a screen
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/30—Picture reproducers using solid-state colour display devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7475—Constructional details of television projection apparatus
    • H04N5/7491—Constructional details of television projection apparatus of head mounted projectors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to display systems, and more particularly to miniature display systems configured to provide resolution comparable to larger display devices generally known in the art.
  • a miniature device is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,934,773, of Becker.
  • the device of that patent is a miniature display device which can be either hand held or mounted on a head strap, and in which the user peers through an objective lens assembly to view a two-dimensional virtual image.
  • the virtual image is compactly created by a linear array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) which extend for the full length of an image line, and a resonantly oscillating mirror which pivots transverse to the line to scan the intermittently illuminated line over the cross dimension of an image frame.
  • LEDs light emitting diodes
  • the device readily produces a monochrome image using single color LEDs in a linear array, and it is also possible to produce a full color virtual image from several colored light emitting arrays.
  • the LEDs must produce three distinct, and preferably additive primary colors, e.g., red, blue and green, and must be aligned and actuated with suitable timing to superimpose the three colors in the virtual image produced by the scanning mirror. Since in general the red, green and blue color components at each point in the image will differ, the three arrays must be separately energized, and the cost of a full color device therefore increases because of the additional hardware and software required for driving and synchronizing the devices.
  • the requirement that the three colors be superimposed in the virtual image requires that the different LEDs be mounted within the housing and that optical elements be provided to superimpose their images in a common optical path for viewing. This may, for example, require half-silvered mirrors, one or more sets of relay lenses, or other elements known in the art for combining optical paths of elements in different focal planes.
  • the constraints imposed by eyepiece viewing and the miniaturization of the housing make improvements in the density or color of such multi-color superposition difficult to accomplish without resorting to highly corrected or customized optics, or other costly components.
  • any configuration involving relay lenses or folded optical paths necessarily increases the overall size of the device, as it must accommodate not just plural lines of emitters but plural regions of conductive lines and support circuit material coplanar with the emitters and extending in different positions within the device.
  • Concomitant with the problem of suitably miniaturizing a three-color display and effectively controlling the costs of manufacturing such a device is the problem of obtaining sufficient resolution to appeal to users of graphics and display devices, who generally have become accustomed to higher and higher screen pixel densities.
  • a miniature display in accordance with the present invention utilizes a line array of light emitting elements which is split into two or more separately actuable but contiguous lines that are selectively illuminated in coordination with mechanical scanning transverse to the line by a mirror or other optics to produce a two-dimensional virtual image.
  • the line array is actuated in more than one sequence to either increase the resolution, or extend the color range, or both, of the image so created, and a simple switching circuit connects a common driver to the actuated line. In this manner the number of drivers required for the system is reduced while a common optical assembly may image a single chip to double, quadruple or further increase image density.
  • the mechanical scanning element such as a resonant oscillatory mirror
  • the mechanical scanning element is operated at a rate above the rate of flicker perception, e.g., over 50 Hz, or at a frequency above this threshold rate.
  • Separate actuations of the line array are coordinated during forward and reverse scans of the mirror, or during successive scans of the mirror in the same sense to create a complete image frame.
  • the light emitters are a gallium nitride line array of diode emitters which emit light in a relatively broad band about 500 nm having both blue and green components.
  • the line array contains optically and electrically isolated emission elements which are arranged in two immediately adjacent linear arays extending along the line so that both appear essentially at the focal position of the optical assembly.
  • One array may be offset one or a fraction of a pixel along the line with respect to the other array so that when independently energized its illuminated positions interleave with those of the adjacent array to produce a double density line image.
  • a spectral filter is applied to the output of the emitters such that the single array is activated for both blue and green outputs separately.
  • two line arrays adjacent to each other may be provided as in the first embodiment above, and their outputs filtered so that the blue and green dots are laid down essentially in registry without further mechanical adjustment or fitting required.
  • the two offset arrays may be separately energized to lay down a double density line of a single color, e.g., blue, selected by one filter, followed by actuation to form a double density line of another color (e.g., green) obtained with another filter.
  • the drivers energize the array at separate times to form the blue and green pixel lines during mirror scanning.
  • the two offset arrays of elements produce a 480 dot line which may for example be energized at 640 distinct times during the scan of the mirror to produce a 480 by 640 pixel two-dimensional virtual image.
  • a color segment may be considered a basic unit in the sense that one set of hardware drivers may drive the segment.
  • a single driver is multiplexed to drive the light segment in each illuminated interval, with the same hardware employed for the first interval then connected in a second interval to energize a light segment to interleave double density image dots, and/or add a superimposed second color. This is done by actuating each light segment during a separate scan by the mirror of the same image portion.
  • a switchable filter may be synchronized with actuation of the light segment to determine the color being displayed at a given fraction of the frame writing interval which may, for example, occupy one or more half-cycles of the mirror scan for each color.
  • One method of fabricating the light segments in a gallium nitride emitter array is to form an isolation trench through both the p- and the n-doped nitride layers of the array.
  • the trench isolates the adjacent lines of light emitters electrically as well as optically so that light generated in one line does not reach or emit from the adjacent line.
  • Separate conductors having a width smaller than that of the pixel elements may be laid down over the face of the emitting elements to make electrical connection separately to the two distinct lines of rigidly and closely interconnected emission elements so formed.
  • the two light segments require no external alignment or adjustment for optical superposition, and the two segments may be made to exactly overlap simply by introduction of a slight phase delay ⁇ in their actuation signals.
  • a mechanical mirror operates to scan the direction across the illuminated line in both forward and backward directions.
  • Each line segment is illuminated during all or part of one pass of the mirror, although multiple sub-intervals during forward and back scans, or during successive scans in the same direction, may be employed so long as each color or line segment is actuated to cover the full cross dimension of the display field in a continuous or separate sequence of actuations.
  • drive or multiplexing circuitry may be fabricated on the light emitter chip with the LED emitters. In either case, the multiplexing circuitry is synchronized with a synch signal from the oscillating mirror to energize the light segment during the appropriate intervals of the forward or back scans of the mirror.
  • the construction is readily extended to provide three, four or more separate and independent lines of emitters.
  • a third independently activated line array emits a red wavelength, thereby providing blue, green and red simultaneously-viewed emitters in a full color display.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a prior art image generator
  • FIGURES 2 and 2A show a line emitting chip, and chip carrier, respectively, as utilized in the device of FIGURE 1;
  • FIGURE 3 shows a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIGURE 4 shows a top plan view of a first light emitting array for the embodiment of FIGURE 3
  • FIGURE 5 shows the top plan view of a second light emitting ray for the embodiment
  • FIGURES 6A-6J illustrate fabrication of the light emitting arrays of FIGURES 4 and 5;
  • FIGURE 7 shows a full color display.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates generally a prior art miniature video display system 1 of the type to which the present invention is addressed.
  • the device has a housing 12 into which the user peers through a viewing window 14 at a resonantly oscillating mirror assembly 24, 22 which is directed through focusing optics 20 at a light emitter array 18 which, as more fully explained in the aforesaid U.S. patent 4,934,773, is arranged as a line of light emitters driven by drivers 16 through appropriate circuit connections 26, 28 which synchronize the illumination of the line of lights 18 with oscillation of the scanning mirror assembly 24, 22.
  • the emitter 18 may include plural linear arrays of emitting elements of distinct colors, actuation of which is synchronized with the mirror scans to produce a full color virtual image of the data being displayed.
  • FIGURES 2 and 2A show by way of practical example, the general appearance of a line array 18 of light emitters as described in that patent.
  • the emitting region 25 consists of a series of small square regions 25a, 25b... typically having a cross dimension of about 40 micrometers which are connected by conductive leads 27a, 27b.,.. to corresponding lands 29a, 29b
  • the chip 18 is mounted in a chip carrier 30 which provides structural support for mounting it in circuitry and making electrical connections thereto.
  • Chip carrier 30 has a plurality of miniature wire bonds illustrated generally by lines 32 which interconnect the lands 29a, 29b... to the pins or other conductors of the chip carrier 30 and thus to the external wires, circuit boards or other operative circuit connectors.
  • the chip carrier 30 has a cross dimension under one inch and is therefore well configured to sit at the focal plane of the viewing optics 20 (FIGURE 1) and place the entire fine of emitters, 25a, 25b... in the user's field of view.
  • the line of emitters contains between about 220 and 280 emitting regions 25/.
  • several such subchips may be arranged, for example on faces of a combining prism, to place each of the necessary colors in the desired focal region of the lens 20.
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates a corresponding view of a basic embodiment 10 of a multicolor display device in accordance with the present invention.
  • an active set of light emitters 18 A, 18B are placed at the focal position of lens 20 and are offset from each other by a slight gap g so that the two rows of emitting elements are parallel to each other.
  • a microscope cover plate 21 or other protective but light transmissive window is preferably provided over the arrays, while a filter element 40 shown in phantom is optionally provided in some embodiments discussed further below.
  • the light emitting arrays are gallium nitride or other bright emitters, and are arranged in a pattern substantially as shown in FIGURE 2.
  • two and optionally more, lines of these emitting elements are formed on a common substrate and separated by a small gap in a manner that each line can be separately electrically actuated to emit light only in one or the other of the lines so formed.
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates a first embodiment 38 of the multiple line emitter array as shown in 18A, 18B of FIGURE 3.
  • This array 38 includes a first line of emitters 38a, and a second line of emitters 38b both fabricated together and separated by an isolating barrier trench 38c which extends in a line between the two lines of emitters.
  • wire bond pads 39 corresponding to pads 29a, 29b... of FIGURE 2 are each connected by a single conductive lead to a single emitting element of the array 38a and to an adjacent element of the array 38b across the barrier 38c.
  • the emitter array is preferably a gallium nitride emitter array, that is one in which a p-doped gallium nitride layer forms the top layer of each emitter, and rests on a conductive n-doped gallium nitride sublayer. Both layers are essentially transparent, and are conductive at an appropriate potential, to enable selective actuation at the diode junction formed by each emitting region when a voltage is applied between the line array sublayer and the leads attached to the top layer, i.e., to the top surface of the emitting elements.
  • wire bond pads 39 connecting the p-doped emission region of each line array two separate wire bond pads are provided, denoted 19a, 19b which connect to the line arrays at the underlying n-doped gallium nitride layer.
  • Each pad 19a or 19b thus connects to the entire vertical strip of the n-dope layer underlying all elements of the emission line 38a or 38b.
  • the adjacent or corresponding emitting elements of emitter line 38a and emitter line 38b reside at the same vertical positions, and thus when scanned by the mirror they illuminate the same positions on the virtual image field view by the user.
  • one of these lines, illustratively line 38b has a spectral filter 42 placed over its emitting elements.
  • the emitters are fabricated to emit over a relatively broad wavelength band encompassing wavelengths from below 490 nanometers to above 510 nanometers, and thus have substantial energy components in both the blue and green bands of the spectrum.
  • Filter 42 is preferably a band pass filter, which may be for example a green filter which passes illumination having a wavelength greater than 500 nanometers, so that only green light passes the filter 42, and the array 38b is seen by the viewer as green in the imaging device 10.
  • a shorter wavelength band pass filter may be applied over the line array 38a so that it functions as a blue emitter array.
  • a blue pass filter is not generally necessary for the above described GaN array, since over ninety percent of the diode emission energy lies in the blue band and the presence of a small amount of green does not impair its value as a blue color source in a multicolor viewing arrangement.
  • the invention is not limited to direct coating of a filter over the line 38b, and other constructions for intermittently filtering the line of emission elements or selectively placing or switching such filter in the optical path are also contemplated, as more fully set forth in applicants' co-pending U.S. patent application serial number 08/540,871 filed on October 1 1, 1995, which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A copy of that application is attached hereto as Appendix A.
  • FIGURES 6A-6J illustrate the fabrication of a gallium nitride emission source array split into several lines as shown in FIGURE 4. These drawings are schematic, and provide a conceptual illustration of the construction, but it will be understood that detailed conventional substeps as necessary for growth, isolation and electrical connection to the illustrated array are to be employed with appropriate variations and substitutions as known in the fabrication art.
  • a substrate which in current manufacturing technology may be, for example, sapphire or silicon carbide is used to provide a compatible but strong mechanical support.
  • An electrically insulating buffer layer is epitaxially grown on the substrate (FIGURE 6B) and an n-type (GaN) layer is epitaxially grown on the buffer layer (FIGURE 6C).
  • a p-type GaN layer is then epitaxially grown on the n-type layer (FIGURE 6D) and portions of this layer are etched away to expose contact regions for connecting to the n-type layer.
  • An ohmic contact layer is then deposited on one or more areas of the p-type layer and on the exposed areas of the n-type layer. These ohmic contact regions are metalized, and may have wires attached for energizing the device.
  • the LED is separated from the wafer after this fabrication step, and the metalized layers are electrically connected to a leadframe or substrate.
  • a positive voltage applied to the p-type layer while the n-type layer is grounded will then drive the gallium nitride diode to emit light.
  • the fabrication of an array introduces further complexities. For making line arrays as described above with respect to FIGURES 3 and 4, a more complex construction is required. Briefly, a trench t is etched through the p-type layer, and ohmic contact layers are deposited on the n-type layer and on each emitter island (FIGURE 6G).
  • trenches are then filled (FIGURE 6H) to planarize the assembly, and metalization is laid down on the ohmic contact of the n-type layer, the p-type layer and a metalized trace m is placed over the trench connecting these two. Wire bonding, for example, to a chip carrier is also performed as before (FIGURE 6H).
  • plural emitter regions are formed by forming a plurality of trenches separating the emission islands into a least two parallel bands, as shown in FIGURE 61.
  • a deep trench T is then formed going entirely through the underlying n-type layer and extending to the insulating epitaxial sublayer. This severs the n-type layer into a first layer band A underlying the line of emitters 38a and a second layer band B underlying the line of emitters 38b.
  • Each of these underlying regions has been exposed through the p-type layer and metalized, so that a separate electrical connection is provided to the band A or B of the sublayer of each array while the p-type layer of each pair of emitters shares a common conductor with its neighbor in the adjacent array.
  • these conductors extend over the planarized trenches t, T and across the faces of the emitters.
  • applicant has provided ten micrometer wide conductive leads extending over the face of each thirty-eight micrometer square emission area and across the planarized trenches to interconnect corresponding emitters of the first and second lines.
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates a second embodiment of a emitter array useful in practicing the invention of FIGURE 3.
  • an emitter array 48 has a first line of emitters 48a and a second line of emitters 48b.
  • Each line of emitters has a fixed pitch P, or number of emission regions per inch, which is the same for each line.
  • the emission regions are spaced apart by a distance approximately equal to the size of the emitter.
  • the emitters of line 48b are positioned offset from the emitters of line 48a so that they fall vertically (as shown) in the space between the corresponding emitters of line 48a.
  • each conductor 47 extending from a wire bond pad 49 to an emitter crosses over the face of its corresponding emitter, e.g., 48a and follows a diagonal path across the trench 48c to the adjacent emitter 48b at a one pixel offset.
  • only two wire bonding pads or contact areas are necessary to access the underlying n-type gallium nitride layer, and these two contacts in conjunction with the wire bond pads 49 provide a two-wire column/row diode addressing scheme to energize the emitters.
  • the number of wire bond pads 49 remains identical to the number of wire bond pads employed for a single line of emitters having pitch spacing P, but in this case a pitch of twice the resolution is obtained by separately energizing the pixels of line 48a (referred to below for simplicity of exposition as the "odd” pixels) and then those of line 48b (the “even” pixels).
  • a single set of drivers fixedly connected to the single set of lands 49 is multiplexed to light up the odd and even pixels.
  • FIGURE 7 illustrates the overall operation of the device of FIGURE 3 with separately actuated line arrays for image forming.
  • a first array 58 is a split line array, such as array 38 of FIGURE 4 or array 48 of FIGURE 5, having two or more separately actuated lines of light emitters l ⁇ , F>, carried on the same chip.
  • This array may be actuated as described above to form double density, double color, or double density two color images as described above.
  • a second array 68 is arranged at the focal region adjacent to array 58, and provides a line of light emitters k which produce a third or independent color.
  • Arrays 68, 58 may be mounted on the same chip carrier, and may share wiring to the extent feasible.
  • the backplane or column electrode of array 68 may be tied to that of one or more lines of array 58 so that it writes its color during the same scan intervals.
  • one driver drives array 68, while simultaneously multiplexor 70 applies drive signals from another driver to illuminate a line of elements of array 58.
  • all emitters may be energized by a single driver.
  • a 3: 1 or 6: 1 multiplexor is used to connect the driver to successive lines of emitters lj, I2, k, or a simple switch synchronized to successive scans of the mirror is actuated to write the whole frame of each color in several successive passes. It will be understood that for such operation the resonant mirror may be tuned to oscillate at a multiple of a basic scan rate, so that each color may be displayed and refreshed without flicker.
  • the lines of emitters k, lj, I2 are displaced fixed distances from each other in the cross-sea direction, and these distances correspond simply to an offset of the line number of the frame.
  • the offset between 1 ] and I2 may be substantially less than a millimeter, while that of k may be one or several millimeters, depending upon the manner of chip fabrication or mounting.
  • the mirror 24 scans more than a full field, and slight timing offsets are applied to the actuation signals so that the correct RGB values of one line of an image frame will overlap in a single line of the virtual image of the emitters in a confocal image plane IP.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Mechanical Optical Scanning Systems (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un affichage comprenant des réseaux (18A et 18B) d'émetteurs de ligne coordonnées avec un balayage optique croisé, destiné à produire une image virtuelle. Une ligne est activée en séquences afin d'augmenter la résolution, d'étendre la gamme des couleurs ou les deux à la fois, ce qui permet de réduire le nombre de pilotes. Un miroir (24) oscillant résonnant balaie une image complète à une vitesse dépassant le niveau de perception du scintillement, avec des activations séparées du réseau de lignes au cours du balayage avant et arrière, ou de balayages successifs dans le même sens, en vue de former une image. De préférence, un réseau linéaire au nitrure de gallium émet de la lumière avec des composantes bleue et verte, et des filtres à longueurs d'ondes présentent des lignes de pixels bleues et vertes au cours du balayage. Un réseau d'émetteurs comporte deux zones d'émission isolées optiquement et électriquement, situées à la position de la ligne de l'ensemble optique. Une bande peut être décalée le long de son axe afin d'entrelacer et de former une image à double densité de lignes. Un filtre commutable synchronisé permet de déterminer la couleur affichée à un moment donné. Un circuit pilote ou de multiplexage permettant une synchronisation avec le miroir oscillant peut être élaboré sur la puce (18) de l'émetteur.
PCT/US1997/014993 1996-08-28 1997-08-26 Generateur d'images condensees a deux reseaux d'emetteurs de lignes WO1998009267A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10511831A JP2001501318A (ja) 1996-08-28 1997-08-26 デュアル・ライン発光体アレイを備えた小型画像発生装置

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US70411996A 1996-08-28 1996-08-28
US08/704,119 1996-08-28

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WO1998009267A1 true WO1998009267A1 (fr) 1998-03-05

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013093510A3 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-11-07 Prp Optoelectronics Limited Système d'affichage par projection
CN108198520A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-06-22 西安智盛锐芯半导体科技有限公司 基于三色条形led芯片的虚拟led显示模组及2倍频显示方法
US11056032B2 (en) 2018-09-14 2021-07-06 Apple Inc. Scanning display systems with photonic integrated circuits

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5325386A (en) * 1992-04-21 1994-06-28 Bandgap Technology Corporation Vertical-cavity surface emitting laser assay display system
US5331333A (en) * 1988-12-08 1994-07-19 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Display apparatus

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5331333A (en) * 1988-12-08 1994-07-19 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Display apparatus
US5325386A (en) * 1992-04-21 1994-06-28 Bandgap Technology Corporation Vertical-cavity surface emitting laser assay display system

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013093510A3 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-11-07 Prp Optoelectronics Limited Système d'affichage par projection
CN108198520A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-06-22 西安智盛锐芯半导体科技有限公司 基于三色条形led芯片的虚拟led显示模组及2倍频显示方法
CN108198520B (zh) * 2017-12-29 2023-05-02 广东海豹信息技术有限公司 基于三色条形led芯片的虚拟led显示模组及2倍频显示方法
US11056032B2 (en) 2018-09-14 2021-07-06 Apple Inc. Scanning display systems with photonic integrated circuits
US11875714B2 (en) 2018-09-14 2024-01-16 Apple Inc. Scanning display systems

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