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WO1999045623A1 - Dispositif permettant d'agir sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission, y compris une inversion stable de ce flux et technique afferente - Google Patents

Dispositif permettant d'agir sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission, y compris une inversion stable de ce flux et technique afferente Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999045623A1
WO1999045623A1 PCT/US1998/004259 US9804259W WO9945623A1 WO 1999045623 A1 WO1999045623 A1 WO 1999045623A1 US 9804259 W US9804259 W US 9804259W WO 9945623 A1 WO9945623 A1 WO 9945623A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
transmission line
compensating
phase
power flow
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1998/004259
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Malyan Kumar Sen
Original Assignee
Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation filed Critical Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation
Priority to AU65420/98A priority Critical patent/AU6542098A/en
Priority to KR10-2000-7009733A priority patent/KR100514198B1/ko
Priority to PCT/US1998/004259 priority patent/WO1999045623A1/fr
Publication of WO1999045623A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999045623A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to control of power flow in a transmission line and, in particular, to controlling power flow to achieve a stable reversal of power flow using a static converter operated in a voltage control mode to inject a compensating voltage into the transmission line which is either in-phase or 180° out-of-phase with the transmission line reactive voltage.
  • Electric power flow through an alternating current transmission line is a function of the line impedance, the magnitudes of the sending end and receiving end voltages, and the phase angle between these voltages.
  • the impedance of the transmission line is inductive.
  • the power flow can be decreased by inserting an additional inductive reactance in series with the transmission line, thereby increasing the effective reactance of the transmission line between its two ends.
  • the power flow can be increased by inserting an additional capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line, thereby decreasing the effective reactance of the transmission line between its two ends. If the compensating capacitive reactance is more than the transmission line inductive reactance, the effective reactance of the transmission line between its two ends becomes capacitive and the power flow in the transmission line can be reversed from the original direction of flow.
  • SSSC static synchronous series compensator
  • SSSC static synchronous series compensator
  • injects an almost sinusoidal voltage, of variable magnitude, in series with the transmission line This injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the line current.
  • a small part of the injected voltage, which is in phase with the line current provides the losses in the inverter.
  • Most of the injected voltage which is in quadrature with the line current emulates a capacitive or an inductive reactance in series with the transmission line. This emulated variable reactance, inserted by the injected voltage source, influences the electric power flow in the transmission line.
  • the impedance compensation controller can compensate for the transmission line resistance if operated with an energy storage system.
  • the impedance compensation controller when used with an SSSC and no energy storage system, is essentially a reactance compensation controller.
  • the reactance compensation control method is used to operate the inverter so that the injected alternating voltage in series with the transmission line is proportional to the line current with the emulated reactance being the constant of proportionality. Therefore, for an SSSC to operate using the reactance compensation control method, the presence of line current is required. This prevents the controller from emulating a highly inductive reactance in series with the transmission line as the current would be very small.
  • the SSSC injects an alternating voltage leading the line current, thereby emulating an inductive reactance in series with the transmission line, the power flow, as well as the line current, decrease as the level of compensation increases.
  • the SSSC injects an alternating voltage lagging the line current thereby emulating a capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line
  • the power flow, as well as the line current increase as the level of compensation increases.
  • the undesirable feature of the reactance compensation control method appears during a reversal of power flow in the transmission line.
  • the controller In order to reverse the power flow in a transmission line, the controller has to operate in a capacitive reactance control mode. At the instant of power flow reversal, the inductive reactance of the transmission line and the capacitive reactance emulated by the SSSC
  • the capacitive reactance compensation can only be increased up to a point that is permissible by the rating of the SSSC. Beyond that, the SSSC will operate in a bypass mode as soon as it reaches the rated operating conditions. Therefore, none of the above power flow controllers, either active or passive, are intended for use in reversing power flow in transmission lines.
  • a controller operates the SSSC to inject a compensating voltage, in series with the transmission line.
  • This compensation voltage is either in phase with or 180° out of phase with the voltage across the effective reactance of the transmission line.
  • the compensating voltage is injected 180° out of phase with the voltage across the effective reactance (the reactive component of the transmission line voltage) it provides capacitive reactance compensation which increases power flow in the direction in which it flows without compensation.
  • the compensating voltage is injected into the transmission line in phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage, it initially provides inductive reactance compensation which reduces power flow.
  • the solid state inverter is operated in the voltage control mode by a controller which measures voltages at two spaced apart points on the transmission line and calculates a transmission line voltage as
  • the controller also utilizes a measurement of transmission line current and a measure of transmission line resistance between the two points, together with the calculated transmission line voltage to find the reactive component of the voltage between the two points on the transmission line or the voltage across the effective reactance of the transmission line.
  • the invention embraces both the apparatus and method for operating an inverter such as an SSSC in the voltage control mode to control power flow in an ac transmission line including a stable reversal of power flow.
  • Figure 1 is a single line diagram of an elementary power transmission system.
  • Figure 2 is a single line diagram similar to Figure 1 but illustrating an elementary transmission line system with series compensation provided by an SSSC operating in a voltage control mode.
  • Figure 3A is a phasor diagram illustrating operation of the system of Figure 2 with zero compensation.
  • Figure 3B is a phasor diagram illustrating operation of the system of Figure 2 with 100% inductive compensation when the injected voltage is in phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage.
  • Figure 3C is a phasor diagram illustrating operation of the system of Figure 2 with infinite compensation when the voltage is injected in phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage.
  • Figure 3D is a phasor diagram illustrating operation of the system of Figure 2 with 300% capacitive compensation when the injected voltage is in phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage.
  • Figure 3E is a phasor diagram illustrating operation of the system of Figure 2
  • Figure 4 is a diagram which illustrates the effect of injection of a compensating voltage in accordance with the invention on power flow and effective and compensating reactances.
  • Figure 5 is a single line diagram of an elementary transmission line system provided with series voltage control compensation and taking into account resistance in the transmission line.
  • Figure 6 is a phasor diagram illustrating voltage control operation of the system of Figure 5 for various levels of compensation in phase and 180° out of phase with the voltage across the effective reactance of the transmission line.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram mostly in block form of a transmission line system incorporating an SSSC operated in a voltage control mode in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a diagram of the voltage control scheme of operation implemented by the system of Figure 7.
  • V, and V 2 are the magnitudes and ⁇ , and ⁇ 2 are the phase angles of the first and second voltage sources 5 and 7, respectively.
  • the prior art reactance control method of power flow control in a transmission line calls for emulating reactance compensation in the power line to control the effective value of the reactance.
  • By emulating inductive reactance compensation the power flow is decreased.
  • By emulating capacitive reactance compensation the power flow is increased. If the capacitive reactance compensation exceeds the inductive reactance of the transmission line, the flow of power can be reversed.
  • the power flow goes through two simultaneous extremes; one is a very high positive value when the transmission line effective reactance is nearly zero inductive, and the second is a very high negative value when the effective reactance is nearly zero capacitive.
  • the result of an attempt to reverse power flow in the transmission line by reactance control is a resonance which would produce currents which would exceed the thermal limits of the transmission line.
  • the flow of power is controlled by operating an SSSC in a voltage control mode.
  • a one line diagram illustrating such control is shown in Figure 2.
  • a compensating voltage, V q is injected in series with the transmission line 1 as indicated by the compensating voltage source 9. This compensating voltage can be injected either in phase or 180° out of phase with the voltage N. across the transmission line inductive reactance X L without compensation.
  • the vector sum of the voltage V x across the transmission line inductive reactance X L and the compensating voltage V q equals V Xeff , the voltage across the effective transmission line reactance X eff , which equals X L minus X q , with the latter being the reactance emulated by the compensating voltage.
  • This voltage V Xeff is set by the difference between the source voltages V t and V 2 and, therefore, remains constant. Hence, by adjusting the compensating voltage V q , the voltage V x can be controlled.
  • Figure 3 a is a phasor diagram illustrating the currents and voltages in the transmission line in Figure 2 with no compensation.
  • Figure 3b illustrates emulation of 100% inductive compensation when the injected voltage is in phase with the voltage across the transmission line reactance. By 100% inductive compensation it is meant
  • the injected voltage is such that the value of the emulated inductive reactance equals the transmission line inductive reactance without compensation. As can be seen, this reduces the current in the transmission line. With infinite compensation, as shown in Figure 3c, the injected voltage V q is equal to the voltage V x across the inductive reactance without compensation and the current is reduced to zero. If the compensating voltage further increases, as shown in Figure 3d, and exceeds the value of the voltage V x without compensation, the voltage V x as well as the current reverse. Thus, as the compensating voltage which is in phase with the voltage across the transmission line reactance without compensation increases the current is reduced to zero and then reverses direction smoothly and without resonance. As shown in Figure 3c
  • V q injection of a compensating voltage V q 180° out of phase with the voltage V x results in an increase in V x and, therefore, an increase in the current _.
  • voltage control can be used to increase power flow, decrease power flow, or even reverse power flow.
  • the expression for power flow in the transmission line 1 can be written in terms of voltage compensation as
  • An SSSC is capable of controlling the power flow in a transmission line when operating in a voltage control mode.
  • P q in the transmission line is nearly zero positive and the next one is a very high capacitive value when the power flow, P q , is nearly zero negative.
  • the SSSC acts like a reactance compensator operating in an inductive reactance control mode. In the rest of the region, the SSSC acts like a reactance compensator operating in a capacitive reactance control mode.
  • Figure 5 shows a single line diagram of a power transmission system with an SSSC operating in the voltage control mode and taking into account transmission line resistance 11.
  • the related phasor diagrams are shown in Figure 6.
  • the resulting line current, _ j0% with 50% capacitive reactance compensation is in quadrature leading die injected voltage.
  • Further increase in the voltage compensation, V q /V Xeff in the same direction, only increases the power flow, P q , in the transmission line.
  • the SSSC operating in the voltage control mode injects compensating voltage, V q , in phase with the voltage, V Xeff , across the transmission line effective reactance, X eff .
  • Compensating voltage source 9 includes the SSSC 15 employing self-commutated semi-conductor switches, such as Gate-Turn-Off (GTO) thyristors 17 shunted by reverse-parallel connected diodes 19. While a simple 6 pulse converter circuit is shown in Figure 7, in practice a higher pulse converter such as the 48 pulse converter shown in Patent No. 5,343,139 would be employed.
  • the firing angles of the GTOs are controlled by a controller 21 to generate from a DC voltage V dc across a dc voltage source 23, a three phase compensation voltage which is serially injected into the transmission line 1 through the transformer 25.
  • the controller 21 adjusts the firing angles of the GTOs 17 to set the required magnitude of me injected voltage.
  • the controller 21 includes an inverter angle generator 27 which generates the inverter angle ⁇ inv which determines the phase angle between the compensation voltage V q and the voltage V Xeff across the effective reactance in the transmission line.
  • the inverter angle generator 27 uses the current _ in the transmission line as detected by the current transformer 29.
  • the inverter angle generator 27 also utilizes as an input the effective voltage across the transmission line 1 or a part of the transmission line.
  • voltage measurements are taken at two spaced apart points on the transmission line by the potential transformers (PTs) 31 and 33. Additional inputs to the inverter angle generator 27 are the resistance R of the transmission line between the PTs 31 and 33, as provided through the input device 35, and the desired voltage compensation V q as provided by the input 37.
  • the controller 21 also includes a firing angle generator 39 which adjusts the inverter angle ⁇ inv to produce the final individual firing signals ⁇ (fiml) in response to the input of the magnitude of the compensation voltage V q desired.
  • the firing angle generator 39 also receives as feedback die voltage V dc across a dc voltage source 23 in order to adjust the firing of the GTOs 17 to set the amplitude of the injected three phase voltage V q .
  • FIG 8 illustrates the voltage compensation control scheme 41 used by the inverter angle generator 27 to generate the reference angle ⁇ .
  • This angle is phase locked to the phase a of die sending end voltage provided by the PT 31.
  • a stationary frame transformation (SFT) 43 is applied to the sending end phase a and c voltages V la and V lc to generate quadrature components which are applied to a phase lock loop 45 to generate a reference angle ⁇ PLL .
  • the phase a and phase c components of the sending and receiving end voltages are subtracted at 47 and 49, respectively, to generate a and c transmission line voltages V a and V tc .
  • a stationary frame transformation line 51 is used to generate quadratore components of this transmission voltage.
  • quadrature components are used at 53 together with the reference angle ⁇ PLL to generate the transmission voltage V, and die phase angle ⁇ Vt of the transmission line voltage.
  • the phase angle of the transmission line voltage ⁇ Vt is added to die reference phase angle ⁇ PLL at 55.
  • the resultant angle is the absolute angle of the transmission line voltage.
  • me transmission line voltage is a function of the inductive reactance and the resistance of the line and d e line current.
  • the magnitude of d e real component due to the resistance must be determined so mat the angle of the reactive component can be calculated.
  • the voltage V R due to d e resistance component is determined at 57 by multiplying the resistance R of the transmission line by the current I.
  • the current I is determined from the measured phase a and c currents i a and i c by applying a SFT at 59 to produce quadrature components of the current which are then used at 61 to calculate
  • the magnitude of d e transmission line voltage V, and d e magnitode of d e real component of mat voltage V R are used at 63 to determine the effective reactance component V Xeff of the transmission line voltage and d e angle ⁇ between V Xeff and d e transmission line voltage V t .
  • me compensating voltage can be injected either in phase or 180° out of phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage. For instances where the compensation voltage is to be injected 180° out of phase with the reactive component of the transmission line voltage, ⁇ radians are added to ⁇ at 65 under such circumstances.
  • the set point value for the compensation voltage V q will be positive as determined at the switch 67 so that the resultant angle, ⁇ plus ⁇ generated at 65 is added to the absolute value of d e transmission line voltage from 55 in the summing junction 69 to produce d e angle ⁇ inv which is the angle at which the compensation voltage is to be injected into die transmission line.
  • the compensating voltage is injected at 180° out of phase with me voltage across the transmission line effective reactance, of the line current leads die injected voltage causing the SSSC to operate as an equivalent capacitive reactance.
  • the set point for the compensating voltage increases, the line current and, tiierefore, the power flow in the transmission line increases monotonically.
  • the set point value of V q is negative so that the switch controlled by 67 is set to the right in Figure 8.
  • the angle ⁇ alone is added to die transmission line voltage angle in 69.
  • the line current lags the compensating voltage at first, causing the SSSC to operate as an equivalent inductive reactance.
  • the compensating voltage demand can further be increased in me same direction resulting in a reversal of the power flow in the transmission line.
  • the line current reverses and leads d e injected voltage, resulting in the SSSC to appear as an equivalent capacitive reactance.
  • the absolute value of the compensating voltage demand V q is generated at 71.
  • this absolute value of the compensating voltage is less than the magnitode of die transmission line voltage, as determined at 73, ⁇ is directly added to die transmission line voltage angle in 69.
  • d e magnitode of the compensating voltage demand exceeds d e magnitode of the transmission line voltage, the sense of ⁇ is reversed at 75.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

On agit sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission (1) transportant un courant alternatif en injectant dans la ligne de transmission en série une tension de compensation, soit en phase, soit déphasée à 180° relativement à un composant réactif de la tension de la ligne de transmission. Cette tension de compensation est produite par un convertisseur de source de tension (115) commandé par une unité de commande (21) déterminant l'angle de la tension de ligne de transmission à partir de mesures effectuées en des points distincts de la ligne de transmission. L'exploitation de cet inverseur (115) dans ce mode de régulation de tension donne lieu à une augmentation du flux de puissance lorsque la tension de compensation est injectée, avec un déphasage à 180° relativement à la tension, dans la réactance effective de la ligne de transmission. Lorsque la tension de compensation est injectée, en phase relativement à la tension, dans la réactance effective de la ligne de transmission, le flux de puissance, qui diminue tout d'abord de la valeur non compensée, peut être ramené à zéro lorsque la tension de compensation devient égale à la tension injectée dans la réactance effective de la ligne de transmission sans compensation. Une autre augmentation de la tension de compensation dans le même sens inverse le sens du flux de puissance.
PCT/US1998/004259 1998-03-03 1998-03-03 Dispositif permettant d'agir sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission, y compris une inversion stable de ce flux et technique afferente WO1999045623A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU65420/98A AU6542098A (en) 1998-03-03 1998-03-03 Apparatus and method for controlling flow of power in a transmission line including stable reversal of power flow
KR10-2000-7009733A KR100514198B1 (ko) 1998-03-03 1998-03-03 전력흐름의 안정된 반전을 포함하여 전송선로에서의 전력흐름을 제어하는 장치 및 방법
PCT/US1998/004259 WO1999045623A1 (fr) 1998-03-03 1998-03-03 Dispositif permettant d'agir sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission, y compris une inversion stable de ce flux et technique afferente

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1998/004259 WO1999045623A1 (fr) 1998-03-03 1998-03-03 Dispositif permettant d'agir sur le flux de puissance d'une ligne de transmission, y compris une inversion stable de ce flux et technique afferente

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WO (1) WO1999045623A1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100337378C (zh) * 2005-01-25 2007-09-12 江苏方程电力科技有限公司 数字化有功调节节能装置
CN101247073B (zh) * 2007-12-07 2010-10-13 华中科技大学 适用于多组整流装置的能量回馈及谐波无功补偿系统
WO2013153075A3 (fr) * 2012-04-10 2014-04-17 The University Of Hong Kong Compensateur de puissance
CN104113060A (zh) * 2014-07-23 2014-10-22 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 一种可转换静止同步串联补偿器
KR20170038044A (ko) * 2014-08-05 2017-04-05 엔알 일렉트릭 컴퍼니 리미티드 정지형 동기 직렬 보상기의 기동 방법 및 운행 정지 방법
US10250070B2 (en) * 2014-07-10 2019-04-02 Nr Electric Co., Ltd. Line power control method and system for unified power flow controller
CN119827891A (zh) * 2025-03-19 2025-04-15 国网上海市电力公司 用于clcc换流器的空载加压试验方法及系统

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101372179B1 (ko) 2010-03-17 2014-03-10 엘에스산전 주식회사 오결선 보상 기능을 갖는 선택지락 계전기
KR101132759B1 (ko) * 2010-09-30 2012-04-06 한국전력공사 전력조류 제어 시스템 및 방법
CN106058869B (zh) * 2016-06-23 2024-01-16 全球能源互联网研究院 一种π型混合柔性调谐装置

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US5754035A (en) * 1997-01-14 1998-05-19 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Apparatus and method for controlling flow of power in a transmission line including stable reversal of power flow

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100337378C (zh) * 2005-01-25 2007-09-12 江苏方程电力科技有限公司 数字化有功调节节能装置
CN101247073B (zh) * 2007-12-07 2010-10-13 华中科技大学 适用于多组整流装置的能量回馈及谐波无功补偿系统
WO2013153075A3 (fr) * 2012-04-10 2014-04-17 The University Of Hong Kong Compensateur de puissance
US10790666B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2020-09-29 Versitech Limited Power compensator
US10250070B2 (en) * 2014-07-10 2019-04-02 Nr Electric Co., Ltd. Line power control method and system for unified power flow controller
CN104113060A (zh) * 2014-07-23 2014-10-22 南京南瑞继保电气有限公司 一种可转换静止同步串联补偿器
KR20170038044A (ko) * 2014-08-05 2017-04-05 엔알 일렉트릭 컴퍼니 리미티드 정지형 동기 직렬 보상기의 기동 방법 및 운행 정지 방법
KR101955835B1 (ko) 2014-08-05 2019-03-07 엔알 일렉트릭 컴퍼니 리미티드 정지형 동기 직렬 보상기의 기동 방법 및 운행 정지 방법
CN119827891A (zh) * 2025-03-19 2025-04-15 国网上海市电力公司 用于clcc换流器的空载加压试验方法及系统

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KR100514198B1 (ko) 2005-09-13
AU6542098A (en) 1999-09-20
KR20010041550A (ko) 2001-05-25

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