WO1998030159A1 - Electrosurgical instrument - Google Patents
Electrosurgical instrument Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998030159A1 WO1998030159A1 PCT/US1998/000555 US9800555W WO9830159A1 WO 1998030159 A1 WO1998030159 A1 WO 1998030159A1 US 9800555 W US9800555 W US 9800555W WO 9830159 A1 WO9830159 A1 WO 9830159A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- electrosurgical
- instrument
- magnetite
- electrode
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 poly (tetrafluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005524 ceramic coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002224 dissection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002357 laparoscopic surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002350 laparotomy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000344 non-irritating Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrosurgical instruments and in particular to laparoscopic electrosurgical instruments.
- Electrosurgery is the generation and delivery of radio frequency current between an active electrode and a dispersive electrode to elevate the tissue temperature for cutting, coagulating, fulgurating, and dessicating.
- Electrosurgical energy is the most commonly used energy source in the discipline of surgery. In open surgery such as laparotomy, the surgeon has a wider vantage point in controlling bleeding and dissection, and has more options to complement his or her surgical technique. In laparoscopy and other closed procedures, precise delivery of electrosurgical energy is a requirement for optimizing surgical outcomes.
- Non-stick coatings are a fluorocarbon such as a poly (tetrafluoroethylene) , a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) , or a heat-shrinkable plastic. While these materials have well-documented electrical insulative characteristics, they are not optimally suited for use in electrosurgial instruments.
- the present invention provides a substantially non-stick working surface for an electrosurgical electrode by a conductive but inert iron oxide surface.
- the iron oxide coating is durable, heat resistant, and is easily cleaned.
- the present coating is not susceptible to damage or erosion from thermal stresses derived from sterilization processes or high frequency electrical current when in use . Summary of the Invention
- a laparoscopic electrosurgical instrument having a conductive magnetite (Fe 3 0 4 ) coating on a metal substrate that serves as a working surface of an electrode is provided.
- a stainless steel substrate is a preferred electrode surface, but other metals such as aluminum can also be utilized to provide a working surface.
- the magnetite coating can be up to about 0.01 inch (about 0.25 mm) thick, and can be applied to the metal substrate using a thermal spray process such as is available from a plasma gun, a detonation gun, a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) system, a high energy plasma (HEP) system, or the like.
- HVOF high velocity oxygen fuel
- HEP high energy plasma
- FIG. 1 is a fragmentary view, partly in section, of an electrosurgical instrument provided with a coating of magnetite, Fe 3 0 4/ on a working surface of the electrode portion of the instrument .
- a thermal spray process implemented by a plasma gun, a detonation gun, a high velocity oxygen fuel system, a high energy plasma system, or the like for the deposition of a magnetite coating
- a high quality non-stick working surface for electrosurgical instruments can be realized.
- Such a coating is readily cleanable and also provides exceptional wear and abrasion characteristics, including being resistant to scratching, nicking or cutting.
- such coating is chemically inert, non-toxic, non-irritating and otherwise suitable for use in the human body.
- Deposition of the magnetite coating using the aforementioned thermal spray techniques promotes good adhesion of the coating to the base metal of the instrument, thereby minimizing a likelihood of corrosion and permitting steam and chemical sterilization without difficulty.
- the magnetite coating is easily applied to various shapes and sizes of instruments by thermal spraying and is cost effective.
- the preferred material for the working surfaces of an electrosurgical instrument is a coating of magnetite, Fe 3 0 4 , with a thickness in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.01 inches (about 0.025 mm to about 0.25 mm) .
- a more preferred coating thickness is in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.004 inches (about 0.025 mm to about 0.1 mm) .
- Relatively thinner or thicker magnetite coatings can also be applied if indicated by a specific use.
- Electrode 10 is shown with a hook tip; however, other tip configurations such as a knife tip, cone tip, button tip, spatula tip, sling tip, scissor tip, forcep tip, and the like, are also available.
- the tip configuration of the electrosurgical instrument forms no part of the present invention.
- Magnetite coating 12 is provided on the conductive tip portion 14 of electrode 10.
- the insulating layer 16 typically a ceramic material such as an alumina composite, or the like, surrounds electrode 10 except for the conductive tip portion 14 and necessary connections to a radio frequency (RF) current source.
- Shaft 18 of electrode 10 is typically made of surgical grade stainless steel .
- Hook portion 14 is unitary with shaft 18, defines the working surface of electrode 10, and is also made of stainless steel which provides the substrate for magnetite coating 12.
- the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which demonstrate the magnetite coating for electrosurgical instruments.
- Table I lists the chemical analysis of a typical lot of magnetite, Fe 3 0 4 , coating.
- the particle size of the black oxide is -32/+10 micron. This coating was applied to a steel substrate with a plasma gun to a thickness of about 0.003 inches
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Abstract
An exceptionally durable coating for electrosurgical instruments (10) is provided. This conductive coating (12) is composed of magnetite, Fe3O4, particles which are spraycoated onto the base metal (18) of a surgical instrument using a thermal spray technique.
Description
ELECTROSURGICAL INSTRUMENT
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to electrosurgical instruments and in particular to laparoscopic electrosurgical instruments. Background of the Invention
The use of high frequency electrical energy for surgical applications dates back almost a century. Electrosurgery is the generation and delivery of radio frequency current between an active electrode and a dispersive electrode to elevate the tissue temperature for cutting, coagulating, fulgurating, and dessicating. Electrosurgical energy is the most commonly used energy source in the discipline of surgery. In open surgery such as laparotomy, the surgeon has a wider vantage point in controlling bleeding and dissection, and has more options to complement his or her surgical technique. In laparoscopy and other closed procedures, precise delivery of electrosurgical energy is a requirement for optimizing surgical outcomes.
Historically, there have been difficulties with the use of electrosurgical instruments for cutting and coagulating tissues. For example, the working surfaces of the electrodes of such instruments tend to stick to tissue that comes in contact therewith. Also numerous incidents of inadvertent electrical shocks and burns to the patient and the physician, and even death to the patients have been reported. In a great number of these cases, the cause of the reported injury was specified as resulting from the breakdown of insulation of the electrosurgical instrument .
Numerous methods exist for providing an inert electrode working surface for electrosurgical instruments. The most common is the application of a
non-stick coating to the base metal which usually is stainless steel, but could be aluminum or other metals. The typical non-stick coating is also an insulation material and thus cannot be applied to the working surface of the electrode portion of the instrument. Illustrative of such non-stick coatings are a fluorocarbon such as a poly (tetrafluoroethylene) , a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) , or a heat-shrinkable plastic. While these materials have well-documented electrical insulative characteristics, they are not optimally suited for use in electrosurgial instruments. The major weaknesses of the previously noted non-stick coatings are inadequate abrasion resistance (i.e., the coating rubs off easily leaving bare metal exposed) , decomposition of the coating at the relatively high temperatures used in sterilization and in the electrosurgical process itself, as well as retention of moisture between the coating and the stainless steel instrument . This retention of moisture can ultimately cause corrosion of the instrument and can also result in inadequate sterilization of the instrument. These problems necessitate the continual replacement of the current types of insulation used in electrosurgical instruments today with an attendant escalation of the costs of health care.
A suitable insulating ceramic coating is described in commonly owned U.S. Patent No. 5,562,659 to Morris .
The present invention provides a substantially non-stick working surface for an electrosurgical electrode by a conductive but inert iron oxide surface. The iron oxide coating is durable, heat resistant, and is easily cleaned. Moreover, the present coating is not susceptible to damage or erosion from thermal stresses
derived from sterilization processes or high frequency electrical current when in use . Summary of the Invention
A laparoscopic electrosurgical instrument having a conductive magnetite (Fe304) coating on a metal substrate that serves as a working surface of an electrode is provided. A stainless steel substrate is a preferred electrode surface, but other metals such as aluminum can also be utilized to provide a working surface. The magnetite coating can be up to about 0.01 inch (about 0.25 mm) thick, and can be applied to the metal substrate using a thermal spray process such as is available from a plasma gun, a detonation gun, a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) system, a high energy plasma (HEP) system, or the like.
Brief Description of the Drawing In the drawing,
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary view, partly in section, of an electrosurgical instrument provided with a coating of magnetite, Fe304/ on a working surface of the electrode portion of the instrument . Description of the Preferred Embodiments
Through utilization of a thermal spray process implemented by a plasma gun, a detonation gun, a high velocity oxygen fuel system, a high energy plasma system, or the like for the deposition of a magnetite coating, a high quality non-stick working surface for electrosurgical instruments can be realized. Such a coating is readily cleanable and also provides exceptional wear and abrasion characteristics, including being resistant to scratching, nicking or cutting. In addition, such coating is chemically inert, non-toxic, non-irritating and otherwise suitable for use in the human body. Deposition of the magnetite coating using the aforementioned thermal spray techniques promotes
good adhesion of the coating to the base metal of the instrument, thereby minimizing a likelihood of corrosion and permitting steam and chemical sterilization without difficulty. The magnetite coating is easily applied to various shapes and sizes of instruments by thermal spraying and is cost effective.
The preferred material for the working surfaces of an electrosurgical instrument is a coating of magnetite, Fe304, with a thickness in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.01 inches (about 0.025 mm to about 0.25 mm) . A more preferred coating thickness is in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.004 inches (about 0.025 mm to about 0.1 mm) . Relatively thinner or thicker magnetite coatings can also be applied if indicated by a specific use.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a portion of a typical electrosurgical electrode 10 suitable for laparoscopic use is depicted. Electrode 10 is shown with a hook tip; however, other tip configurations such as a knife tip, cone tip, button tip, spatula tip, sling tip, scissor tip, forcep tip, and the like, are also available. The tip configuration of the electrosurgical instrument forms no part of the present invention.
Magnetite coating 12 is provided on the conductive tip portion 14 of electrode 10. The insulating layer 16, typically a ceramic material such as an alumina composite, or the like, surrounds electrode 10 except for the conductive tip portion 14 and necessary connections to a radio frequency (RF) current source. Shaft 18 of electrode 10 is typically made of surgical grade stainless steel . Hook portion 14 is unitary with shaft 18, defines the working surface of electrode 10, and is also made of stainless steel which provides the substrate for magnetite coating 12.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which demonstrate the magnetite coating for electrosurgical instruments.
EXAMPLE 1 : Conductive Magnetite Coating for
Electrosurgical Instruments
The following table, Table I, lists the chemical analysis of a typical lot of magnetite, Fe304, coating. The particle size of the black oxide is -32/+10 micron. This coating was applied to a steel substrate with a plasma gun to a thickness of about 0.003 inches
(0.08 mm) and was found to be a conductive coating.
TABLE I CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MAGNETITE POWDER
ELEMENT/COMPOUND PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Iron (Fe304) 70.5
Silica (Si02) 0.740 Titanium (Ti02) 0.112
Aluminum (Al203) 0.105
Calcium (CaO) 0.150
Magnesium (MgO) 0.044
Sodium (Na20) 0.214 Potassium (K20) 0.033
EXAMPLE 2: Comparative Performance of
Coated Electrodes Spatula-tip electrosurgical electrodes having a stainless steel working surface were provided with surface coatings of various compositions. These electrodes were then evaluated at 500 KHZ, and various power settings for ease of use and for cleanability. Contact time prior to the onset of electrode sticking to tissue was also noted. The observed results are presented in Table II, below.
TABLE II NON-STICK TRIAL MATRIX
1
Abbreviations in Table II: ss-stainless steel
WC & Co-tungsten carbide & cobalt slt-slight hvy-heavy mod-moderate scr-only by scraping esy-easy imp-impossible imd-immediate n/a-not applicable s- seconds
The foregoing specification is intended to illustrate the present invention but is not to be taken as limiting. Still other variations within the spirit and scope of the present invention are possible and will readily present themselves to those skilled in the art .
Claims
1. An electrosurgical instrument comprising: (a) a metal electrode having an exposed working surface; and (b) a conductive magnetite coating on the working surface of the metal electrode.
2. The instrument of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating is in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.01 inches.
3. The instrument of claim 1 wherein the thickness of the coating is in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.004 inches.
4. The instrument of claim 1 wherein the metal electrode is stainless steel.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002277122A CA2277122A1 (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1998-01-13 | Electrosurgical instrument |
| AU59597/98A AU5959798A (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1998-01-13 | Electrosurgical instrument |
| JP53121498A JP2001507978A (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1998-01-13 | Electrosurgical instrument |
| EP98902789A EP1006906A1 (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1998-01-13 | Electrosurgical instrument |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US78381797A | 1997-01-13 | 1997-01-13 | |
| US783,817 | 1997-01-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1998030159A1 true WO1998030159A1 (en) | 1998-07-16 |
Family
ID=25130482
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1998/000555 WO1998030159A1 (en) | 1997-01-13 | 1998-01-13 | Electrosurgical instrument |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1006906A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2001507978A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5959798A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2277122A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998030159A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080234672A1 (en) * | 2007-03-20 | 2008-09-25 | Tyco Healthcare Goup Lp | Non-stick surface coated electrodes and method for manufacturing same |
| US8414569B2 (en) * | 2009-04-17 | 2013-04-09 | Domain Surgical, Inc. | Method of treatment with multi-mode surgical tool |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5143746A (en) * | 1990-02-05 | 1992-09-01 | Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. | Process for producing magnetite-coated electrode |
| EP0518230A1 (en) * | 1991-06-07 | 1992-12-16 | Hemostatic Surgery Corporation | Bi-polar electrosurgical endoscopic instruments |
-
1998
- 1998-01-13 WO PCT/US1998/000555 patent/WO1998030159A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-01-13 EP EP98902789A patent/EP1006906A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-01-13 JP JP53121498A patent/JP2001507978A/en active Pending
- 1998-01-13 CA CA002277122A patent/CA2277122A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-01-13 AU AU59597/98A patent/AU5959798A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5143746A (en) * | 1990-02-05 | 1992-09-01 | Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd. | Process for producing magnetite-coated electrode |
| EP0518230A1 (en) * | 1991-06-07 | 1992-12-16 | Hemostatic Surgery Corporation | Bi-polar electrosurgical endoscopic instruments |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of EP1006906A4 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2001507978A (en) | 2001-06-19 |
| AU5959798A (en) | 1998-08-03 |
| EP1006906A4 (en) | 2000-06-14 |
| EP1006906A1 (en) | 2000-06-14 |
| CA2277122A1 (en) | 1998-07-16 |
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